How do different contraceptive methods compare in effectiveness. Which contraceptive options offer the highest pregnancy prevention rates. What factors influence the efficacy of various birth control methods. How can users maximize the effectiveness of their chosen contraception.

Understanding Contraceptive Efficacy: Perfect Use vs. Typical Use

When evaluating contraceptive methods, it’s crucial to understand the difference between perfect use and typical use efficacy rates. Perfect use refers to the effectiveness of a method when used consistently and correctly every time, while typical use accounts for human error and inconsistencies in real-world application.

Why is this distinction important? It provides a more realistic picture of how effective a contraceptive method might be for the average user. For example, while the pill may be over 99% effective with perfect use, its typical use efficacy rate drops to around 91% due to factors like missed doses or interactions with other medications.

Factors Affecting Contraceptive Efficacy

• Consistency of use
• Correct application or administration
• User’s biology and health conditions
• Interactions with other medications
• Storage and handling of the contraceptive

How can users maximize the effectiveness of their chosen contraception? By understanding these factors and taking steps to mitigate them, such as setting reminders for daily pills or regular injections, and discussing potential drug interactions with healthcare providers.

Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs): The Most Effective Options

Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) stand out as the most effective birth control methods available. Why are LARCs so effective? These methods eliminate user error, as they don’t require daily, weekly, or even monthly attention from the user.

Types of LARCs and Their Efficacy Rates

1. Contraceptive Implant: More than 99% effective
2. Intrauterine System (IUS): More than 99% effective
3. Intrauterine Device (IUD): More than 99% effective

How long do these methods last? The implant typically works for 3 years, while IUS and IUD options can last between 3 to 10 years, depending on the specific type. Importantly, all of these methods can be removed earlier if desired, offering flexibility alongside their high efficacy.

Do LARCs have any drawbacks? While highly effective, some users may experience side effects or find the insertion process uncomfortable. It’s essential to discuss these options with a healthcare provider to determine the best fit for individual needs and preferences.

Hormonal Contraceptives: Balancing Efficacy and Convenience

Hormonal contraceptives offer a range of options that balance effectiveness with ease of use. These methods typically involve the use of synthetic hormones to prevent pregnancy through various mechanisms.

Comparing Hormonal Contraceptive Methods

Why is there a difference between perfect use and typical use efficacy for these methods? The disparity often stems from user error, such as forgetting to take a pill, apply a new patch, or insert a new ring on schedule. To maximize effectiveness, users should establish consistent routines and set reminders for their chosen method.

Barrier Methods: Combining Pregnancy Prevention with STI Protection

Barrier methods offer a non-hormonal approach to contraception, with the added benefit of providing protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, their effectiveness can vary significantly between perfect and typical use.

Efficacy of Common Barrier Methods

• Male Condoms:
  • Perfect use: 98% effective
  • Typical use: Around 82% effective
• Female Condoms:
  • Perfect use: 95% effective
  • Typical use: Around 79% effective
• Diaphragms and Caps:
  • Perfect use: 92 to 96% effective
  • Typical use: Around 71 to 88% effective

Why is there such a significant difference between perfect and typical use for barrier methods? These methods require correct application before each sexual encounter, leaving room for user error. Additionally, factors like proper storage and checking for damage can impact their effectiveness.

How can users improve the efficacy of barrier methods? Consistent and correct use is key. This includes proper storage, careful application, and using them every time. For methods like diaphragms and caps, combining them with spermicide can enhance their effectiveness.

Natural Family Planning: A Non-Invasive Approach with Variable Efficacy

Natural family planning methods rely on tracking fertility indicators to avoid pregnancy. While these methods can be highly effective when used perfectly, they require significant commitment and understanding of one’s body.

Effectiveness of Natural Family Planning

Perfect use of natural family planning methods can be up to 99% effective, meaning that up to 1 in 100 women may become pregnant in a year. However, the efficacy can vary greatly depending on the specific method used and the user’s ability to accurately track and interpret fertility signs.

What factors influence the effectiveness of natural family planning? The accuracy of tracking methods, consistency in monitoring fertility signs, and abstaining from intercourse during fertile periods all play crucial roles. Additionally, factors like stress, illness, or irregular cycles can complicate fertility tracking.

