Medical tmj. TMJ Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options

12.09.202316.06.2023 by alexxlab

What are the common causes of TMJ disorders. How can you identify the symptoms of TMJ disorders. What are the most effective treatment options for TMJ disorders. How do TMJ disorders affect daily life. Why are women more prone to TMJ disorders than men.

Содержание

Understanding TMJ Disorders: A Comprehensive Overview

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders affect the complex joint connecting the jawbone to the skull. These conditions can be challenging to diagnose and treat due to the intricate nature of the joint. Approximately 12% of Americans experience TMJ disorders at any given time, with women being more susceptible than men at a ratio of 9:1 for severe cases.

The TMJ is a remarkable joint that allows for both vertical and horizontal movement, facilitating essential functions such as chewing and speaking. Its complexity, however, can make severe TMJ disorders particularly difficult to manage effectively.

Identifying the Root Causes of TMJ Disorders

TMJ disorders can stem from various factors, both internal and external. Some of the most common causes include:

Physical injuries to the jaw area
Arthritis affecting the joint
Teeth grinding or clenching during sleep (bruxism)
Autoimmune diseases
Dental surgeries
Infections in the jaw region

Genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, and environmental factors may also play a role in the development of TMJ disorders. For instance, musicians who play instruments that require prolonged jaw pressure, such as violinists, have been observed to have a higher incidence of TMJ disorders.

The Gender Disparity in TMJ Disorders

Why do women experience TMJ disorders more frequently than men? Researchers are currently investigating the potential link between estrogen levels and TMJ disorders. While the exact mechanism is not yet fully understood, this line of inquiry may provide valuable insights into the gender-specific aspects of these conditions.

Recognizing the Symptoms of TMJ Disorders

TMJ disorders manifest through a variety of symptoms, which can range from mild discomfort to severe pain. The most common symptoms include:

Pain when moving the jaw
Headaches or migraines
Neck and back pain
Earaches or pain around the ear that radiates to the cheeks
Unusual clicking, popping, or grinding noises when moving the jaw
Limited jaw movement or difficulty opening the mouth fully
Buzzing, ringing, or numbness in the ears

Do all jaw noises indicate a TMJ disorder? Not necessarily. Jaw sounds are relatively common and may not always be a cause for concern. However, when these noises occur in conjunction with pain or restricted jaw movement, it’s advisable to seek medical attention.

Diagnosing TMJ Disorders: What to Expect

How do healthcare professionals diagnose TMJ disorders? The diagnostic process typically involves:

A thorough medical history review
Physical examination of the jaw and surrounding areas
Assessment of jaw movement and function
Evaluation of pain levels and locations
Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs in some cases

Doctors may diagnose a TMJ disorder based on persistent pain around the jaw and restricted jaw movement. It’s important to note that most cases of TMJ disorders resolve on their own within a few months. However, some individuals may experience ongoing or recurrent symptoms.

Effective Treatment Strategies for TMJ Disorders

What are the most effective ways to manage TMJ disorders? Treatment options can vary depending on the severity and cause of the condition. Here are some common approaches:

Self-Care and Lifestyle Modifications

For mild to moderate cases, self-care measures and lifestyle changes can often provide significant relief. These may include:

Resting the jaw by avoiding excessive movement
Eating soft foods and avoiding chewing gum
Practicing stress-reduction techniques to minimize jaw clenching
Applying ice or moist heat to the affected area
Performing gentle jaw exercises as recommended by a healthcare professional

Medical Interventions

In more severe cases or when self-care measures prove insufficient, medical treatments may be necessary. These can include:

Prescription pain relievers or anti-inflammatory medications
Muscle relaxants to alleviate jaw tension
Corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation and pain
Physical therapy to improve jaw function and reduce pain
Cognitive-behavioral therapy to address stress-related jaw clenching

Dental and Surgical Options

In some cases, dental interventions or surgical procedures may be recommended:

Custom-fitted mouthguards or splints to prevent teeth grinding
Dental work to correct bite problems
Botox injections to relax overactive jaw muscles
Arthrocentesis, a minimally invasive procedure to remove debris from the joint
TMJ arthroscopy or open-joint surgery in severe cases

The Impact of TMJ Disorders on Daily Life

How do TMJ disorders affect a person’s quality of life? The impact can be significant and far-reaching:

Difficulty eating and enjoying meals
Impaired speech and communication
Chronic pain affecting mood and mental health
Sleep disturbances due to pain or teeth grinding
Limitations in social and professional activities

Understanding these potential impacts underscores the importance of early diagnosis and effective management of TMJ disorders.

