What is whooping cough and how does it spread. How can whooping cough be prevented. What are the symptoms of whooping cough. How is whooping cough treated. Who is at highest risk for whooping cough complications. Why are booster vaccines important for whooping cough prevention.

Understanding Whooping Cough: A Highly Contagious Respiratory Infection

Whooping cough, medically known as pertussis, is a severe respiratory infection that can affect individuals of all ages. This highly contagious disease is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which produces toxins that damage the respiratory system. The infection spreads easily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, making it a significant public health concern.

Prior to the widespread availability of vaccines in the 1940s, whooping cough was a major cause of childhood mortality in the United States. According to historical data, up to 200,000 children contracted the disease annually, with approximately 9,000 fatalities. While vaccination has greatly reduced these numbers, whooping cough remains a global health issue. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that there are about 24.1 million cases worldwide each year, resulting in roughly 160,700 deaths among children under five years old.

Recognizing the Symptoms: From Mild Cough to Severe Complications

Identifying whooping cough can be challenging, as early symptoms often mimic those of the common cold or bronchitis. The disease typically progresses through three stages:

1. Catarrhal stage: Mild cough, runny nose, and low-grade fever
2. Paroxysmal stage: Severe coughing fits, often accompanied by the characteristic “whoop” sound
3. Convalescent stage: Gradual recovery, though coughing may persist for weeks

The hallmark symptom of whooping cough is the distinctive “whoop” sound made when gasping for air after a coughing spell. However, not all infected individuals exhibit this symptom, particularly adults and vaccinated children who may experience milder forms of the disease.

Can whooping cough be mistaken for other respiratory illnesses?

Yes, whooping cough can be mistaken for other respiratory illnesses, especially in its early stages. The initial symptoms often resemble those of a common cold, making accurate diagnosis challenging without proper testing. This similarity to other conditions can lead to delayed treatment and increased risk of transmission.

High-Risk Groups: Protecting the Most Vulnerable

While whooping cough can affect people of all ages, certain groups are at higher risk for severe complications:

• Infants younger than 3 months
• Unvaccinated or under-vaccinated children
• Pregnant women, especially in the third trimester
• Individuals with weakened immune systems
• Older adults with waning vaccine protection

Infants are particularly vulnerable to whooping cough complications, which can include pneumonia, apnea (slowed or stopped breathing), and seizures. In severe cases, these complications can be life-threatening. Many infants who contract whooping cough are infected by family members or caregivers who may be unaware they are carrying the bacteria.

Why are infants at such high risk for whooping cough complications?

Infants are at high risk for whooping cough complications due to their immature immune systems and small airways. Their bodies are less equipped to fight off the infection, and the intense coughing spells can lead to respiratory distress more easily than in older children or adults. Additionally, infants cannot receive their first dose of the pertussis vaccine until they are two months old, leaving them vulnerable in the crucial early weeks of life.

Vaccination: The Cornerstone of Whooping Cough Prevention

Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing whooping cough. The CDC recommends a comprehensive vaccination schedule for individuals of all ages:

• Infants and young children: Five doses of DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis) vaccine at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months, with a final dose between 4-6 years
• Adolescents: A single dose of Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis) at 11-12 years old
• Adults: One dose of Tdap if not previously received, followed by a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) or Tdap booster every 10 years
• Pregnant women: One dose of Tdap during each pregnancy, preferably between 27-36 weeks gestation

It’s crucial to note that protection from childhood vaccination wears off over time, necessitating booster doses for adolescents and adults. This waning immunity contributes to the persistence of whooping cough in the population and underscores the importance of maintaining up-to-date vaccination status throughout life.

How effective are whooping cough vaccines?

Whooping cough vaccines are highly effective, especially in preventing severe disease. Studies have shown that the DTaP vaccine is about 80-90% effective in children who receive all five recommended doses. While breakthrough infections can occur, vaccinated individuals typically experience milder symptoms and are less likely to spread the disease. The effectiveness of the Tdap booster in adolescents and adults is estimated to be around 70% in the first year after vaccination, with protection gradually decreasing over time.

Treatment Options: Early Intervention is Key

When whooping cough is suspected or confirmed, prompt treatment is essential to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, as well as to limit the spread of infection. The primary treatment approach includes:

1. Antibiotic therapy: Several antibiotics are effective against B. pertussis, with macrolides such as azithromycin being the first-line treatment
2. Supportive care: Managing symptoms through hydration, rest, and respiratory support if needed
3. Isolation: Preventing transmission by keeping infected individuals away from others, especially vulnerable populations

Early antibiotic treatment, ideally within the first few weeks of infection, can significantly reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. However, even with treatment, the characteristic cough may persist for several weeks due to the damage caused to the respiratory tract.

Can whooping cough be treated at home?

While mild cases of whooping cough can often be managed at home, medical supervision is crucial. Home care may include rest, staying hydrated, using a humidifier to ease breathing, and avoiding irritants that trigger coughing. However, severe cases, particularly in infants or those with complications, may require hospitalization for intensive supportive care, including oxygen therapy and intravenous fluids.

The Resurgence of Whooping Cough: A Public Health Challenge

Despite widespread vaccination efforts, whooping cough has seen a resurgence in recent years, with cyclical peaks occurring every 3-5 years. In 2012, the United States experienced a significant outbreak, with the CDC reporting 48,277 cases. However, this number likely underestimates the true incidence, as many cases go undiagnosed or unreported.

