What are the key signs of OCD in adults. How does OCD impact daily life. What are the most effective treatments for OCD. Can genetics influence OCD development. How does brain structure relate to OCD. What role does environment play in OCD risk. How can pharmacogenetic testing improve OCD treatment outcomes.

Demystifying Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Adults

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a complex mental health condition that affects approximately 2.5% of adults in the United States. Despite its prevalence, OCD is often misunderstood and misrepresented in popular culture. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of OCD in adults, exploring its symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of OCD

OCD manifests through two primary components: obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are intrusive, recurring thoughts or urges that cause significant anxiety or distress. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that individuals feel compelled to perform in response to their obsessions.

Common Obsessions in OCD

• Fear of contamination or germs
• Unwanted taboo thoughts (e.g., sexual or violent)
• Need for symmetry or exactness
• Fear of harming oneself or others
• Excessive doubt or uncertainty

Common Compulsions in OCD

• Excessive cleaning or handwashing
• Checking and rechecking (e.g., locks, appliances)
• Counting or repeating words silently
• Arranging objects in a specific order
• Seeking reassurance from others

Are all repetitive behaviors indicative of OCD? No, not necessarily. For a diagnosis of OCD, these obsessions and compulsions must consume at least one hour per day and significantly interfere with daily functioning.

The Impact of OCD on Daily Life

OCD can have a profound impact on an individual’s quality of life. The time-consuming nature of obsessions and compulsions can lead to decreased productivity at work or school, strained relationships, and reduced social engagement. Many adults with OCD experience high levels of anxiety and emotional distress, which can further exacerbate their symptoms.

How does OCD affect relationships? OCD can strain relationships in various ways. For example, a person with contamination fears may avoid physical intimacy, while someone with checking compulsions might repeatedly ask their partner for reassurance, leading to frustration and tension.

Unraveling the Causes of OCD

The exact causes of OCD are not fully understood, but research suggests that a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors contribute to its development.

Genetic Factors in OCD

Studies have shown that individuals with a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) who has OCD are at a higher risk of developing the disorder themselves. This risk is even more pronounced if the relative developed OCD during childhood or adolescence.

Does having a family history of OCD guarantee that you will develop the disorder? No, it doesn’t. While genetics play a role, they are not the sole determinant of OCD development.

Neurobiological Factors in OCD

Research has identified structural and functional differences in the brains of individuals with OCD, particularly in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures. These areas are involved in decision-making, impulse control, and processing of emotions.

Environmental Factors in OCD

Traumatic experiences, particularly during childhood, have been linked to an increased risk of developing OCD. Stressful life events, cultural factors, and learned behaviors may also contribute to the onset or exacerbation of OCD symptoms.

Effective Treatment Approaches for OCD in Adults

While OCD can be a challenging condition to manage, there are several evidence-based treatments that have shown significant efficacy in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for OCD

CBT, particularly a specialized form called Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), is considered the gold standard psychotherapy for OCD. ERP involves gradually exposing individuals to situations that trigger their obsessions while helping them resist the urge to engage in compulsive behaviors.

How does ERP work? ERP helps individuals confront their fears and anxiety-provoking thoughts in a controlled, supportive environment. Over time, this exposure leads to a reduction in anxiety and a decreased need to engage in compulsive behaviors.

Medication Options for OCD

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed medications for OCD. These antidepressants work by increasing the availability of serotonin in the brain, which can help reduce obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors.

• Fluoxetine (Prozac)
• Sertraline (Zoloft)
• Paroxetine (Paxil)
• Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
• Escitalopram (Lexapro)

In some cases, other medications such as clomipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant) or antipsychotics may be prescribed, particularly for individuals who do not respond adequately to SSRIs.

The Role of Pharmacogenetic Testing in OCD Treatment

Pharmacogenetic testing is an innovative approach that can help healthcare providers optimize medication selection and dosing for individuals with OCD. This type of testing analyzes an individual’s genetic makeup to predict how they may respond to different medications.

What information does pharmacogenetic testing provide? Pharmacogenetic tests like Genomind® Professional PGx Express™ examine 24 genes related to mental health treatment. This information can help clinicians determine which medications are likely to be most effective, which may cause side effects, and how an individual metabolizes medications for personalized dosing guidance.

Benefits of Pharmacogenetic Testing in OCD Treatment

• Improved medication selection
• Reduced trial-and-error in finding effective treatments
• Minimized risk of adverse drug reactions
• Personalized dosing recommendations
• Potential for faster symptom relief

It’s important to note that while pharmacogenetic testing can provide valuable insights, it should be used in conjunction with a comprehensive clinical assessment and ongoing monitoring by a qualified healthcare provider.

Living with OCD: Strategies for Long-Term Management

Managing OCD is often a lifelong process that requires a multifaceted approach. In addition to professional treatment, there are several strategies that individuals with OCD can employ to better manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.

Mindfulness and Meditation

Practicing mindfulness and meditation can help individuals with OCD become more aware of their thoughts and feelings without judgment. This increased awareness can make it easier to recognize and challenge obsessive thoughts when they arise.

How can mindfulness help with OCD symptoms? Mindfulness techniques can help individuals create distance between themselves and their intrusive thoughts, reducing the power these thoughts have over their emotions and behaviors.

Stress Management

Stress is a common trigger for OCD symptoms. Developing effective stress management techniques can help reduce the frequency and intensity of obsessions and compulsions. Some helpful stress-reduction strategies include:

• Regular exercise
• Adequate sleep
• Time management skills
• Relaxation techniques (e.g., deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation)
• Engaging in enjoyable hobbies or activities

Support Groups and Peer Support

Connecting with others who have OCD can provide valuable emotional support, practical advice, and a sense of community. Many individuals find that participating in support groups or online forums helps them feel less isolated and more empowered in managing their condition.

Addressing Common Misconceptions About OCD

Despite increased awareness of mental health issues in recent years, many misconceptions about OCD persist. Addressing these myths is crucial for promoting understanding and reducing stigma.

Myth: OCD is Just About Being Clean and Organized

While some individuals with OCD do have obsessions related to cleanliness or symmetry, OCD can manifest in many different ways. Some people with OCD may have no concerns about cleanliness at all, instead experiencing intrusive thoughts about harm, relationships, or existential issues.

Myth: People with OCD Can Simply “Stop” Their Behaviors

OCD is not a choice or a sign of weakness. The compulsions associated with OCD are driven by intense anxiety and distress. Telling someone with OCD to simply stop their behaviors is not helpful and can be harmful.

Myth: OCD is Rare

OCD is more common than many people realize, affecting approximately 1 in 40 adults in the United States. It’s important to recognize that many individuals with OCD may not seek help due to shame or stigma, making the actual prevalence potentially higher than reported statistics.

How can we combat stigma surrounding OCD? Education, open dialogue, and sharing personal stories can all help reduce stigma and promote understanding of OCD as a legitimate mental health condition deserving of compassion and effective treatment.

The Importance of Early Intervention and Proper Diagnosis

Early recognition and treatment of OCD can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life for individuals affected by the disorder. However, many people with OCD delay seeking help due to shame, stigma, or a lack of awareness about their symptoms.

