What are normal hematocrit levels for men and women. How do low and high hematocrit levels affect your health. What causes abnormal hematocrit levels and when should you be concerned. What symptoms indicate the need for a hematocrit test.

What is Hematocrit and Why is it Important?

Hematocrit is a crucial measure of blood composition, representing the percentage of red blood cells in a person’s total blood volume. For instance, if 100 milliliters of blood contains 50 milliliters of red blood cells, the hematocrit level would be 50%. This measurement is vital because red blood cells play a critical role in transporting oxygen throughout the body.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen molecules. This enables them to collect oxygen from the lungs and distribute it to various tissues and organs. An adequate amount of red blood cells is essential for maintaining optimal bodily functions and overall health.

Why do doctors perform hematocrit tests?

Doctors often use hematocrit tests as part of a complete blood count (CBC) to assess a patient’s overall health or investigate specific symptoms. These tests can help diagnose various conditions, monitor the effects of treatments like chemotherapy, and evaluate the severity of blood disorders.

Normal Hematocrit Levels: What’s the Benchmark?

Understanding normal hematocrit levels is crucial for interpreting test results. While different institutions may have slight variations in their definitions, a 2017 cross-population study established the following typical ranges:

• Adult males: 42-52%
• Adult females: 37-47%
• Children: 30-44% (varies with age and sex)
• Newborns: Higher levels that gradually decrease with age

It’s important to note that these ranges can be influenced by various factors. For instance, pregnant individuals often have lower hematocrit levels due to increased blood volume during pregnancy. Conversely, conditions like smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may elevate hematocrit levels.

How do altitude and exercise affect hematocrit levels?

Environmental and lifestyle factors can impact hematocrit readings. Research has shown that red blood cell counts tend to increase at high altitudes as the body adapts to lower oxygen levels. Exercise, particularly strength training, may also influence hematocrit levels. A 2018 study involving middle-aged, sedentary Turkish women found that 16 weeks of strength exercise led to lower hematocrit levels. However, it’s important to note that this study had a small sample size and may not be representative of the wider population.

Low Hematocrit Levels: Causes and Implications

A hematocrit level below 35% in women and 41% in men is considered low. This condition, often associated with anemia, can have various causes and implications for health.

What are the symptoms of low hematocrit levels?

Individuals with low hematocrit levels may experience:

• Pale complexion
• Weakness and fatigue
• Low energy
• Difficulty breathing
• Irregular heartbeat
• Cold hands or feet

These symptoms often overlap with those of anemia, a condition characterized by low hemoglobin levels. While mild anemia is treatable and common, especially in women, severe anemia may indicate a more serious underlying health condition requiring extensive treatment.

What health conditions are associated with low hematocrit levels?

Several factors and health conditions can contribute to low hematocrit levels:

1. Nutrient deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folate)
2. Chronic diseases (kidney disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis)
3. Blood loss (heavy menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding)
4. Bone marrow disorders
5. Hemolytic anemia (premature destruction of red blood cells)
6. Pregnancy
7. Certain medications

High Hematocrit Levels: When Should You Be Concerned?

Hematocrit levels above the typical ranges can have adverse effects on health and may indicate serious underlying conditions. For men, levels above 52% and for women, levels above 47% are considered high.

What causes high hematocrit levels?

Several factors can contribute to elevated hematocrit levels:

• Dehydration
• Polycythemia vera (a rare blood disorder)
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Congenital heart disease
• High altitude living
• Smoking
• Use of performance-enhancing drugs (e.g., erythropoietin)

High hematocrit levels can increase the risk of blood clots, potentially leading to serious complications such as stroke or heart attack. Therefore, it’s crucial to identify and address the underlying cause of elevated hematocrit levels.

The Hematocrit Test: Process and Interpretation

The hematocrit test is typically performed as part of a complete blood count (CBC). This comprehensive analysis includes several components that provide valuable insights into a person’s blood composition and overall health.

What does a complete blood count include?

A CBC typically consists of the following tests:

• Red blood cell count
• Reticulocyte count (young red blood cells)
• Hemoglobin level analysis
• Red blood cell size and shape analysis
• White blood cell tests
• Platelet tests

When interpreting hematocrit results, doctors consider various factors, including the patient’s sex, race, and age. This is particularly important because certain blood-related conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, affect particular demographic groups at higher rates.

