What is mitral valve prolapse. How is mitral valve prolapse diagnosed. What are the symptoms of mitral valve prolapse. What causes mitral valve prolapse. How does mitral valve prolapse affect the heart. Can mitral valve prolapse lead to complications. Is mitral valve prolapse a serious condition.

The Anatomy and Function of the Mitral Valve

The mitral valve plays a crucial role in the heart’s functionality. Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, this valve consists of two flaps that are designed to ensure proper blood flow through the heart chambers. During normal operation, these flaps are held tightly closed during left ventricular contraction (systole) by small tendon-like structures called chordae tendineae.

In cases of mitral valve prolapse (MVP), the valve’s structure and function are altered. The flaps become enlarged and stretch inward toward the left atrium, sometimes producing a distinctive “snapping” sound during systole. This abnormal movement can potentially allow blood to flow back into the left atrium, a condition known as regurgitation.

How does mitral valve prolapse affect normal heart function?

Mitral valve prolapse can disrupt the heart’s normal pumping process. When the valve doesn’t close properly, it can lead to:

• Inefficient blood flow
• Increased workload on the heart
• Potential enlargement of the left atrium or ventricle

These effects can vary in severity, depending on the degree of prolapse and regurgitation present.

Causes and Types of Mitral Valve Prolapse

The exact cause of mitral valve prolapse remains unknown, but research suggests a strong link to heredity. Medical professionals categorize MVP into two main types: primary and secondary.

Primary Mitral Valve Prolapse

Primary MVP is characterized by thickening of one or both valve flaps. Additional features may include:

• Fibrosis (scarring) of the flap surface
• Thinning or lengthening of the chordae tendineae
• Fibrin deposits on the flaps

This form of MVP is frequently observed in individuals with Marfan’s Syndrome or other inherited connective tissue diseases. However, it’s most commonly seen in people with no other form of heart disease.

Secondary Mitral Valve Prolapse

In secondary MVP, the valve flaps are not thickened. The prolapse may result from:

• Ischemic damage to the papillary muscles (caused by decreased blood flow due to coronary artery disease)
• Functional changes in the myocardium
• Damage to valvular structures during acute myocardial infarction
• Rheumatic heart disease
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (enlargement of the left ventricular muscle mass)

Understanding the type of MVP is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment approach.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse

Mitral valve prolapse can be asymptomatic in some individuals, while others may experience a range of symptoms. The severity and frequency of these symptoms can vary depending on the degree of prolapse present.

What are the most common symptoms of mitral valve prolapse?

The two most frequently reported symptoms of MVP are:

1. Palpitations: A sensation of fast or irregular heartbeat, often associated with premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular rhythms.
2. Chest pain: Unlike the chest pain associated with coronary artery disease, MVP-related chest pain can be recurrent and incapacitating.

It’s important to note that some patients may experience palpitations without observable dysrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms).

Can mitral valve prolapse lead to heart failure symptoms?

In cases where there is significant mitral regurgitation (leakage of blood into the left atrium during systole), the left atrium and/or left ventricle may become enlarged. This can lead to symptoms typically associated with heart failure, including:

• Weakness
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath

The presence of these symptoms often indicates a more severe form of MVP that requires prompt medical attention.

Diagnostic Approaches for Mitral Valve Prolapse

Diagnosing mitral valve prolapse often begins with a routine physical examination. Many individuals with MVP have no symptoms, and the condition is discovered incidentally during a regular check-up.

How is mitral valve prolapse initially detected?

The first indication of MVP is typically discovered through auscultation (listening with a stethoscope). A healthcare provider may hear:

• A distinctive “click” sound created by the stretched valve flaps snapping against each other during contraction
• A murmur caused by blood leaking back into the left atrium

In some cases, these sounds may be the only clinical signs of MVP.

What diagnostic procedures are used to confirm mitral valve prolapse?

To confirm a diagnosis of MVP and assess its severity, healthcare providers may employ several diagnostic tools:

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): This test records the heart’s electrical activity and can detect abnormal rhythms or heart muscle damage.
2. Echocardiogram: Considered the most useful diagnostic test for MVP, this non-invasive procedure uses sound waves to create images of the heart’s chambers and valves.
3. Stress test: In cases with more severe symptoms, a stress test may be performed to monitor the heart’s function during exercise.

These tests provide valuable information about the structure and function of the mitral valve, helping healthcare providers determine the most appropriate treatment plan.