Signs That It’s Time to Seek Professional Help

• Obsessions or compulsions that interfere with daily life
• Difficulty controlling thoughts or behaviors, even when recognized as excessive
• Spending at least an hour a day on obsessive thoughts or compulsive behaviors
• Experiencing significant distress or anxiety related to obsessions or compulsions
• Avoiding situations that trigger obsessions or compulsions

What steps should someone take if they suspect they have OCD? The first step is to consult with a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, who has experience in diagnosing and treating OCD. They can conduct a thorough assessment and recommend appropriate treatment options.

The Diagnostic Process for OCD

Diagnosing OCD involves a comprehensive evaluation that typically includes:

1. A detailed clinical interview
2. Assessment of symptoms using standardized rating scales
3. Consideration of other potential mental health conditions
4. Evaluation of the impact of symptoms on daily functioning
5. Consideration of family history and potential environmental factors

It’s important to note that OCD often co-occurs with other mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, or eating disorders. A thorough diagnostic process can help identify these co-occurring conditions and inform a comprehensive treatment plan.

The Future of OCD Research and Treatment

As our understanding of OCD continues to evolve, researchers are exploring new avenues for treatment and prevention. Some promising areas of research include:

Neuroimaging Studies

Advanced brain imaging techniques are helping researchers better understand the neural circuits involved in OCD. This research may lead to more targeted treatments that can address the underlying brain abnormalities associated with the disorder.

Gene Therapy

As we learn more about the genetic factors contributing to OCD, researchers are exploring the potential of gene therapy as a treatment option. While still in early stages, this approach could potentially offer more personalized and effective treatments in the future.

Novel Medication Approaches

Researchers are investigating new classes of medications that target different neurotransmitter systems involved in OCD. For example, drugs that modulate glutamate activity have shown promise in early clinical trials.

Technology-Assisted Treatments

Virtual reality (VR) and smartphone apps are being developed to complement traditional OCD treatments. These technologies may help individuals practice exposure exercises in a controlled environment or provide real-time support for managing symptoms.

How might these advances change the landscape of OCD treatment? As research progresses, we may see more personalized treatment approaches that combine multiple modalities, including medication, psychotherapy, and technology-assisted interventions, tailored to each individual’s unique needs and genetic profile.

In conclusion, while OCD can be a challenging and often misunderstood condition, there is hope for those affected by it. With proper diagnosis, evidence-based treatments, and ongoing support, many individuals with OCD can achieve significant symptom relief and improved quality of life. As research continues to advance our understanding of this complex disorder, we can look forward to even more effective and personalized treatment options in the future.

OCD in Adults: 5 Things to Know

When people think of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), they often envision someone who is very clean or tidy. In fact, you might hear people casually say, “I’m so OCD,” in reference to their housekeeping or organizational habits. 

But OCD is more than ordinary cleanliness or tidiness. It’s a mental health condition that can disrupt daily life and require treatment. 

In the United States, about one in 40 adults and one in 100 children have OCD, according to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. Here’s what you should know about this surprisingly common condition. 

What Is OCD?

OCD is a common, long-lasting disorder marked by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that a person feels the urge to repeat. It’s a serious mental illness that is characterized by high levels of anxiety and emotional distress.

Though often used as a joke on TV and in movies, OCD can be a debilitating disorder that interferes with a person’s daily life. For example, someone with OCD who is obsessed with organizing objects in an exact way may spend so much time arranging and rearranging that they have less time for work or friends. 

Signs and Symptoms of OCD

People with OCD may have symptoms of obsessions, compulsions, or both, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). There is a possibility that one’s symptoms will change over time.

Obsessions are repeated thoughts, urges, or mental images that cause anxiety. Obsessions can include:

• Concern with germs or contamination
• Unwanted taboo thoughts
• Aggressive thoughts towards others or self
• Organizing or making things symmetrical

Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that a person with OCD feels the urge to complete in response to an obsessive thought. Compulsions may include:

• Excessive cleaning or handwashing
• Arranging things in a certain order
• Repeatedly checking on things
• Compulsive counting

To be clear, not all habits are compulsions or obsessions. However, people with OCD spend at least one hour a day focusing on these thoughts or behaviors. Even if they recognize that their thoughts or behaviors are excessive, they cannot control them, and do not get any pleasure from performing them.

Some individuals with OCD may have a tic disorder. Motor tics are sudden, repetitive movements. For example, eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, and head jerking are all motor tics. OCD vocal tics may include repetitive sniffing or throat clearing.

Risk Factors of OCD

Usually, people with OCD are diagnosed by the age of 19. Boys often have an earlier age of onset. While the causes of OCD are unknown, genetics, brain structure and functioning, and environment are all risk factors for the disorder.

Genetics

Studies have shown that people with an immediate family member who has OCD are at a higher risk for developing the disorder. The risk is even higher if the family member developed OCD as a child or teenager.

Brain Structure and Functioning

Studies have shown that people with OCD have differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures of the brain. Research about this risk factor is still ongoing.

Environment

People who have experienced some sort of trauma during their childhood have an increased risk of developing OCD.

Treatment for OCD

OCD is usually treated with medication, psychotherapy, or some combination of both. While most patients with OCD respond to treatment, some may continue to experience symptoms of the disorder.

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), two types of commonly prescribed antidepressants, are used to treat OCD, according to the NIMH. 

In terms of psychotherapy, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) can be as effective as medication for individuals with OCD. CBT emphasizes the importance of thinking through thoughts, feelings, and actions.

It’s important to note that people with OCD may also have other mental health disorders, such as anxiety or depression.

Working with a mental health clinician can help you get a proper diagnosis and treatment, which can lead to fewer OCD symptoms and better quality of life.  

How Pharmacogenetic Testing Can Help OCD Treatment

If your clinician recommends mental health medication, ask if pharmacogenetic testing (PGx) can help.

Genomind^® Professional PGx Express™ looks at 24 genes related to mental health treatment. It provides guidance across 10+ mental health conditions, including OCD, and 130+ medications to help your clinician determine:

• Which medications will likely be the most effective
• Which medications may have side effects
• How you metabolize medications for personalized dosing guidance

The Genomind test requires a prescription. Wondering if it can help you? Learn how to get the test here. 

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NIMH » Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

OCD is typically treated with medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. Although most patients with OCD respond to treatment, some patients continue to experience symptoms.

Sometimes people with OCD also have other mental disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and body dysmorphic disorder, a disorder in which someone mistakenly believes that a part of their body is abnormal. It is important to consider these other disorders when making decisions about treatment.

Medication

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), which include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to help reduce OCD symptoms.

SRIs often require higher daily doses in the treatment of OCD than of depression and may take 8 to 12 weeks to start working, but some patients experience more rapid improvement.

If symptoms do not improve with these types of medications, research shows that some patients may respond well to an antipsychotic medication. Although research shows that an antipsychotic medication may help manage symptoms for people who have both OCD and a tic disorder, research on the effectiveness of antipsychotics to treat OCD is mixed.