How accurate are hematocrit test results?

Hematocrit tests generally provide accurate and clear readings of a person’s red blood cell levels. However, it’s important to note that various factors can influence these levels, including lifestyle choices, environmental conditions, and recent medical procedures.

For instance, recent blood transfusions can affect hematocrit results. Additionally, factors like dehydration can temporarily elevate hematocrit levels, making this test useful for diagnosing severe dehydration.

When Should You Get a Hematocrit Test?

Hematocrit tests are often recommended when individuals experience symptoms that may indicate abnormal red blood cell levels. These symptoms can be varied and may overlap with other conditions, making it essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis.

What symptoms might prompt a doctor to order a hematocrit test?

Common symptoms that may lead to a hematocrit test include:

• Persistent fatigue or weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness
• Pale skin
• Unexplained weight loss
• Frequent infections
• Chest pain or irregular heartbeat

In addition to symptom-based testing, doctors may recommend regular hematocrit tests for individuals with certain risk factors or chronic conditions. For example, patients undergoing chemotherapy often require frequent monitoring of their hematocrit levels to assess the treatment’s impact on bone marrow function.

Managing Abnormal Hematocrit Levels: Treatment Options

The approach to managing abnormal hematocrit levels depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Treatment strategies can vary widely, from simple lifestyle changes to more complex medical interventions.

How are low hematocrit levels treated?

For individuals with low hematocrit levels, treatment may include:

• Iron supplementation or dietary changes to address iron deficiency
• Vitamin B12 or folate supplements for specific deficiencies
• Medications to stimulate red blood cell production
• Blood transfusions for severe cases
• Treatment of underlying chronic conditions

What are the treatment options for high hematocrit levels?

Managing high hematocrit levels often involves:

• Phlebotomy (removal of blood) to reduce red blood cell volume
• Hydration to dilute blood concentration
• Lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking or moving to lower altitudes
• Medications to suppress excess red blood cell production
• Treatment of underlying conditions like COPD or heart disease

In all cases, it’s crucial to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop an appropriate treatment plan tailored to individual needs and circumstances.

Preventing Abnormal Hematocrit Levels: Lifestyle and Diet

While some factors affecting hematocrit levels are beyond our control, there are several lifestyle and dietary choices that can help maintain healthy red blood cell levels.

How can you maintain healthy hematocrit levels through diet?

A balanced diet rich in essential nutrients can support healthy red blood cell production. Key dietary considerations include:

• Iron-rich foods: lean meats, leafy greens, legumes, and fortified cereals
• Vitamin B12 sources: animal products, fortified plant-based alternatives
• Folate-rich foods: leafy greens, citrus fruits, beans, and whole grains
• Vitamin C to enhance iron absorption: citrus fruits, berries, and bell peppers

What lifestyle changes can help regulate hematocrit levels?

Several lifestyle factors can influence hematocrit levels:

1. Stay hydrated to prevent concentration of blood
2. Exercise regularly to promote overall cardiovascular health
3. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
4. Manage stress through relaxation techniques or meditation
5. Get adequate sleep to support overall health and red blood cell production

By adopting these healthy habits, individuals can support their body’s ability to maintain optimal hematocrit levels and overall blood health.

Understanding hematocrit levels and their implications is crucial for maintaining good health. Regular check-ups and awareness of symptoms can help detect and address abnormal levels early, potentially preventing more serious complications. As with all aspects of health, a proactive approach and open communication with healthcare providers are key to managing hematocrit levels effectively.

What it is, levels, high and low range

Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in a person’s blood. A typical hematocrit range in healthy adults is 37–52%. This varies depending on a person’s sex and age.

Authors of a 2017 study identified the above typical range.

Low red blood cell levels indicate conditions such as anemia. High red blood cell levels could signal polycythemia, increasing a person’s chance of developing a blood clot.

If a person feels tired, dizzy, or short of breath, a doctor may want to test their hematocrit levels to see if those levels fall into a normal range or not.

Read on to learn more about what this measure of red blood cell volume means, symptoms of abnormal levels, and what low and high levels might indicate.

Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the body. For example: if a person has 50 milliliters (ml) of red blood cells in 100 ml of blood, their hematocrit level is 50%.

Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body and give blood its characteristic red color. In addition to oxygen, they also contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen molecules. This allows red blood cells to pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout the body.

An adequate amount of red blood cells is essential to keep the body’s processes running smoothly.

Many conditions can affect red blood cell production or its life cycle. This can make it difficult for a medical professional to diagnose these conditions. A doctor will use a hematocrit test to confirm whether a person’s red blood cell count is affecting a health condition.

Doctors usually test hematocrit levels as part of a complete blood count (CBC).

A CBC is composed of a range of tests and may include:

• red blood cell count
• reticulocyte count (young red blood cells)
• an analysis of hemoglobin levels
• an analysis of red blood cells, including size and shape
• white blood cell tests
• platelet tests

A doctor will also consider a person’s sex, race, and age. It is important to note that certain blood-related conditions, such as sickle-cell anemia, affect particular demographic groups at higher rates.

Learn more about sickle cell anemia in African Americans here.

A doctor may request frequent hematocrit tests to monitor the effect of chemotherapy on a person’s bone marrow.

Both high and low hematocrit levels can be detrimental to a person’s health and result from various conditions and lifestyle factors.

What are normal hematocrit levels?

Different institutions will define normal hematocrit levels differently. However, a 2017 cross-population study found the following ranges to be typical.

• Male: 42-52%
• Female: 37-47%
• Children: 30–44%, depending on their age and sex

Newborn babies have high hematocrit levels that gradually decrease as they get older.

If a person has recently received a blood transfusion, it may affect their results. Additionally, pregnant individuals may have lower levels than usual because the body increases its blood volume during pregnancy.

Other factors, such as smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), may push levels into a higher range.

Low levels

A hematocrit level below 35% in women and 41% in men is low. A level under this value can signify chronic anemia.

High levels

Hematocrit levels above the typical ranges can have adverse effects. It may indicate serious underlying health conditions.

Accuracy of results

Results from hematocrit tests are typically accurate and provide a clear reading of a person’s red blood cell levels.

However, the percentage of red blood cells in someone’s blood can change depending on various lifestyle factors and even environmental changes. According to research, red blood cell counts tend to increase at high altitudes.

Exercise, particularly strength training, may also affect hematocrit levels. A 2018 study found that females who participated in 16 weeks of strength exercise had lower levels at the end than when they started. However, the study had a small sample size of 26 middle-aged, sedentary Turkish women. This means that these findings aren’t necessarily representative of a wider population.

Dehydration can also raise hematocrit levels, so this test is useful if a doctor suspects severe dehydration is the cause of a person’s symptoms.

When a person has low hematocrit levels, they tend to present with the following symptoms:

• pale complexion
• weakness
• fatigue
• low energy
• trouble breathing
• irregular heartbeat
• cold hands or feet

These symptoms also indicate anemia, a condition where hemoglobin levels are lower than normal. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body.

Mild anemia is treatable, and it is particularly common in women. Severe anemia could signal a more serious underlying health condition that requires more extensive treatment.

Doctors associate anemia with several health conditions, including:

Nutrient deficiency

A person may lack B12, folate, or iron in their diet.

Learn more about how nutrient deficiency anemia is diagnosed and treated.

Chronic bleeding

This commonly occurs due to digestive tract ulcers, which are sores caused by the bacteria H.pylori or chronic use of anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and aspirin. Many women also experience excessive blood loss from heavy menstrual bleeding.

Bone marrow disorder

This includes aplastic anemia, which damages stem cells in bone marrow.

Cancer

These cancers spread to bone marrow, such as leukemia and lymphoma.

Learn more about bone marrow cancers here.

Kidney failure

Kidney disease can lower the production of red blood cells, reducing hematocrit levels.

Thalassemia

When a person has this condition, their body does not produce enough hemoglobin.

Learn more about thalassemia here.

Sickle cell anemia

This condition changes the shape of red blood cells. These cells die earlier than normal, and they also clump together, which impairs blood flow.

Learn more about sickle cell anemia here.

Autoimmune disease

Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus may reduce red blood cell count.