Types of Natural Family Planning Methods

• Calendar method
• Basal body temperature tracking
• Cervical mucus monitoring
• Symptothermal method (combining temperature and mucus tracking)

How can users maximize the effectiveness of natural family planning? Combining multiple tracking methods, such as in the symptothermal approach, can increase accuracy. Additionally, working with a trained fertility awareness educator can help users better understand and implement these methods.

Permanent Contraception: Sterilization Options for Long-Term Prevention

Sterilization offers a permanent solution for individuals or couples who have completed their families or are certain they don’t want children. These methods are highly effective but should be considered irreversible.

Comparing Male and Female Sterilization

• Female Sterilization (Tubal Ligation):
  • Efficacy: More than 99% effective
  • Failure rate: Around 1 in 200 women may become pregnant in their lifetime after the procedure
• Male Sterilization (Vasectomy):
  • Efficacy: Highly effective
  • Failure rate: Around 1 in 2,000 men may regain fertility in their lifetime after the procedure

Why is vasectomy considered more effective than female sterilization? The lower failure rate of vasectomies is partly due to the simpler nature of the procedure and the ease of confirming its success through sperm count tests. However, both methods are highly reliable forms of contraception.

Are there any risks associated with sterilization procedures? While generally safe, both procedures carry some surgical risks. Additionally, some individuals may experience regret, especially if their life circumstances or desires change unexpectedly. It’s crucial to consider sterilization a permanent decision and to discuss all options thoroughly with a healthcare provider.

Choosing the Right Contraceptive Method: Factors to Consider

Selecting the most appropriate contraceptive method is a highly personal decision that depends on various factors. While efficacy is crucial, it’s not the only consideration when choosing a birth control option.

Key Factors in Contraceptive Decision-Making

• Efficacy rates
• Ease of use and lifestyle compatibility
• Side effect profile
• Reversibility and future fertility plans
• Protection against STIs
• Cost and accessibility
• Personal health history and risk factors
• Partner involvement and preferences

How can individuals make an informed decision about contraception? Consulting with a healthcare provider is crucial. They can offer personalized advice based on medical history, lifestyle factors, and individual needs. Additionally, considering short-term and long-term goals can help in choosing a method that aligns with current and future plans.

Is it possible to combine multiple contraceptive methods? Yes, some individuals opt for dual protection, such as using condoms alongside hormonal contraceptives. This approach can provide additional pregnancy prevention and STI protection. However, it’s important to discuss potential interactions or redundancies with a healthcare provider.

Emerging Contraceptive Technologies: The Future of Birth Control

As research in reproductive health continues to advance, new contraceptive options are being developed to offer more choices and potentially higher efficacy rates. These emerging technologies aim to address some of the limitations of current methods.

Promising Developments in Contraceptive Research

• Male hormonal contraceptives
• Non-hormonal contraceptive gels
• Longer-lasting implants and IUDs
• Contraceptive microchips
• Biodegradable implants

How might these new technologies impact contraceptive efficacy? Many of these developments aim to reduce user error, extend the duration of effectiveness, or provide non-hormonal alternatives with high efficacy rates. For example, contraceptive microchips could offer precise hormone delivery over extended periods, potentially increasing both convenience and effectiveness.

When might these new contraceptive options become available? The timeline for new contraceptive technologies varies, with some in clinical trials and others still in early research stages. It’s important to note that rigorous testing is required to ensure safety and efficacy before any new method becomes widely available.

Potential Benefits of Emerging Contraceptives

1. Increased options for male contraception
2. Reduced side effects compared to current hormonal methods
3. Extended duration of effectiveness
4. Improved accessibility and ease of use
5. Enhanced control over fertility timing

As research progresses, these emerging technologies may offer new solutions to common contraceptive challenges, potentially increasing overall efficacy rates and user satisfaction. However, it’s crucial to continue using currently available, proven methods until new options are thoroughly tested and approved for use.