If you are prescribed a medication, be sure you:

• Talk with your doctor or a pharmacist to make sure you understand the risks and benefits of the medications you’re taking.
• Do not stop taking a medication without talking to your doctor first. Suddenly stopping a medication may lead to “rebound” or worsening of OCD symptoms. Other uncomfortable or potentially dangerous withdrawal effects are also possible.
• Report any concerns about side effects to your doctor right away. You may need a change in the dose or a different medication.
• Report serious side effects to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online or by phone at 1-800-332-1088. You or your doctor may send a report.

Other medications have been used to treat OCD, but more research is needed to show the benefit of these options. For basic information about these medications, you can visit the NIMH Mental Health Medications webpage. For the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings, visit the FDA website.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for adults and children with OCD. Research shows that certain types of psychotherapy, including cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and other related therapies (e.g., habit reversal training) can be as effective as medication for many individuals. Research also shows that a type of CBT called Exposure and Response Prevention (EX/RP) – spending time in the very situation that triggers compulsions (e.g. touching dirty objects) but then being prevented from undertaking the usual resulting compulsion (e.g. handwashing) – is effective in reducing compulsive behaviors in OCD, even in people who did not respond well to SRI medication.

As with most mental disorders, treatment is usually personalized and might begin with either medication or psychotherapy, or with a combination of both. For many patients, EX/RP is the add-on treatment of choice when SRIs or SSRIs medication does not effectively treat OCD symptoms or vice versa for individuals who begin treatment with psychotherapy.

Other Treatment Options

In 2018, the FDA approved Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) as an adjunct in the treatment of OCD in adults.

NIMH is supporting research into other new treatment approaches for people whose OCD does not respond well to the usual therapies. These new approaches include combination and add-on (augmentation) treatments, as well as novel techniques such as deep brain stimulation. You can learn more about brain stimulation therapies on the NIMH website.

Finding Treatment

For general information on mental health and to locate treatment services in your area, call the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Treatment Referral Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357). SAMHSA also has a Behavioral Health Treatment Locator on its website that can be searched by location. You can also visit the NIMH’s Help for Mental Illnesses page for more information and resources.

Tics – NHS

Tics are fast, repetitive muscle movements that result in sudden and difficult to control body jolts or sounds.

They’re fairly common in childhood and typically first appear at around 5 years of age. Very occasionally they can start in adulthood.

Tics are not usually serious and normally improve over time. But they can be frustrating and interfere with everyday activities.

Tourette’s syndrome, a term that’s used when tics have lasted for more than a year, is covered separately.

Types of tics

There are many types of tic. Some affect body movement (motor tics) and others result in a sound (vocal or phonic tics).

Examples of tics include:

• blinking, wrinkling the nose or grimacing
• jerking or banging the head
• clicking the fingers
• touching other people or things
• coughing, grunting or sniffing
• repeating a sound or phrase – in a small number of cases, this may be something obscene or offensive

Tics can happen randomly and they may be associated with something such as stress, anxiety, tiredness, excitement or happiness. They tend to get worse if they’re talked about or focused on.

They often start with an unpleasant sensation that builds up in the body until relieved by the tic – known as an urge – although they can sometimes be partly suppressed.

When to see a GP

Tics are not usually serious and they do not damage the brain.

You do not always need to see a GP if they’re mild and not causing problems. Sometimes they can disappear as quickly as they appear.

See a GP if you’re concerned about your or your child’s tics, you need support or advice, or the tics:

• occur very regularly, or become more frequent or severe
• cause emotional or social problems, such as embarrassment, bullying or social isolation
• cause pain or discomfort (some tics can cause the person to accidentally hurt themselves)
• interfere with daily activities, school or work
• are accompanied by anger, depression or self harm

A GP should be able to diagnose a tic from a description of it and, if possible, seeing it. Recording a short video can be helpful, but be careful not to draw too much attention to the tic while filming as this can make it worse.

Treatments for tics

Treatment is not always needed if a tic is mild and is not causing any other problems. Self-help tips, such as avoiding stress or tiredness, are often very helpful for the majority of people.

If a tic is more severe and is affecting everyday activities, therapies that aim to reduce how often tics occur may be recommended.

The main therapies for tics are:

• Habit reversal therapy – this aims to help you or your child learn intentional movements that “compete” with tics, so the tic cannot happen at the same time
  • Comprehensive behavioural intervention for tics (CBiT) – a set of behavioural techniques to help learn skills to reduce tics
• Exposure with response prevention (ERP) – this aims to help you or your child get used to the unpleasant sensations that are often felt just before a tic, which can stop the tic occurring

There are also medicines that can help reduce tics. These may be used alongside psychological therapies or after trying these therapies unsuccessfully.

Read more about how tics are treated.

How long do tics last?

In most cases, tics improve over time or stop completely.

Sometimes they may just last a few months, but often they come and go over several years.

They are normally most severe from around 8 years of age until teenage years, and usually start to improve after puberty.

Causes of tics

It’s not clear what causes tics. They’re thought to be due to changes in the parts of the brain that control movement.

They can run in families, and there’s likely to be a genetic cause in many cases. They also often happen alongside other conditions, such as:

Tics can sometimes be triggered by taking illegal drugs, such as cocaine or amphetamines, and are occasionally caused by more serious health conditions such as cerebral palsy or Huntington’s disease.

Page last reviewed: 30 December 2019
Next review due: 30 December 2022

Tics, Tourette Syndrome, and OCD

Tics are rapid, repetitive movements or vocal utterances. They may be motor (like excessive eye blinking) or vocal (such as a habitual cough or chronic repetitive throat clearing noises), chronic (continuing throughout childhood), or transient (lasting less than 1–2 years). In children who eventually develop tic disorders and ADHD, the ADHD usually develops 2 to 3 years before the tics.

Tourette syndrome, which is quite rare, is a more severe form of tic disorder involving motor and vocal tics that occur many times per day. The average age at which it appears is 7 years. While children with Tourette syndrome may develop ADHD, the 2 disorders are separate and independent conditions. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is not a variant of Tourette syndrome, and Tourette syndrome is not just a variety of ADHD. Research has shown that chronic tic disorders, Tourette syndrome, and OCD may stem from some common factors, and a child with any of these conditions is quite likely to also have ADHD.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves such symptoms as obsessive thoughts (such as a highly exaggerated fear of germs) and compulsive behaviors (for example, excessive hand-washing  in an attempt to reduce the fear of germs) that the child is unable to control or limit. In this sense, OCD is similar to tic disorders and Tourette syndrome, and creates additional functioning problems for children with ADHD.

What to Look For

Tics tend to resemble certain ADHD-related symptoms— fidgeting and making random noises in particular—and may occasionally are mistaken for signs of ADHD. True tics, however, differ from ADHD-type fidgetiness or hyperactivity in that they almost always involve rapid, repeated, identical movements of the face or shoulders or vocal sounds or phrases—they may cause a child to become socially isolated. To receive a diagnosis of Tourette syndrome, the tics need to have developed before 18 years of age, include motor and vocal tics, occur many times each day, and continue for at least a year. Though the intensity of the tics may increase or decrease periodically, a child with active Tourette syndrome is rarely completely tic-free for more than 3 months at a time.