Learn more about autoimmune diseases here.

When a person has high hematocrit levels, they tend to present with these symptoms:

• flushed skin
• dizziness
• vision problems
• headaches
• enlarged spleen

These symptoms signal polycythemia, a condition where the body produces too many red blood cells. This means blood is thicker and clots more easily.

Doctors cannot cure polycythemia, so treatment focuses on symptom management. The main goal is to avoid stroke and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is a blood clot usually occurring in a deep vein in the leg.

In some cases, dehydration causes polycythemia. When a person does not drink enough, their plasma levels drop, increasing the proportion of red blood cells in their blood volume. A person can lower their red blood cell count by rehydrating.

Some conditions that can cause high hematocrit levels include:

Lung or pulmonary disease

When the lungs cannot absorb oxygen effectively, and oxygen levels drop, the body compensates by making more red blood cells. One common pulmonary disease causing this is COPD.

Learn more about COPD here.

Heart disease

If the structure of a person’s heart reduces its ability to pump blood around the body, it can no longer sustain vital organs with oxygen. To try and overcome the oxygen deficit, the body produces more red blood cells.

Learn more about heart disease here.

Kidney cancer

Sometimes kidney cancer cells create more erythropoietin. Erythropoietin is a hormone that tells the bone marrow to create more red blood cells.

Learn more about kidney cancer here.

Genetic disease

The JAK2 gene, which controls the number of blood cells made in the bone marrow, can affect certain conditions. When someone has a mutated JAK2 gene, the body could make a protein that signals the bone marrow to create more red blood cells than it needs.

Learn more about genetic disorders here.

A person should speak with a doctor if they are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above that could be a sign of high or low hematocrit levels, including fatigue, weakness, vision problems, and dizziness.

These symptoms can also indicate an underlying condition, so a person must contact a doctor promptly to prevent future complications.

If a person is receiving chemotherapy treatment, a doctor should perform regular hematocrit tests to monitor bone marrow health.

Hematocrit is the percentage of blood cells in a person’s blood volume. A doctor may test an individual’s hematocrit level due to certain symptoms.

A low hematocrit level means there are too few red blood cells in the body. In these cases, a person may experience symptoms that signal anemia. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and low energy.

If a person has too many red blood cells, they have a high hematocrit level. A person may experience dizziness and headaches, which can be a sign of the condition polycythemia.

Demographic and lifestyle factors can influence a person’s hematocrit levels. For example, males tend to have higher levels than females. Pregnant individuals can experience a decrease in hematocrit levels, and strength training may also reduce levels.

There are also several health conditions that can cause hematocrit levels outside the normal range. Excessive bleeding, thalassemia, and kidney disease are causes of low levels. COPD and sickle cell anemia can cause high levels.

Read this article in Spanish.

Hematocrit | Sight Diagnostics

Definition, Test, Low vs High Levels and Causes

What is hematocrit

Hematocrit (HCT) is the calculated volume percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in your blood. Hematocrit is also called packed cell volume (PCV) or erythrocyte volume fraction.

Human blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in a liquid called plasma. The word hematocrit means to separate blood. In a hematocrit test, the red blood cells are separated from the rest of your blood cells and plasma.

Hematocrit is important because red blood cells are essential to your survival. They contain a vital protein component called hemoglobin that binds to oxygen, which fuels all the cells in your body.

When red blood cells pass through your lungs, they bind to and transport oxygen to various cells in your body. On their way back to your lungs, they carry carbon dioxide to be exhaled. Hematocrit is a significant measurement as it can identify whether you have sufficient red blood cells for oxygen transportation and delivery.

If your doctor suspects that you have a blood disorder such as anemia or polycythemia (too many red blood cells), your doctor may order a hematocrit test to check your red blood cells.

How to measure hematocrit with a test?

The original method for hematocrit measurement is the macrohematocrit (Wintrobe hematocrit tube) method.

