What is a low-FODMAP diet. How can it help manage IBS symptoms. Which foods should you eat and avoid on a low-FODMAP plan. What does a sample low-FODMAP meal plan look like. How effective is this diet for treating IBS.

Understanding FODMAPs and Their Impact on IBS

FODMAP is an acronym that stands for “fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols.” These are short-chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine. For people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), consuming FODMAPs can trigger uncomfortable gastrointestinal symptoms.

Kate Scarlata, RDN, author of The Low-FODMAP Diet Step by Step, explains: “These poorly digested sugars can pull water into the small intestine and become food for the gut microbes that live in our colon, resulting in gas. The gas and water can be trapped in the intestine or stretch the intestine, contributing to troubling gut symptoms.”

Common high-FODMAP foods include:

• Certain fruits like apples, pears, and watermelon
• Some vegetables such as artichokes, asparagus, and cauliflower
• Dairy products like cow’s milk and ice cream
• Legumes
• Wheat
• Honey

The Science Behind the Low-FODMAP Diet for IBS Relief

A low-FODMAP diet involves limiting or eliminating high-FODMAP foods while emphasizing low-FODMAP alternatives. This dietary approach has shown promise in managing IBS symptoms for many patients.

A systematic review and meta-analysis published in the European Journal of Nutrition in February 2021 examined 12 papers, including 9 clinical trials. The analysis found that following a low-FODMAP diet decreased gastrointestinal symptoms “by a moderate to large extent” and improved quality of life in participants compared to control diets.

Can a low-FODMAP diet completely cure IBS? While not a cure, this dietary approach can significantly reduce symptoms and improve quality of life for many IBS sufferers. It’s important to work with a healthcare provider to determine if this diet is appropriate for your individual case.

Low-FODMAP Foods to Incorporate into Your Diet

A low-FODMAP diet doesn’t mean eliminating all carbohydrates. There are many nutritious, low-FODMAP foods you can enjoy, including:

• Vegetables: Carrots, cucumbers, lettuce, bell peppers, potatoes
• Fruits: Oranges, strawberries, grapes, kiwi, pineapple
• Proteins: Eggs, plain cooked meats, fish, seafood, firm tofu
• Dairy alternatives: Almond milk, hard cheeses (cheddar, Gouda, Parmesan)
• Grains: Oats, rice, quinoa, gluten-free bread
• Nuts and seeds: Peanuts, macadamia nuts, pumpkin seeds

Are there any foods that are completely off-limits on a low-FODMAP diet? While no foods are strictly forbidden, it’s best to avoid or significantly limit high-FODMAP foods, especially during the elimination phase of the diet. As you reintroduce foods, you may find that you can tolerate some high-FODMAP foods in small amounts.

Navigating High-FODMAP Foods and Potential Triggers

To successfully follow a low-FODMAP diet, it’s crucial to be aware of common high-FODMAP foods that may trigger IBS symptoms. These include:

• Fruits: Apples, blackberries, cherries, mango, nectarines, pears
• Vegetables: Artichokes, asparagus, cauliflower, garlic, onions
• Dairy: Cow’s milk, soft cheeses, yogurt
• Legumes: Beans, lentils, chickpeas
• Grains: Wheat, rye, barley
• Sweeteners: Honey, high fructose corn syrup
• Nuts: Cashews, pistachios

How do you identify your personal FODMAP triggers? The most effective approach is to follow an elimination diet under the guidance of a healthcare professional or registered dietitian. This involves removing all high-FODMAP foods for a period of time, then systematically reintroducing them to identify which ones cause symptoms.

Creating a Balanced Low-FODMAP Meal Plan

Designing a nutritious and satisfying low-FODMAP meal plan may seem challenging at first, but with some planning, it’s entirely achievable. Here’s a sample 7-day menu to inspire your low-FODMAP journey:

Day 1

Breakfast: Oatmeal with blueberries and walnuts
Lunch: Salad with grilled chicken, strawberries, and feta
Snack: Small berry smoothie
Dinner: Homemade pork fried rice
Dessert: Lactose-free frozen yogurt

Day 2

Breakfast: Omelet with spinach and feta
Lunch: Gluten-free margherita pizza
Snack: Crunchy chickpeas (¼ cup)
Dinner: Salmon-avocado sushi
Dessert: Raspberry sorbet

Day 3

Breakfast: Rice cake with peanut butter and mashed raspberries
Lunch: Bean-free veggie soup with gluten-free crackers
Snack: Walnuts
Dinner: Fish tacos on corn tortillas
Dessert: Sliced pineapple

Day 4

Breakfast: Overnight oats with bananas and macadamia nuts
Lunch: Beef vegetable soup
Snack: Carrot sticks and peanut butter
Dinner: Gluten-free spaghetti Bolognese
Dessert: Gluten-free blueberry crumble bar

Day 5

Breakfast: Scrambled eggs with cheddar cheese and spinach
Lunch: Quinoa salad with grilled chicken and vegetables
Snack: Rice crackers with hard cheese
Dinner: Baked salmon with roasted potatoes and green beans
Dessert: Dark chocolate (70% cocoa or higher)

Day 6

Breakfast: Gluten-free toast with almond butter and sliced banana
Lunch: Turkey and lettuce wrap with gluten-free mayo
Snack: Handful of mixed nuts (excluding cashews and pistachios)
Dinner: Stir-fry with tofu, bok choy, and carrots over rice
Dessert: Chia seed pudding with strawberries

Day 7

Breakfast: Greek yogurt with allowed fruits and a drizzle of maple syrup
Lunch: Tuna salad (made with gluten-free mayo) on gluten-free bread
Snack: Cucumber slices with hummus (small portion)
Dinner: Grilled chicken with quinoa and roasted zucchini
Dessert: Homemade fruit popsicles using allowed fruits

How can you ensure you’re getting all necessary nutrients on a low-FODMAP diet? Focus on including a variety of low-FODMAP fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and gluten-free grains in your meals. If you’re concerned about nutritional deficiencies, consult with a registered dietitian who can help you create a balanced meal plan.