While tic disorders and Tourette syndrome involve outbursts of simple movements or vocalizations, OCD consists of obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. In contrast to the common childhood “obsessions” with computer games or television, OCD-type obsessive thoughts and behaviors provide no pleasure and stem from no rational desire or motivation. Rather they occur because the child is unable to stop them, even when he realizes that they are inappropriate—and they can interfere with a child’s functioning for literally hours a day.

Treatment

Mild or transient tics may not need to be treated with any medication. Until recently, stimulant medication was not recommended for children with ADHD and a coexisting tic disorder because the stimulants were thought to be a possible cause of Tourette syndrome. It is now known that starting stimulants does not cause Tourette syndrome or even increase tics in most children with ADHD. Stimulants may actually result in improvements in the tics in some cases. However, stimulants at high doses may bring out or exaggerate tics in a child with ADHD, who would have eventually developed them even without stimulants. The potential disadvantage of mildly increased tics is often outweighed by stimulants’ effectiveness in treating the symptoms of ADHD. Meanwhile, lowering the stimulant dose or switching to a different medication can sometimes decrease or eliminate some tics altogether. If your child’s tics are especially severe or socially disruptive, a combination of stimulants and clonidine, guanfacine, or other medications (including TCAs, pimozide, and haloperidol) or newer medications (such as risperidone) may also be considered. Possible side effects must be taken into account when using these medications.

Children with ADHD and coexisting OCD are generally prescribed an SSRI or the tricyclic medication clomipramine. Stimulants and SSRIs or clomipramine can be combined to treat OCD and ADHD.

The information contained on this Web site should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tic Disorders

After gathering information about your child’s history and your goals for treatment, we tailor a plan that’s right for your family. It may include therapy, medication, or a combination of the two.

Habit Reversal Therapy for Tics

Habit reversal therapy teaches your child to recognize the feeling or signal that happens just before they perform the tic. Our providers work with your child to choose a competing response to neutralize the tic urge. The urge will go away, but it takes focus and training to change the pattern of tics. For example, if your child repeatedly flaps his elbows up and down, the competing action might be to hold his elbows at his side until the urge goes away.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Exposures for OCD

Cognitive behavioral therapy exposes children to what they typically avoid. For example, if a child has a hand-washing compulsion, we get the child to touch something that triggers the urge to wash and then have them not wash. They’ll learn that the anxious feeling usually fades. This therapy in combination with medications has proven to have the greatest success. 

Medication

Medications for seizure disorders and tranquilizers may be prescribed for tics. We evaluate the risks of side effects versus the benefits of a particular medication and make a decision together about the best course of action for your child. We may recommend selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for children with OCD. They have minimal side effects and can calm compulsions and anxiety and improve mood. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are another group of drugs that can reduce obsessive-compulsive thoughts and actions, although these may have more side effects. Our psychiatrists are skilled at managing and adjusting doses that will be most effective for your child. 

Stress Management

Stress, lack of sleep, and hunger may all trigger and worsen tics and OCD. Know that your own stress, anger, and frustration also can increase your child’s stress. We’ll help you and your child use stress management techniques to lessen the effects of stress on your family. If stressful life circumstances cause a flare-up in your child’s behavior, we are happy to see your child to refresh strategies for coping with these disorders. 

Tic Disorder – an overview

Tics (Chapter 7)

Tics are involuntary, sudden, rapid, abrupt, repetitive, nonrhythmic, simple or complex motor movements or vocalizations (phonic productions). ^4,15 Tics are classified into two categories (motor and phonic) with each being subdivided into a simple and complex grouping. Tics are usually preceded by an uncomfortable feeling or urge (premonitory sensation) that is relieved by carrying out the movement. Characteristic features include predictability of both the nature of the movement and its onset, worsening by stress or excitement, and brief voluntary suppressibility. The specific movements can be predicted by the patient or an observer in the sense that there is often a small and identifiable number of different tics at any time point. The duration of each tic movement is characteristic of that tic, and the ­duration does not vary between different repetitions. It is rare for children to fall, drop objects, or inadvertently injure themselves due to tics; however, self-injurious tics may occur.

Tics wax and wane over weeks to months to years, with different tics appearing at different times and with different severities, and others disappearing completely. The frequency of tics may change during a single day, and often tics are more frequent during stress, fatigue, anxiety, or excitement. Tics can include brief sudden jerky or shock-like movements in which case they could be termed “clonic tics.” Tics can include briefly sustained postures, in which case they are classified as “dystonic tics” or “tonic tics.” One distinction between dystonic tics and dystonia is that dystonia is usually triggered by and interferes with voluntary movement, whereas tics are usually suppressed by and do not interfere with voluntary movement.

Tics can be distinguished from athetosis, chorea, and myoclonus by the lack of continuity of the movement, the intervening periods of normal movement, and the lack of interference with ongoing tasks. Tics are also distinguished from chorea and myoclonus by the predictability and repeatability of the movements. Tics can be distinguished from tremor and stereotypies by the clear initiation and termination of each individual tic movement, and by the lack of rhythmicity in the timing of initiation of movement.

Recognition and Management of Tourette’s Syndrome and Tic Disorders

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Varma AR,
Stevens J,
Fish M,
Trimble MR,
Robertson MM.
A volumetric MRI study of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Neurology.
1997;49:410–5.

15. Singer HS,
Walkup JT.
Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. Medicine.
1991;70:15–32.

16. Singer HS,
Butler IJ,
Tune LE,
Seifert WE Jr,
Coyle JT.
Dopaminergic dysfunction in Tourette syndrome. Ann Neurol.
1982;12:361–6.

17. Klawans HL,
Falk DK,
Nausieda PA,
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Gilles de la Tourette syndrome after long-term chlorpromazine therapy. Neurology.
1978;28:1064–6.

18. Butler IJ,
Koslow SH,
Seifert WE Jr,
Caprioli RM,
Singer HS.
Biogenic amine metabolism in Tourette syndrome. Ann Neurol.
1979;6:37–9.

19. Singer HS.
Neurobiology of Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin.
1997;15:357–79.

20. Baumgardner TL,
Singer HS,
Denckla MB,
Rubin MA,
Abrams MT,

et al.
Corpus callosum morphology in children with Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurology.
1996;47:477–82.

21. Price RA,
Kidd KK,
Cohen DJ,
Pauls DL,
Leckman JF.
A twin study of Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1985;42:815–20.

22. Shapiro AK, Shapiro ES, Bruun RD, eds. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. New York: Raven, 1978.

23. Pauls DL,
Leckman JF.
The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome and associated behaviors. Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission. N Engl J Med.
1986;315:993–7.

24. Van de Wetering BJ,
Heutink P.
The genetics of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a review. J Lab Clin Med.
1993;121:638–45.

25. Wolf SS,
Jones DW,
Knable MB,
Gorey JG,
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Hyde TM,

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Tourette syndrome: prediction of phenotypic variation in monozygotic twins by caudate nucleus D2 receptor binding. Science.
1996;273:1225–7.

26. Walkup JT,
LaBuda MC,
Singer HS,
Brown J,
Riddle MA,
Hurko O.
Family study and segregation analysis of Tourette syndrome: evidence for a mixed model of inheritance. Am J Hum Genet.
1996;59:684–93.