Preventing TMJ Disorders: Proactive Measures

Can TMJ disorders be prevented? While not all cases are preventable, certain measures can reduce the risk or severity of TMJ issues:

Practicing good posture to reduce strain on the jaw and neck
Managing stress through relaxation techniques or counseling
Avoiding excessive gum chewing or nail biting
Using proper form when exercising, especially during activities that involve the head and neck
Seeking early treatment for dental problems that may affect jaw alignment

Advances in TMJ Disorder Research and Treatment

What new developments are on the horizon for TMJ disorder management? Current research is focusing on several promising areas:

Gene therapy to address underlying genetic factors
Stem cell treatments to regenerate damaged joint tissue
Advanced imaging techniques for more precise diagnosis
Personalized medicine approaches based on individual patient profiles
Novel drug therapies targeting specific pain pathways

These advancements hold the potential to revolutionize the treatment of TMJ disorders, offering hope for more effective and targeted interventions in the future.

Living with TMJ Disorders: Coping Strategies and Support

For individuals dealing with chronic TMJ disorders, developing effective coping strategies is crucial. Here are some approaches that can help:

Joining support groups to connect with others facing similar challenges
Exploring complementary therapies such as acupuncture or massage
Maintaining a pain diary to identify triggers and track treatment effectiveness
Working with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers for comprehensive care
Adapting daily routines to minimize jaw strain and discomfort

How can family and friends support someone with a TMJ disorder? Understanding the condition, offering emotional support, and assisting with practical tasks can make a significant difference in the individual’s quality of life.

TMJ Disorders in Special Populations

Do TMJ disorders affect certain groups differently? While TMJ disorders can affect anyone, some populations may face unique challenges:

Children and Adolescents

TMJ disorders in younger individuals may impact growth and development. Early intervention and careful monitoring are essential to prevent long-term complications.

Elderly Individuals

Older adults may experience TMJ disorders in conjunction with other age-related conditions such as arthritis. Treatment approaches may need to be tailored to account for overall health status and medication interactions.

Athletes

Certain sports that involve physical contact or repetitive jaw movements may increase the risk of TMJ disorders. Proper protective equipment and technique modifications can help mitigate these risks.

The Role of Nutrition in TMJ Disorder Management

Can dietary choices influence TMJ disorder symptoms? While nutrition alone cannot cure TMJ disorders, certain dietary considerations may help manage symptoms:

Incorporating anti-inflammatory foods such as omega-3 rich fish, berries, and leafy greens
Choosing softer foods during flare-ups to reduce jaw strain
Ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D intake for bone and joint health
Avoiding excessively chewy or hard foods that may exacerbate symptoms
Staying hydrated to support overall joint function

A balanced diet that supports overall health can complement other treatment approaches and potentially contribute to better symptom management.

Navigating Insurance and Healthcare Systems for TMJ Treatment

How can patients effectively navigate the healthcare system to receive appropriate TMJ disorder treatment? Consider the following strategies:

Understanding insurance coverage for TMJ-related treatments and procedures
Seeking referrals to specialists experienced in TMJ disorders
Keeping detailed records of symptoms, treatments, and their effectiveness
Advocating for comprehensive care that addresses all aspects of the condition
Exploring clinical trials or research studies for access to cutting-edge treatments

Patients may need to be proactive in coordinating care between different healthcare providers, such as dentists, pain specialists, and physical therapists, to ensure a holistic approach to treatment.

The Psychological Impact of Chronic TMJ Disorders

How do long-term TMJ disorders affect mental health? Chronic pain conditions like TMJ disorders can have significant psychological consequences:

Increased risk of depression and anxiety
Frustration and feelings of helplessness
Social isolation due to pain or embarrassment about symptoms
Sleep disturbances leading to mood changes and cognitive issues
Stress related to managing a chronic condition

Addressing the psychological aspects of TMJ disorders is crucial for comprehensive care. Mental health support, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or mindfulness practices, can be valuable components of a treatment plan.