Implementing the Low-FODMAP Diet: A Step-by-Step Approach

The low-FODMAP diet is typically implemented in three phases:

1. Elimination Phase: All high-FODMAP foods are removed from the diet for 2-6 weeks.
2. Reintroduction Phase: High-FODMAP foods are slowly reintroduced one at a time to identify triggers.
3. Personalization Phase: A long-term, personalized diet is created based on individual tolerances.

How long should you stay in each phase of the low-FODMAP diet? The elimination phase typically lasts 2-6 weeks, or until symptoms significantly improve. The reintroduction phase can take 6-8 weeks, as each food group is tested individually. The personalization phase is ongoing, as you continue to refine your diet based on your tolerances.

It’s crucial to work with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian when implementing this diet to ensure you’re following it correctly and meeting all your nutritional needs.

Potential Challenges and Solutions in Following a Low-FODMAP Diet

While the low-FODMAP diet can be highly effective for managing IBS symptoms, it does come with some challenges:

• Difficulty eating out or at social gatherings
• Potential nutritional deficiencies if not properly planned
• Complexity of identifying and avoiding all high-FODMAP foods
• Possible negative impact on gut microbiome diversity

How can you overcome these challenges? Here are some strategies:

• Plan ahead when eating out by reviewing menus in advance and communicating with restaurant staff about your dietary needs.
• Work with a registered dietitian to ensure your diet is nutritionally balanced.
• Use resources like the Monash University FODMAP app to help identify suitable foods.
• Consider taking a probiotic supplement to support gut health, under the guidance of your healthcare provider.

Beyond Diet: Complementary Approaches to Managing IBS

While the low-FODMAP diet can be a powerful tool for managing IBS symptoms, it’s often most effective when combined with other lifestyle modifications and treatments. Consider incorporating these complementary approaches:

• Stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, or cognitive behavioral therapy
• Regular exercise, which can help regulate bowel function and reduce stress
• Adequate hydration to support digestive health
• Mindful eating practices to improve digestion and reduce symptoms
• Probiotic supplements, which may help balance gut bacteria (consult with your healthcare provider first)

Can these approaches replace the need for a low-FODMAP diet? While these strategies can be beneficial for overall gut health, they typically work best in conjunction with dietary changes for managing IBS symptoms. The combination of dietary modifications and lifestyle changes often provides the most comprehensive approach to symptom management.

Remember, every individual with IBS is unique, and what works for one person may not work for another. It’s essential to work closely with your healthcare team to develop a personalized management plan that addresses your specific symptoms and needs.

The Future of IBS Management: Emerging Research and Treatments

As our understanding of IBS continues to evolve, researchers are exploring new avenues for treatment and management. Some promising areas of research include:

• The role of the gut microbiome in IBS and potential microbiome-based therapies
• Targeted dietary interventions beyond the low-FODMAP diet
• New pharmacological treatments targeting specific IBS symptoms
• The potential of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in treating IBS
• The use of cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy in managing IBS symptoms

What can we expect in the future of IBS treatment? While it’s difficult to predict exactly what new treatments will emerge, the trend is towards more personalized approaches that take into account an individual’s unique symptom profile, gut microbiome composition, and lifestyle factors. As research progresses, we may see more targeted dietary interventions, novel medications, and combination therapies that address both the physical and psychological aspects of IBS.

In the meantime, the low-FODMAP diet remains one of the most effective dietary interventions for managing IBS symptoms. By understanding the principles of this diet and working closely with healthcare professionals, many individuals with IBS can find significant relief and improved quality of life.

Low-FODMap Diet Guide: Complete Scientific Guide

Medically Reviewed

A frittata with veggies can fit on a low-FODMAP diet.Nadine Greeff/StocksyIf you have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a gastrointestinal condition marked by cramping, gas, and diarrhea or constipation, your doctor may have recommended following what’s called a low-FODMAP diet to reduce your symptoms, notes Mayo Clinic.

This diet focuses on eliminating potentially problematic foods (much like an elimination diet) then gradually re-adding foods that suit your body. While many people find this diet brings quick relief, it can be difficult to follow — at least at first. That’s why it helps to have a solid understanding of how it works before adding it to your IBS diet plan.

What Is a FODMAP?

FODMAP is an acronym that stands for “fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols.” According to Monash University, which developed the research behind the low-FODMAP diet, these are “short-chain carbohydrates that aren’t absorbed properly in the gut, and can trigger symptoms in people with IBS. ”

More specifically, “the term FODMAP refers to a group of small carbohydrates (sugars and fibers) that are commonly malabsorbed in the gut. These poorly digested sugars can pull water into the small intestine and become food for the gut microbes that live in our colon, resulting in gas,” says Kate Scarlata, RDN, author of The Low-FODMAP Diet Step by Step, who is based in Boston. “The gas and water can be trapped in the intestine or stretch the intestine, contributing to troubling gut symptoms,” she says.

A low-FODMAP diet limits, or in some cases eliminates, foods that are high in FODMAPs and emphasizes eating those that are low in FODMAPs, according to Harvard Health.

Examples of high-FODMAP foods include apples, dried fruit, asparagus, mushrooms, cow’s milk, ice cream, legumes, wheat, honey, and pistachios, notes Monash University.

Examples of low-FODMAP foods include carrots, cucumbers, lettuce, oranges, strawberries, hard cheeses (cheddar, Gouda, Parmesan), eggs, oats, maple syrup, and peanuts.

Some scientific evidence suggests a low-FODMAP diet may improve IBS symptoms. In a systematic review and meta-analysis on 12 papers, which included 9 trials, following the diet decreased gastrointestinal symptoms “by a moderate to large extent” and improved quality of life in participants compared with a control diet, per the European Journal of Nutrition in February 2021.