Several factors contribute to the persistent challenge of whooping cough:

• Waning immunity: Protection from childhood vaccines diminishes over time
• Incomplete vaccination: Some individuals may not receive all recommended doses
• Vaccine hesitancy: Misinformation about vaccine safety can lead to decreased uptake
• Improved diagnostics: Better testing methods may lead to increased detection of cases
• Genetic changes in the bacteria: Potential adaptations in B. pertussis strains

How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected whooping cough rates?

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an indirect impact on whooping cough rates. Many countries reported a significant decrease in pertussis cases during 2020 and 2021. This reduction is likely due to widespread implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as mask-wearing, social distancing, and improved hand hygiene, which also help prevent the spread of whooping cough. However, experts warn that as these measures are relaxed, there may be a resurgence of pertussis cases, potentially compounded by disruptions to routine vaccination schedules during the pandemic.

Protecting Vulnerable Populations: The Importance of Cocooning

Given the high risk of complications in infants, a strategy known as “cocooning” has been recommended to provide indirect protection. This approach involves vaccinating all close contacts of newborns and infants, including parents, siblings, grandparents, and caregivers. By creating a protective “cocoon” of immunized individuals around the infant, the risk of transmission is significantly reduced.

Healthcare workers play a crucial role in this strategy. The CDC recommends that all healthcare professionals who have direct patient contact receive a single dose of Tdap if they have not previously been vaccinated with this formulation. This not only protects the healthcare workers themselves but also helps prevent transmission to vulnerable patients.

How effective is the cocooning strategy in protecting infants from whooping cough?

The cocooning strategy has shown promising results in reducing whooping cough transmission to infants. Studies have demonstrated that when families implement cocooning, the risk of pertussis in infants can be reduced by up to 70%. However, the effectiveness of this approach depends on high vaccination rates among all close contacts. Challenges to implementation include ensuring comprehensive coverage and the logistical complexities of coordinating vaccinations for multiple family members and caregivers.

Global Efforts to Combat Whooping Cough: Challenges and Opportunities

Whooping cough remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where vaccine coverage may be suboptimal. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set ambitious goals for pertussis control as part of its Global Vaccine Action Plan, aiming to achieve and maintain high vaccination coverage worldwide.

Key strategies in the global fight against whooping cough include:

• Strengthening surveillance systems to accurately track disease burden
• Improving access to vaccines in underserved regions
• Developing more effective and longer-lasting vaccines
• Enhancing public education about the importance of vaccination
• Implementing targeted vaccination strategies for high-risk groups

Research into new vaccine formulations and delivery methods continues, with the goal of providing more durable protection against whooping cough. Additionally, efforts to better understand the changing epidemiology of the disease and the potential impact of genetic shifts in B. pertussis strains are ongoing.

What are the prospects for developing a more effective whooping cough vaccine?

Scientists are actively working on developing next-generation pertussis vaccines that could provide longer-lasting and more robust protection. Some promising approaches include:

1. Live attenuated vaccines that more closely mimic natural infection
2. Whole-cell vaccines with improved safety profiles
3. Novel adjuvants to enhance immune response
4. Nasal spray vaccines to stimulate mucosal immunity

While these developments are encouraging, extensive clinical trials are necessary to ensure safety and efficacy before any new vaccines can be approved for widespread use. In the meantime, optimizing the use of current vaccines and improving global coverage remain critical strategies in the fight against whooping cough.

Whooping Cough (Pertussis) – NFID

Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious and serious infection that spreads easily from person to person through coughing and sneezing. It is spread through large respiratory droplets containing the bacteria, which produce toxins. The infection causes coughing spells that are so severe that it can be hard to breathe, eat, or sleep. Whooping cough can even lead to cracked ribs, pneumonia, or hospitalization. Whooping cough is most dangerous for infants younger than age 3 months. Many babies who get whooping cough are infected by older siblings, parents, or caregivers who might not even know they have the disease. Booster vaccines are needed throughout life, as protection from childhood vaccination wears off, putting teens (adolescents) and adults at risk for the infection.

Burden

Before pertussis vaccines became widely available in the 1940s, as many as 200,000 children got sick with whooping cough each year in the US and about 9,000 died as a result of the infection.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are an estimated 24.1 million cases of whooping cough and about 160,700 deaths in children younger than age 5 years worldwide annually.

In 2012, the most recent peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis in the US, but many more cases go undiagnosed and unreported.

Symptoms

The classic symptom is a “whoop,” the sound of someone gasping for breath during a bad coughing spell. But you can have the infection without the “whoop.” Whooping cough can be spread before symptoms appear. It can be tough to diagnose because early symptoms may appear like the common cold or bronchitis.

Whooping cough can be passed to vulnerable infants, those who have not yet received any or all of their vaccines. Babies can get pneumonia, slowed or stopped breathing, or seizures (convulsions). For babies, complications can be severe, even deadly.

Prevention

CDC recommends whooping cough vaccines for people of all ages. Whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine is given as a combination vaccine with the vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus.

Babies and children (through age 6 years) should get 5 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP)
vaccine for maximum protection—a dose at 2, 4, and 6 months, one at 15-18 months, and another at 4-6 years.