27. Allen AJ.
Group streptococcal infections and childhood neuropsychiatric disorder. Curr Opin.
1997:267–75.

28. Jankovic J.
Tourette syndrome. Phenomenology and classification of tics. Neurol Clin.
1997;15:267–76.

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Kerbeshian J.
Treatment-generated problems associated with behavior modification in Tourette disorder [Letter]. Dev Med Child Neurol.
1987;29:831–3.

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Tourette syndrome. Treatment of tics. Neurol Clin.
1997;15:403–9.

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The relationship between stimulant medication and tics. Pediatr Ann.
1988;17:405–6408.

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Methylphenidate in hyperactive boys with comorbid tic disorder. Adv Neurol.
1992;58:271–81.

Our specialists

A complete list of current certified RKF specialists in working qualities (judges, instructors, assistant judges in the protective section), is placed in alphabetical order: HERE

Sergeev Alexander Viktorovich

Service dog breeding instructor OSOU and person involved since 1998, judge in sports and all-around OSOU since 2001, senior instructor OSOU-DOSAAF since 2005, methodologist, cynology teacher since 2005, head of the show team of dog handlers KC RO DOSAAF Russia …

Certified specialist in working qualities of the Russian Kennel Federation (RKF): ASSISTANT OF JUDGE IN PROTECTION SECTION, INSTRUCTOR, JUDGE

Judging of types of tests is allowed:

OKD + MINI-OKD and ZKS (general training course, protective guard service) rank CACT

KS (guard duty)

BH \ VT, IPO (international comprehensive tests)

Contacts: + 7-978-223-98-83, This email address is being protected from spambots.You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Mishustin Sergey Vasilievich

Service dog breeding instructor OSOU since 1997, senior inspector-cynologist since 1998, senior inspector-cynologist UMVD from 1998 to 2002, in 1999 he participated in the search and rescue operation after the earthquake in Turkey, instructor and judge Kennel Union of Ukraine (KSU) for applied types of training: Escort dog.

Certified specialist in working qualities of the Russian Kennel Federation (RKF): INSTRUCTOR, JUDGE

Judging of types of tests is allowed:

OKD + MINI-OKD and ZKS (general training course, protective guard service)

KS (guard duty)

Contacts: + 7-978-744-74-32, This email address is being protected from spambots.You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Tyukov Dmitry Stanislavovich

Instructor of service dog breeding of the DOSAAF USSR, a defendant since 1980, Certified instructor of the RKF, specialization OKD, ZKS.

Contacts: + 7-978-725-54-71

Gorbacheva Viktoria Borisovna

Service dog breeding instructor DOSAAF USSR since 1980, owner of the famous German shepherd kennel “Grosvi House”.

Certified specialist in working qualities of the Russian Kennel Federation (RKF) :, INSTRUCTOR, JUDGE

Judging of types of tests is allowed:

OKD + MINI OKD

Contacts: + 7-978-859-08-44, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Varenova Elena Viktorovna

Service dog breeding instructor DOSAAF Russia since 2014, participant and prize-winner of city training competitions, head of the search and rescue squad. Certified instructor of the RKF, specialization OKD, PSS.

Contacts: + 7-978-740-95-69, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Maltseva Nina Yurievna

Service dog breeding instructor of DOSAAF Russia since 2014, participant and winner of city training competitions, permanent member of the search and rescue squad.Certified instructor of the RKF, specialization OKD, PSS.

Contacts: + 7-978-744-38-55, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Guryanova Olga Sergeevna

OSOU instructor since 2007, multiple winner and prizewinner of regional training competitions of various ranks, permanent member of the exhibition team of dog handlers KC RO DOSAAF Russia. Certified assistant instructor of the RKF, specialization: OKD mini, agility, trick training.

Contacts: + 7-978-800-01-86, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Pantilimonova Elena Vladimirovna

Service dog breeding instructor OSOU-DOSAAF since 2011, multiple winner and prize-winner of city training competitions, permanent member of the show team. Certified instructor of the RKF, specialization OKD. Winner of the Interregional Competition “Instructor of the Year 2020”.

Contacts: + 7-978-747-26-35

Trakalo Dmitry Yurievich

DOSAAF service dog breeding instructor since 2015, from 2016 – 2017 completed military service in the legendary military unit “Krasnaya Zveda”, Dmitrov, Moscow region. Permanent member of the show collective. Certified instructor, specialization OKD, ZKS.

Contacts: + 7-978-503-50-45

Doctor73 – Medical institutions – State Healthcare Institution “Regional Cardiological Dispensary”

 Regional Cardiological Dispensary, established on December 29, 1989, is the leading cardiological institution of the Ulyanovsk region, providing highly qualified care to patients with cardiovascular pathology.Since 1994, a round-the-clock hospital was created on the basis of the GUZ OKD.


OPERATING MODE OF THE "Regional Cardiological Dispensary"

Polyclinic:
- Monday - Friday from 8.00 to 19.00
-Saturday from 8.00 to 14.00
Hospital: around the clock
Reception hours of the administration:

Movchan E.V. - chief physician

Reception of the head physician tel .: (8422) 36 - 71 - 10
- Wednesday from 8.30 to 9.30

Kalinchenkova E.A. - deputy. ch. medical doctor;
-Monday-Friday from 13.00 to 14.00
t. (8422) 36 - 71 - 10

Andreeva O.A. - Head polyclinic;
-Wednesday from 15.00 to 17.00;
- Thursday from 9.00 to 12.00
- cardiologist of the highest category
tel .: (8422) 58 - 73 - 41

Conditions for the provision of honey. help.

Medical care at the State Healthcare Institution of the OKD is provided free of charge to all citizens of Russia, in accordance with the Territorial Program of State Guarantees for the Provision of Free Medical Care to Citizens of the Russian Federation on the Territory of the Ulyanovsk Region (approved by the Decree of the Government of the UO dated 30.12.2011 No. 663-P).
Appointments are made through the electronic registry, through the registry phone (36-28-58) and directly at the registry. For admission, you must have with you: a passport, a policy and a referral from the territorial clinic.


Contacts of regulatory authorities:
Ministry of Health tel .: 41-05-01
Rospotrebnadzor tel .: 44-29-41
Compulsory Health Insurance Fund tel .: 67-79-70

List of insurance companies of organizations with which the med.organization:
Branch of LLC "Capital MS" in the Ulyanovsk region
Branch of SOGAZ JSC in the Ulyanovsk Region 

How to get to Sam.Ok.D.Tb Markaziy Shifohona in Pastdarg’Om by bus

Public transportation to Sam.Okd.Ttb Markaziy Shifokhona in Pastdarg’Om

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Bekat.

You can get to Sam.Okd.Ttb Markaziy Shifohona by Bus. These lines and routes have stops nearby:
(Bus: A005

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City Clinical Oncological Hospital No. 1

GBUZ “GKOB No. 1 DZM” is the oldest medical institution with an oncological profile in Moscow. A professional team of doctors with many years of experience provides a full range of medical services in this area, from diagnostics to the most complex organ-preserving operations.

Every year the list of offered medical services is expanding, new diagnostic equipment and new methods of treatment are being introduced.Since March 2016, in addition to specialized oncological care, on the basis of the branches of OKD No. 1, inpatient medical care has been provided in such areas as therapy, cardiology, neurology, gynecology, and palliative care.