FODMAP Food List: What to Eat (and Avoid)

Monash University is a great go-to resource for a list of high-FODMAP (foods to mostly avoid or limit) and low-FODMAP foods (foods to eat).

You can also download the Monash University FODMAP app for a complete list and an invaluable resource when following the diet.

Below is a sampling from each food category.

High-FODMAP Foods (to Limit or Avoid)

• Artichoke
• Asparagus
• Cauliflower
• Garlic
• Apples
• Blackberries
• Cherries
• Mango
• Nectarines
• Pears
• Watermelon
• Cow’s milk
• Soy milk
• Yogurt
• Beans
• Lentils
• Wheat
• Pasta
• Rye
• Barley
• Honey
• Cashews
• Pistachios

Low-FODMAP Foods (to Eat)

• Eggplant
• Green beans
• Bok choy
• Bell pepper
• Carrots
• Cucumber
• Tomatoes
• Potatoes
• Grapes
• Kiwi
• Orange
• Banana
• Pineapple
• Strawberries
• Almond milk
• Brie cheese
• Feta cheese
• Hard cheeses
• Eggs
• Firm tofu
• Plain cooked meats (not marinated)
• Fish and seafood
• Popcorn
• Oats and oatmeal
• Sourdough bread and sourdough spelt bread
• Dark chocolate
• Peanuts and peanut butter (go for natural, without added sugars)
• Olives

Bacon

, maple syrup, table sugar, potato chips, and mayonnaise

are also allowed, though these foods aren’t the healthiest choices.

Moderate-FODMAP Foods (to Limit)

On a FODMAP diet, you can eat the following, depending on the portion size:

• Avocado: A portion that is 1/8 a single fruit is low-FODMAP.
• Sweet potato: A ½ cup portion is low-FODMAP.
• Broccoli: A ¾ cup serving of florets is low-FODMAP.
• Cabbage: A ¾ cup serving is low-FODMAP.
• Canned pumpkin: A 1/3 cup serving is low-FODMAP.

A 7-Day Sample Menu for a Low-FODMAP Diet

It can be tough to get started with a low-FODMAP diet, but here are ideas for the meals, snacks, and desserts you’ll eat:

Day 1

Breakfast Oatmeal with blueberries and walnuts

Lunch Salad with grilled chicken, strawberries, and feta

Snack Small berry smoothie

Dinner Homemade pork fried rice

Dessert Lactose-free frozen yogurt

Day 2

Breakfast Omelet with spinach and feta

Lunch Gluten-free margherita pizza

Snack Crunchy chickpeas (¼ cup)

Dinner Salmon-avocado sushi

Dessert Raspberry sorbet

Day 3

Breakfast Rice cake with peanut butter and mashed raspberries

Lunch Bean-free veggie soup with gluten-free crackers

Snack Walnuts

Dinner Fish tacos on corn tortillas

Dessert Sliced pineapple

Day 4

Breakfast Overnight oats with bananas and macadamia nuts

Lunch Beef vegetable soup

Snack Carrot sticks and peanut butter

Dinner Gluten-free spaghetti Bolognese

Dessert Gluten-free blueberry crumble bar

Day 5

Breakfast Scrambled eggs with cheddar cheese and red bell peppers

Lunch Chili (made with canned lentils instead of beans)

Snack Orange and sunflower seeds

Dinner Beef stew

Dessert A square of 80 percent cacao dark chocolate

Day 6

Breakfast Shakshuka (poached eggs in a tomato sauce)

Lunch Tuna salad over greens

Snack Gluten-free crackers and cheddar cheese

Dinner Pork tenderloin with zucchini

Dessert Sliced strawberries

Day 7

Breakfast Two hard-boiled eggs with cantaloupe

Lunch Quinoa salad with chicken, zucchini, and radishes

Snack Popcorn

Dinner Eggplant Parmesan made with gluten-free breading

Dessert Chocolate sorbet

Benefits of the Low-FODMAP Diet

Once you’ve removed the offending foods from your diet, you may be surprised at the near-immediate change. “As a clinician who has implemented this diet in many people with IBS, the most rewarding experience is that most people will feel better in just a few days,” says Scarlata.

Neha Shah, MPH, RD, a digestive health nutrition expert at Stanford Health Care in San Francisco, tells her patients with IBS that it can take up to two to six weeks to feel better.

“What we’re looking for is less abdominal pain, and less gas and bloating,” she says. It’s possible you can still have symptoms after a low-FODMAP diet. In that case, an evaluation by a registered dietitian can pinpoint potential snags, like hidden FODMAPs or excess consumption of low- or moderate-FODMAP foods, which can also potentially trigger symptoms.

Who Should Avoid a Low-FODMAP Diet?

There are several concerns regarding the low-FODMAP diet, including if it provides adequate nutrition, the cost associated with it, and how tough it can be to learn how to implement it in your life, as it is not an intuitive diet (many high-FODMAP foods are healthy), notes an analysis published in the journal Nutrients in January 2020.

These problems come to a head when people attempt to try a low-FODMAP diet on their own without professional guidance. A later study that was published in August 2020, also in the journal Nutrients, involved 73 patients with IBS who followed a low-FODMAP diet for two months and concluded that the diet was able to improve symptoms while providing adequate nutrients.

Still, “The low-FODMAP diet is science-based for those with IBS. It’s not recommended for everyone in the general public. Most FODMAP-containing foods are healthy, and there is no need to remove them from your diet if they do not exacerbate GI distress,” says Scarlata. Doing so could needlessly increase the risk for nutrient deficiencies. What’s more, going low-FODMAP is not necessary for everyone with IBS, she says.

If you have disordered eating habits, have a history of an eating disorder, or are underweight, a low-FODMAP diet can be too restrictive for you, triggering further restriction, says Scarlata. “In this case, other IBS treatments, such as enteric peppermint oil, probiotics, or gut-directed hypnosis could be alternatives to diet-based treatments,” she says. Work with your healthcare team to find out whether these options may benefit you.

