What are the common symptoms of mild diffuse gastritis. How is gastritis diagnosed and treated. Can gastritis lead to more serious complications if left untreated. What lifestyle changes can help manage gastritis symptoms.

What is Mild Diffuse Gastritis?

Mild diffuse gastritis is a condition characterized by inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the stomach lining. This inflammation can occur suddenly (acute) or develop gradually over time (chronic). The term “diffuse” indicates that the inflammation affects a large area of the stomach lining rather than being localized to one specific spot.

Understanding the nature of mild diffuse gastritis is crucial for effective management and treatment. Is mild diffuse gastritis a serious condition? While it can cause discomfort and potentially lead to complications if left untreated, mild diffuse gastritis is generally manageable with proper care and treatment.

Common Causes of Mild Diffuse Gastritis

Several factors can contribute to the development of mild diffuse gastritis. These include:

• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Chronic vomiting
• Stress
• Use of certain medications, particularly aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection
• Bile reflux
• Bacterial and viral infections

Among these causes, H. pylori infection deserves special attention. How does H. pylori contribute to gastritis? This bacteria lives in the mucous lining of the stomach and, if left untreated, can lead to ulcers and potentially increase the risk of stomach cancer in some individuals.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Mild Diffuse Gastritis

The symptoms of mild diffuse gastritis can vary from person to person, and some individuals may not experience any noticeable symptoms at all. However, common signs and symptoms include:

• Nausea or recurrent upset stomach
• Abdominal bloating and pain
• Vomiting
• Indigestion
• Burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach, especially between meals or at night
• Hiccups
• Loss of appetite
• In severe cases, vomiting blood or passing black, tarry stools

Are these symptoms exclusive to gastritis? While these symptoms can indicate gastritis, they may also be associated with other gastrointestinal conditions. Therefore, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis.

Diagnostic Approaches for Mild Diffuse Gastritis

Diagnosing mild diffuse gastritis involves a comprehensive approach. Healthcare providers typically start with a thorough review of the patient’s medical history and a physical examination. They may then recommend one or more of the following diagnostic tests:

1. Upper endoscopy: This procedure involves inserting a thin tube with a camera (endoscope) through the mouth and into the stomach to examine the stomach lining. The doctor may also perform a biopsy during this procedure.
2. Blood tests: These can help detect anemia, H. pylori infection, or pernicious anemia.
3. Fecal occult blood test: This test checks for the presence of blood in the stool, which can be a sign of gastritis.

Why is accurate diagnosis important for mild diffuse gastritis? Proper diagnosis ensures that the underlying cause of gastritis is identified, allowing for targeted and effective treatment.

Treatment Options for Mild Diffuse Gastritis

The treatment of mild diffuse gastritis aims to address the underlying cause and alleviate symptoms. Common treatment approaches include:

• Medications: Antacids, proton pump inhibitors, or H-2 blockers to reduce stomach acid
• Antibiotics: If H. pylori infection is present, a combination of antibiotics and acid-blocking drugs may be prescribed
• Dietary modifications: Avoiding irritating foods and beverages, such as spicy foods, alcohol, and caffeine
• Lifestyle changes: Stress reduction techniques and avoiding triggers
• Vitamin B12 injections: In cases of pernicious anemia-related gastritis

How long does it take for gastritis treatment to show results? The timeline for improvement can vary depending on the underlying cause and the individual’s response to treatment. However, many people experience relief within a few days to weeks of starting appropriate treatment.

The Role of Diet in Managing Mild Diffuse Gastritis

Diet plays a crucial role in managing mild diffuse gastritis. Certain foods can aggravate symptoms, while others may help soothe the stomach lining. Here are some dietary recommendations:

• Avoid spicy, acidic, and fatty foods
• Limit alcohol consumption
• Eat smaller, more frequent meals
• Choose easily digestible foods
• Stay hydrated with water and herbal teas
• Consider probiotic-rich foods to support gut health

Can dietary changes alone cure mild diffuse gastritis? While dietary modifications can significantly help manage symptoms and promote healing, they are often most effective when combined with other treatments recommended by a healthcare provider.