Children age 7-10 years who were not fully vaccinated should receive a single dose of tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (Tdap). If additional doses are needed, they should be vaccinated according to the catch-up schedule, with Tdap preferred as the first dose.

Children/teens age 11-18 years should receive Tdap as a single dose at age 11-12 years. If an adolescent
was not fully vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis as a child, they should be vaccinated
according to the catch-up schedule.

Adults age 19 years and older who have not been vaccinated with Tdap should get one dose as soon as feasible, followed by a booster dose (Tdap) every 10 years.

Pregnant women should get a single dose of Tdap, preferably early in the third trimester of each pregnancy to help protect mother and baby.

It is also important that caretakers and those who are around infants are up to date with whooping cough vaccination. CDC recommends a single dose of Tdap for healthcare professionals who have not previously received Tdap and who have direct patient contact.

Treatment

There are several antibiotics available to treat whooping cough, and early treatment is very important.
Treatment can make the infection less serious if started early, before coughing fits begin. Antibiotics also may shorten the amount of time someone is contagious, which can help prevent spreading the disease to other people. Whooping cough can sometimes be very serious, requiring treatment in the hospital.

Fact: This serious infectious disease is on the rise in the US, across all age groups.

Fact: Protection against whooping cough from early childhood vaccines wears off. Adolescents and adults are at risk for infection and need booster doses of vaccine throughout life to remain protected.

Fact: Whooping cough causes coughing spells that can affect breathing, eating, and sleeping. The infection can even lead to cracked ribs and hospitalization.

Fact: Adults and adolescents can spread whooping cough to young infants who have not had all their
vaccines. Babies are at the greatest risk for serious complications, even death.

Updated April 2021

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Frequently asked questions about whooping cough

Sections

About whooping cough

About whooping cough vaccines

How well the vaccines work

Vaccine safety and monitoring

Where to get the vaccines

How to pay for the vaccines

For pregnant women and new parents

For health care workers and providers

About Whooping Cough

What is whooping cough (also known as pertussis)?

Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious bacterial infection. Whooping cough spreads easily by coughing and sneezing and mainly affects the respiratory system (the organs that help you breathe, such as your lungs).

How serious is whooping cough?

Whooping cough is very serious, especially for babies and young kids. Whooping cough can cause pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and death. Babies younger than one year of age who get whooping cough may be hospitalized or even die.

What are the symptoms of whooping cough?

The symptoms of whooping cough are different depending on your age. Babies and young kids can have severe coughing spells that make it hard to eat, drink, breathe, or sleep. Some babies may turn blue because they can’t catch their breath. They may not cough at all but have life-threatening pauses in their breathing. Older kids and adults may only have a runny nose and low fever, followed by a persistent cough that can last for several weeks or months and is often worse at night. The name “whooping cough” comes from the sound many babies and kids make when trying to get air after a coughing spell. It is important to know that not everyone with whooping cough makes the “whoop” sound. The best way to know if you have whooping cough is to see your doctor, nurse, or clinician.

How soon do symptoms appear?

Symptoms usually start 5 to 21 days after exposure to whooping cough. The average is 7 to 10 days after exposure.

How is whooping cough treated?

Whooping cough is generally treated with antibiotics. It’s important to start treatment as soon as possible to help keep from spreading the disease to others. Early treatment can also make the symptoms end sooner and be less severe.

How is whooping cough prevented?

Getting vaccinated is the best way to lower the risk of getting whooping cough. It’s also important to wash your hands, cover your cough, and stay home whenever you’re sick.

Are some people at higher risk from whooping cough?

People at greatest risk from whooping cough include:

• Infants under one year old.
• Pregnant women (especially in the third trimester).
• People that have a chronic respiratory illness.

Can I spread whooping cough even if I don’t have a bad cough?

Yes. You can have whooping cough without realizing it and infect others. This is especially important to know for people who are going to be around babies or pregnant women. Any time you have a runny nose or cough, you should stay away from high-risk people, and make sure you are vaccinated before seeing them.

How common is whooping cough in Washington?

Whooping cough is always active in our state. In a typical year, Washington has anywhere between 184 and 1026 cases of whooping cough, but in 2012 we had an epidemic with nearly 5000 cases. In the past 20 years, whooping cough has caused as many as two deaths in some years with no deaths in other years. Most outbreaks in Washington are local, with a variation in cases from county to county. Some areas report a high number of cases and others have none. Find the current number of whooping cough cases in Washington (PDF), or the number of whooping cough cases reported in past years.

Is there still a whooping cough epidemic in Washington?

Our statewide case count of 4,918 during the epidemic of 2012 was well above what we expect to see in an average year—the highest level since 1941, when 4,960 cases were reported. The pace of new whooping cough cases slowed after the 2012 epidemic, but some communities are beginning to see higher numbers again. Even when the number of cases decreases, it’s important to remember that whooping cough never goes away completely. Getting vaccinated and staying away from others when you are sick are the best ways to slow the spread of whooping cough and protect people at highest risk, like babies and pregnant women. Find the current number of whooping cough cases in Washington (PDF), or the number of whooping cough cases reported in past years.

Are there more cases of whooping cough than what’s reported?

There are always more cases of whooping cough than what’s reported. Only about one out of every 10 cases gets reported to public health because:

• Sometimes whooping cough is diagnosed as something else.
• Some people have whooping cough without knowing it, so they may not see a doctor and it could go undiagnosed and unreported.