It uses a narrow glass tube and a centrifuge machine. The centrifuge separates the blood into three main layers: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, in that order from the bottom up. At the very top, there’s a small layer of blood plasma. The macrohematocrit method carries the risk of measuring trapped plasma as part of the red blood cell layer, which erroneously elevates the hematocrit percentage.[1]

A newer method is the microhematocrit method, which uses a capillary tube instead of a narrow glass tube and requires a smaller quantity of blood and less time. The microhematocrit method traps less plasma because the diameter of the capillary tube is smaller than the Wintrobe hematocrit tube. So the percentage of hematocrit is more accurate in the microhematocrit method than in the macrohematocrit method. [1:1]

Both procedures require the technician to manually measure the length of the layers. The technician calculates hematocrit as the length of the packed red blood cell layer divided by the length of total cells and plasma. This ratio is then multiplied by 100 to give a certain percentage.

Today, these two methods have been largely succeeded by an automated hematology analyzer where the hematocrit test is obtained as part of a complete blood count (CBC) laboratory test. The hematocrit is calculated indirectly from the average volume and the number of red blood cells.[2] The automated analyzer is the fastest method. However, automated analyzers may not be available in areas where resources are low.

In the microhematocrit method, a technician only needs a small sample of blood from a finger-prick. In the other methods, the technician draws blood from the inner side of your arm or the back of your hand. Before drawing blood for the measurement, the technician first cleans the surface from where your blood would be drawn. Next, using a needle, the technician draws your blood. Afterward, the technician covers the surface with gauze and a bandage.

What is a normal hematocrit level?

Due to differences in age and gender, the normal hematocrit is a range. Hematocrit results are reported as a percentage. The average hematocrit measurement for human beings is 45%, which means that the red cell volume contains 45 mL per 100 mL of blood.[3]

According to the Cleveland clinic, the general normal ranges for hematocrit are[4]:

• Male: 41% to 50%
• Female: 36% to 44%
• Newborn: 45% to 61%
• Infant: 32% to 42%

What does it mean if your hematocrit is high?

If your hematocrit is high, it means that you have more red blood cells than is considered healthy. 

High hematocrit may be caused by [4:1]:

• Heart disease
• Dehydration
• Scarring or thickening of the lungs
• Bone marrow disease
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Testosterone use

A false high hematocrit may be reported if the patient has cryoproteins, significant leukocytosis, or giant platelets. Hematocrit measurement is critically high if it is greater than 67% (>67%).

What does it mean if your hematocrit is low?

If your hematocrit is low, it means that you have fewer red blood cells than is considered healthy.

Low hematocrit may be caused by[4:2]:

• Blood loss
• Leukemia or other bone marrow problems
• Iron and vitamin deficiency, including folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6
• Too much water in the body
• Kidney disease
• Thyroid abnormality
• Immune destruction of red blood cells

A false low hematocrit may be reported if the patient has microcytosis, in vitro hemolysis, or autoagglutinins. Hematocrit is considered critically low if it falls below 21% (<21%).

How to increase hematocrit?

In some cases, hematocrit is caused because of low iron levels. You can eat iron-rich foods and take a daily vitamin supplement to help prevent low hematocrit causes.

Food sources that are rich in iron include:

• Red meat
• Beef liver
• Chicken liver
• Fish and shellfish
• Soy products (tofu and edamame)
• Dried fruit
• Green leafy vegetables
• Nuts
• Beans
• Iron-fortified bread and cereals
• Eggs

Additionally, vitamin C helps with iron absorption. Therefore, also eat various foods that are rich in vitamin C, for example, citrus fruits. Do not drink coffee or tea with your meals because this decreases iron absorption.

Discover Sight’s Automated Hematology Analyzer

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“Hematocrit below normal – what does it mean in an adult?” — Yandex Q

In this article we consider what to do if the hematocrit is below normal, what does this mean in an adult?

Determination of the hematocrit value is included in the extended complete blood count. The criterion allows you to evaluate the work of the hematopoietic system. The functioning of other organs directly depends on its full functional activity, since it is erythrocytes that deliver oxygen to organs and tissues.

A decrease in hematocrit may occur without the manifestation of pronounced clinical symptoms. A person can attribute increased fatigue to high workload and lack of time for rest. However, a decrease in hematocrit is one of the first symptoms of anemia that requires treatment. The article also addresses the issue of the danger of a long-term decrease in hematocrit.

Contents

• 1 What does hematocrit show?

• 2 Hematocrit is below normal – what does it mean?