Future Directions in TMJ Disorder Management

What does the future hold for TMJ disorder treatment and research? Several exciting avenues are being explored:

Development of biomarkers for early detection and personalized treatment
Advanced 3D printing technologies for custom joint replacements
Integration of artificial intelligence in diagnostic imaging and treatment planning
Novel drug delivery systems for targeted pain relief
Exploration of the gut-joint axis and its role in TMJ disorders

These emerging areas of research hold promise for more precise, effective, and personalized approaches to managing TMJ disorders in the years to come.

As our understanding of TMJ disorders continues to evolve, patients and healthcare providers alike can look forward to improved diagnostic techniques and treatment options. By staying informed about the latest developments and working closely with healthcare teams, individuals affected by TMJ disorders can hope for better outcomes and improved quality of life.

TMJ disorders: Causes, symptoms, and relief

TMJ disorders affect the jaw joint and muscles that control the jaw. They can be challenging to diagnose and treat because of how complex this joint is.

Around 12 percent of people in the United States experience TMJ disorders at any one time. Women are affected more often than men, with 9 women to every 1 man experiencing severe pain and restricted jaw movement.

Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options available for TMJ disorders is essential for patients and doctors alike.

Share on PinterestThe temporomandibular joint is a complex joint that moves both horizontally and vertically.

The temporomandibular joint is located at the base of the skull.

Commonly referred to as the TMJ, it allows for the movement required for chewing and talking.

The joint connects the mandible, which is the lower jaw, and the temporal bone, which is on the side of the skull.

Since the TMJ allows for movement both up and down as well as from side to side, it is one of the most complex joints in the body. This can make severe TMJ disorders difficult to treat effectively.

TMJ disorders are conditions that affect the TMJ specifically. There is a range of possible symptoms, which can cause varying amounts of discomfort.

TMJ disorders are a broad category, and the term includes many possible causes. As such, there are a variety of treatment options available.

Doctors may diagnose TMJ disorders based on a range of symptoms, including persistent pain around the jaw and restricted jaw movement.

Most cases of TMJ disorders will resolve themselves within a short period, usually within a couple of months. Some cases, however, may be ongoing or reoccur.

There are many possible causes of TMJ disorders. Some known causes include:

Share on PinterestGrinding the teeth while asleep may lead to TMJ disorders.

physical injury
arthritis
grinding or clenching the teeth during sleep
autoimmune diseases
dental surgery
infections

Other causes may be genetic, hormonal, or environmental. For instance, violinists have been noted to experience TMJ disorders at a higher rate than the general population, since their work involves holding an instrument under the jaw. This can cause strain, which leads to TMJ disorders.

It has been observed that women experience TMJ disorders at a higher rate than men, so researchers are currently looking into hormonal causes for TMJ.

While the cause is not precisely understood, researchers hope that investigating the link between the female hormone estrogen and TMJ disorders will prove useful.

There is a range of symptoms linked to TMJ, including:

Pain

One of the most obvious symptoms of a TMJ disorder is pain that is felt when moving the jaw. However, other symptoms that may occur with a TMJ disorder include headaches or migraines, neck ache or backache, and earaches or pain around the ear that spreads to the cheeks.

If the pain is not located near to the jaw, a doctor will often look for other symptoms before diagnosing a TMJ disorder.

Sounds

A common but often painless symptom is an unusual popping, clicking, or even grinding noise that can occur while eating, talking, or simply opening the mouth.

Noises that occur when moving the jaw are not always a symptom of TMJ disorders. In fact, jaw noises are quite common. It is only when the sounds occur alongside pain or limited movement of the jaw that medical advice may be needed.

Buzzing, ringing, or numbness in the ears can occur alongside earaches, and these symptoms can also be associated with TMJ disorders.

Restricted movement

Limited movement that prevents the mouth from being opened fully or the jaw from being moved in certain directions can cause severe discomfort in everyday life.

There are a variety of treatment options available.