Maximizing Contraceptive Effectiveness: Best Practices and Tips

Regardless of the chosen method, certain practices can help users maximize the effectiveness of their contraception. By following these guidelines, individuals can reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy and ensure their chosen method works as intended.

Key Strategies for Optimal Contraceptive Use

• Consistent use: Follow the prescribed schedule without missing doses or applications
• Proper storage: Keep contraceptives in appropriate conditions to maintain their efficacy
• Regular check-ups: Visit healthcare providers for routine evaluations and to address any concerns
• Understanding interactions: Be aware of medications or supplements that may affect contraceptive efficacy
• Backup methods: Use additional protection when necessary, such as during antibiotic use with hormonal contraceptives
• Education: Stay informed about your chosen method and any updates or new research

How can users remember to take daily contraceptives consistently? Setting alarms, using smartphone apps, or linking the task to a daily routine (like brushing teeth) can help establish a consistent habit. Some birth control pill packs come with built-in reminders or day markers to help users stay on track.

What should users do if they miss a dose or suspect their contraceptive may be compromised? It’s crucial to follow the specific guidelines for the contraceptive method in use. This may involve using backup protection for a certain period or, in some cases, considering emergency contraception. When in doubt, consulting a healthcare provider or pharmacist is always advisable.

The Importance of Contraceptive Counseling

Regular consultations with healthcare providers play a vital role in maintaining contraceptive effectiveness. These sessions offer opportunities to:

1. Discuss any side effects or concerns
2. Evaluate whether the current method is still the best fit
3. Learn about new options or updates in contraceptive technology
4. Address changes in health status or medications that might affect contraception
5. Receive guidance on transitioning between methods if needed

By prioritizing open communication with healthcare providers and staying proactive about contraceptive use, individuals can significantly enhance the effectiveness of their chosen method and maintain control over their reproductive health.

How effective is contraception at preventing pregnancy?

How effective your contraception is depends on the type you use and whether you use it correctly.

Some methods are more effective than others. You need to follow the instructions and use your contraception correctly for it to be as effective as possible.

With some methods, such as the implant, there’s no need to remember to take or use them. These are known as methods with “no user failure”.

No contraceptive is 100% reliable, and some can have side effects. Find out about all the methods available so you can decide which contraceptive is right for you.

Perfect use or typical use

All the methods are listed here, showing how effective they are with “perfect use”. This is when the method is always used correctly.

Some methods are less effective with “typical use”. This is when the method is not always used correctly – for example, missing a pill or getting the injection later than you need to. Some methods do not have typical use rates because they have no user failure.

Contraception is less effective at preventing pregnancy if not used correctly.

Long-active reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods

You do not have to remember to take or use these methods. They have no user failure, so are not less effective with typical use.

• Contraceptive implant: more than 99% effective with perfect use. They work for 3 years, but can be taken out earlier. Fewer than 1 in 100 women using the implant will get pregnant in a year.
• Intrauterine system (IUS): more than 99% effective. An IUS normally works for 3 to 5 years depending on the type, but can be taken out earlier. Fewer than 1 in 100 women will get pregnant over the 3 to 5 years when using an IUS.
• Intrauterine device (IUD): more than 99% effective. An IUD can stay in place for 5 or 10 years depending on the type but can be taken out at any time. Fewer than 1 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year, depending on the type of IUD. Older types are less effective.

Contraceptive injection

Contraceptive injection 

• Perfect use: more than 99% effective. Fewer than 1 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year when using contraceptive injections regularly.
• Typical use: around 94% effective. Around 6 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year.

The injection lasts for 8 or 13 weeks, depending on the type.

Patch and ring

Contraceptive patch

• Perfect use: more than 99% effective.  Fewer than 1 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year when using the contraceptive patch correctly.
• Typical use: around 91% effective. Around 9 in 100 women who use the patch will get pregnant in a year.

Vaginal ring

• Perfect use: more than 99% effective. Fewer than 1 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year when using the vaginal ring correctly.
• Typical use: around 91% effective. Around 9 in 100 women using the ring will get pregnant in a year.