Scarlata also points out that in some cases (like if you have existing dietary restrictions, have IBS and are pregnant, or have a hard time complying with the diet), your healthcare provider may recommend a “FODMAP-gentle” diet. According to a review published in March 2019 in the Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, this diet involves restricting only foods very high in FODMAPs, like onions, wheat, milk, apples, and legumes.

“This is simply a more liberal and flexible application of the low-FODMAP diet,” says Scarlata.

How Do You Start a Low-FODMAP Diet?

The low-FODMAP diet is a three-phase diet. Because the foods removed are not easily identified and it begins as an elimination diet, you’d be prudent to lean on a registered dietitian for guidance, says Shah. Below is the protocol that she uses for patients at the clinic:

Phase 1: Elimination

Pick a start date and remove all high-FODMAP foods from the diet. This is where it’s critical to have a registered dietitian working with you, as they can provide guidance on appropriate food substitutions. “To be successful, it’s important to understand how to eliminate FODMAPs in different life scenarios — at work, traveling, at home — and learn how to find substitutions in each environment,” says Shah.

Extra credit for planning ahead and getting low-FODMAP foods in your kitchen and removing high-FODMAP foods. This lasts for two to four weeks.

Phase 2: Reintroduction

The main goal with phase 2 is to identify your food triggers, says Shah. While there’s no clear-cut method on how to reintroduce foods, she says that often the recommended step is to reintroduce each FODMAP at a time with a select list of foods. So reintroducing lactose may involve drinking 1 cup of cow’s milk, and watching how your body reacts. Reintroducing fructose may be ½ cup of watermelon.

During this time, you’ll continue to follow a low-FODMAP diet so that you can identify what triggers symptoms. Keep a food journal handy, either by using an app on your smartphone or an old-school paper notebook, to track your symptoms. This phase lasts six to eight weeks.

Phase 3: Personalization

“We continue to expand the low-FODMAP diet by eating FODMAPs that are tolerated well and eliminating those that are bothersome,” says Shah. She notes that it’s unlikely any one food needs to be completely avoided. Generally bothersome foods may not be eaten daily or may only be eaten in a small amount, as tolerance often depends on the dose.

One important thing to keep in mind throughout is that you don’t have to be perfect. “The goal isn’t to have a FODMAP-free diet, but rather to reduce FODMAPs in the diet to modify GI symptoms,” says Scarlata. “Added stress with diet changes can impact gut symptoms on its own, and that’s not the goal here,” she says.

5 Low-FODMAP Recipes to Try

1. Oat and Banana Pancakes

It can feel like a learning curve to make your favorites FODMAP friendly, but this pancake recipe, featuring oats, oat bran, rice flour, and unripe bananas will help you learn the necessary substitutions.

Get the recipe from Monash University.

2. Low-FODMAP Roasted Chicken With Maple and Rosemary

This juicy roasted chicken features a low-FODMAP marinade made from lemon juice, oil, maple syrup, and herbs.

Get the recipe from Rachel Pauls Food.

3. Low FODMAP Turkey Chili With Sweet Potato and Lentils

This chili gets its heartiness from sweet potatoes, ground turkey, lentils, and leeks, and its warm-you-up flavor from a low-FODMAP taco seasoning and cinnamon, making it perfect for a chilly day.

Get the recipe from Fun Without FODMAPs.

4. Parsnip Chowder With Crispy Sage (Low FODMAP)

This is one of the most delightfully creamy soups you’ll eat all year. Potatoes and parsnips serve as the base, while coconut milk thickens the soup, and sage leaves makes each bowl beautifully fragrant. To make the recipe more low-FODMAP-friendly, skip the garlic.

Get the recipe from Feed Me Phoebe.

5. Low-FODMAP Pork Loin Roast With Herb Rice Stuffing

When you need a recipe for a dinner party (or just want leftovers for later in the week), this pork loin roast is a winner. Serve it up with the pumpkin seed–studded risotto, and you have a restaurant-worthy dish.

Get the recipe from A Little Bit Yummy.

Best Blogs and Books That Can Help You Follow a Low FODMAP Diet

Monash University The Low FODMAP Diet

The site and accompanying app are well laid out and extremely informative in guiding you through the diet and helping to identify low-, moderate-, and high-FODMAP foods. Everyone on this diet needs to have this resource in their back pocket.

A Little Bit Yummy

Not only will you find low-FODMAP recipes, but also e-courses, entire meal plans, and added support (for example: how to “FOD-ify” your existing favorite recipes) to find success on the plan.

The Low-FODMAP Diet Step by Step

This book, by Kate Scarlata, RDN, and Dede Wilson, is packed with delicious recipes (more than 130) to help you successfully execute the diet throughout its three phases.

The Low-FODMAP Diet for Beginners

A No 1. bestseller in its category, this guide by Mollie Tunitsky teaches you how to shop appropriately, find the recipe depending on your dietary needs, like vegetarian, pescatarian, and more.

The Flexible FODMAP Diet Cookbook

By Karen Frazier, this resource packs in a variety of meal plans, plus a bevy of recipes for every meal, snack, side, and dessert.

5 Frequently Asked Questions (and Answers) About the Low-FODMAP Diet

Q: Do you lose weight on the FODMAP diet?

A: No. The low-FODMAP diet is not a weight loss diet. It’s a diet that helps people with IBS limit or avoid GI discomfort that can accompany eating.

Q: What foods have fructans?

A: Wheat, onion, and garlic are foods that contain fructans, or inulin, according to Stanford Health Care.

Q: Why is a FODMAP diet low?

A: The “low” in a low-FODMAP diet refers to the specific foods that contain low amounts of certain carbohydrates in foods that may be difficult to digest, and can trigger GI symptoms in IBS patients.