Self-care and lifestyle changes

In many cases, people can successfully treat TMJ disorders at home. Self-care and lifestyle changes may be enough to handle mild-to-moderate symptoms.

Recommended self-care treatments may involve reducing movement of the jaw. When rest is recommended, this could involve:

avoiding chewing gum
eating only soft foods
avoiding clenching or tensing the jaw

On the other hand, gentle exercises may be recommended, such as stretching the jaw slightly. Massaging the affected muscles around the jaw may also help.

A combination of both rest and gentle exercise may be recommended. A healthcare professional can advise on the most appropriate exercises to follow, as well as other lifestyle changes that could ease TMJ disorder symptoms.

Applying ice or moist heat can help reduce symptoms.

Treating existing conditions

Share on PinterestTreatment may include a steroid injection to reduce pain and swelling.

For TMJ disorders that are caused by pre-existing conditions, more specific treatment options may be available.

For example, if the TMJ disorder is caused by tooth grinding or clenching during sleep, a mouth guard may help to ease the symptoms. A dentist can provide a mouth guard where appropriate.

In cases where TMJ disorders are caused by degenerative conditions, such as osteoarthritis, steroid injections may be a recommended treatment option.

The steroid, which is injected into the joint itself, will help to ease swelling, reducing pain and other symptoms. In many cases, a reduction of pain is experienced within a week.

In some cases, an injection may resolve the symptoms of TMJ disorders permanently, and in others, it may be a temporary fix.

Short-term over-the-counter pain medications can reduce discomfort.

Surgery

In more extreme cases of TMJ disorder, surgery may be the most efficient treatment for pain and restricted movement.

A TMJ disorder can be caused by damage to the joint itself, to the muscles surrounding the jaw, or by another condition. Surgery is only recommended when the actual joint has something wrong with it.

In very severe cases of TMJ disorders, where movement of the jaw is extremely restricted, and symptoms are long-lasting, the joint may need to be replaced. This treatment is rarely required, however.

People should always seek professional medical advice about any treatment, even if the treatment involves self-care and basic lifestyle changes.

TMJ disorders are often not serious and will pass after a couple of months. Symptoms are frequently mild and tend to cause only minimal inconvenience.

In some cases, however, TMJ disorders will be serious and long-lasting. When the condition lowers quality of life, diagnosis and treatment must be sought as soon as possible to manage or resolve the condition.

Whether the condition is mild or serious, professional advice is always essential for treating TMJ disorders.

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction: MedlinePlus

Also called: Temporomandibular disorders, TMD, TMJ syndrome

On this page

Basics

Summary
Start Here
Diagnosis and Tests
Treatments and Therapies

Learn More

Related Issues

See, Play and Learn

Videos and Tutorials

Research

Clinical Trials
Journal Articles

Resources

No links available

For You

Teenagers
Patient Handouts

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects your jaw to the side of your head. When it works well, it enables you to talk, chew, and yawn. For people with TMJ dysfunction, problems with the joint and muscles around it may cause :

Pain that travels through the face, jaw, or neck
Stiff jaw muscles
Limited movement or locking of the jaw
Painful clicking or popping in the jaw
A change in the way the upper and lower teeth fit together

Jaw pain may go away with little or no treatment. Treatment may include simple things you can do yourself, such as eating soft foods or applying ice packs. It may also include pain medicines or devices to insert in your mouth. In very rare cases, you might need surgery.

NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

More than Jaw Pain: TMJ Disorders Explained
(National Institutes of Health)
Also in Spanish
TMD (Temporomandibular Disorders)
(National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research)
Also in Spanish
TMJ
(American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons)
– PDF
TMJ Disorders
(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)
Also in Spanish

Panoramic Dental X-Ray
(American College of Radiology; Radiological Society of North America)
Also in Spanish
Tooth Problems
(American Academy of Family Physicians)
Also in Spanish

Less Is Often Best in Treating TMJ Disorders
(National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research)
Also in Spanish

TMJ and MPD
(National Headache Foundation)
Also in Spanish

Normal TMJ in Motion
(National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research)

ClinicalTrials. gov: Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
(National Institutes of Health)