MANUAL:

Osipov Igor Sergeevich
Deputy Chief Physician for Surgical Work
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Oncologist Surgeon
Type of Education: Higher Education
Institution: Military Medical Academy named afterCM. Kirov, Leningrad
Year of graduation: 1983
Reception hours: Mon 14.00 – 16.00, Fri 10.00 – 12.00

Sokolskaya Valentina Konstantinovna
Deputy chief physician for sanitary and epidemiological issues
Type of education: Higher education
Educational institution : Second Tashkent Medical Institute
Year of graduation: 2003
Tel .: +7 (499) 261-02-98
e-mail: [email protected]
Reception hours: Tue 14.00 – 16.00, Thu 10.00 – 12.00

Chief accountant
Type of education: Higher education
Educational institution: State budgetary educational institution of higher education of the Moscow region “Dubna University”
Graduation year: 2007
Tel .: +7 (499) 261 -86-41
e-mail: [email protected]
Reception hours: Tue 14.00 – 16.00, Thu 10.00 – 12.00

Deputy chief physician for economic issues
Type of education: Higher education
Tel.: +7 (499) 267-99-52
e-mail: [email protected]
Reception hours: Mon 14.00 – 16.00, Fri 10.00 – 12.00

Kornienko Vadim Sergeevich
Deputy Chief Physician for Clinic -expert work
Tel .: +7 (495) 536-94-09, ext. 4042
e-mail: [email protected]
Inquiry: +7 (495) 536-94-03, +7 (495) 536-94-09
Reception: +7 (495) 536- 94-09 ext. 8113
Paid services: 8 (495) 536-94-09 ext.8298
Opening hours:
Mon.-Fri. from 8:30 to 17:00
Sat. from 9:00 to 14:30
117152, Moscow, Zagorodnoye shosse, house 18A

Boriskin Albert Vasilyevich
Deputy chief physician for medical work for civil defense and mobilization work
Highest qualification category
Type education: Higher education
Institution: Novosibirsk State Medical Institute
Graduation year: 1982
Tel: +7 (499) 261-37-69
e-mail: boriskinAV1 @ zdrav.mos.ru
Reception hours: Tue 14.00 – 16.00, Thu 10.00 – 12.00

Shevchenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Head of the Outpatient Oncological Care Center, North-Eastern Administrative District of Moscow
Reception hours: Tue, Thu. 10.00-12.00
Tel .: +7 (495) 536-94-09 ext. 2040
Inquiry: +7 (499) 261-30-42
Paid services: +7 (495) 536-94-06 ext. .2037
Hours of operation:
Mon.-Fri. from 8: 00-20: 00
Sat. from 9:00 to 16:00
129090, Moscow, st. Durova, 26, bldg.4

Akavova Saida Abdulkadyrovna
Head of the Center for Outpatient Oncological Aid, Central Administrative District of Moscow
Oncologist
Type of education: Higher education
Institution: Astrakhan State Medical University
Graduation year: 2005
@ zdrav.mos.ru
Reception hours:
Mon 15.00-17.00, Thu 10.00-12.00

Irina Ernestovna Shumskaya
Head of the district dispensary oncology department
Oncologist category
Higher qualification institution
First Moscow Order of Lenin and the Red Banner of Labor Medical Institute.THEM. Sechenov St.
Year of graduation: 1997
Tel .: +7 (499) 261-56-56
e-mail: [email protected]
Reception hours: Mon 14.00 – 16.00, Fri 10.00 – 12.00

Olga Aleshkina Aleksandrovna
Chief Nurse
Highest qualification category in the specialty “Nursing”
Type of education: Higher education
Educational institution: Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia”
Graduation year: 2018
Tel.: +7 (499) 261-44-01
e-mail: [email protected]
Reception hours: Mon, Thu 16.00-18.00

Olga Vladimirovna Ionova
Head of the consultative polyclinic GBUZ “GKOB No. 1 »DZM
Candidate of Medical Sciences
Oncologist
Type of Education: Higher Education
Educational Institution: Second Moscow Order of Lenin State Medical Institute. N.I. Pirogov
Year of graduation: 1990
Tel .: +7 (499) 261-56-56
e-mail: IonovaOV @ zdrav.mos.ru
Reception hours: Mon, Thu 16.00-18.00

Let’s learn how to teach a dog the command “Come to me!” General course of training (OKD) for dogs

A well-bred and obedient dog is a joy for the owner. Accurate execution of commands is the result of long training and training. Pet obedience is taught from an early puppy age. The article will tell you how to teach a dog the command “Come to me!” and much more.

The General Dog Training Course (OKD) for dogs contains training the pet in all the necessary skills.Obedience training begins when the puppy has learned to walk and eat independently. How to teach a dog the command “Come to me!” and much more, you can learn from this article.

Puppies, like all children, are very mobile and curious. They love to play and receive sudden rewards and treats. This is what experienced dog handlers and trainers use.

Training should not tire and alert the puppy. Training is carried out in the form of a fun game for a pet, which is called nothing more than dog training.Its methods are different, and the result is a well-bred animal that will not cause problems for the owner either on a walk or in everyday life.

Initial skills

The first lesson learned in the life of a puppy should be the command “Come to me!”. On a walk, when the puppy plays and runs away from the owner, you need to attract his attention, sit down and shout in a clear, positive voice: “Come to me!” At the same time, the phrase should sound imperative, but at the same time in a benevolent tone. The puppy will most likely be surprised to see the owner in an unusual perspective, and will run up to see what he is doing there.And the owner, squatting, will hold out the delicacy. When the puppy comes running up, be sure to pet him and praise him.

To train an animal, you can take it to specialized dog training courses. But it’s more pleasant to do it yourself.

The next time the puppy runs away again, you can repeat all the previous steps. And also do not forget to treat and praise the dog.

If your puppy has played so much that he does not want to follow the command and go to the owner, you can run.But not for the pet, but from him. Seeing the owner running away to the side, the puppy will naturally run after him.

There is a way to teach a dog the command “Come to me!” also with a gesture, for example, patting oneself with the palm on the leg. In the future, a trained pet will understand its owner by gestures, and sometimes by glance.

Try not to tire the animal with constant commands and orders. The training game should be invisible to the puppy. Ten repetitions is enough for one day of teaching teams.

How to teach a dog the command “Come to me!” in room? Training in the building does not require any special skills, it is carried out according to the same principle as during a walk. Only the reward for following orders can be changed. For example, a dog will hear the command and, having come running to the owner, will see his favorite toy, which he will receive as a reward. Then the pet will understand that training is accompanied only by positive emotions and in the future will begin to execute the command without special tasty encouragement.

This is important: until the dog has finally mastered one skill, it is undesirable to switch to teaching another command, because the puppy may begin to get confused in orders and carry out completely different ones that will sound.

Command “Near!”

The skill is learned when the puppy walks with the owner on a leash. As a rule, young pets are full of strength and energy and pull the leash strongly, often dragging the owner along the ground. But well-bred dogs don’t do that. Because they were trained in the right command on time.