Contraceptive pill

Combined contraceptive pill

• Perfect use: more than 99% effective. Fewer than 1 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year when using the combined pill correctly.
• Typical use: around 91% effective. Around 9 in 100 women using the combined pill will get pregnant in a year.

Progestogen-only pill

• Perfect use: 99% effective. Around 1 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year when using the progestogen-only pill correctly.
• Typical use: around 91% effective. Around 9 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year.

Sterilisation (permanent contraception)

• Female sterilisation: more than 99% effective. Around 1 in 200 women will become pregnant in their lifetime after being sterilised.
• Male sterilisation or vasectomy: around 1 in 2,000 men can become fertile again in their lifetime after a vasectomy.

Male and female condoms

Male condoms

• Perfect use: 98% effective. This means that 2 in 100 women whose partners use a condom will get pregnant in a year.
• Typical use: around 82% effective. This means around 18 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year.

Female condoms

• Perfect use: 95% effective. About 5 in 100 women who use a female condom will get pregnant in a year.
• Typical use: around 79% effective. Around 21 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year.

Diaphragms and caps

Diaphragms and caps

• Perfect use: 92 to 96% effective. Between 4 and 8 women in 100 who use a diaphragm or cap with spermicide will get pregnant in a year.
• Typical use: around 71 to 88% effective. Between 12 and 29 women in 100 using a diaphragm or cap will get pregnant in a year.

Natural family planning

Natural family planning 

• Perfect use: can be up to 99% effective if the natural family planning methods are followed precisely. These include monitoring cervical secretions and your basal body temperature. It’s more effective if more than 1 method is used and it’s taught by specialist teachers. Up to 1 in 100 women will get pregnant in a year when using this method perfectly.
• Typical use: around 76% effective. Around 24 in 100 women using natural family planning will get pregnant in a year.

Page last reviewed: 17 April 2020

Next review due: 17 April 2023

Contraceptive Options and Effectiveness – Most or Moderately Effective Contraception

The chart describes types of contraception from the most to the least effective.

In this chart, the most or moderately effective contraceptive options have been highlighted.

Contraception resulting in less than 1 pregnancy per 100 women in a year

• Reversible contraception
  • Implant: 0.05% of women using an implant experienced an unintended pregnancy.
  • Intrauterine device (IUD): 0.2% of women using an LNG intrauterine device experienced an unintended pregnancy, and 0.8% of women using a Copper T intrauterine device experienced an unintended pregnancy.

• Permanent contraception
  • Male sterilization (vasectomy): 0.15% of women whose partners had male sterilization experienced an unintended pregnancy.
  • Female sterilization (abdominal, laparoscopic, or hysteroscopic): 0.5% of women who have had female sterilization experienced an unintended pregnancy.

How to make your method most effective

After the procedure there is little or nothing to do or remember. For vasectomy or hysteroscopic sterilization, use another method of the first 3 months.

Contraception resulting in 6-12 pregnancies per 100 women in a year

• Injectable: 6% of women using injectable contraception experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.
• Pill: 9% of women using a pill experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.
• Patch: 9% of women using a patch experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.
• Ring: 9% of women using a ring experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.
• Diaphragm: 12% of women using a diaphragm experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.

How to make your method most effective

• Injectable: Get repeat injections on time.
• Pills: Take a pill each day.
• Patch, ring: Keep in place, change on time.
• Diaphragm: Use correctly every time you have sex.

Contraception resulting in 18 or more pregnancies per 100 women in a year

• Male condom: 18% of women whose partners used a male condom experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.
• Female condom: 21% of women who used a female condom experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.
• Withdrawal: 22% of women who used withdrawal experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.
• Sponge: 24% of parous women and 12% of nulliparous women using a sponge experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.
• Fertility-Awareness Based Methods: 24% of women using fertility-awareness based methods experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.
• Spermicide: 28% of women using spermicide experienced an unintended pregnancy within the first year of typical use.

How to make your method most effective

• Condoms, sponge, withdrawal, spermicides: Use correctly every time you have sex.
• Fertility-awareness based methods: Abstain or use condoms on fertile days. The newest methods (Standard Days Method and TwoDay Method) may be the easiest to use and, consequently, more effective.