• 3 Causes of Decreased Hematocrit in Adults

• 4 Is low hematocrit dangerous?

• 5 Methods for increasing hematocrit

What does hematocrit show?

The value reflects the volume of the liquid part of the blood, which in the bloodstream contains formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets). The hematocrit value is measured as a percentage. So, if the analysis indicates that the hematocrit is 40%, this means that 40% of red blood cells, platelets, etc. are present in 100 ml of blood.

Low blood hematocrit is observed in patients with a low number of red blood cells in the bloodstream. The indicator also takes into account the size of blood cells. Their decrease is naturally reflected in the results of the analysis.

Measurement of hematocrit is useful in the diagnosis of anemia and hyperproteinemia, as well as in assessing the effectiveness of the selected treatment methods. The test is performed on patients with dehydration to assess the severity of their condition. Included in the list of obligatory determinable indicators for people who are scheduled for blood transfusion, and for pregnant women.

Main article: What is hematocrit, why is it needed and what are its norms?

Hematocrit is below normal – what does it mean?

A low hematocrit in an adult indicates a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood. In this case, the doctor will prescribe additional laboratory tests and instrumental diagnostic methods. Among the laboratory parameters, it is important to determine: the level of iron and ferritin, as well as to evaluate the biochemical parameters of the blood. Of the instrumental methods, it is preferable to conduct an ultrasound examination of the digestive organs, liver and small pelvis. Based on the results of a comprehensive examination and the collected history of the patient, the doctor determines the cause of the low hematocrit.

It should be borne in mind that if a woman gave biomaterial for analysis during menstruation, then the hematocrit is below normal – this is a standard phenomenon. During this period, a woman loses a certain amount of blood, which means that the level of red blood cells is somewhat reduced.

It is important to follow the rules of patient preparation, as well as the collection and transport of biomaterial. During venipuncture, destruction of red blood cells in vitro (hemolysis) can occur. For example, due to strong or prolonged squeezing of the site of taking the biomaterial with a tourniquet or at the wrong temperature for storing the collected blood. The obtained indications cannot be considered reliable, and the patient will definitely need to re-take the biomaterial.

Causes of Decreased Hematocrit in Adults

Only the attending physician after a complete diagnosis can determine the exact cause in each specific case. Consider the main causes of low hematocrit in adults.

Anemia (anemia) describes a group of similar syndromes, united on the basis of a total decrease in the level of hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells. It should be noted that the isolated term “anemia”, without clarifying explanations, does not describe a specific disease. In this case, it is only a separate symptom of a disease.

The decrease in the number of erythrocytes is mainly accompanied by changes in their qualitative composition. Which leads to a deterioration in respiratory activity and the gradual development of oxygen starvation of the tissues of all organs. The main symptoms of anemia are:

• pale skin;
• increased weakness and fatigue;
• desire to eat chalk, earth, raw meat;
• hair loss, brittle nails, dry skin;
• decreased memory and performance;
• bluish or yellowish sclera;
• earthy skin tone;
• persistent drowsiness;
• frequent headaches and dizziness;
• shortness of breath even with little physical activity;
• tachycardia.

The main causes of anemia

There are many known mechanisms for the development of anemia. Consider the main ones:

• Malfunctions in the process of synthesis of red blood cells and hemoglobin due to lack of iron and vitamins B 9 in the human bodyand 12, as well as for pathologies of the red bone marrow.
• Deficiency of red blood cells due to large blood loss, for example, in serious injuries or during surgery. A similar condition occurs in people with chronic bleeding (hemorrhoidal bleeding, intercycle blood loss in women, etc.). The main mechanism is a decrease in the concentration of iron, and not a decrease in the number of red blood cells.
• Mechanism of enhanced destruction of blood cells. The average lifespan of red blood cells is 4 months. With the manifestation of pathologies affecting the hematopoietic system, blood cells begin to degrade at an accelerated rate. The decay process is also influenced by external factors, for example, the use of vinegar in large quantities.

The prognosis of the outcome of iron deficiency anemia is extremely favorable. The condition is stopped by taking iron and vitamins. The outcome of other forms of anemia depends on their severity.