Potential Complications of Untreated Gastritis

If left untreated, mild diffuse gastritis can potentially lead to more serious complications. These may include:

• Severe blood loss
• Increased risk of stomach cancer
• Development of stomach ulcers
• Chronic gastritis
• Pernicious anemia

How can one prevent these complications? Regular check-ups, prompt treatment of symptoms, and addressing underlying causes (such as H. pylori infection) are key to preventing the progression of mild diffuse gastritis to more severe conditions.

Living with Mild Diffuse Gastritis: Lifestyle Adjustments

Managing mild diffuse gastritis often requires some lifestyle adjustments. Here are some strategies that can help:

• Stress management techniques: Practice relaxation methods like meditation or yoga
• Regular exercise: Engage in moderate physical activity to improve overall health and reduce stress
• Smoking cessation: Quit smoking, as it can irritate the stomach lining
• Alcohol moderation: Limit or avoid alcohol consumption
• Sleep hygiene: Ensure adequate and quality sleep to support overall health

How do these lifestyle changes impact gastritis management? By reducing irritants and promoting overall health, these adjustments can complement medical treatments and help prevent recurrence of gastritis symptoms.

The Importance of Follow-up Care

Regular follow-up care is essential for effectively managing mild diffuse gastritis. This may involve:

• Periodic check-ups with a healthcare provider
• Monitoring of symptoms and treatment effectiveness
• Adjusting treatment plans as needed
• Screening for potential complications

Why is ongoing care crucial for gastritis patients? Continuous monitoring allows for timely adjustments to treatment and early detection of any potential complications, ensuring the best possible outcomes for individuals with mild diffuse gastritis.

Alternative and Complementary Approaches to Gastritis Management

While conventional medical treatments are the cornerstone of gastritis management, some individuals may find relief through alternative or complementary approaches. These may include:

• Herbal remedies: Such as licorice root or chamomile tea
• Acupuncture: Traditional Chinese medicine technique
• Mindfulness and relaxation techniques: To manage stress-related symptoms
• Dietary supplements: Such as probiotics or deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL)

Are these alternative approaches effective for all cases of mild diffuse gastritis? The effectiveness of these methods can vary, and they should not replace conventional medical treatment. It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before trying any alternative therapies.

The Role of Probiotics in Gastritis Management

Probiotics, beneficial bacteria that support gut health, have gained attention in the management of various gastrointestinal conditions, including gastritis. Here’s what you need to know:

• Probiotics may help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria
• They could potentially assist in combating H. pylori infection
• Some studies suggest probiotics may reduce inflammation in the stomach lining
• Probiotic-rich foods include yogurt, kefir, and fermented vegetables

How effective are probiotics in treating mild diffuse gastritis? While research is ongoing, some studies have shown promising results. However, probiotics should be considered as a complementary approach alongside conventional treatments, not as a standalone solution.

Gastritis in Special Populations: Children and Elderly

Mild diffuse gastritis can affect individuals of all ages, but it may present differently or require special considerations in certain populations:

Gastritis in Children

Gastritis in children may have unique features:

• Symptoms can be less specific, making diagnosis challenging
• H. pylori infection is a common cause in children
• Treatment approaches may need to be adjusted for pediatric patients
• Long-term follow-up is crucial to monitor growth and development

Gastritis in the Elderly

Older adults may face specific challenges with gastritis:

• Increased risk due to more frequent use of NSAIDs and other medications
• Symptoms may be atypical or less pronounced
• Comorbid conditions can complicate diagnosis and treatment
• Increased risk of complications, necessitating close monitoring

How does the management of gastritis differ in these populations? Treatment approaches may need to be tailored to account for age-specific factors, potential drug interactions, and overall health status. Close collaboration between patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers is essential for optimal management.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Gastritis Treatment

The field of gastroenterology continues to evolve, with ongoing research into new treatments and management strategies for mild diffuse gastritis. Some areas of current interest include:

• Novel antimicrobial therapies for H. pylori eradication
• Development of more targeted anti-inflammatory medications
• Investigation of the gut microbiome’s role in gastritis
• Exploration of personalized treatment approaches based on genetic factors
• Research into preventive strategies for gastritis and its complications

What potential breakthroughs might we see in gastritis treatment? While it’s difficult to predict specific outcomes, ongoing research holds promise for more effective, personalized, and potentially less invasive treatment options in the future.

