What is mitral valve prolapse. How is mitral valve prolapse diagnosed. What are the common symptoms of mitral valve prolapse. Can mitral valve prolapse lead to complications. How is mitral valve prolapse treated.

Understanding Mitral Valve Prolapse: An In-Depth Look

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a condition affecting the heart’s mitral valve, which plays a crucial role in regulating blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle. To fully grasp the intricacies of this condition, it’s essential to understand the structure and function of the mitral valve itself.

The Mitral Valve: Structure and Function

The mitral valve consists of two flaps, or leaflets, that are normally held tightly closed during left ventricular contraction (systole) by small tendon-like structures called chordae tendineae. These chords connect the flaps to the heart muscles, ensuring proper valve function.

In cases of mitral valve prolapse, the flaps become enlarged and stretch inward toward the left atrium. This abnormal movement can sometimes result in a “snapping” sound during systole and may allow blood to flow back into the left atrium, a condition known as regurgitation.

Exploring the Causes of Mitral Valve Prolapse

The exact cause of mitral valve prolapse remains unknown, but research suggests a strong link to heredity. MVP can be classified into two main categories: primary and secondary.

Primary Mitral Valve Prolapse

Primary MVP is characterized by thickening of one or both valve flaps. Additional features may include:

• Fibrosis (scarring) of the flap surface
• Thinning or lengthening of the chordae tendineae
• Fibrin deposits on the flaps

This form of MVP is frequently observed in individuals with Marfan’s Syndrome or other inherited connective tissue diseases. However, it’s most commonly seen in people with no other form of heart disease.

Secondary Mitral Valve Prolapse

In secondary MVP, the valve flaps are not thickened. The prolapse may result from:

• Ischemic damage to the papillary muscles (caused by decreased blood flow due to coronary artery disease)
• Functional changes in the myocardium
• Damage to valvular structures during acute myocardial infarction
• Rheumatic heart disease
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (enlarged left ventricular muscle mass)

Recognizing the Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse

Is mitral valve prolapse always symptomatic? Not necessarily. Many individuals with MVP may not experience any symptoms at all. However, when symptoms do occur, they can vary depending on the degree of prolapse present.

Common Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse

1. Palpitations: The most frequent complaint among MVP patients, characterized by a sensation of fast or irregular heartbeat.
2. Chest pain: Often different from the chest pain associated with coronary artery disease, it can be recurrent and incapacitating.
3. Heart failure symptoms: In cases of severe mitral regurgitation, symptoms may include weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

Are palpitations always associated with observable heart rhythm abnormalities? Not always. While palpitations are usually linked to premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular rhythms, some patients may experience this sensation without any detectable dysrhythmias.

Diagnostic Approaches for Mitral Valve Prolapse

How is mitral valve prolapse typically diagnosed? The diagnosis of MVP often begins with a routine physical examination, where a healthcare provider may detect a characteristic “click” or murmur while listening to the heart with a stethoscope.

Key Diagnostic Procedures

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): Records the heart’s electrical activity, revealing abnormal rhythms and potential heart muscle damage.
• Echocardiogram: A non-invasive test using sound waves to evaluate the heart’s chambers and valves. This is considered the most useful diagnostic tool for MVP.

In cases where symptoms are more severe, additional diagnostic procedures may be necessary:

• Stress test: Monitors heart function during exercise, typically performed on a treadmill.
• Cardiac catheterization: An invasive procedure providing detailed information about heart function and structure.

The Importance of Early Detection and Management

Why is early detection of mitral valve prolapse crucial? While MVP is often a benign condition, early diagnosis and management can help prevent potential complications and ensure optimal heart health.

Regular check-ups and echocardiograms can help monitor the progression of MVP and guide treatment decisions. In most cases, no specific treatment is required for individuals with MVP who are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms.