What if I was exposed to someone who has whooping cough?

Talk to your doctor, nurse, or clinic as soon as you learn that you have been exposed. You may be given antibiotics to treat your infection and make the infection less serious, especially if you start it early. Try to stay away from other people until you have completed the first 5 days of treatment (or until another diagnosis for the cough is given and you know that you are not contagious).

What should I do if I think someone in my family has whooping cough?

If you think you or one of your family members has whooping cough, call your doctor, nurse, or clinic and ask to be evaluated for whooping cough. Anyone that might have whooping cough should stay away from other people until the illness is treated (or another diagnosis for the cough proves it’s not contagious).

How should employers handle employees returning to work who have had whooping cough?

Employers should talk with their Human Resources office to understand their company policies, procedures, and labor agreements, and work with their local health agency if they have questions about when a person with whooping cough can safely return to work. Employers should not share individual employee health information with others.

What’s the best cleaning method to prevent spreading whooping cough?

While pertussis bacteria can live on a surface or object for several days, most people don’t get whooping cough from contact with surfaces or objects. They get it from close face-to-face contact with people who have whooping cough.

Where can I get more information about whooping cough?

• Your local health agency
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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About Whooping Cough Vaccines

What is the whooping cough vaccine?

There are two vaccines that protect against whooping cough:

• DTaP is for babies and children younger than age seven years.
• Tdap is for kids seven years and older, adolescents, and adults (including pregnant women).

Who needs the whooping cough vaccine?

People of all ages should get a whooping cough vaccine. Which vaccine you need depends on your age. Vaccination is the best protection against whooping cough, and helps to reduce the risk to yourself, vulnerable infants, and pregnant women.

How soon can my new baby get the vaccine?

The first dose of DTaP vaccine is recommended at two months. Talk to your health care provider if you think your baby may be at increased risk of getting whooping cough.

What happens if children and teens haven’t gotten all of their scheduled whooping cough vaccines?

Not getting recommended vaccines on time puts children and teens at higher risk for getting and spreading whooping cough. Vaccination is the best protection we have against whooping cough, so it’s important that everyone—children and adults—get their scheduled whooping cough vaccines.

• If your child is younger than seven years and isn’t up to date, talk to his or her healthcare provider right away about getting caught up on DTaP vaccines.
• If your child is seven to ten years old and hasn’t followed the recommended immunization schedule, he or she needs a Tdap vaccine.

How often should adults get the whooping cough vaccine?

All adults should get one dose of the Tdap vaccine. Pregnant women need Tdap with each pregnancy. If you had the Tdap vaccine as a teenager (age 11 or older), you don’t need another one unless you’re pregnant, in which case, you should get the Tdap vaccine again when you are 27 to 36 weeks pregnant, preferably as early as possible within that window. Check with your doctor, nurse, or clinic to make sure you’re up to date with all of your immunizations.

If my child had whooping cough, should he or she still get vaccinated?

Yes. When someone gets whooping cough, their body develops a natural immunity. However, it’s unknown how long that immunity lasts for each person, so routine vaccination against whooping cough is still recommended for people who have had whooping cough.

Why should I get vaccinated if I don’t have close contact with babies?

While you may not have direct contact with babies, you may be around them in public places such as the grocery store or the library. Babies often catch whooping cough from an adult or family member who may not even know they have the disease. Babies who get whooping cough often have to be hospitalized and could die.

How many people are vaccinated in Washington?

According to data from the National Immunization Survey (NIS), here are the vaccination rates in 2016 for children and adolescents in Washington:

The Tdap vaccination rate for adults in our state isn’t available. The national adult Tdap rate in 2014 was 22 percent, according to the National Health Interview Survey.

Find more whooping cough vaccination rates from the CDC:

• NIS results for DTaP coverage among 19-35 month olds
• NIS results for Tdap coverage among 13-17 year olds

How many people need to be immunized to reach community (or herd) immunity?

Typically, more than 90 percent of a population must be vaccinated against a disease to produce general protection for the population. Since whooping cough vaccines don’t last a lifetime, and because it spreads so easily, we can’t rely on community immunity to protect us from this disease. Making sure you and those around you are up to date on whooping cough vaccine is your best chance to protect yourself and your family from this serious disease.

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How Well the Vaccines Work

Does the whooping cough vaccine really work?

While it is not perfect, the whooping cough vaccine is the best available protection against the disease. It helps protect both the person who gets the vaccine and those around them who are most vulnerable to severe whooping cough or complications (like babies and pregnant women). We know that the protection received from any of the available whooping cough vaccines is fairly good (73 to 98 percent effective) in the first year after receiving the vaccine, but it does wear off over time. In the same way, people that had whooping cough in the past gradually become susceptible to the disease in about five to ten years.

Can people who have been vaccinated still get whooping cough?

Sometimes when vaccinated people are exposed, they get whooping cough anyway, although they usually have milder symptoms, a shorter illness, and may be less likely to spread the disease to others.

How long does the vaccine for younger kids (DTaP) last?

Recent studies show that the whooping cough vaccine for young kids (DTaP) doesn’t last as long as expected, and protection wears off over time. Protection is high—about 98 percent—within the first year after getting the fifth DTaP dose. It goes down to about 70 percent by five years later, and may continue to gradually go down after that.