The Importance of Patient Education and Self-Management

Empowering patients with knowledge about their condition is crucial for effective management of mild diffuse gastritis. Key aspects of patient education include:

• Understanding the causes and triggers of gastritis
• Recognizing symptoms and knowing when to seek medical attention
• Learning about treatment options and their potential side effects
• Implementing lifestyle modifications to support overall gut health
• Developing strategies for long-term management and prevention of recurrence

How can patients actively participate in their gastritis management? By staying informed, adhering to treatment plans, maintaining open communication with healthcare providers, and adopting healthy lifestyle habits, patients can play a crucial role in managing their condition and improving their quality of life.

Global Perspective on Gastritis: Prevalence and Cultural Factors

Mild diffuse gastritis is a global health concern, with prevalence and risk factors varying across different regions and cultures. Understanding these differences can provide valuable insights into prevention and management strategies:

• H. pylori infection rates vary significantly between developed and developing countries
• Dietary habits and cultural practices can influence gastritis risk and symptoms
• Access to healthcare and diagnostic tools impacts detection and treatment
• Traditional remedies for gastritis symptoms differ across cultures

How do these global variations impact gastritis management? Recognizing the influence of cultural and regional factors allows for more tailored and effective approaches to gastritis prevention and treatment on a global scale.

The Economic Impact of Gastritis

While often overlooked, the economic burden of gastritis can be significant, both for individuals and healthcare systems:

• Direct costs associated with diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care
• Indirect costs due to lost productivity and work absenteeism
• Long-term economic implications of potential complications
• Impact on quality of life and associated socioeconomic factors

Why is understanding the economic impact of gastritis important? Recognizing the full scope of gastritis’s impact can inform policy decisions, resource allocation, and efforts to improve prevention and management strategies.

Gastritis and Mental Health: The Mind-Gut Connection

The relationship between gastritis and mental health is an area of growing interest in medical research. The mind-gut connection plays a significant role in gastrointestinal health, including in the context of mild diffuse gastritis:

• Stress and anxiety can exacerbate gastritis symptoms
• Chronic gastritis may contribute to mood disorders
• Psychological factors can influence treatment adherence and outcomes
• Mind-body interventions may complement conventional treatments

How can addressing mental health improve gastritis management? By recognizing and addressing the psychological aspects of gastritis, healthcare providers can offer more comprehensive care, potentially improving both physical symptoms and overall well-being.

The Role of Support Groups and Patient Communities

Support groups and patient communities can play a valuable role in the lives of individuals dealing with mild diffuse gastritis:

• Provide a platform for sharing experiences and coping strategies
• Offer emotional support and reduce feelings of isolation
• Serve as a source of practical tips for daily management
• Raise awareness about gastritis and its impact

How can patients benefit from engaging with support groups? By connecting with others who share similar experiences, individuals with gastritis can find encouragement, practical advice, and a sense of community, all of which can contribute to better overall management of their condition.

Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

• What Causes Gastritis?
• What Are the Symptoms of Gastritis?
• How Is Gastritis Diagnosed?
• What Is the Treatment for Gastritis?
• What Is the Prognosis for Gastritis?

Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach. It can occur suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic).

Gastritis can be caused by irritation due to excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or the use of certain medications such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs. It may also be caused by any of the following:

• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): A bacteria that lives in the mucous lining of the stomach; without treatment, the infection can lead to ulcers, and in some people, stomach cancer.
• Bile reflux: A backflow of bile into the stomach from the bile tract (that connects to the liver and gallbladder)
• Infections caused by bacteria and viruses

If gastritis is left untreated, it can lead to a severe loss of blood and may increase the risk of developing stomach cancer.