You need to take a treat in your left fist, and a leash in your right hand so that it hangs behind the person and pet, without interfering with their path. Standing facing forward, with your left hand let the dog see and smell the treat, but do not let her eat it. Practically teasing the puppy with a tasty treat, they say: “Near!” Several steps pass in this way. Meanwhile, the dog, pacing at the left foot, is trying to get the treat from the owner’s fist and so, burying himself in the master’s hand, goes after. While driving, you need to say imperatively several times: “Near!” After a few steps, give the dog the reward it deserves and be sure to give it some compliment.Repeat the skill daily.

Unusual command

“Show your teeth!” seems strange. But it is included in the list of necessary requirements of the OKD for dogs.

The point is that a dog’s obedience must be unquestioning. Even in the process of absorbing food, the animal must be trained on the order of the owner to give up its bowl. Show your teeth! needed for dogs that participate in exhibitions and competitions. A strong dentition and good bite are part of the required conformation assessed.

To learn the command, you need to squat down or stand sideways to the animal. Take the pet’s face in your hands. Holding the dog’s mouth with the palms so that it does not open it, with your thumbs you need to part the animal’s lips in front, fully opening the bite. Of course, you have to order: “Show your teeth!” After completing the manipulation, treat the puppy. This command always implies that a person opens the dog’s lips with his own hands, since the pet, due to its physiology, will not be able to bared his teeth in the right way.

Team “Fu!”

This order is one of the most important. It is not specifically taught or rewarded with a treat for doing. It sounds if your animal does something inappropriate. Team “Fu!” must be pronounced in a very stern voice. In general, all commands for training dogs during the training process must be spoken loudly, clearly and in an imperative manner. You can reinforce the word “Fu!” slap a folded newspaper (if the pet is very naughty or gnaws at wires or furniture). Why a newspaper? Because she makes a lot of noise and such an action will not bring any harm to the dog, except for a little fright.

“Sit!”

When to teach a dog the commands “Come to me!” and “Near!” have already succeeded, you can start learning the skill “Sit!” To do this, the puppy is called to him (it does not matter, at home or for a walk).

Take a treat in your hand and lift it up over the dog’s nose. The pet, looking at the hand, can siege back. In this case, the hand with the treat is led along the back of the animal so that it is uncomfortable for him to look at the hand. The dog will sit down. At that moment, when the trained pet began to perform the required movement, it is necessary to say the command “Sit!”When the dog has completed the requested action, it receives a treat. Repeat the acquired skill several times a day.

Teaching the command “Lie down!”

It is more convenient to first tie the dog with a leash to something stationary, behind it. Then from the “Sit!” take a treat, hold it down and forward from the pet’s nose, and leave a hand with a treat below, not far from the dog. Thus, the animal must lie down for its convenience. Being tied with a leash will not allow you to get up and go for a treat, and the dog will just lie down.At the time when the animal does this, you need to say: “Lie down!”

Learning to Aport

Command “Aport!” studied so that the dog knows how to bring an abandoned or hidden thing. A ball is thrown away from the pet. The dog runs after the object, the owner orders: “Aport!” When the animal grabs the ball, the owner says the command: “Come to me!” When the dog has run to the owner, you need to command: “Give!” and show the treat in the palm of your hand so that the dog will give the item.

Training methods are different.You can bring up the animal yourself. It is informative and interesting to go with your pet to dog training courses. As a result, the owner gets an obedient, well-mannered, adequate pet who pleases those around him with his behavior.

Sports and training ground “Khovrino” public group

List of participants in correctional competitions February 9, 2019.
Check your name carefully.
Start numbers correspond to the numbers of the submitted applications.
Registration at 9-00.The competition starts at 10-00.
The sampling ring will start working from 10-30 o’clock.
There will be three rings:
1st ring – complex and place. (two rings will work in parallel).
2nd ring – movement alongside and apporting.
3rd ring – overcoming obstacles.
OKD-mini comes first.

List of OKD-mini participants:

1 Krasitskaya Svetlana Vladim. Zwergpincer Shanti OKD
2 Chursina Olga Alekseevna Corgi Gracie OKD
3 Rakcheeva Elizaveta Andreev Pug Zhorik OKD
4 Ryzhova Nadezhda Yurievna DRT Stardust Wanda
OKD sample
5 Afanshirskiy OKMy Bullya Staford6 Moxie Mix Phobos OKD
7 Nikolaeva Olga Zwergschnauzer Tutti OKD
8 Afanasova Maya Staffordshire Bull Terrier
New Smile of Mona Lisa OKD
9 Savitskaya Irina Sergeevna shi tzu Bonifatsy OKD
10 Ivanova Lilia Oktel Vembelsh Korgiu 11 Lusha OKD

List of OKD participants:
1 Vilkova Elena Mikhailovna Kadebo Ramira OKD
2 Stnpanova Daria VEO Masher Versailles Costo Rica OKD
3 Mironova Tatyana Mikh.BUT Daina OKD choice
4 Konstantinova Tatyana Mikh. Doberman Gabi OKD choice
5 Kirilova Evgeniya metis Karo OKD
6 Bukhaltseva M.V. RFT “Eastern Arabesque
from Star Harbor” OKD
7 Altukhov Alexey Lvovich Briard German OKD choice
8 Alexey Leonberger Yars OKD choice
9 Gorelikova Nadezhda NO Max OKD choice
10 Danilina Valentina Border Collie OKD
11 * Afanasova M.V. * NO * Lisvegen Citadel OKD selection
12 Liventseva S.G. * NO Best of de Black Zadira OKD selection
13 Dushenkov E.V. * NO Love and Spirit Raiko OKD sample
14 Alekseeva O.S. * Border Collie Maeglin Kenya OKD
15 Liventseva S.G. * Border Collie Teirin et Lisvegen OKD
16 Vorontsova E.A. malinois Erko vom Teufell Insel OKD
17 Galyaeva O.B. Border Collie Cutty Sark OKD
18 Liventseva S.G. * Border Collie Strike of Lightning
Scully OKD
19 Zarochentseva E.O. * NO Leaf aus Garten Arna OKD choice