In the 1990s, the United States switched from DTP vaccine to a new whooping cough vaccine for kids. The new vaccine (DTaP) causes fewer side effects than the old one but protection from DTaP doesn’t last as long as it did for DTP. This may explain why there are more whooping cough cases in older children. Teens today are the first group of kids to get only the newer DTaP vaccine as babies; they didn’t get any doses of the old vaccine.

How long does the vaccine for older kids, teens, and adults (Tdap) last?

A study done here in Washington State during the 2012 pertussis epidemic showed that overall, the Tdap vaccine is 64% effective in protecting against pertussis disease, and within the first year after vaccination it is 73% effective. There are more reported whooping cough cases among teens—a changing trend across the country that indicates that the duration of protection against whooping cough for Tdap vaccine is shorter than expected. By four years after vaccination, protection may drop below 50% effectiveness. This shows why it is so important for pregnant women to be vaccinated toward the end of every pregnancy.

If the vaccine doesn’t last very long, why should I get it?

The vaccine works very well for the first couple of years. Even after five years, children still have moderate protection from whooping cough. Infants usually get whooping cough from a family member or caregiver and are at greatest risk for getting very sick and potentially dying from whooping cough. People who are vaccinated and still get whooping cough usually have milder, shorter illnesses, and are less likely to spread the disease to others, like babies and pregnant women.

Should I get vaccinated again if I got a Tdap vaccine a few years ago?

The current recommendation is that everyone 11 years and older should get a one-time dose of Tdap vaccine. Pregnant women should get the Tdap vaccine at each pregnancy.

Will vaccination recommendations change?

Recommendations for pregnant women have changed, and it’s possible that other recommendations could change. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention develop and adjust recommendations based on what they learn by monitoring disease and safety reports.

What is the best prevention for people who are up to date on their whooping cough vaccine?

Unless there are new recommendations for the Tdap vaccine, or a new vaccine, everyone should wash their hands, cover their cough, and stay home when they’re sick. It’s best to avoid close contact with anyone who has cough or cold symptoms.

Does the flu vaccine affect how well the whooping cough vaccine works?

There’s no evidence that the whooping cough vaccine works any differently if you get a flu vaccine. We recommend that everyone six months and older get a flu shot each year. Learn more about the flu vaccine.

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Vaccine Safety and Monitoring

Are the whooping cough vaccines safe?

Research and ongoing surveillance of vaccine safetyhas shown that pertussis vaccines are safe. You can get more information on the safety of whooping cough vaccines from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

How are the vaccines monitored for safety?

Vaccines are tested before they’re licensed for use. Once a vaccine is in use, the CDC and the Food and Drug Administration always monitor the vaccine through the national VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System) and other provider-based systems to make sure the vaccine continues to be safe for use.

Are there side effects from the vaccines?

Like any medication, vaccines may cause side effects. Most are mild:

• Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site (In children, this is more common after the fourth and fifth doses of DTaP than after the first three doses.)
• Mild fever
• Headache
• Tiredness
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach ache
• Chills, body aches, sore joints, rash, or swollen glands (uncommon)

Moderate reactions to whooping cough vaccine are rare, but could include crying for three hours or more in children. The only known serious reaction to the DTaP (child) vaccine is an allergic reaction to the vaccine and is very rare, less than 1 in 1 million doses. There are no known moderate or serious reactions to the Tdap (teen and adult) vaccine.

I’m unsure if I’ve had the Tdap vaccine. Is it okay to get it again?

For most people, the benefits of protection against whooping cough outweigh the risk of any side effects that might occur after receiving a second dose. Check with your doctor, nurse, or clinic if you have specific concerns.

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Where To Get Whooping Cough Vaccines

Where can I get whooping cough vaccine?

There are many places that offer whooping cough vaccine:

• Your health care provider
• Most pharmacies (some have limits on what ages they serve)
• Your local health agency

For your child, vaccines are often due on their scheduled well child visits and will be given by their healthcare provider. If you need help finding a health care provider or if you don’t have health insurance, call the Family Health Hotline at 1-800-322-2588 or visit the ParentHelp123 website.

Are there vaccination clinics?

There may be vaccination clinics in your community. Contact your local health agency.

Will there be school vaccination clinics?

Some schools may offer vaccination clinics. The local school district or health agency can provide information.

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How To Pay for Whooping Cough Vaccines if You Are an Adult

Does my private health insurance pay for the vaccine?

Children through age 18 receive vaccines at no cost in Washington through the Childhood Vaccine Program. For adults, call the customer service number on the back of your insurance card to find out if Tdap vaccine will be covered for you.

Does Medicare cover the vaccine?

Medicare Part D covers the cost of the adult vaccine (Tdap) for adults aged 65 and older. Since it’s a prescription drug benefit, coverage depends on the use of that benefit so far during the year. Call 1-800-633-4227 with questions about Medicare. Health care workers with questions should contact their patients’ Part D plan for Part D vaccine information.

Does Washington Apple Health (Medicaid) cover the vaccine?

Washington Apple Health (Medicaid) covers the whooping cough vaccine per the recommended immunization schedule. Click here for more information about what vaccines are covered by Apple Health.

How can I pay for the vaccine if I’m uninsured?

There may be programs that can help you. Call the Family Health Hotline at 1-800-322-2588 or visit parenthelp123 website for more information. You can also contact your local health agency to find out if free vaccination clinics are planned in your community.