Management Strategies for Mitral Valve Prolapse

How is mitral valve prolapse typically managed? The approach to MVP management depends on the severity of symptoms and the degree of valve dysfunction:

1. Watchful waiting: For asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic cases, regular monitoring may be sufficient.
2. Medication: Beta-blockers or other drugs may be prescribed to manage symptoms like palpitations or chest pain.
3. Lifestyle modifications: Reducing caffeine intake, managing stress, and maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine can help alleviate symptoms.
4. Surgical intervention: In severe cases with significant mitral regurgitation, valve repair or replacement may be necessary.

Potential Complications of Mitral Valve Prolapse

Can mitral valve prolapse lead to serious complications? While MVP is generally considered a benign condition, in some cases, it can lead to more serious issues:

• Severe mitral regurgitation: This can lead to left atrial and ventricular enlargement, potentially resulting in heart failure.
• Atrial fibrillation: An irregular heart rhythm that can increase the risk of blood clots and stroke.
• Endocarditis: A rare but serious infection of the heart valves, more likely in individuals with MVP.

Regular monitoring and appropriate management can help minimize these risks and ensure optimal heart health for individuals with MVP.

Living with Mitral Valve Prolapse: Lifestyle Considerations

How does mitral valve prolapse affect daily life? For many individuals with MVP, the impact on daily activities is minimal. However, some lifestyle modifications may be beneficial:

Dietary Considerations

Are there specific dietary recommendations for individuals with MVP? While there’s no specific “MVP diet,” some general guidelines can be helpful:

• Limit caffeine intake: Caffeine can exacerbate palpitations in some individuals.
• Maintain a heart-healthy diet: Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
• Stay hydrated: Proper hydration can help maintain blood volume and reduce symptoms.

Exercise and Physical Activity

Is exercise safe for people with mitral valve prolapse? In most cases, regular physical activity is not only safe but beneficial for individuals with MVP. However, it’s important to:

• Consult with a healthcare provider before starting a new exercise regimen
• Start slowly and gradually increase intensity
• Be aware of any symptoms that occur during exercise and report them to a doctor

Stress Management

Can stress affect mitral valve prolapse symptoms? Stress can exacerbate symptoms like palpitations and chest discomfort in some individuals with MVP. Implementing stress-reduction techniques can be beneficial:

• Meditation and mindfulness practices
• Deep breathing exercises
• Yoga or tai chi
• Regular relaxation time

Advances in Mitral Valve Prolapse Research and Treatment

What recent advancements have been made in understanding and treating mitral valve prolapse? Ongoing research continues to shed light on MVP and improve treatment options:

Genetic Studies

Recent genetic studies have identified several genes associated with MVP, providing new insights into its hereditary nature. This research may lead to improved screening methods and potentially new treatment targets in the future.

Imaging Techniques

Advancements in cardiac imaging, such as 3D echocardiography and cardiac MRI, have improved the accuracy of MVP diagnosis and assessment. These technologies allow for more precise evaluation of valve structure and function, aiding in treatment planning.

Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques

For cases requiring surgical intervention, minimally invasive techniques have been developed, offering potential benefits such as:

• Smaller incisions
• Faster recovery times
• Reduced risk of complications

These advancements continue to improve outcomes for individuals with MVP requiring surgical treatment.

The Importance of Ongoing Care and Monitoring

Why is regular follow-up important for individuals with mitral valve prolapse? Even if MVP is initially asymptomatic or mild, regular monitoring is crucial for several reasons:

• Early detection of progression: Regular check-ups can identify any worsening of valve function or development of complications.
• Symptom management: As symptoms may change over time, ongoing care ensures appropriate management strategies are in place.
• Prevention of complications: Timely intervention can help prevent or minimize potential complications associated with MVP.

Follow-up Care Guidelines

What does typical follow-up care for mitral valve prolapse involve? The frequency and nature of follow-up care can vary depending on the severity of MVP and individual circumstances, but may include:

1. Regular physical examinations
2. Periodic echocardiograms to assess valve function
3. Electrocardiograms to monitor heart rhythm
4. Discussions about symptom changes or concerns

It’s important for individuals with MVP to maintain open communication with their healthcare providers and adhere to recommended follow-up schedules.