The Impact of Mitral Valve Prolapse on Quality of Life

While many individuals with mitral valve prolapse lead normal, active lives without significant limitations, others may experience symptoms that affect their daily activities and overall quality of life.

How does mitral valve prolapse affect daily activities?

The impact of MVP on daily life can vary widely depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of symptoms. Some individuals may experience:

• Anxiety related to palpitations or chest pain
• Reduced exercise tolerance due to shortness of breath
• Fatigue that affects work or social activities
• Sleep disturbances caused by heart rhythm irregularities

It’s important for individuals with MVP to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage symptoms and maintain a good quality of life.

Are there lifestyle modifications that can help manage mitral valve prolapse?

While MVP cannot be prevented, certain lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications:

1. Regular exercise: Maintaining cardiovascular fitness can help strengthen the heart and improve overall health.
2. Stress management: Techniques such as meditation or yoga may help reduce anxiety and palpitations.
3. Avoiding triggers: Identifying and avoiding substances or activities that exacerbate symptoms, such as caffeine or alcohol.
4. Maintaining a healthy diet: A balanced diet can help control blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart.
5. Regular medical check-ups: Monitoring the condition through regular appointments with a healthcare provider is crucial for early detection of any changes or complications.

By adopting these lifestyle modifications, many individuals with MVP can effectively manage their condition and maintain a high quality of life.

Treatment Options for Mitral Valve Prolapse

The treatment approach for mitral valve prolapse depends on the severity of the condition and the presence of symptoms. In many cases, no specific treatment is necessary, and the focus is on regular monitoring and symptom management.

What are the primary treatment goals for mitral valve prolapse?

The main objectives in treating MVP include:

• Alleviating symptoms
• Preventing complications
• Preserving heart function
• Improving quality of life

Treatment strategies are tailored to each individual’s specific needs and may evolve over time as the condition progresses or changes.

What medical treatments are available for mitral valve prolapse?

For individuals with symptomatic MVP or those at risk of complications, several treatment options may be considered:

1. Medications: Beta-blockers or antiarrhythmic drugs may be prescribed to manage palpitations and irregular heart rhythms.
2. Anticoagulants: In cases where there’s a risk of blood clots, blood-thinning medications may be recommended.
3. Antibiotics: Prophylactic antibiotics may be prescribed before certain dental or surgical procedures to prevent infective endocarditis, although this is less common now than in the past.
4. Surgical intervention: In severe cases with significant mitral regurgitation, valve repair or replacement surgery may be necessary.

The choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the severity of symptoms, the degree of valve dysfunction, and the overall health of the patient.

Potential Complications and Long-term Outlook

While many people with mitral valve prolapse have an excellent prognosis, it’s important to be aware of potential complications and the long-term outlook for this condition.

What are the possible complications of untreated mitral valve prolapse?

If left untreated, severe MVP with significant mitral regurgitation can lead to several complications:

• Heart failure: The heart may enlarge and weaken as it works harder to compensate for the leaky valve.
• Atrial fibrillation: This irregular heart rhythm can increase the risk of blood clots and stroke.
• Pulmonary hypertension: Increased pressure in the lungs can develop due to the backward flow of blood.
• Infective endocarditis: Although rare, there’s a slightly increased risk of this serious heart infection in people with MVP.

Regular monitoring and appropriate treatment can significantly reduce the risk of these complications.

What is the long-term prognosis for individuals with mitral valve prolapse?

The long-term outlook for people with MVP is generally favorable. Many individuals with mild to moderate MVP live normal, active lives without significant health issues. However, the prognosis can vary depending on several factors:

1. Severity of mitral regurgitation
2. Presence of other heart conditions
3. Age and overall health
4. Adherence to treatment plans and follow-up care

With proper management and regular medical care, most people with MVP can expect a good quality of life and a normal life expectancy. However, those with severe regurgitation or complications may require more intensive treatment and monitoring.

Understanding mitral valve prolapse, its symptoms, and potential complications is crucial for effective management of the condition. By working closely with healthcare providers and adhering to recommended treatment plans, individuals with MVP can maintain heart health and lead fulfilling lives. Regular check-ups, a heart-healthy lifestyle, and prompt attention to any new or worsening symptoms are key components of successful long-term management of mitral valve prolapse.

Mitral Valve Prolapse | Johns Hopkins Medicine

What is the mitral valve?