Other methods of contraception

• Lactational amenorrhea method: LAM is a highly effective, temporary method of contraception.
• Emergency contraception: Emergency contraceptive pills or a copper IUD after unprotected intercourse substantially reduces risk of pregnancy.

Condoms should always be used to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections.

Adapted from WHO’s Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers (2001) and Trussell et al (2011).

Modern methods of contraception Medical On Group Khabarovsk

When choosing a method of contraception, it is very important to consider its effectiveness.
Low efficiency:

• calendar method;
• temperature method;
• interrupted intercourse.

Medium effective:

• condoms;
• spermicides.

High Efficiency:

• sterilization;
• hormonal contraception;
• intrauterine device.

Currently, the most common method of preventing unwanted pregnancy is hormonal contraception.

Hormonal contraceptives have been used for over 55 years. They have won the trust and respect of many women because they provide a high and effective level of protection against unwanted conception.

Hormonal contraceptives include:

• birth control pills;
• vaginal ring;
• plasters;
• injection;
• implants;
• hormonal coils.

The menstrual cycle is the time from the first day of the previous period to the first day of the next period. Its duration is normally from 25 to 35 days, but most often 28 days.

And when a woman takes hormonal contraceptives, there are no fluctuations in hormone levels. This prevents the growth of follicles and ovulation, and hence pregnancy. However, this does not mean that the woman’s hormonal system is completely turned off: hormones that come from outside (from the contraceptive) even out the woman’s hormonal background and make it monotonous throughout the entire menstrual cycle. This absence of monthly fluctuations in hormone levels is beneficial for the body.

Hormonal contraception acts in such a way that the hormones that are part of the contraceptive (in pills, in an implant, in a patch, in a ring) prevent the growth and maturation of the follicle in the ovary. The egg does not come out, which means that fertilization is impossible. That is, hormonal contraception is the most reliable method of preventing unwanted pregnancy.

To date, more than 3,000 studies have been conducted on the therapeutic possibilities of hormonal contraception, the results of which can be summarized as follows:

• Regulates the menstrual cycle has a curative effect on disorders associated with the menstrual cycle: heavy menstrual bleeding, PMS, menstrual migraine.
• They prevent the development of benign diseases of the reproductive system: endometrial hyperplasia, endometriosis, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, uterine fibroids, fibrocystic disease of the mammary glands.
• Relieve pelvic pain of inflammatory origin or associated with existing endometriosis.
• Reduce the risk of certain cancers, such as endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer.
• They prevent symptoms caused by estrogen deficiency: loss of bone mineral density, behavioral disorders, vasomotor symptoms (flushing of the face, hot flashes to the head, sweating).
• They do not allow the development or progression of such diseases as iron deficiency anemia, rheumatoid arthritis.

In general, the therapeutic potential of hormonal contraceptives is so pronounced that the question of expanding indications for their use is constantly being raised, and many drugs have already registered additional indications, such as acne, PMS, very heavy menstruation.

At the same time, prejudices dominate the minds of not only adolescents, but also of some medical workers.
Misconception 1. Weight gain.
Misconception 2. Provocation of acne and hirsutism\skin manifestations\.
Misconception 3. Lack of menstruation after the abolition of hormonal contraception.
Misconception 4. Problems with conception in the future.
Misconception 5. The risk of ectopic pregnancy.
Misconception 6. Danger of thrombotic complications.
Misconception 7. The need for breaks in admission.

One of the most persistent and harmful delusions. To date, there is no evidence of benefit from “contraceptive holidays”. Competent contraceptive counseling makes it possible to dispel these misconceptions, which can artificially limit the choice of method for preventing unwanted pregnancy.

Sometimes the doctor may recommend prolonged use (long-term, 3-4 months without a break) of contraceptives. Does our contemporary woman need monthly menstruation?

In recent years, more and more evidence has appeared that is only for complacency: regular “critical days” are a sign that her reproductive system is functioning normally. However, they are sometimes uncomfortable for the woman herself, and endless menstruation, without a periodic break during pregnancy, is not provided for by evolution. In this regard, researchers are inclined to conclude that the prolonged regimen has advantages. Flexible extended mode allows you to reduce the number of periods from 13 to three during the year, as well as choose the timing of menstruation.