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For Pregnant Women and New Parents

What is the vaccine recommendation for pregnant women?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that pregnant women get one Tdap vaccine at each pregnancy as early as possible between 27 and 36 weeks of gestation (the third trimester). Check with a health care provider if you have questions about what’s right for you.

Why should pregnant women get vaccinated against whooping cough?

Getting vaccinated while pregnant helps your baby in two ways: (1) the baby gets some short-term protection from your vaccination because you pass it to them before they are born; and (2) you reduce the risk of getting whooping cough yourself and exposing your newborn to to the infection.

Why should pregnant women get vaccinated during each pregnancy?

Women should be vaccinated during each pregnancy because the mother passes some protection to the baby before he or she is born, and because protection from Tdap is most effective within the first year after receiving the vaccine. Whooping cough can be serious for infants, and most get it from parents, siblings, or caregivers. Getting the mother vaccinated at each pregnancy provides the best protection for each baby.

If I recently gave birth, can I get the whooping cough vaccine?

If you just gave birth and have never received Tdap (the adolescent and adult whooping cough vaccine), you should get it right away. Your baby is vulnerable to whooping cough because babies are too young to be vaccinated until about two months of age and aren’t fully protected until after the first four doses of the DTaP vaccine (given at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months of age). Your child will also need a fifth dose of DTaP vaccine between age four and six years.

Whooping cough is very serious for babies and young children, and the most common way for them to get it is from parents, caregivers, and other family members. The best way to protect your baby is to get the vaccine and make sure your other children are immunized on time.

Should new dads and siblings get vaccinated?

All family members living in your house and anyone who will spend time around your new baby—like grandparents and child care providers—should get the whooping cough vaccine if they have not already done so. Check with your healthcare provider to make sure your family is up to date.

Can I get the pertussis vaccine if I’m breastfeeding?

It is safe to get Tdap while you’re breastfeeding. If you’re breastfeeding and you haven’t received Tdap as an adult, you should get it right away.

Does breastfeeding protect my baby from whooping cough?

Mothers vaccinated with Tdap may pass some whooping cough antibodies to their babies through breast milk, but it does not provide full protection. It is still important to protect a baby who is still too young to be vaccinated by limiting his or her exposure to whooping cough. Ask people who are sick to stay away and make sure you and everyone who is around your baby is vaccinated. Then, as soon as your baby is old enough, get him or her vaccinated by following the recommended immunization schedule (PDF).

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For Healthcare Workers and Providers

Is the whooping cough vaccine required for healthcare workers?

All healthcare workers should get one dose of Tdap vaccine. This helps protect the workers and their patients. This is especially true if the health care worker will be working with babies and pregnant women. There is no state law that requires healthcare workers to get the whooping cough vaccine, but some health care organizations have policies that require staff to be vaccinated. Check with your employer about your workplace vaccination policies.

Were there documented whooping cough cases in healthcare workers during the 2012 epidemic?

Yes, there were several cases of pertussis in healthcare workers during Washington’s 2012 whooping cough epidemic. We recommend that all healthcare workers have a Tdap vaccination, stay home when they’re sick, and use appropriate personal protective equipment to prevent infection when caring for patients with respiratory infections like whooping cough and flu.

Do healthcare providers in Washington report all people tested for whooping cough?

In Washington, whooping cough is a reportable condition and even a suspected case is supposed to be reported by healthcare professionals to their local health agencies. Some providers are unaware of the requirement to report. Some cases of whooping cough are diagnosed as other conditions and aren’t reported. Some people with whooping cough don’t go for medical attention and aren’t diagnosed. An estimated one in 10 cases of whooping cough is reported to public health.

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Vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough (DTP) and against polio

At 3 months, vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis begins. In the National Calendar, protection against these infections was introduced in 1953, and against tetanus since 1966. The following vaccines are used for vaccination:

– DPT is an adsorbed combined vaccine that contains a killed whole pertussis bacillus (which is why it is also called whole cell), toxoid (neutralized toxin) diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is a Russian vaccine (Microgen) and its use has virtually eliminated diphtheria and tetanus and markedly reduced the number of whooping cough cases.

The only thing that many parents do not like is the rise in temperature on the first day – this is a variant of a normal reaction to vaccination, as the cells of the immune system begin to work actively in response to contact with fragments of whooping cough.

But vaccine prophylaxis is constantly being improved, and acellular (or acellular) vaccines are currently being produced. These vaccines contain only 2 or 3 pertussis antigens, they do not contain a whole pertussis bacillus (up to 3000 pertussis antigens). But today, such vaccines are only foreign-made. Several similar vaccines are registered in Russia:

– the first vaccine registered in Russia in the early 2000s – Infanrix (GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium). The vaccine contains 3 pertussis antigens, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.

– Infanrix hexa vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium) was registered a little later. In addition to the composition of the previous vaccine, it also contains an inactivated vaccine against polio, hepatitis B and the Hiberix vaccine (against Haemophilus influenzae, which is the cause of complications in acute respiratory viral infections in young children).

– Pentaxim (Sanofi, France), registered and successfully used in Russia since 2008. In its combination, this vaccine also contains an inactivated (killed) polio vaccine, a vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae.