Q: What is FODMAPs intolerance?

A: This may refer to someone who has IBS who finds that eating high-FODMAP foods or larger amounts of moderate-FODMAP foods sets off GI symptoms like gas, bloating, and diarrhea or constipation.

Q: What kind of bread can I eat on a FODMAP diet?

A: Low-FODMAP breads include millet bread, corn bread, sourdough bread, sourdough spelt bread, and gluten-free white bread. Work with a registered dietitian for help on identifying more low-FODMAP foods.

A Final Word: Should You Try a FODMAP Diet?

If you’ve been diagnosed with IBS and your healthcare provider recommends a low-FODMAP diet, there is a good chance that this elimination diet can help improve if not resolve GI symptoms to increase your comfort and quality of life.

People with active eating disorders, however, should avoid a low-FODMAP diet.

In some cases, a “FODMAP-gentle” diet may be helpful. This plan restricts only very-high-FODMAP foods.

Following a low-FODMAP diet involves limiting or avoiding foods that are high in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols, which includes legumes; gluten-containing grains; high-lactose dairy; some fruits, like apples and stone fruit; vegetables such as cauliflower and mushrooms; and certain sweeteners, like honey.

After following the three-step elimination diet protocol, you may see a notable reduction in GI symptoms in two to six weeks, though some people report feeling better within days.

Editorial Sources and Fact-Checking

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Clinic.
• FODMAPs and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Monash University.
• Try a FODMAPS Diet to Manage Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Harvard Health Publishing. September 17, 2019.
• High and Low FODMAP Foods. Monash University.
• Get the App. Monash University.
• Halmos EP, Gibson PR. Controversies and Reality of the FODMAP Diet for Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. March 2019.
• Low FODMAP Diet. Stanford Health Care.
• Van Lanen AS, De Bree A, Greyling A. Efficacy of a Low-FODMAP Diet in Adult Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. European Journal of Nutrition. February 14, 2021.
• German Potato Pancakes (Kartoffelpuffer). Monash University.
• Bellini M, Tonarelli S, Nagy AG, et al. Low FODMAP Diet: Evidence, Doubts, and Hopes. Nutrients. January 4, 2020.
• Bellini M, Tonarelli S, Barracca F, et al. A Low-FODMAP Diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Some Answers to the Doubts from a Long-Term Follow-Up. Nutrients. August 7, 2020.
• Halmos EP, Gibson PR. Controversies and Reality of the FODMAP Diet for Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. March 8, 2019.

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By Julie Lynn MarksMedically Reviewed by Justin Laube, MD

Reviewed: November 28, 2020

Glutamine is taken as a dietary supplement for intestinal health and exercise performance. It’s used as a medical therapy to treat glutamine deficiency or loss of glutamine that’s caused by different injuries or illnesses.

Glutamine is an amino acid that’s found naturally in the body and in many foods.

For patients with sickle cell disease, glutamine supplementation can reduce the risk of complications.

Glutamine may also be used with or without human growth hormone to treat short bowel syndrome.

uses

What is Glutamine (Endari) used for?

• Dietary Supplement
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Short Bowel Syndrome

warnings

What is the most important information I should know about Glutamine (Endari)?

To make sure glutamine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have:

• liver disease; or
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FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether glutamine will harm an unborn baby. Do not use this medicine without a doctor’s advice if you are pregnant.

It is not known whether glutamine passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medicine without a doctor’s advice if you are breast-feeding a baby.

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Overall rating for Glutamine (Endari)

3.7

out of  5

Side Effects

Easy to Use

Effectiveness

Read Glutamine (Endari) Reviews

Side Effects

What are the side effects of Glutamine (Endari)?

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Call your doctor at once if you have:

• chest pain;
• hearing problems; or
• signs of infection such as fever, chills, sore throat, flu symptoms, mouth sores, unusual weakness.

Common side effects may include:

• nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, gas;
• swelling in your hands or feet;
• muscle or joint pain, back pain;
• headache, dizziness, tired feeling;
• mild skin rash or itching; or
• dry mouth, runny nose, increased sweating.

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

Can I take Glutamine (Endari) if I’m pregnant or breastfeeding?

C

Risk cannot be ruled out

Based on FDA pregnancy categories

FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether glutamine will harm an unborn baby. Do not use this medicine without a doctor’s advice if you are pregnant.

It is not known whether glutamine passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medicine without a doctor’s advice if you are breast-feeding a baby.

Interactions

What drugs and food should I avoid while taking Glutamine (Endari)?

Follow your doctor’s instructions about any restrictions on food, beverages, or activity.

Dosage Guidelines & Tips

How to take Glutamine (Endari)?

Use Glutamine (Endari) exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.

What should I do if I missed a dose of Glutamine (Endari)?

Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.

Overdose Signs

What happens if I overdose on Glutamine (Endari)?

An overdose of glutamine is not expected to produce life-threatening symptoms.

If you think you or someone else may have overdosed on: Glutamine (Endari),  call your doctor or the Poison Control center

(800) 222-1222

If someone collapses or isn’t breathing after taking Glutamine (Endari), call 911

911

What to Expect

Generally, most people tolerate glutamine well.

Let your doctor know if you experience any unusual side effects while taking this medicine.

Secondary Uses

Glutamine may be used for other conditions that aren’t listed in this guide.

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Medical Disclaimer

Drugs A-Z provides drug information from Everyday Health and our partners, as well as ratings from our members, all in one place. Cerner Multum™ provides the data within some of the Overview, Uses, Warnings, Side Effects, Pregnancy, Interactions, Dosage, Overdose, and Images sections. The information within all other sections is proprietary to Everyday Health. 