Article: Exploring the Relationship between Perfectionism and Pain in Patients with Temporomandibular. ..
Article: Sick leave and disability pension among TMD patients with musculoskeletal diseases,…
Article: Temporomandibular disorders and orofacial neuropathic pain in children and adolescents: a. ..
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction — see more articles

TMJ Disorders (For Parents)
(Nemours Foundation)

TMD (Temporomandibular Disorders)
(National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research)
Also in Spanish
TMJ disorders
(Medical Encyclopedia)
Also in Spanish

HOA MEDICAL, Ryazan (TIN 6230023109), details, extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, address, mail, website, telephone, financial indicators

Refresh browser

Possibilities

Integration

About the system

Statistics

Contacts

CfDJ8KhhAkvpk5VPj2mnJQbPpPGdFRJxAT68YnCo9eqAaXUUG6Qrgb8EMi7f_hY2BCq6dJhlKQH9tkBTBaJQi3MxXaMBpOItbvJwj67TdmWnZvKbo8ZzdZNhGdI4jNXzL- eC91EJr75gF8ng9znWFR9rCT4

Description of the search engine

search encyclopedia

TIN

OGRN

Sanction lists

Company search

Head of the organization

Court cases

Affiliation Check

Execution proceedings

Organization details

Information about the beneficiaries

Organization’s current account

Credit risk assessment

Unreliable companies

Checking the blocking of the current account

Number of employees

Authorized capital of the organization

Bankruptcy check

Date of registration

Checking the counterparty by TIN

checkpoint

OKPO

Tenders and public procurement

Customer search (B2B)

Legal address

Analysis of the financial condition

Organization founders

Financial statements

OKTMO

OKVED

Company Comparison

Trademark Check

License check

Extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities

Competitor analysis

Organization website

OKOPF

Registration Information

OKFS

Branches and representative offices

OKOGU

OKATO

Company rating

Check yourself and the counterparty

due diligence

Banking licenses

Scoring of counterparties

Alcohol licenses

Media monitoring

Signs of economic activity

Reputational risks

Compliance

Requisites

Full name of organization

ASSOCIATION OF HOUSING OWNERS “MEDITSINSKI”

English name

TSZH “MEDITSINSKI”

Address

900 02 Ryazan region, Ryazan, st. Zubkova, 22 k. citizens jointly

TIN

6230023109

PSRN

1056206039493

KPP

623001001

9 0002 OKATO

Ryazan region, Ryazan, Oktyabrsky

OKPO

77801118

OKTMO

Ryazan region, Urban districts of the Ryazan region, Ryazan

Phone

E-mail

No information

Website

No information

Information about the company

Head

Size of the enterprise

Number of employees

Branches

Data without updates available in the SPARK system.
For up-to-date data – .

Information on state registration

Date of registration

September 21, 2005

Registration authority

Interdistrict IFTS of Russia No. 2 for the Ryazan region

Address of the registration authority

, Ryazan region, Ryazan, Zavrazhnova proezd, 9

Registration authority where the registration file is located

ME REGIONAL INSPECTION OF THE FEDERAL TAX SERVICE No. 2 FOR RYAZAN REGIONS

Types of activity

Main activity according to OKVED

68.32.1

Management of the operation of the housing stock on a fee or contract basis

Description

Company HOA MEDICAL, address: Ryazan region, Ryazan, st. Zubkova, d. 22 k. 2 was registered on September 21, 2005. The organization was assigned TIN 6230023109, PSRN 1056206039493, KPP 623001001. The main activity is the management of the operation of the housing stock for a fee or on a contractual basis, in total 1 type of activity is registered according to OKVED. There are no connections with other companies.
Chairman of the Board – Fomina Evgenia Alexandrovna.
HOA MEDICAL did not participate in tenders. There are no enforcement proceedings against the company. HOA MEDICAL participated in 1 arbitration case: in 1 as a defendant.
Details of the HOA MEDICAL, legal address, official website and extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities are available in the SPARK system (demo access is free).