Obviously, contraception improves a woman’s health by preventing abortions and unwanted childbearing, providing an opportunity to plan the future of young patients, reduce the risk of gynecological diseases that affect the ability to have a pregnancy, and with it the risk of obstetric complications.

Understanding the types of contraception, their pros and cons with an obstetrician gynecologist

Every woman is concerned about how to prevent unwanted pregnancy and protect herself from sexually transmitted infections.

The questions of how to prevent unwanted pregnancy and protect against sexually transmitted infections are of concern to every woman. Choosing reliable contraception is not an easy task, and this issue should be discussed with your doctor. Obstetrician-gynecologist of the clinic “Euromed” Marina Pavlovna GLUSHENKOVA talks about the existing methods of contraception, their pros and cons.

Contraception is barrier, hormonal and intrauterine. Methods such as coitus interruptus and calendar methods cannot be considered reliable and effective. Fortunately, in the XXI century there are many ways and means of protection from unwanted pregnancy and unpleasant diseases.

Barrier methods

Condoms

Pluses

• reliable protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unwanted pregnancies (when used correctly)

• affordable price

• no systemic effect on the body

• ideal for those who have an irregular sex life

• do not require preliminary examinations for selection

Cons

Spermicides

Spermicides are substances that immobilize spermatozoa, due to which they do not penetrate into the uterine cavity.

Pluses

• partial protection against sexually transmitted infections (some viruses do not work)

• suitable for those who cannot use hormonal and intrauterine contraception

Cons

• low efficiency (60–70%), this method cannot be used as a standalone method

• requires very strict enforcement of the rules of use

• Possible irritation, allergic reactions of the skin of the genital organs

Intrauterine methods

Copper intrauterine system (coil)

The coil thickens cervical mucus and forms a barrier to spermatozoa. Copper acts toxically on spermatozoa, immobilizing them, and also suppresses ovulation.

Pros

• prolonged action, allowing you to forget about contraception for several years

• no systemic effect on the body

• can be used during lactation

Cons

• it is impossible to put nulliparous, because against the background of the spiral there is a risk of the formation of intrauterine synechia, adhesions, which can lead to infertility; Also, nulliparous due to anatomical features have a narrower cervical canal, which makes it difficult to install the spiral.

• the spiral does not protect against STDs, respectively, it is only suitable for women who have one permanent healthy sexual partner;

• against the background of the use of a copper-containing spiral, the risk of inflammatory diseases of the uterus and appendages increases by 5-6 times compared with women who do not have spirals;

• the spiral can provoke longer and more painful periods;

• if a woman has a history of multiple abortions, invasive interventions, curettage, there is a risk of developing cervical insufficiency, i.e. failure of the cervix, which can lead to expulsion (falling out) of the spiral.

Protected hormonal coils

The hormones contained in the system act in the uterine cavity, make the mucous membrane thinner, and immobilize spermatozoa. All this makes fertilization and implantation of the fetal egg impossible.

Pluses

• Reliable contraceptive action for five years

• No systemic action

• has a therapeutic effect: it is indicated for patients with a history of endometrial hyperplastic processes, uterine myoma

• can be used during lactation

Cons

Hormonal contraception

This is perhaps the most effective method of all existing today.

Hormonal preparations differ in dosage (mini-dose – estrogen content no more than 30 mcg, micro-dose – no more than 20 mcg, large doses are not currently used), components, and the method of entry into the body.

There are two types of drugs: combined and the “mini-drank” group. Combined contraceptives contain estrogens (ethinyl estradiol) and gestagens, “mini-drank” – only gestagens.

Preparations from the “mini-drank” group are indicated for lactating women who should not take estrogens, but only gestagens. Also, “mini-pills” can be taken by women who do not tolerate the estrogen component.

Types of drugs: tablets (taken orally), vaginal ring (hormones penetrate the vaginal mucosa) and patch (transdermal route – hormones enter through the skin).