Fluid in the body

The hematocrit is also reduced with an increased fluid content in the body of an adult. This condition is not associated with excessive fluid intake, but with its retention in the body. Causes: kidney pathology, viral or bacterial infection. There is an increase in blood plasma volumes, while the number of red blood cells does not increase. This naturally leads to a decrease in the hematocrit value.

Hyperproteinemia and nutrition

Another reason is hyperproteinemia. Pathology is characterized by an excess content of proteins in the bloodstream. It occurs due to a violation of the normal functioning of the liver. Proteins begin to “attract” an excess amount of water, while the number of red blood cells does not increase. Thus, their percentage with blood plasma decreases.

In adult patients, the hematocrit is also reduced with a sharp change in diet, prolonged fasting and blood loss.

Pregnancy

During pregnancy, especially in the second trimester, a decrease in the value in question is considered normal. In women, the level of plasma volume increases, and red blood cells are not synthesized at an accelerated pace. Thus, the percentage of plasma-erythrocytes is shifted towards a decrease in the latter. The decrease in hematocrit value begins from the fourth week, reaching a peak by 31-35 weeks.

However, a long-term decrease in the index should not be ignored, it is necessary to conduct additional diagnostics in order to exclude the possible development of pathological conditions. Thus, a decrease in hematocrit up to 30% can cause the development of intrauterine fetal hypoxia, impaired fetoplacental circulation, fetal growth retardation, etc. An indicator of 15 to 25% indicates the need for immediate hospitalization of a pregnant woman, followed by continuous monitoring.

Other reasons

Also, low hematocrit in adults can be observed with:

• lead intoxication;
• splenomegaly;
• leukemias;
• conditions after chemotherapy;
• acute infectious processes;
• severe intoxications.

Is low hematocrit dangerous?

The main function of red blood cells is the sufficient supply of cells and tissues with molecular oxygen. With their decrease, there is an insufficient supply of oxygen to the organs. This has a particularly negative effect on the functional activity of the brain. A person has a decrease in concentration, memory and mental activity.

Adults with a low hematocrit are more susceptible to infectious diseases, are unable to function fully, get tired more quickly and lose concentration. In the future, a lack of red blood cells can lead to the development of pathologies of the cardiovascular system, liver and kidneys.

Methods for increasing hematocrit

Do not try to increase the level of red blood cells on your own. The necessary treatment will be selected by a specialist based on the results of laboratory and instrumental studies. In case of prolonged starvation or dehydration, it is necessary to restore the normal diet and the amount of fluid consumed per day. In this case, the patient can do without drug therapy. It is also important to establish a daily routine and plan enough time for rest and walks in the fresh air.

If there is a shortage of iron or other elements, the doctor will select the necessary drugs, their dosage and determine the duration of their course. You should not interrupt the course of treatment yourself, even if the symptoms of anemia no longer bother you. Iron-rich foods should be included in the diet. For example, beef liver, seafood, lentils, red meat, nuts and pomegranate.

The use of traditional methods of treatment without prior agreement with the doctor is unacceptable. It should be emphasized that these methods cannot be a sufficient alternative to the methods of official medicine. They can only complement the treatment, provided that the selected components do not block the action of the medicinal components.

Material provided

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prognosis, treatment, symptoms in the international clinic Medica24

Anemia is a common accompanying symptom of oncological diseases. In another way, it is called anemia. Its cause is a decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood. This is a protein found in red blood cells (erythrocytes) and is responsible for oxygen transport and oxygen supply to tissues. It also takes away carbon dioxide, which is formed in the process of metabolism.

Transfusion of blood and blood substitutes for cancer patients

Metabolism is impossible without oxygen, which means life itself. A decrease in hemoglobin leads to oxygen starvation, which is manifested by weakness, high fatigue, dizziness, and headache. Other signs of anemia are pallor, rapid pulse, shortness of breath, tinnitus, swelling, and chest pain. Separate symptoms indicate a deficiency of vitamin B12 and iron.

Anemia, oxygen starvation weakens the body and worsens the prognosis of cancer treatment. On the one hand, anemia depresses the human immune system, does not allow it to fight cancer cells in full force.