Symptoms of gastritis vary among individuals, and in many people there are no symptoms. However, the most common symptoms include:

• Nausea or recurrent upset stomach
• Abdominal bloating
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting
• Indigestion
• Burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach between meals or at night
• Hiccups
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting blood or coffee ground-like material
• Black, tarry stools

To diagnose gastritis, your doctor will review your personal and family medical history, perform a thorough physical evaluation, and may recommend any of the following tests:

• Upper endoscopy. An endoscope, a thin tube containing a tiny camera, is inserted through your mouth and down into your stomach to look at the stomach lining. The doctor will check for inflammation and may perform a biopsy, a procedure in which a tiny sample of tissue is removed and then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
• Blood tests. The doctor may perform various blood tests, such as checking your red blood cell count to determine whether you have anemia, which means that you do not have enough red blood cells. They can also screen for H. pylori infection and pernicious anemia with blood tests.
• Fecal occult blood test (stool test). This test checks for the presence of blood in your stool, a possible sign of gastritis.

Treatment for gastritis usually involves:

• Taking antacids and other drugs (such as proton pump inhibitors or H-2 blockers) to reduce stomach acid
• Avoiding hot and spicy foods
• For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, your doctor will prescribe a regimen of several antibiotics plus an acid blocking drug (used for heartburn)
• If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shots will be given.
• Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose from dairy or gluten from wheat

Once the underlying problem disappears, the gastritis usually does, too.

You should talk to your doctor before stopping any medicine or starting any gastritis treatment on your own.

Most people with gastritis improve quickly once treatment has begun.

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Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

• What Causes Gastritis?
• What Are the Symptoms of Gastritis?
• How Is Gastritis Diagnosed?
• What Is the Treatment for Gastritis?
• What Is the Prognosis for Gastritis?

Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach. It can occur suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic).

Gastritis can be caused by irritation due to excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or the use of certain medications such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs. It may also be caused by any of the following:

• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): A bacteria that lives in the mucous lining of the stomach; without treatment, the infection can lead to ulcers, and in some people, stomach cancer.
• Bile reflux: A backflow of bile into the stomach from the bile tract (that connects to the liver and gallbladder)
• Infections caused by bacteria and viruses

If gastritis is left untreated, it can lead to a severe loss of blood and may increase the risk of developing stomach cancer.

Symptoms of gastritis vary among individuals, and in many people there are no symptoms. However, the most common symptoms include:

• Nausea or recurrent upset stomach
• Abdominal bloating
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting
• Indigestion
• Burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach between meals or at night
• Hiccups
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting blood or coffee ground-like material
• Black, tarry stools

To diagnose gastritis, your doctor will review your personal and family medical history, perform a thorough physical evaluation, and may recommend any of the following tests:

• Upper endoscopy. An endoscope, a thin tube containing a tiny camera, is inserted through your mouth and down into your stomach to look at the stomach lining. The doctor will check for inflammation and may perform a biopsy, a procedure in which a tiny sample of tissue is removed and then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
• Blood tests. The doctor may perform various blood tests, such as checking your red blood cell count to determine whether you have anemia, which means that you do not have enough red blood cells. They can also screen for H. pylori infection and pernicious anemia with blood tests.
• Fecal occult blood test (stool test). This test checks for the presence of blood in your stool, a possible sign of gastritis.

Treatment for gastritis usually involves:

• Taking antacids and other drugs (such as proton pump inhibitors or H-2 blockers) to reduce stomach acid
• Avoiding hot and spicy foods
• For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, your doctor will prescribe a regimen of several antibiotics plus an acid blocking drug (used for heartburn)
• If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shots will be given.
• Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose from dairy or gluten from wheat

Once the underlying problem disappears, the gastritis usually does, too.

You should talk to your doctor before stopping any medicine or starting any gastritis treatment on your own.

Most people with gastritis improve quickly once treatment has begun.

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Diffuse gastritis treatment in Moscow clinic “Medline-Service”

Diffuse gastritis is a specific form of gastritis, in which the gastric mucosa becomes inflamed evenly, without the formation of local foci and erosion. This is a dangerous, difficult to treat disease, the progression of which can cause the development of cancerous processes. Most often, the disease develops as a result of infection with the bacterium Helocobacter pylori, which is introduced into the mucous tissues of the stomach, begins to actively multiply, causing an inflammatory complication. Symptoms of the pathology are bright: abdominal pain, indigestion, impaired general well-being. Treatment is based on a sparing diet, taking medications selected by the doctor individually.