The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle and is composed of two flaps. Normally the flaps are held tightly closed during left ventricular contraction (systole) by the chordae tendineae (small tendon “cords” that connect the flaps to the muscles of the heart). In Mitral Valve Prolapse, the flaps enlarge and stretch inward toward the left atrium, sometimes “snapping” during systole, and may allow some backflow of blood into the left atrium (regurgitation).

What causes Mitral Valve Prolapse?

The cause of Mitral Valve Prolapse is unknown, but is thought to be linked to heredity. Primary and secondary forms of Mitral Valve Prolapse are described below.

• Primary Mitral Valve Prolapse. Primary Mitral Valve Prolapse is distinguished by thickening of one or both valve flaps. Other effects are fibrosis (scarring) of the flap surface, thinning or lengthening of the chordae tendineae, and fibrin deposits on the flaps. The primary form of Mitral Valve Prolapse is seen frequently in people with Marfan’s Syndrome or other inherited connective tissue diseases, but is most often seen in people with no other form of heart disease.

• Secondary Mitral Valve Prolapse. In secondary Mitral Valve Prolapse, the flaps are not thickened. The prolapse may be due to ischemic damage (caused by decreased blood flow as a result of coronary artery disease) to the papillary muscles attached to the chordae tendineae or to functional changes in the myocardium. Secondary Mitral Valve Prolapse may result from damage to valvular structures during acute myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (occurs when the muscle mass of the left ventricle of the heart is larger than normal).

What are the symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse?

Mitral valve prolapse may not cause any symptoms. The following are the most common symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may vary depending on the degree of prolapse present and may include:

• Palpitations. Palpitations (sensation of fast or irregular heart beat) are the most common complaint among patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse. The palpitations are usually associated with premature ventricular contractions (the ventricles beat sooner than they should), but supraventricular rhythms (abnormal rhythms that begin above the ventricles) have also been detected. In some cases, patients may experience palpitations without observed dysrhythmias (irregular heart rhythm).

• Chest pain. Chest pain associated with Mitral Valve Prolapse is different from chest pain associated with coronary artery disease and is a frequent complaint. Usually the chest pain is not like classic angina, but can be recurrent and incapacitating.

Depending on the severity of the leak into the left atrium during systole (mitral regurgitation), the left atrium and/or left ventricle may become enlarged, leading to symptoms of heart failure. These symptoms include weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

The symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Always consult your doctor for a diagnosis.

How is Mitral Valve Prolapse diagnosed?

People with Mitral Valve Prolapse often have no symptoms and detection of a click or murmur may be discovered during a routine examination.

Mitral Valve Prolapse may be detected by listening with a stethoscope, revealing a “click” (created by the stretched flaps snapping against each other during contraction) and/or a murmur. The murmur is caused by some of the blood leaking back into the left atrium. The click or murmur may be the only clinical sign.

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for Mitral Valve Prolapse may include any, or a combination, of the following:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). A test that records the electrical activity of the heart, shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias or dysrhythmias), and can sometimes detect heart muscle damage.

• Echocardiogram (also called echo). A noninvasive test that uses sound waves to evaluate the heart’s chambers and valves. The echo sound waves create an image on the monitor as an ultrasound transducer is passed over the heart. Echocardiography is the most useful diagnostic test for Mitral Valve Prolapse.

In some situations where symptoms are more severe, additional diagnostic procedures may be performed. Additional procedures may include:

• Stress test (also called treadmill or exercise ECG). A test that is performed while a patient walks on a treadmill to monitor the heart during exercise. Breathing and blood pressure rates are also monitored.

• Cardiac catheterization. With this procedure, X-rays are taken after a contrast agent is injected into an artery to locate any narrowing, occlusions, or other abnormalities of specific arteries. In addition, the function of the heart and the valves may be assessed.

• Cardiac MRI. This is a noninvasive test that produces comprehensive images of the heart. It may be used as a complement to echo for a more precise look at the heart valves and heart muscle, or in preparation for heart valve surgery.

How is Mitral Valve Prolapse treated?

Specific treatment for mitral valve prolapse will be determined by your doctor based on:

• Your overall health and medical history

• Extent of the disease

• Your signs and symptoms

• Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies

• Expectations for the course of the disease

• Your opinion or preference

Treatment is not usually necessary as Mitral Valve Prolapse is rarely a serious condition. Regular checkups with a doctor are advised.

People with rhythm disturbances may need to be treated with beta blockers or other medications to control tachycardias (fast heart rhythms). In most cases, limiting stimulants, such as caffeine and cigarettes, is all that is needed to control symptoms.