20 Vlasova Tatyana NO EVEN OKD choice
21 Voronina Olga VEO Tref OKD
22 Novikova Yulia Malenua Lex OKD choice
23 Novichkova Natalya NO Ezhik OKD choice
24 Minaev Nikolay NO Sepp OKD choice
25 Minaeva Svetlana NO Gummi OKD choice
26 OKD choice Yuri NO Evra 27 Polyanskikh Andrey VEO Sean OKD selection
28 Seliverstova Marina NO Lexa OKD selection
29 Polyanskikh Andrey VEO Arslan OKD selection
30 Shchenev Andrey Skandi OKD selection
31 Yuriev N.VEO Chinggis Khan OKD
32 Gospodarik Regina Ivanovna Cadebo Mike OKD
33 Karetnikova Elena Vladimi Rottweiler Oberlauf Tsargo OKD
34 Aleksandrova Olga Victor mestizo Belka OKD
35 Kolesnikov Alexey Aleksandr Labrador Frank OKD
36 Kolesnikova Margarita OKD
Kuzya 37 NO Tyrone OKD
38 Konopleva Ekaterina Doberman Bally OKD selection
39 Gavrilova Elena NO Tsara OKD selection
40 Akimova Irina NO Yamina De Janni OKD selection
41 Bogatova Olga Rottweiler Oberlauf Hakuna Matata OKD selection
42 Vyazinko Valery
Russlibris Fyazinko selection
43 Izmailova Maria VEO Kurt Klay Enigma OKD
44 Olshevskaya Ludmila NO Zorkinhof Arkan OKD
45 Ershova Veronika Borisovna Collie length Cog OKD
46 Ryzhova Natalya NO Platina Diastar OKD selection
47 “OKD” BOROSNAYA VEO Morning
48 Tsmykailo Marina Borisovna NO “Ares Greisen
Nord” OKD
49 Ermakova Irina Malinois Rey OKD
50 Mishina Irina VEO Lada OKD
51 Stepanov Dmitry VEO Yakuta OKD selection
52 Tulskaya NO Chara selection
53 Ayr Zapyshnyuk KorD
54 Savitskaya Irina Sergeevna Ca de bo Dzhulbars OKD
55 Volkova Svetlana NO Fry Wind Salisa OKD
56 Mitina Ta Tyana Doberman “Kim Sonnenberg
Cardan Fry” OKD
57 Grishina Irina Rottweiler Elite Box Mani OKD
58 Dolbina Olga Gennadievna VEO “Monsher Versailles
Lapland” OKD choice
59 Frolova Marina Aleksandrovna BSHO 60 M. Bukhaltseva 60 M. BukhaltsevaV. RFT “Formula -1
from the Russian Dynasty
.” OKD
61 Fedoseeva Olga “Dutch
Shepherd Dog” Avalon Ravel OKD Choice
62 Smirnova Ekaterina Riesenschnauzer “Bakar Kan Lin
Dadi Damizo” OKD Choice
63 Fedoseeva Olga NO “Best of de
Black Laburi” 64 Gabardia “Gabardia Choice
springer
-spaniel “Sokol OKD
65 Orlova Elena Anatolyevna * VEO Rem OKD
66 Voitenko Natalya Valer VEO” Legenda Rus
Shkval Dyck “OKD choice

General training course – IA” Version-Saratov “

Saratov officials and deputies like to mention from time to time, as if by chance, that a team is currently working on solving the city’s problems.Here is a team that is fighting unauthorized trade, here it is it disperses Engels buses from Moskovskaya Street, and here it is planting flowers around the monument to Stolypin. Only few people know what this team is called – “fu”.

Immediately command “Fu!” and with the left hand, perform a strong technical dash. An imperceptible throwing of a treat is allowed, with the subsequent working out of the command

(ClevrerDog website.ru)

Saratov officials and deputies like to mention from time to time, as if by chance, that a team is currently working on solving the city’s problems. Here is a team that is fighting unauthorized trade, here it is it disperses Engels buses from Moskovskaya Street, and here it is planting flowers around the monument to Stolypin. Only few people know what this team is called – “fu”.

The mayor’s office issued a few days ago banning the sale of beer in a number of places in the city’s public catering services have already been tacitly dubbed “dry law”.No joke, just in 62 cafes, snack bars and bars, a ban on this foamy drink was announced. Moreover, it got to the point of ridiculousness – a veto was imposed on beer even in places with very eloquent names: “Beer Gallery”, “Live Beer”, “Beer”, “Beer club”, “Beer Empire”. What is the last to do now is difficult to say. Unless to follow the example of the well-known character of the fairy tale “Old Man Hottabych” by Stepan Stepanich Pivoraka, who, after some life collisions, eventually changed his surname to Essentuki.

Meanwhile, the townspeople are perplexed, and the owners of cafes and wine glasses from the black list are in sadness.Someone still does not believe in what is happening. “The administration is not yet commenting on this,” a girl from Planet Sushi rattled me over the phone. “We think we got on this list by accident.” But in “Polyglot” – a favorite place of students of SSU and SSMU – they do not hope for accidents and are set to fight. “We will appeal against this decision,” the owner of the cafe said firmly. However, most of all the owners of catering establishments are worried about why they are. After all, there are other cafes nearby, where beer is also sold, but for some reason they were not on the list.“Not for long,” the “victims” think gloatingly, recalling that the administration has vaguely hinted that the list is not exhaustive and may be subject to changes.

By the way, there are many questions to the list itself. It includes, for example, an institution called “U Solokha”, located on Moskovskaya Street. But it has been several months since this cafe closed, and now there is another sushi bar in its place. In some strange way, the list also included the canteens of the SSAU and SSEU, located on Radishchev Street.It is completely incomprehensible where such selectivity comes from. And in the rest of the canteens of the agrarian and the housekeeper, then you can drink beer? And in the dining rooms of SSU, SSMU and SSAP?

But these are all little things. The main question is – why does the mayor’s office need all this? Strictly speaking, there are several versions of what the city authorities were thinking. The first is the most commonplace. The administration is thus trying to warn schoolchildren and students against “beer” alcoholism. The version is certainly noble. But what will prevent the same schoolchildren and students from buying beer in the nearest store and getting a job on a bench? A ban has been announced on the sale of alcohol in shops within a radius of one hundred meters from educational institutions? I beg you, kvass on our streets was also forbidden to trade, but outlets from this did not decrease.

So, young people with beer migrate from cafes to squares. There they are caught by the police and issued fines for drinking alcohol in a public place. This is followed by an administrative commission – and the money paid by schoolchildren and students goes to the city budget … No, but there was such a noble version at the beginning … Let’s take a closer look at another.

The administration arranged a “cleaning” of unwanted cafes with the expectation that they would soon go broke and move out, and their premises could be used at their own discretion.The fact that the profits of the blacklisted cafes will fall sharply is already obvious. Even if one of the owners is lucky, and the mayor’s office admits that his establishment was on this list by accident, serious anti-advertising has already been made to him. And if someone from a group of ten people, gathered to sit in a cafe, wants to drink beer, they will no longer go there.

I like the third version for its imperishability. This is so obvious – the Saratov administration is implementing the well-known “Dulles plan”! Have I already mentioned that vodka, wine, alcoholic cocktails and other “degree” products were not affected by the government ban? They can still be bought without any problems in a number of “affected” establishments.The rest is a matter of technology. How is it, in this doctrine … “The Slavs love to sing over a glass of vodka. Remind them how well they brewed moonshine during the Civil War.

And finally, the fourth version. The thing is that some of the highest officials in the city administration recently got a dog. Yes, yes, that’s exactly the point. I got a dog and began to take her to classes according to the general course of training, so that she grows up an obedient dog, knows how to bring slippers and does not bark unnecessarily. But the trouble is, the glorious dog did not manage to execute the command “fu!”And then the kind owner decided to practice a little with the townspeople and find out if they can resist temptations. And there are so many temptations around! But all this is allowed to be taken only from the hands of the owner, otherwise the command “Fu! It is forbidden!” and the leash whistles in the swing.

So far, the Saratov people are still doing poorly, but soon they will know this command by heart, and it will be possible to move on to others. The most important thing is not to be afraid that someone will snap back and grab the hand, because you can always let those who have already learned the “face” command down on them.

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