Methods of treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease: tips and tricks

Contents

• 1 Methods of treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease: effective means of combating pathology
  • 1.1 What is coronary artery disease: main causes and symptoms : proper nutrition and physical activity
    • 1. 2.1 Proper nutrition
    • 1.2.2 Physical activity
    • 1.2.3 Regular medical examinations
    • 1.2.4 Avoid bad habits
  • 1.3 Modern medicines for CHD
  • 1.4 What is the danger of CHD: possible complications and consequences
  • 1.5 Methods of treatment of CHD in modern medicine
    • 1.5.1 Conservative methods of treatment of CHD

    9 0005 1.5.2 Radical treatments for IHD

  • 1.6 Treatments for CAD: arterial revascularization and stenting
    • 1.6.1 Arterial revascularization
    • 1.6.2 Stenting
  • 1.7 Transmyocardial pacing: a new treatment for CAD
  • 1.8 Management of CAD in the elderly and complicated patients: what you need to know
    • 1.8.1 Symptoms of CAD in the elderly
    • 1.8.2 Treatment of CAD in the elderly 9 0008
    • 1.8 .3 Features of the treatment of coronary artery disease in complicated patients
  • 1.9 Treatment of atherosclerosis obliterans: effective procedures
    • 1. 9.1 Vascular surgery
    • 1.9.2 Drug therapy
    • 1.9.3 Comprehensive approach
  • 1.10 Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: recommendations for patients
  • 1.11 Trendy treatments for coronary artery disease: truth and myths
  • 1.12 Related videos:

  9000 5 1.13 Q&A:

  • • 1.13 .0.1 What treatments for coronary artery disease are recommended by doctors?
    • 1.13.0.2 What measures to prevent coronary artery disease will help reduce the risk of developing the disease?
    • 1.13.0.3 Is a healthy diet important in the treatment of CAD?
    • 1.13.0.4 What medications are most commonly used in the treatment of IHD?
    • 1.13.0.5 What are the advantages of surgical treatment of coronary artery disease?
    • 1.13.0.6 How important is regular medical check-ups to prevent CHD?

Find out about CHD treatment and prevention. Read the article and gain useful knowledge to improve your health.

Ischemic heart disease, or CAD, is a common heart disease that can lead to serious complications, including myocardial infarction and heart failure. In this regard, it is necessary to know the methods of treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease to maintain the health of your heart.

There are many ways to treat CAD, from widening narrowed arteries to controlling blood pressure. However, the most effective method is a lifestyle treatment that includes regular exercise and a healthy diet. Our recommendations include specific tips for a healthy lifestyle that can help you prevent and treat CHD.

According to the World Health Organization, coronary heart disease is one of the most common causes of death on the planet. However, many cases of CAD can be prevented by making changes to your lifestyle.

What is coronary heart disease: main causes and symptoms

Coronary artery disease (CHD) is a heart disease in which partial or complete narrowing of the lumen occurs in the coronary arteries, which leads to impaired blood supply to the heart muscle.

IHD symptoms may include: 1) burning behind the sternum, pressing pain, feeling of pressure or tightness in the chest, 2) pain or discomfort in the neck, jaw, left shoulder or arm, 3) palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating, 4) general malaise and fatigue. Symptoms may only appear during exercise or stressful situations, and may also appear at rest.

If you suspect coronary artery disease, be sure to see a doctor. Your health is in your hands.

IHD prevention methods: proper nutrition and physical activity

Proper nutrition

Proper nutrition is one of the most important methods of IHD prevention. All essential vitamins, minerals and other nutrients must be present in the human diet. You should stop eating fatty and fried foods, which increase the level of cholesterol in the blood. Instead, it is better to eat fresh vegetables, fruits, herbs, low-fat meat and fish dishes.

Physical activity

Regular physical activity is one of the main methods of prevention of coronary artery disease. Exercise strengthens the cardiovascular system, improves blood circulation, increases stamina and reduces the risk of coronary artery disease and other diseases. The ideal option is to exercise 2-3 times a week, but even simple exercises such as walking, yoga at home or simple physical exercises can significantly improve health.

Regular medical examinations

It is important to have regular medical check-ups and check your blood cholesterol and blood pressure levels. This will help to timely identify the initial signs of coronary artery disease and prevent its progression.

Avoid bad habits

Smoking and alcohol consumption adversely affect human health and can lead to serious illnesses, including coronary artery disease. Therefore, you should avoid bad habits and get used to healthy lifestyles to prevent the development of diseases.

Modern drugs for coronary artery disease

Antiplatelet agents are drugs that help prevent platelets from sticking together and forming blood clots in blood vessels. Such drugs include aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine and their analogues.

Beta-blockers – drugs that reduce the need for oxygen in the heart muscle, increase the contractile function of the heart, reduce heart rate and myocardial tone. These drugs include metoprolol, otenolol, nadolol and others.

Nitrates are drugs that dilate blood vessels, improve blood supply to the heart muscle, and reduce the need for oxygen. These drugs include nitroglycerin, isosorbide-5-mononitrate, isosorbide-dinitrate and others.

ACE inhibitors are medicines that lower blood pressure, reduce vascular resistance, improve left ventricular function, and improve large artery patency. These drugs include lisinopril, ramipril, enalapril and others.

statins are drugs that lower blood cholesterol levels and reduce the amount of fatty deposits on the inside of arteries. These drugs include atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and others.

proantanginal drugs are drugs that increase blood flow to the heart muscle, decrease the workload on the heart, lower blood pressure, and slow the heart rate. Such drugs include verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine and others.

When prescribing any medication, be sure to consult a qualified cardiologist and follow all his recommendations.

Why IHD is dangerous: possible complications and consequences

Ischemic heart disease is a serious disease that can lead to many complications. One of the most terrible consequences is a myocardial infarction. It develops due to insufficient blood flow in the heart and can lead to irreparable consequences.

IHD can lead to systemic disease of the cardiovascular system and damage to most internal organs. This can lead to ischemic stroke, high blood pressure, or even heart failure.