The revision of the main order for vaccination within the framework of the National Calendar N125n dated April 13, 2017 has the following additions – children at risk for vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae and the full course of vaccination with inactivated polio vaccine are identified:

• Immunocompromised;
• With anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of haemophilus influenzae;
• With malformations of the intestines;
• With cancer and/or long-term immunosuppressive therapy;
• born to mothers with HIV infection;
• In orphanages;
• Premature and small babies.

Vaccination and revaccination of children at risk can be carried out with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases containing combinations of vaccines (for example, Pentaxim) intended for use in the appropriate age periods (edition of the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation N 175n of 04/13/2017) .

Children who are not included in the risk group can, at the request of their parents, be vaccinated with acellular preparations for vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus for a fee. Information in this case can be obtained from the local pediatrician.

There may be other options for vaccinating children, depending on the possibilities of the regional budget.

In 2016, the vaccine Adasel (Sanofi, France) was registered in Russia, it also does not contain a whole pertussis bacillus, and the content of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in the composition is less than in other preparations. This vaccine is mainly intended for revaccination of children over 4 years of age and adults (after 14 years it is possible every 10 years), since immunity against whooping cough is short-lived.

For children who are not vaccinated on time and are over 4 years of age, according to the National calendar, they are vaccinated only against diphtheria and tetanus (DTP vaccination with the drug is carried out up to 4 years, with Infanrix hexa up to 36 months), but vaccination can be performed at the request of the parents and drugs Pentaxim and Infanrix, as they have no age restrictions.

For vaccination against polio there are also changes in the National calendar since 2014.

Previously, live attenuated Sabin vaccine was used for mass vaccination since 1958-59 (it contained 3 vaccine strains of poliovirus), then to prevent vaccine-associated poliomyelitis in vaccinated and contact unvaccinated since 2014, the vaccination scheme has changed:

-V1 and V2 All children receive an inactivated vaccine at 3 months. and at 4.5 months,

-V3 at 6 months. and subsequent revaccinations at 1 g for 6 months, 1 g for 8 months. and at the age of 14 they receive the OPV oral polio vaccine, and since the spring of 2017 OPV contains only 2 strains of vaccination viruses – I and III – BiVac polio (FNCIRIP named after Chumakov, Russia).

Inactivated vaccines registered in Russia:

• Imovax Polio (Sanofi, France) – currently used as part of the combined Pentaxim vaccine,
• Poliorix (GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium) – currently used as part of the combined vaccine Infanrix hexa,
• Polymilex (Nanolek, Russia) – used for V1 and V2 against poliomyelitis since spring 2017.

Diphtheria – is a serious infection affecting both adults and children. The cause of the infection is a diphtheria bacillus, which is transmitted by airborne droplets, sometimes through common toys, household items. Diphtheria affects the nose, pharynx, larynx, less often – the skin, eyes. The patient develops films in the pharynx, which can spread to the nose and larynx and block breathing. In children under one year old, films immediately pass to the larynx, vocal cords, croup appears (laryngeal edema). In these cases, urgent measures are required, otherwise the person will suffocate. In addition, diphtheria is fraught with serious complications – damage to the heart, kidneys, nervous system. It is possible to avoid the disease only with timely vaccination. Vaccination protects against the toxin produced by the diphtheria bacterium, which causes all life-threatening conditions.

People who are vaccinated do not get severe, dangerous forms of diphtheria. They may develop a sore throat, but it is not life threatening.

Tetanus (tetanus ) is an acute infection with damage to the nervous system caused by a toxin that tetanus bacillus releases when it enters a wound from the ground. Tetanus is extremely severe and can develop at any age. The toxin affects the nervous system, causing muscle spasms and convulsions. Mortality with tetanus reaches 90%. Immunity during vaccination is formed against the toxin, as in diphtheria.

Whooping cough is a disease with a special lesion of the respiratory system, characterized by paroxysmal “spasmodic” cough. The child “comes in” in a cough until vomiting, reddening of the face and the appearance of small hemorrhages on the face, sclera of the eyes. Coughing attacks are especially disturbing at night and in the morning Whooping cough is dangerous with complications – pneumonia, and in young children – death due to apnea – respiratory arrest, convulsions and brain damage due to oxygen starvation

Polio – caused by three types of polio viruses, transmitted with water and food. As a rule, they do not die from polio, but paralysis or paresis can remain, more often than one leg, in which the limb gradually loses weight and shortens, and the child either limps heavily or cannot move at all without support. Sometimes paralysis of the respiratory muscles develops and a person cannot breathe without the help of special devices.

DTP and inactivated polio vaccines are given intramuscularly in the anterolateral thigh.

Vaccination plan.

DTP and polio vaccination starts at 3 months. After vaccination and DPT revaccination (see below), according to the vaccination schedule, adults are revaccinated every 10 years (ADS-M vaccine).

Vaccination of children according to the vaccination schedule:

Side effects.

DTP vaccine causes moderate side effects: slight fever on the first day; moderate soreness, redness and swelling at the injection site may occur with V 3 or R 1. An increase in body temperature (usually not higher than 37.5 C) and slight malaise can also be observed within 1-2 days after vaccination, rarely (up to 4% may be rise t above 38). At t above 38.5, it is necessary to give antipyretic drugs at home on the recommendation of a doctor paracetamol or ibuprofen. In the event of a repeated rise in t or an insufficient response to antipyretic drugs, you need to call a pediatrician or an ambulance and the doctor will prescribe the amount of necessary therapy. Wiping with vodka or alcohol is not recommended.