Company status

Ready reports HOA MEDICAL

SPARK-Risks
One-page report with the most important information from SPARK
299₽
- Company registration data
- Manager and principal owners
- Contact information
- Risk factors
- Signs of economic activity
- Key financial indicators in dynamics
- Check according to the registers of the Federal Tax Service
Buy
Example
SPARK-Profile
Full information report
from SPARK
999₽
Yearly change monitoring enabled
- Company registration data
- History of changes in managers, names, addresses
- Full list of addresses, phone numbers, websites
- Data on co-owners from various sources
- Related companies
- Activity details
- Financial statements for several years
- Financial assessment
Buy
Example
Is this your competitor?
Are you a member of this company?
for free
- Your counterparty, being a member of SPARK REGISTER, can send you a link to receive a free report from SPARK
- A representative of your company has the ability to view full information about the company contained in SPARK
- Becoming a SPARK REGISTER member, you can add information about your company
More

SPARK-Risks for 1C

Reliability assessment
and counterparty monitoring

Application for demo access

Applications with corporate email are processed faster.

Logging into the system will be possible only from the IP address from which the application was submitted.

Company

Telephone

We will send a confirmation code

Email mail

We will send a link to enter

By clicking the button, you agree to the terms of use and processing of personal data

Tuva Medical College graduates met with potential employers

advertising
Place a banner

April 7, 2023

This year, the Republican Medical College will graduate 247 specialists who will join the ranks of mid-level healthcare workers, the press service of the Ministry of Health of Tuva reports.

So, before graduation, a traditional dialogue of graduates with potential employers takes place, which is carried out under the program of modernization of primary healthcare and the regional project “Providing medical organizations in the healthcare system of Tuva with qualified personnel” of the national project “Health”.

Future doctors have already met with the leadership of the Republican Hospital No. 1, the Children’s Hospital and the Erzinsk Central Clinical Hospital.

247 people complete their studies in three specialties: general medicine, midwifery and nursing. The program was launched by the Ministry of Health of Tuva in order to provide small villages with qualified medical personnel. After successful completion of their studies, targeted graduates will return to their native villages to work in feldsher-obstetric stations.

Next, I planned a meeting with representatives of the Ulug-Khem MMC, Tandyn and Tes-Khem hospitals.

According to the press service of the Ministry of Health of Tuva

Photo of the press service of the Ministry of Health of Tuva

Editorial TMG

Society and man

Last news

The classics of world wind music sounded from the stage of the Tuva Philharmonic Society performed by children

The Tuva State Philharmonic Hall named after Valery Khalilov today hosted the opening of the festival-competition of children’s brass bands “Children of the Yenisei”, which takes place as part of the All-Russian Youth…
Readable

June 15
Head of Tuva Vladislav Khovalyg continues working meetings within the framework of the St.
Petersburg Economic Forum
The head of Tuva Vladislav Khovalyg these days is taking part in the St. Petersburg Economic Forum, where he met with the President of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov and the Minister of Construction and Housing and Public Utilities of Russia …

June 15
Operational situation in Tuva on fires and floods on the morning of June 15

There are two forest fires in Tuva on a total area of 51.5 hectares: in the Kyzyl region on the territory of the Cherbinsky forestry and in the Kaa-Khemsky region on the territory of the Kungurtug forestry.

June 15
A solemn meeting was held in Tuva in honor of the Day of the Medical Worker

On the eve of the World Day of the Medical Worker, which is celebrated annually on the third Sunday of June, a solemn meeting was held in the House of Folk Art, in which spe…

June 15

More news

National projects

Residents of Turan will be able to play sports on a modern playground

In the Piy-Khemsky district of the republic, the construction of a playground with sports equipment continues as part of the federal project “Formation of a comfortable urban environment” of the national project “. ..

June 15
Construction of a new Youth Center continues in Pii-Khemsky district

In the city of Turan, Pii-Khemsky district, the construction of a large Youth Center continues as part of the federal project “Youth of Russia” of the national project “Education”.

June 14
Tuva is among the Siberian regions that have completed the overhaul plan in full

At a meeting of the Council under the Plenipotentiary Representative, Tuva was noted among the regions that, at the end of 2022, fully implemented the overhaul plans.

June 09
In Russia, the results of the online voting of a comfortable urban environment are being summed up

Today, May 31, voting on the choice of sites for improvement in all municipalities of the country has ended on the gorodsreda.ru website as part of the federal project “Formation of a comfortable…

May 31