It is important to know that CAD can be disabling. If you do not start treatment on time, your body will slowly break down and it will be impossible to stop the process. Therefore, timely diagnosis is important and methods of treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease begin at the earliest stages of the disease.

IHD treatment methods in modern medicine

Ischemic heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common diseases of the cardiovascular system. Treatment of coronary artery disease can be conservative or radical, depending on the degree of development of the disease and its criticality for the patient’s life.

Non-surgical treatments for coronary artery disease

Non-surgical treatments for coronary artery disease include lifestyle changes, medication, and regular follow-up with a physician. For lifestyle changes, the patient may be advised to exercise, diet, and stop smoking. Medications to lower cholesterol levels, reduce pressure, and control the gastrointestinal tract may also be prescribed by a doctor. Regular follow-up with a doctor is necessary to monitor the dynamics of the disease and adjust treatment.

Radical treatments for coronary heart disease

Radical treatments for coronary artery disease are used in cases of severe forms of the disease, when conservative methods are ineffective. Such methods are angioplasty, bypass surgery, as well as coronary bypass surgery.

• Angioplasty. This method consists in expanding the narrowed portion of the vessel with a valve, internal pump or balloon, which is inflated inside the vessel. Angioplasty is used for partial blockage of the coronary arteries.
• Bypass. This method consists of transplanting a vessel that bypasses the narrowed section of the coronary artery, thereby providing sufficient blood flow to the heart. As a result of this method, the patient’s quality of life improves and his survival increases.
• Coronary artery bypass. This method consists in the rehabilitation of the area of ​​the heart that has suffered from coronary artery disease. Coronary artery bypass surgery is used to block the coronary arteries and provide sufficient blood flow to the heart.

Procedures to help with coronary heart disease: arterial revascularization and stenting

Arterial revascularization

Arterial revascularization is a procedure to restore blood flow in damaged arteries of the heart. It can be performed using transmyocardial laser revascularization or balloon angioplasty.

Balloon angioplasty is a procedure in which a balloon is lifted through a thin catheter to inflate inside the damaged artery and expand it to the desired diameter.

These procedures are usually performed in a hospital, under local anesthesia. They can significantly improve the patient’s condition and reduce the likelihood of myocardial infarction.

Stenting

Stenting is a procedure in which a thin metal stent is placed in an injured artery in the heart. This happens through a catheter that is inserted into a patient’s vein in the arm or leg and travels through the heart to the damaged artery.

There are different types of stents, but they are usually in the form of a tube or mesh to help keep the channel open inside the artery and prevent it from closing off. Stents can be used in combination with balloon angioplasty for best results.

This procedure is performed under local anesthesia and most patients can leave the hospital a few days after. Stenting may reduce the chance of recurrence of CAD and prevent myocardial infarction.

Transmyocardial pacing: a new treatment for CHD

Transmyocardial pacing (TMS) is a new treatment for coronary artery disease (CHD) that is used when other therapies are no longer effective.

The principle of the method is that an electrode is inserted through the chest wall into the heart muscle, which stimulates the work of the heart. This method allows you to increase the amount of blood entering the heart and increase the efficiency of the myocardium.

TMS can also help relieve pain in the heart area and reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease complications. Transmyocardial stimulation of the myocardium requires a certain set of equipment and highly qualified specialists.

Although TMS is a relatively new treatment for coronary artery disease, it has already proven to be effective and is available to patients in some medical centers. However, the decision to use this method of therapy should be made only after consultation with and under the supervision of a qualified cardiologist.

Management of CHD in the Elderly and Complicated Patients: What You Need to Know

Symptoms of CHD in the Elderly Patients

In older patients, CHD may not be as obvious as in younger patients. Often, older people do not experience typical chest pain, but complain of shortness of breath, increased fatigue, and weakness. In this case, the heartbeat may not increase. Such symptoms can lead to the fact that CAD in elderly patients will be diagnosed at a late stage.

Treatment of CAD in the elderly

Treatment of CAD in the elderly may be difficult due to the presence of other diseases and pathologies. Often elderly patients have a complicated cardiac status, so treatment should be individualized and aimed at eliminating specific problems.

1. The main treatment for coronary heart disease in elderly patients are drugs aimed at improving blood flow in the heart and reducing pain.
2. It is also important to control and lower cholesterol levels, which may require the use of statins.
3. Exercise and diet can help reduce the risk of CHD in the future and improve the general condition of older patients.

Treatment considerations for CAD in complicated patients

Patients with complicated cardiac status may have arrhythmias, coronary artery occlusions, or weak heart muscle. In this case, treatment should be aimed at improving blood supply and increasing the contractility of the heart muscle.

• Improving blood flow in the heart can be achieved with calcium blockers and nitrates.
• Antiarrhythmic drugs may be used for abnormal heart rhythms.
• If the heart muscle is weak, ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers may be required.

Treatment of obliterating atherosclerosis: effective procedures

Vascular surgery

One of the main methods of treatment of obliterating atherosclerosis is vascular surgery. It allows you to restore blood flow in the affected arteries and venous beds. Doctors can use various technologies to restore blood flow: from distal proximal resection to intraligamentous angioplasty and endarterectomy.

Depending on the location of the vascular lesion and the severity of the disease, the doctor may recommend an operation using balloon angioplasty or stenting.

Drug therapy

Various groups of drugs are used to treat atherosclerosis obliterans: antithrombotics, statins, and vasodilators. Antithrombotics are designed to prevent blood clots and improve blood flow. Statins are used to lower blood cholesterol levels and prevent plaque buildup on artery walls. Vasodilators help dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow.

Comprehensive approach

For effective treatment of atherosclerosis obliterans, it is important to use an integrated approach that includes not only drug therapy and vascular surgery, but also lifestyle changes. Patients are advised to avoid smoking, exercise moderately and monitor their weight. It is also important to eat right and take the medications prescribed by your doctor.

Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: recommendations for patients

Myocardial infarction is a serious heart disease requiring long-term treatment and rehabilitation. Recovery after myocardial infarction is necessary to restore heart function and reduce the risk of recurrent complications.

The main tasks of rehabilitation are the restoration of physical activity, control of blood pressure, normalization of blood fat levels, weight loss and stress control. An important place in rehabilitation is also occupied by psychological assistance to relieve psychological problems caused by myocardial infarction.

• Physical activity. After myocardial infarction, it is necessary to gradually increase physical activity. You can start with walks in the fresh air, then add exercises to strengthen the cardiovascular system.
• Diet. It is necessary to limit the intake of fats, salt and carbohydrates. Try to eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, dairy products.
• Smoking cessation. Smoking is one of the main risk factors for the development of diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Following these simple rules will help you return to a fulfilling life and prevent future complications.

Fashionable treatments for coronary artery disease: truth and myths

Ischemic heart disease is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. It occurs due to narrowing or blockage of the arteries that carry blood to the heart. There are various treatments for coronary heart disease, but many of them do not have scientific validity and are more myth than truth.

Treatments for coronary artery disease not supported by scientific research:

• Use of a hyperbaric chamber;
• Hydrogen peroxide infusion;
• Treatment of blood with ultraviolet light;
• Work with patients in areas with mud of volcanic origin.

All of these methods may have only temporary relief of the symptoms of coronary heart disease, but they are not able to cure the disease and are not supported by clinical studies.

Real methods of treating coronary artery disease:

• The use of drugs. Among them, the most effective are antiplatelet agents, antiplatelet drugs, beta-blockers and nitrates.
• Surgical methods of treatment of IHD. They are used in cases where conservative therapy is ineffective. Such methods include angioplasty, arterial bypass, and transmyocardial revascularization.
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle that includes proper nutrition, not smoking, regular exercise, and weight control.

A properly selected complex of treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease, based on effective and evidence-based methods, significantly improves the quality of life of patients with this disease and increases their duration.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What treatments for IHD are recommended by doctors?

Depending on the severity of the disease, doctors may prescribe medications and recommend surgical correction of vascular pathology. An important additional step in treatment is the control of risk factors such as smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, etc.

What measures to prevent coronary artery disease will help reduce the risk of developing the disease?

Important measures to prevent coronary artery disease include lowering cholesterol and smoking, reducing stress and increasing physical activity, and managing diabetes. It is also important to have regular medical check-ups, including checking blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels.

Is a healthy diet important in the treatment of CHD?

Yes, a healthy diet is of great importance in the treatment of coronary artery disease. It is recommended to reduce the consumption of fatty and sugary foods, increase the amount of vegetables, fruits and cereals in the diet. It is also important to eat small portions of food and not overeat.

What medications are most commonly used in the treatment of IHD?

In the treatment of coronary artery disease, drugs are most often used that improve vascular patency, lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and also reduce the risk of thrombosis. These include beta-blockers, antiplatelet agents, statins, ACE inhibitors, and others.

What are the advantages of surgical treatment of coronary artery disease?

Surgery for diseases such as angina pectoris or myocardial infarction may be successful if medical treatment does not help or is not effective. One of the most effective methods is shunting – the surgical correction of vascular pathology by creating a bypass for blood.

How important is regular medical check-ups to prevent CHD?

Regular medical examinations are an important element in the prevention of coronary artery disease. Conducting examinations allows you to identify violations in the work of the body and begin their treatment at the first stages of the development of the disease. Also, during the examination, you can identify the presence of risk factors and start monitoring them.

Treatment of coronary heart disease (ischemia) in a sanatorium in Kislovodsk

The main causes of death are vascular accidents, myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest as a result of coronary heart disease (CHD). A huge role in the prevention of dangerous conditions and rehabilitation is given to sanatorium treatment, which helps to recover faster after a heart attack and several times reduces the likelihood of its development.

Treatment of coronary heart disease in a sanatorium is to minimize the negative factors that cause this disease. The following individuals are at risk for CVD:

• people over forty;
• overweight;
• suffering from hypertension;
• leading a sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle;
• under constant stress;
• people with close relatives who have had myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke.

Not every sanatorium for the treatment of IHD in the Stavropol Territory has modern diagnostic equipment and a powerful medical base, which is represented in Victoria. That is why numerous patients come to our health resort every year for quality medical services and protection against ischemia. Among the reasons why people come to treat coronary heart disease are the following:

• daily monitoring of the patient’s condition by the attending cardiologist, therapist and other specialists;
• individual treatment programs, taking into account the severity of the disease, the presence of concomitant pathologies and contraindications;
• unique procedures that improve the condition of not only the myocardium, but also the body as a whole;
• the latest diagnostic equipment that can detect minimal deviations from normal indicators and calculate possible risks;
• highly qualified specialists who have returned to a full life more than one hundred patients with heart disease;
• favorable climatic conditions, which are one of the most important factors in treatment;
• excellent infrastructure of the sanatorium, which plays an important role for a speedy recovery.

Methods of treatment

Treatment of cardiac ischemia in Kislovodsk, in the sanatorium “Victoria”, is carried out in a complex, using various therapeutic methods:

• Taking narzan, iodine-bromine, turpentine, foam-licorice, coniferous-pearl baths, SUV, which have a calming and relaxing effect on the body.
• Sessions of contrast showers, in which the alternation of warm and cold water increases the tone of the cardiovascular system and stimulates the contractile activity of the heart.
• Physical therapy classes (health path, therapeutic swimming in a pool with natural mineral water, exercises on rehabilitation simulators, etc.), during which blood circulation, the work of the respiratory system, and the heart muscle are normalized.
• Physiotherapeutic procedures (microwave, magnetotherapy, electrotherapy) aimed at restoring the myocardium and general strengthening of the body.
• Psychological rehabilitation, helping the patient to tune in to recovery and recharge with optimism.