Mitral Valve Prolapse in Special Populations

How does mitral valve prolapse affect different demographic groups? While MVP can occur in anyone, certain populations may have unique considerations:

MVP in Pregnancy

Can pregnancy affect mitral valve prolapse? Pregnancy can pose additional challenges for women with MVP due to the increased cardiovascular demands. Key considerations include:

• Increased monitoring during pregnancy
• Potential need for medication adjustments
• Careful management during labor and delivery

Most women with MVP have successful pregnancies, but close collaboration between obstetricians and cardiologists is crucial.

MVP in Older Adults

How does aging impact mitral valve prolapse? As individuals with MVP age, they may face additional challenges:

• Increased risk of complications due to long-standing valve dysfunction
• Potential interactions with other age-related health conditions
• Need for more frequent monitoring and potential adjustments in management strategies

MVP in Athletes

Are there special considerations for athletes with mitral valve prolapse? Athletes with MVP may require additional evaluation and monitoring:

• Comprehensive cardiac evaluation before participation in competitive sports
• Regular follow-ups to assess valve function and overall cardiovascular health
• Potential restrictions on certain high-intensity activities, depending on MVP severity

Most athletes with mild MVP can participate safely in sports, but individualized assessment is crucial.

The Psychological Impact of Mitral Valve Prolapse

Can mitral valve prolapse affect mental health? While MVP is primarily a physical condition, it can have psychological impacts:

Anxiety and Depression

Some individuals with MVP may experience increased anxiety or depression, particularly if symptoms are frequent or severe. This may be due to:

• Worry about potential complications
• Frustration with ongoing symptoms
• Limitations on daily activities

Coping Strategies

How can individuals cope with the psychological aspects of mitral valve prolapse? Several strategies can be helpful:

1. Education: Understanding MVP can help alleviate fears and uncertainties.
2. Support groups: Connecting with others who have MVP can provide valuable emotional support.
3. Psychological counseling: Professional support may be beneficial for managing anxiety or depression.
4. Mindfulness practices: Techniques like meditation can help manage stress and improve overall well-being.

Addressing both the physical and psychological aspects of MVP is crucial for comprehensive care and improved quality of life.

Mitral Valve Prolapse | Johns Hopkins Medicine

What is the mitral valve?

The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle and is composed of two flaps. Normally the flaps are held tightly closed during left ventricular contraction (systole) by the chordae tendineae (small tendon “cords” that connect the flaps to the muscles of the heart). In Mitral Valve Prolapse, the flaps enlarge and stretch inward toward the left atrium, sometimes “snapping” during systole, and may allow some backflow of blood into the left atrium (regurgitation).

What causes Mitral Valve Prolapse?

The cause of Mitral Valve Prolapse is unknown, but is thought to be linked to heredity. Primary and secondary forms of Mitral Valve Prolapse are described below.

• Primary Mitral Valve Prolapse. Primary Mitral Valve Prolapse is distinguished by thickening of one or both valve flaps. Other effects are fibrosis (scarring) of the flap surface, thinning or lengthening of the chordae tendineae, and fibrin deposits on the flaps. The primary form of Mitral Valve Prolapse is seen frequently in people with Marfan’s Syndrome or other inherited connective tissue diseases, but is most often seen in people with no other form of heart disease.

• Secondary Mitral Valve Prolapse. In secondary Mitral Valve Prolapse, the flaps are not thickened. The prolapse may be due to ischemic damage (caused by decreased blood flow as a result of coronary artery disease) to the papillary muscles attached to the chordae tendineae or to functional changes in the myocardium. Secondary Mitral Valve Prolapse may result from damage to valvular structures during acute myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (occurs when the muscle mass of the left ventricle of the heart is larger than normal).

What are the symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse?