If atrial fibrillation or severe left atrial enlargement is present, treatment with an anticoagulant may be recommended. This can be in the form of aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin) therapy.

For the person with symptoms of dizziness or fainting, maintaining adequate hydration (fluid volume in the blood vessels) with liberal salt and fluid intake is important. Support stockings may be beneficial.

If severe mitral regurgitation resulting from a floppy mitral leaflet, rupture of the chordae tendineae, or extreme lengthening of the valve should occur, surgical repair may be indicated.

What is the prognosis for Mitral Valve Prolapse?

This condition is usually harmless and does not shorten life expectancy. Healthy lifestyle behaviors and regular exercise are encouraged.

Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Heart Association

What’s mitral valve prolapse?

Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. Mitral valve prolapse is also known as click-murmur syndrome, Barlow’s syndrome or floppy valve syndrome.

What happens during MVP?

When the heart pumps (contracts) part of one or both flaps collapse backward into the left atrium. In some cases, the prolapsed valve lets a small amount of blood leak backward through the valve, called regurgitation, which may cause a heart murmur.

Watch an animation of mitral valve prolapse.

Is mitral valve prolapse dangerous?

In most cases, it’s harmless. Most people who have the condition are unaware of it and their health isn’t affected. However, in some cases treatment is required.

What causes MVP?

The most common cause of MVP is abnormally stretchy valve leaflets (called myxomatous valve disease). Mitral valve prolapse occurs in around 2% of the population. A person can be born with the genetic risk of developing MVP. It also can be caused by other health problems, such as some connective tissue diseases.

How’s mitral valve prolapse detected?

Because most patients with MVP don’t have symptoms, a murmur may be detected during a routine physical exam when listening to the heart with a stethoscope. Common symptoms include bursts of rapid heartbeat (palpitations), chest discomfort and fatigue.

What should I do if a murmur is detected?

Even for those who aren’t having symptoms, if a murmur is detected suggesting mitral valve prolapse, an echocardiogram (echo) is recommended. The echo uses ultrasound to evaluate the characteristics of the valve cusps and how much blood may be leaking (regurgitation) from the valve when the heart contracts. Another test may be cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), also known as cardiac MRI. The test results and extent of your symptoms will guide your health care team in determining if further testing is needed.

Does mitral valve prolapse need to be treated?

In many instances, having MVP won’t impact your health and requires no treatment. Talk with your health care team about how to prevent complications from MVP based on your level of risk. If you’re prescribed medication, take it as directed.

People with an abnormal mitral valve may need mitral valve repair or replacement if:

• Symptoms are getting worse
• Mitral regurgitation becomes severe
• The left ventricle or left atrium of the heart become enlarged
• Arrhythmias develop
• The heart function (ejection fraction) decreases

MVP rarely becomes a serious condition. However, in the most serious cases it can cause abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias) that may eventually become life-threatening.

When mitral valve prolapse is severe enough to cause significant valve leakage, called “regurgitation,” it can lead to serious complications such as heart attack and stroke. This happens because when the valve leaks, it can cause the atrium to enlarge. An enlarged atrium may lead to heart rhythm problems such as atrial fibrillation, which may cause blood clots to form. When clots travel from the heart to the arteries or the brain, it can lead to a stroke or heart attack.

Know the signs and symptoms of heart attack and stroke.

Do people with MVP need to take antibiotics before dental procedures?

The use of antibiotics before having a dental procedure is no longer recommended by the American Heart Association for patients with mitral valve prolapse, regardless of whether they have associated symptoms. 

Additional resources:

• Print our handy pre-surgery checklist: Facing and Recovering from Major Surgery (PDF)(link opens in new window) | Spanish (PDF)
• Patient guide: Understanding Your Heart Valve Problem (PDF)(link opens in new window) | Spanish (PDF)

Written by American Heart Association editorial staff and reviewed by science and medicine advisors. See our editorial policies and staff.

Last Reviewed: Feb 9, 2021

Mitral valve prolapse | Blog “Health Plus”

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a pathology in which the functions of the valve, which is located between the ventricle of the heart and the atrium, are impaired. This pathology is most often detected by chance, since in half of the cases it does not have any symptoms. At the same time, mitral valve prolapse is not a serious pathology of the heart and, with adequate treatment, its prognosis is very favorable.