Symptoms of diffuse gastritis

In the early stages of development, dull pain in the epigastric region may be disturbing, aggravated after eating, sudden movements, and drinking alcohol. As the inflammatory process spreads, the pain syndrome becomes more intense, attacks can begin at any time of the day. After eating, nausea, heartburn, profuse belching, bouts of vomiting are often disturbing. Indigestion leads to bloating, defecation disorders. Chronic dysbacteriosis.

The inflammatory process in the stomach and digestive dysfunction negatively affect the general condition, contributing to the development of such pathological symptoms:

• fatigue;
• disability;
• sleep problems caused by persistent abdominal discomfort;
• frequent headaches, dizziness.

Treatment of diffuse gastritis

Treatment of diffuse gastritis should be complex, take place under the strict supervision of a gastroenterologist. Before deciding on a treatment plan, the doctor must confirm the diagnosis. For this, a referral is given for diagnostics, including laboratory and instrumental methods of examination:

• general clinical tests of blood, urine, feces;
• gastroendoscopy;
• Ultrasound, CT or MRI.

If the cause of diffuse gastritis is infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, a course of antibiotic therapy lasting 10-14 days is prescribed for its destruction. To get rid of the accompanying pathological symptoms, the following groups of drugs are additionally prescribed:

• antispasmodics;
• painkillers;
• anticholinergics;
• preparations for nausea, diarrhea, bloating;
• antacids;
• agents that restore intestinal microflora.

An integral part of the conservative therapy of the diffuse form of gastritis is a therapeutic diet, the rules of which are agreed with the attending physician. To enhance the effect of medications and prevent relapses, it is important to follow the rules of a healthy diet:

• Complete rejection of fatty, spicy, smoked, salty foods.
• Eating steamed, boiled, oven-cooked food.
• Getting rid of bad habits: alcohol, cigarettes, fast food.
• Normalization of the water regime.

Gastritis – treatment of gastric gastritis in the “SM-Clinic” St. Petersburg

This disease is treated by Gastroenterologist

The information provided on this page should not be used for self-treatment or self-diagnosis. If you suspect a disease, you should seek help from a qualified specialist. Only your doctor can diagnose and prescribe treatment.

Gastritis is an inflammation of the mucous tissue of the stomach wall. There are two types of this disease: gastritis with low and high acidity of gastric juice.

It is important to note that depending on the intensity, as well as the duration of the influencing factors, acute gastritis with certain inflammatory changes, and chronic gastritis . Each type has its own characteristics and differences, accompanied by progressive factors in the mucous membrane.

Chronic gastritis tends to cause chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach walls. This form of gastritis most often develops under the influence of various negative external factors (various violations of the diet, eating spicy or too hot food, eating dry food). Source:
I.S. Zimmerman, Yu.A. Zakharov. Problematic issues of the doctrine of chronic gastritis // Clinical Medicine, 2017, No. 95 (1), pp. 8-14.

The most pronounced symptom of chronic gastritis is a feeling of some pressure and fullness after eating, nausea, heartburn, loss of appetite.

Acute gastritis

Acute gastritis is an acute perception of the gastric mucosa. This disease can be caused by various chemical, thermal, and bacterial causes.

Symptoms of acute gastritis are characteristic feelings of heaviness and fullness in the epigastric part, dizziness, vomiting, and diarrhea. In this case, the tongue is covered with a gray-white coating, severe dryness in the mouth is possible.