Mitral valve prolapse may not cause any symptoms. The following are the most common symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may vary depending on the degree of prolapse present and may include:

• Palpitations. Palpitations (sensation of fast or irregular heart beat) are the most common complaint among patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse. The palpitations are usually associated with premature ventricular contractions (the ventricles beat sooner than they should), but supraventricular rhythms (abnormal rhythms that begin above the ventricles) have also been detected. In some cases, patients may experience palpitations without observed dysrhythmias (irregular heart rhythm).

• Chest pain. Chest pain associated with Mitral Valve Prolapse is different from chest pain associated with coronary artery disease and is a frequent complaint. Usually the chest pain is not like classic angina, but can be recurrent and incapacitating.

Depending on the severity of the leak into the left atrium during systole (mitral regurgitation), the left atrium and/or left ventricle may become enlarged, leading to symptoms of heart failure. These symptoms include weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

The symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Always consult your doctor for a diagnosis.

How is Mitral Valve Prolapse diagnosed?

People with Mitral Valve Prolapse often have no symptoms and detection of a click or murmur may be discovered during a routine examination.

Mitral Valve Prolapse may be detected by listening with a stethoscope, revealing a “click” (created by the stretched flaps snapping against each other during contraction) and/or a murmur. The murmur is caused by some of the blood leaking back into the left atrium. The click or murmur may be the only clinical sign.

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for Mitral Valve Prolapse may include any, or a combination, of the following:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). A test that records the electrical activity of the heart, shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias or dysrhythmias), and can sometimes detect heart muscle damage.

• Echocardiogram (also called echo). A noninvasive test that uses sound waves to evaluate the heart’s chambers and valves. The echo sound waves create an image on the monitor as an ultrasound transducer is passed over the heart. Echocardiography is the most useful diagnostic test for Mitral Valve Prolapse.

In some situations where symptoms are more severe, additional diagnostic procedures may be performed. Additional procedures may include:

• Stress test (also called treadmill or exercise ECG). A test that is performed while a patient walks on a treadmill to monitor the heart during exercise. Breathing and blood pressure rates are also monitored.

• Cardiac catheterization. With this procedure, X-rays are taken after a contrast agent is injected into an artery to locate any narrowing, occlusions, or other abnormalities of specific arteries. In addition, the function of the heart and the valves may be assessed.

• Cardiac MRI. This is a noninvasive test that produces comprehensive images of the heart. It may be used as a complement to echo for a more precise look at the heart valves and heart muscle, or in preparation for heart valve surgery.

How is Mitral Valve Prolapse treated?

Specific treatment for mitral valve prolapse will be determined by your doctor based on:

• Your overall health and medical history

• Extent of the disease

• Your signs and symptoms

• Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies

• Expectations for the course of the disease

• Your opinion or preference

Treatment is not usually necessary as Mitral Valve Prolapse is rarely a serious condition. Regular checkups with a doctor are advised.

People with rhythm disturbances may need to be treated with beta blockers or other medications to control tachycardias (fast heart rhythms). In most cases, limiting stimulants, such as caffeine and cigarettes, is all that is needed to control symptoms.

If atrial fibrillation or severe left atrial enlargement is present, treatment with an anticoagulant may be recommended. This can be in the form of aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin) therapy.

For the person with symptoms of dizziness or fainting, maintaining adequate hydration (fluid volume in the blood vessels) with liberal salt and fluid intake is important. Support stockings may be beneficial.

If severe mitral regurgitation resulting from a floppy mitral leaflet, rupture of the chordae tendineae, or extreme lengthening of the valve should occur, surgical repair may be indicated.

What is the prognosis for Mitral Valve Prolapse?

This condition is usually harmless and does not shorten life expectancy. Healthy lifestyle behaviors and regular exercise are encouraged.

Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Heart Association

What’s mitral valve prolapse?

Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. Mitral valve prolapse is also known as click-murmur syndrome, Barlow’s syndrome or floppy valve syndrome.

What happens during MVP?