On the other hand, low hemoglobin reduces the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs, as well as radiation therapy, which has been proven by clinical studies. The general weakness of the body limits the possibilities of surgical treatment. That is why the treatment of anemia, increasing the level of hemoglobin is one of the primary tasks in oncological diseases.

Especially often a decrease in hemoglobin occurs with cancer of the kidney, lung, ovary, uterus, bladder, with lymphomas, myelomas.

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Causes

Low hemoglobin levels can be associated with both the oncological disease itself and its treatment.

1. Chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs destroys rapidly dividing cells in the body, not only cancer cells, but also bone marrow cells. They are responsible for the process of erythropoiesis – the formation of red blood cells (erythrocytes). The production of red blood cells decreases, their volume in the blood (hematocrit) decreases, and anemia develops.

   Chemotherapy with platinum drugs inhibits the functioning of the kidneys and their production of the hormone erythropoietin. This hormone stimulates the process of erythropoiesis – the formation of red blood cells. Its level decreases, erythropoiesis slows down, hematocrit decreases, and anemia develops.

   Radiation therapy can negatively affect the bone marrow, which also leads to a decrease in the production of red blood cells.

2. Many cancers metastasize to the bone, which affects the red bone marrow. Cancer cells replace normal, active bone marrow cells, resulting in reduced red blood cell production.
3. Anemia is associated with internal bleeding. For example, with cancer of the intestines, stomach. Constant blood loss causes a decrease in the volume of red blood cells and the development of oxygen starvation.
4. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and / or poor appetite lead to a deficiency of vitamin B12, iron, necessary for normal hematopoiesis and maintaining hemoglobin levels in the blood.
5. A malignant tumor has a toxic effect on the body. Cancer intoxication leads to damage and destruction of red blood cells – pathological hemolysis. In addition, intoxication negatively affects the functioning of the bone marrow, which leads to impaired erythropoiesis.
6. A person’s own immune system, reacting to a malignant tumor, can provoke a decrease in hemoglobin. Its active cells, cytokines, inhibit the production of erythropoietin by the kidneys. In addition, cytokines attack red blood cells – erythrocytes, reducing their life expectancy by one and a half to two times. This leads to a decrease in hematocrit and the development of anemia.

Often a combination of these factors is the cause of low hemoglobin and anemia in cancer.

Treatment

It is easy to detect low hemoglobin levels and diagnose anemia. For this, a general blood test is sufficient. It is much more difficult to establish the cause or reasons why this is happening in order to prescribe the appropriate treatment.

The normal hemoglobin level is 135-160 g per liter of blood in men and 120-140 g per liter of blood in women. At its level below 100 g / l, moderate anemia is diagnosed, below 80 g / l – severe, below 65 g / l – severe.

To find out the reason for the decrease in hemoglobin level, a biochemical blood test, iron, vitamin B12 tests are performed. Computed tomography and scintigraphy help to detect metastases in the bone marrow. If it is necessary to obtain an exhaustive picture, endoscopic and other instrumental and laboratory examinations are performed.

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Red cell transfusion

There are many ways to increase hemoglobin. First of all, to influence the cause of anemia. But such treatment can be lengthy, and the margin of time is limited. For example, it may be necessary to quickly increase the level of hemoglobin in order to prepare the patient for surgery.

Therefore, in some cases, a decision is made about a symptomatic increase in hemoglobin. The fastest and most effective way is red blood cell transfusion. To do this, donor blood is processed in a centrifuge, the content of red blood cells in it rises, and it is transfused to the patient.

Red blood cell transfusion is used not only in preparation for surgery, but also as part of chemotherapy premedication. This method is used in severe forms of anemia, when you need to quickly raise the level of hemoglobin.

Red blood cell transfusion can also be used to recover from an operation that has caused major blood loss.

Medical nutrition

In the international clinic Medica24 we pay great attention to the proper nutrition of patients, especially those suffering from oncological diseases. The daily diet contains foods rich in proteins, iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, which are necessary for normal blood formation and maintaining hemoglobin levels. In severe lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, when the patient cannot eat normally, parenteral nutrition is used.

Preparations

For iron deficiency anemia, we prescribe iron preparations. They can be taken as tablets, but a more effective method of administration is intravenous, using a dropper. Complex preparations containing folic acid, vitamin B12, intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 are also used.