MVP is most often congenital, but sometimes it also occurs due to weakening of the connective tissue of the heart valves.

In the first case, mitral valve prolapse is hereditary. Usually, congenital MVP is not accompanied by any special symptoms and, moreover, does not require serious complex treatment.

The situation is different with secondary prolapse. It usually occurs against the background of some disease that disrupts the structure of chords, valves or papillary muscles. These diseases include: ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, rheumatism, chest trauma.

Mitral valve prolapse is usually diagnosed incidentally if the patient is scheduled for cardiac ultrasound for any reason. Ultrasound examination allows you to identify the specific degree of prolapse and the amount of regurgitation.

In MVP 1st degree leaflet swelling is insignificant and does not exceed 5 mm.

In grade 2 , leaflets bulge within 9 mm, and in grade 3 mitral valve prolapse, leaflet bulge exceeds 10 mm.

If this pathology is detected, the doctor may prescribe additional studies that will determine the features of the heart. These additional studies include ECG and Holter ECG. Since violations of the heart can occur under certain conditions (during sleep, during physical exertion, etc.), it is relevant to conduct a Holter ECG. In this case, observation is carried out within a day, and not in a few minutes, as with a conventional ECG.

Treatment of mitral valve prolapse in some cases is not required, as it does not cause serious problems in the work of the heart. In other cases, the treatment of MVP is necessary – if the heart rhythm is seriously loaded or pain in the heart occurs. With a combination of PMK and neurotic disorders, the doctor prescribes tranquilizers to the patient, he is recommended to do auto-training or muscle relaxation.

The patient needs to change his lifestyle in such a way as to exclude overwork and overload, including emotional, as well as intoxication. In the treatment of MVP, spa treatment, massage, acupuncture perfectly help. With hyperventilation syndrome, it is recommended to do special breathing exercises. In the presence of asthenic disorders, the patient will benefit from taking multivitamins.

Even if the examination shows that MVP is not dangerous for health , the patient needs to regularly visit a doctor, as prolapse progresses with age and can lead to complications.

Conservative treatment for MVP is aimed at preventing the development of myocardial neurodystrophy in a patient and at preventing infective endocarditis. With the development of the disease, if changes in the work of the heart increase, and the valves strongly bend, surgical intervention may be required.

If any of the above symptoms are detected, you should contact a cardiologist.
You can make an appointment by calling 8 (928) 337-60-60.

“In Russia they started to do this quite recently”: heart surgeons from Volgograd performed a unique heart surgery 0002 Another unique operation the heart was performed by surgeons from the Volgograd State Medical University. The technique of clipping the mitral valve, which was used by scientists, was first used in the Southern Federal District. In Russia, this method has become available quite recently.

Such surgeries in Russia have recently started to be performed

Photo: VolgGMU

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How was V1.RU told in clinic No. 1 of VolgGMU? since last year, only 64 such operations have been performed throughout the country. It was first performed in Volgograd.

– A 70-year-old resident of the city of Volzhsky was admitted with complaints of weakness, fatigue and shortness of breath with minimal physical exertion, – V1. RU was told at the clinic of the Volgograd State Medical University. The general condition of the doctors was assessed as relatively stable. Examination revealed mitral valve prolapse of the third degree in the patient. This is a cardiac anomaly in which there is a reverse flow of blood from the ventricle to the left atrium.

Modern technologies allow cardiac surgeons to perform the finest work

Photo: VolgGMU

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The disease most often affects the elderly. But for most of them, treatment with the so-called open method is not suitable – due to the high risk of serious complications. Transcatheter clipping of the mitral valve has become an alternative method of treatment for patients with this pathology.

– Clips are installed for patients with mitral insufficiency, – doctors said, – we use them for patients who have a high surgical risk, older patients who have a low ejection fraction.

Professor Mozgovoy personally supervised the operation

Photo: VolgGMU

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Transcatheter valve clipping is a minimally invasive operation. That is, medical instruments are introduced to the mitral valve through a puncture in the femoral vein and the interatrial septum.

— A special device is inserted through these punctures, which allows delivering a special clip to the mitral valve, — says Professor Pavel Mozgovoy, Head of the Cardiac Surgery Department of the Clinic No. , the degree of mitral insufficiency decreases.

Putting a clip on the mitral valve is far from an easy task

Photo: VolgGMU

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Volgograd cardiac surgeons have already performed four operations on patients with mitral valve prolapse. Vera Svintsova was one of the first to receive such surgical assistance.