When the heart pumps (contracts) part of one or both flaps collapse backward into the left atrium. In some cases, the prolapsed valve lets a small amount of blood leak backward through the valve, called regurgitation, which may cause a heart murmur.

Watch an animation of mitral valve prolapse.

Is mitral valve prolapse dangerous?

In most cases, it’s harmless. Most people who have the condition are unaware of it and their health isn’t affected. However, in some cases treatment is required.

What causes MVP?

The most common cause of MVP is abnormally stretchy valve leaflets (called myxomatous valve disease). Mitral valve prolapse occurs in around 2% of the population. A person can be born with the genetic risk of developing MVP. It also can be caused by other health problems, such as some connective tissue diseases.

How’s mitral valve prolapse detected?

Because most patients with MVP don’t have symptoms, a murmur may be detected during a routine physical exam when listening to the heart with a stethoscope. Common symptoms include bursts of rapid heartbeat (palpitations), chest discomfort and fatigue.

What should I do if a murmur is detected?

Even for those who aren’t having symptoms, if a murmur is detected suggesting mitral valve prolapse, an echocardiogram (echo) is recommended. The echo uses ultrasound to evaluate the characteristics of the valve cusps and how much blood may be leaking (regurgitation) from the valve when the heart contracts. Another test may be cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), also known as cardiac MRI. The test results and extent of your symptoms will guide your health care team in determining if further testing is needed.

Does mitral valve prolapse need to be treated?

In many instances, having MVP won’t impact your health and requires no treatment. Talk with your health care team about how to prevent complications from MVP based on your level of risk. If you’re prescribed medication, take it as directed.

People with an abnormal mitral valve may need mitral valve repair or replacement if:

• Symptoms are getting worse
• Mitral regurgitation becomes severe
• The left ventricle or left atrium of the heart become enlarged
• Arrhythmias develop
• The heart function (ejection fraction) decreases

MVP rarely becomes a serious condition. However, in the most serious cases it can cause abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias) that may eventually become life-threatening.

When mitral valve prolapse is severe enough to cause significant valve leakage, called “regurgitation,” it can lead to serious complications such as heart attack and stroke. This happens because when the valve leaks, it can cause the atrium to enlarge. An enlarged atrium may lead to heart rhythm problems such as atrial fibrillation, which may cause blood clots to form. When clots travel from the heart to the arteries or the brain, it can lead to a stroke or heart attack.

Know the signs and symptoms of heart attack and stroke.

Do people with MVP need to take antibiotics before dental procedures?

The use of antibiotics before having a dental procedure is no longer recommended by the American Heart Association for patients with mitral valve prolapse, regardless of whether they have associated symptoms. 

Additional resources:

• Print our handy pre-surgery checklist: Facing and Recovering from Major Surgery (PDF)(link opens in new window) | Spanish (PDF)
• Patient guide: Understanding Your Heart Valve Problem (PDF)(link opens in new window) | Spanish (PDF)

Written by American Heart Association editorial staff and reviewed by science and medicine advisors. See our editorial policies and staff.

Last Reviewed: Feb 9, 2021

Mitral valve prolapse | Blog “Health Plus”

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a pathology in which the functions of the valve, which is located between the ventricle of the heart and the atrium, are impaired. This pathology is most often detected by chance, since in half of the cases it does not have any symptoms. At the same time, mitral valve prolapse is not a serious pathology of the heart and, with adequate treatment, its prognosis is very favorable.

MVP is most often congenital, but sometimes it also occurs due to weakening of the connective tissue of the heart valves.

In the first case, mitral valve prolapse is hereditary. Usually, congenital MVP is not accompanied by any special symptoms and, moreover, does not require serious complex treatment.

The situation is different with secondary prolapse. It usually occurs against the background of some disease that disrupts the structure of chords, valves or papillary muscles. These diseases include: ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, rheumatism, chest trauma.