Types of gastritis

• Antral gastritis is a chronic inflammation that affects the antrum mucosa (gastric outlet). The medical name for the disease is type B gastritis. It is caused by the activity of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. The main symptoms are heaviness and pain in the stomach, belching, nausea.
• Atrophic gastritis is a form of chronic gastritis. This disease of the stomach is the most insidious, since it is often a sign of a precancerous condition of the organ. The mucous membrane of the stomach becomes very thin, the glands that are responsible for the production of gastric juice degenerate. This process leads to a violation of the process of digestion of food, the overall immunity of the body decreases.
• Catarrhal gastritis is also called simple food gastritis. This is an acute inflammation caused by excessive consumption of fatty, spicy foods, spices, alcohol, and improper diet. The main symptoms of catarrhal gastritis are the same as any other types of gastritis: vomiting, nausea, heaviness in the stomach, an unpleasant taste in the mouth. With proper treatment, these symptoms can be quickly stopped. Otherwise, the disease may become chronic.
• Focal gastritis is a local inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Such foci can be different in shape and size. Focal gastritis is divided into acute catarrhal and chronic. If acute inflammation is easily treatable, then chronic disease can lead to atrophy of the gastric glands. In this case, it is important to start treatment in a timely manner.
• Superficial gastritis is the first, safest stage of the disease. Inflammation affects only the upper layer of the gastric mucosa. In this case, there are no lesions, the deep tissues of the stomach and duodenum are not affected. But do not ignore this disease. Over time, it can develop into a more serious form.
• Reflux gastritis is a disease in which a harmful substance that differs in acidity constantly enters the stomach. This process is called reflux. As a result, the walls of the stomach become inflamed, and gastritis develops against this background. Reflux gastritis is biliary (bile) and duodenal. The first type comes from the bile ducts. With deodenal reflux gastritis, the contents rise from the intestine. Source:
  Sh.Z. Galiev, N.B. Amirov, O.A. Baranov. Morphological signs of reflux gastritis // Kazan Medical Journal, 2017, v.98, No. 4, pp. 533-537.
• Erosive gastritis – a type of disease in which small wounds appear on the gastric mucosa – erosion. The main symptoms are bloody vomiting, loose stools, dark stools. One of the causes of pathology is a mucosal burn, which is caused by the use of spicy, low-quality food, drugs, and toxic substances. In addition, the disease occurs due to improper diet, stress, failures in the body.
• Autoimmune gastritis is a disease in which the cells of the gastric mucosa atrophy. This is due to the malfunction of the body’s immune system. In other words, the immune system begins to “fight” the digestive system and destroys the tissues of the stomach. Symptoms of the disease cannot be ignored. They mostly appear after eating. It can be belching, heartburn, rumbling in the stomach. Autoimmune gastritis is a rare disease that is currently poorly understood. Source:
  Coati I, Fassan M, Farinati F, Graham DY, Genta RM, Rugge M. Autoimmune gastritis: Pathologist’s viewpoint // World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Nov 14;21(42):12179-89. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.12179.
• Hyperplastic gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa. In the course of the disease, the inner shell of the organ grows, cysts or polyps can form on it. This type of gastritis is chronic, benign. At first, its symptoms may not be noticeable to the patient. Often the disease is detected only during endoscopic examination.

Methods of diagnosis and treatment of gastritis

• Gastroenterologist consultation
• Helicobacter pylori test
• FGSD (gastroscopy)
• 24-hour pH monitoring for gastrointestinal examination
• Colonoscopy

The diagnosis is made exclusively by a gastroenterologist on the basis of the patient’s complaints, as well as the data of the gastroscopy necessary in this case.

In the treatment of gastritis, it is necessary to follow a diet that recommends eating at the same time about five times a day. At the same time, excluding alcoholic beverages, fatty meats, smoked meats, shortcrust pastry products. It is very important at the time of gastritis to stop smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages.

Experienced doctors of SM-Clinic are ready to assist you in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Appointments can be made around the clock.

• Y.S. Zimmerman, Yu.A. Zakharov. Problematic issues of the doctrine of chronic gastritis // Clinical Medicine, 2017, No. 95 (1), pp. 8-14.
• S.Z. Galiev, N.B. Amirov, O.A. Baranov. Morphological signs of reflux gastritis // Kazan Medical Journal, 2017, vol. 98, No. 4, pp. 533-537.
• Coati I, Fassan M, Farinati F, Graham DY, Genta RM, Rugge M. Autoimmune gastritis: Pathologist’s viewpoint // World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Nov 14;21(42):12179-89. doi: 10.