Reception methods. Tablets should be taken daily, at the same time. It is especially important to take at the same time for drugs from the “mini-drank” group. Tablets are generally taken for 21 days, after which they take a break for 7 days.

The vaginal ring is inserted into the vagina for 21 days, after which there is a break for a week.

The patch is changed every 7 days.

The advantage of alternative routes of administration (ring, patch) is that you do not need to remember to take the pill every day and there is no primary passage through the liver and gastrointestinal tract, which reduces the load on them. This is especially important if a woman has problems with the gastrointestinal tract or chronic cholecystitis.

Pluses

• reliable contraceptive effect (if a woman does not miss taking pills, the guarantee is almost 100%)

• active protection of the ovaries and endometrium (mucosa) of the uterus from cancer

• regulation of the menstrual cycle

• reduction of pain during menstruation

• cosmetic effect (some OK help to cope with acne, normalize skin condition)

• therapeutic effect (the doctor will help you choose hormonal contraceptives, which are indicated for patients with uterine fibroids, with endometriosis).

Cons

• the need for strict discipline, control of taking drugs at the same time (especially important for “mini-pill”)

• do not protect against STDs

• any hormonal drugs affect metabolism (metabolism), which can lead to fluctuations in body weight, although in modern drugs this effect is minimal;

• there is an effect on the vascular link, on the blood coagulation system, therefore, when taking contraceptives, constant monitoring of hemostasis is necessary. If a woman has a predisposition to varicose veins, to hypertension, or in the family there were cases of diseases of the cardiovascular system, accompanied by thrombosis, heart attacks, strokes, then the patient needs a comprehensive examination of the hemostasis system before taking hormonal contraceptives;

• there is a period of adaptation to hormones. Within 2-3 months, nausea, headaches and pains in the mammary glands can sometimes be observed, there may be slight spotting in the middle of the cycle, changes in libido, mood swings. Therefore, mandatory medical supervision of the use of drugs during the first months of admission.

• hormonal contraceptives have a number of contraindications: active smoking (more than 5 cigarettes per day), severe somatic diseases, severe decompensated diabetes mellitus, thrombosis, varicose veins, heart attacks, strokes, arterial hypertension, frequent migraines, etc.

Sterilization

Medical sterilization is a surgical technique that can be used by both men and women. This is a reliable method of 100% protection against pregnancy, a good choice for people who are definitely not planning more children.

After the operation, the ability to conceive can no longer be restored for women, in men there is a small (less than 30%) chance of restoring reproductive function by re-operation within five years after the intervention.

Female sterilization is a laparoscopic operation during which the fallopian tubes are cut, which reliably prevents the possibility of pregnancy.

Male sterilization (vasectomy) is a simple operation that takes about 20 minutes. During surgery, the vas deferens are tied up and crossed. Sterilization does not affect the erection, the amount of seminal fluid and the ability to experience an orgasm.

Pluses

Cons

• irreversibility of the operation

• the need for surgery

• there are legal restrictions on this operation

Medical sterilization as a special medical intervention in order to deprive a person of the ability to reproduce offspring or as a method of contraception can only be carried out upon a written application of a citizen over the age of thirty-five or a citizen with at least two children, and if there are medical indications and informed voluntary consent citizen – regardless of age and the presence of children.

Article 57

emergency contraception

In case of unprotected intercourse, you can use the so-called emergency contraception. These drugs are aimed at protection, this is not an abortion. The tablet contains a large dose of progestin preparations that cause rejection of the endometrial mucosa.

Pluses

Cons

When choosing contraception, be sure to contact a gynecologist. Before prescribing this or that drug, the doctor will conduct an examination, which includes an examination on a chair, taking a smear for oncocytology. Also, if there are signs of endocrinopathy (increased hair growth, acne), it is necessary to investigate the hormonal background. Since hormones thicken the blood, affect hemostasis (blood coagulation system), it makes sense to conduct a comprehensive examination of the state of the hemostasis system. In addition, it is recommended to do an ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs (uterus and appendages) and mammary glands. All these procedures are minimally invasive, painless, they are not difficult to pass, and they will help to avoid possible complications against the background of long-term use of contraceptives.