Mitral valve prolapse is usually diagnosed incidentally if the patient is scheduled for cardiac ultrasound for any reason. Ultrasound examination allows you to identify the specific degree of prolapse and the amount of regurgitation.

In MVP 1st degree leaflet swelling is insignificant and does not exceed 5 mm.

In grade 2 , leaflets bulge within 9 mm, and in grade 3 mitral valve prolapse, leaflet bulge exceeds 10 mm.

If this pathology is detected, the doctor may prescribe additional studies that will determine the features of the heart. These additional studies include ECG and Holter ECG. Since violations of the heart can occur under certain conditions (during sleep, during physical exertion, etc.), it is relevant to conduct a Holter ECG. In this case, observation is carried out within a day, and not in a few minutes, as with a conventional ECG.

Treatment of mitral valve prolapse in some cases is not required, as it does not cause serious problems in the work of the heart. In other cases, the treatment of MVP is necessary – if the heart rhythm is seriously loaded or pain in the heart occurs. With a combination of PMK and neurotic disorders, the doctor prescribes tranquilizers to the patient, he is recommended to do auto-training or muscle relaxation.

The patient needs to change his lifestyle in such a way as to exclude overwork and overload, including emotional, as well as intoxication. In the treatment of MVP, spa treatment, massage, acupuncture perfectly help. With hyperventilation syndrome, it is recommended to do special breathing exercises. In the presence of asthenic disorders, the patient will benefit from taking multivitamins.

Even if the examination shows that MVP is not dangerous for health , the patient needs to regularly visit a doctor, as prolapse progresses with age and can lead to complications.

Conservative treatment for MVP is aimed at preventing the development of myocardial neurodystrophy in a patient and at preventing infective endocarditis. With the development of the disease, if changes in the work of the heart increase, and the valves strongly bend, surgical intervention may be required.

If any of the above symptoms are detected, you should contact a cardiologist.
You can make an appointment by calling 8 (928) 337-60-60.

“In Russia they started to do this quite recently”: heart surgeons from Volgograd performed a unique heart surgery 0002 Another unique operation the heart was performed by surgeons from the Volgograd State Medical University. The technique of clipping the mitral valve, which was used by scientists, was first used in the Southern Federal District. In Russia, this method has become available quite recently.

Such surgeries in Russia have recently started to be performed

Photo: VolgGMU

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How was V1.RU told in clinic No. 1 of VolgGMU? since last year, only 64 such operations have been performed throughout the country. It was first performed in Volgograd.

– A 70-year-old resident of the city of Volzhsky was admitted with complaints of weakness, fatigue and shortness of breath with minimal physical exertion, – V1. RU was told at the clinic of the Volgograd State Medical University. The general condition of the doctors was assessed as relatively stable. Examination revealed mitral valve prolapse of the third degree in the patient. This is a cardiac anomaly in which there is a reverse flow of blood from the ventricle to the left atrium.

Modern technologies allow cardiac surgeons to perform the finest work

Photo: VolgGMU

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The disease most often affects the elderly. But for most of them, treatment with the so-called open method is not suitable – due to the high risk of serious complications. Transcatheter clipping of the mitral valve has become an alternative method of treatment for patients with this pathology.

– Clips are installed for patients with mitral insufficiency, – doctors said, – we use them for patients who have a high surgical risk, older patients who have a low ejection fraction.

Professor Mozgovoy personally supervised the operation

Photo: VolgGMU

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Transcatheter valve clipping is a minimally invasive operation. That is, medical instruments are introduced to the mitral valve through a puncture in the femoral vein and the interatrial septum.

— A special device is inserted through these punctures, which allows delivering a special clip to the mitral valve, — says Professor Pavel Mozgovoy, Head of the Cardiac Surgery Department of the Clinic No. , the degree of mitral insufficiency decreases.

Putting a clip on the mitral valve is far from an easy task

Photo: VolgGMU

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Volgograd cardiac surgeons have already performed four operations on patients with mitral valve prolapse. Vera Svintsova was one of the first to receive such surgical assistance.