Children who are prone to allergic reactions may develop a rash, so the pediatrician may prescribe antiallergic drugs before and after vaccination.

Serious complications from DPT-immunization are rare; they occur in less than one percent of cases. It can be convulsions against a background of high fever, so it is recommended that children with a possible reaction be vaccinated against the background of antipyretics (paracetamol or ibuprofen).

In order to reduce the number of side effects on the whole cell DTP vaccine, it can be replaced with a combined analogue (Pentaxim, Infanrix vaccine), in which the whole cell pertussis component (up to 3000 antigens) is replaced by a cell-free version (2-3 antigens), which is practically does not cause adverse reactions. In addition, combined vaccines significantly reduce the injection load and reduce the total dose of additional substances (vaccine stabilizers, preservatives).

After vaccination with whooping cough, immunity is short-term and after 5-7 years you can get whooping cough. For revaccination at 7 years, 14 years and beyond for 10 years, Adasel vaccine can be used. The only thing is that vaccinated people can get sick in a more erased form – bronchitis or pneumonia may sound in the diagnosis, there may not be characteristic bouts of spasmodic cough, but for the unvaccinated, such a patient is a source of infection.

DTP vaccine – Hep B in Ivanteevka against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus t hep B, Russia

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DTP vaccine – Hep B against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus t hep. V. Russia

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Pertussis, Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Hepatitis B Vaccine, Adsorbed (DTP-Hep B Vaccine)

Formulation Description when shaking.

Characteristics

The vaccine is a mixture of formaldehyde-killed phase 1 pertussis microbes and diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and recombinant yeast surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel.

Pharmacological group

MIBP vaccine.

Indications

Prevention of whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B in children. The maximum age of children to be immunized with the DTP-Hep B vaccine is up to four years of age (3 years 11 months 29days).

Contraindications

Children of the first year of life when using a vaccine containing a preservative.

Progressive diseases of the nervous system, a history of afebrile convulsions, an allergic reaction to baker’s yeast, as well as severe reactions (temperature increase in the first two days above 40 ° C, edema and hyperemia over 8 cm in diameter at the injection site) and post-vaccination complications from a previous dose of DTP-Hep B vaccine or DTP vaccine or hepatitis B vaccine.

Children who have had acute illnesses are vaccinated no earlier than four weeks after recovery, with mild forms of respiratory diseases (rhinitis, mild hyperemia of the pharynx, etc.), vaccination is allowed 2 weeks after recovery.

Patients with chronic diseases are vaccinated no earlier than four weeks after achieving stable remission.

In order to identify contraindications, the doctor (paramedic at the FAP) on the day of vaccination conducts a survey of parents and examination of the child with mandatory thermometry. Children temporarily exempted from vaccinations should be taken under observation and account and vaccinated in a timely manner.

Use in pregnancy and lactation

Not applicable. The drug is used to vaccinate children.

Side effects

Some of those vaccinated in the first two days may develop short-term general (fever, malaise) and local (soreness, hyperemia, swelling) reactions. In rare cases, complications may develop: convulsions (usually associated with fever), episodes of a piercing cry, allergic reactions (angioedema, urticaria, polymorphic rash).

Taking into account the possibility of developing immediate allergic reactions in especially sensitive children, it is necessary to provide medical supervision for vaccinated children for 30 minutes. Vaccination sites should be provided with anti-shock therapy.

Note: if a child develops a strong general reaction (temperature rise in the first two days above 40 ° C, swelling and hyperemia of more than 8 cm in diameter at the injection site) or a post-vaccination complication, further vaccinations with DPT-Hep B vaccine are stopped. If the child has been vaccinated with the DTP-Hep B vaccine twice, the course of vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is considered completed, and vaccination against hepatitis B is completed with a monovaccine once one month after the second vaccination. If the child has received one vaccination with the DTP-Hep B vaccine, vaccination can be continued with a combined hepatitis B and diphtheria-tetanus toxoid vaccine with a reduced content of antigens, which is administered once no earlier than 3 months later, and then hepatitis B monovaccine is administered one month later.

In both cases, the first revaccination is carried out with ADS-M toxoid 9-12 months after the last vaccination with the DTP-Hep B vaccine or the combined hepatitis B and diphtheria-tetanus toxoid vaccine with a reduced content of antigens. If a strong reaction has developed after the third vaccination with the DTP-Hep B vaccine, the first revaccination is carried out with ADS-M-anatoxin after 12-18 months. Subsequent revaccinations are carried out at the decreed ages with ADS-M-anatoxin.

If the temperature rises above 38.5°C in more than 1% of the vaccinated or the occurrence of severe local reactions (soft tissue edema with a diameter of more than 5 cm, infiltration with a diameter of more than 2 cm) in more than 4% of the vaccinated, as well as the development of post-vaccination complications , vaccinations with the drug of this series are stopped.

Precautions

The development of febrile convulsions after the introduction of the vaccine is not a contraindication to its subsequent administration, in this case, with an increase in temperature, paracetamol should be prescribed at an age dosage for 1-2 days.

Stable manifestations of an allergic disease (localized skin manifestations, latent bronchospasm, etc.) are not contraindications to vaccination, which can be carried out against the background of appropriate therapy.

Special instructions

Information about the possible effect of the drug on the ability to drive vehicles, mechanisms.