How does B-cell therapy work for multiple sclerosis. What are the different types of B-cell therapy available for MS. How is B-cell therapy administered to MS patients. What are the potential side effects of B-cell therapy for MS. How effective is B-cell therapy in treating multiple sclerosis. What is the cost of B-cell therapy for MS patients.

Understanding B-Cell Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis

B-cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment option for multiple sclerosis (MS), targeting specific white blood cells responsible for nerve damage. This innovative approach utilizes monoclonal antibodies to attack B cells, potentially reducing relapses and slowing disease progression. To grasp the full scope of this treatment, it’s essential to explore the various types of B-cell therapy approved for MS patients.

How does B-cell therapy work?

B-cell therapy functions by employing monoclonal antibodies to target and eliminate B cells, a type of white blood cell that contributes to nerve damage in MS patients. By reducing the number of these harmful cells, the therapy aims to mitigate the autoimmune response and slow the progression of the disease.

FDA-Approved B-Cell Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted approval to three B-cell therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Each of these medications targets different forms of MS and offers unique benefits to patients.

Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus)

Ocrelizumab, marketed under the brand name Ocrevus, is approved for treating various forms of MS, including:

• Clinically isolated syndrome
• Relapsing-remitting MS
• Active secondary progressive MS in adults
• Primary progressive MS in adults

This medication has shown promise in reducing relapses and slowing disease progression in MS patients.

Ofatumumab (Kesimpta)

Ofatumumab, known by the brand name Kesimpta, is approved for treating relapsing forms of MS, such as:

• Clinically isolated syndrome
• Relapsing-remitting MS
• Active secondary progressive MS in adults

Ublituximab-xiiy (Briumvi)

Ublituximab-xiiy, marketed as Briumvi, is the third FDA-approved B-cell therapy for relapsing forms of MS, including:

• Clinically isolated syndrome
• Relapsing-remitting MS
• Active secondary progressive MS in adults

These medications are derived from rituximab (Rituxan), a cancer medication that is sometimes prescribed off-label for MS treatment.

Administration Methods for B-Cell Therapy

The administration of B-cell therapy varies depending on the specific medication prescribed. Understanding these differences can help patients prepare for their treatment regimen.

How is ocrelizumab administered?

Ocrelizumab is administered through intravenous (IV) infusion in a hospital or clinic setting. The initial dose is given in two separate infusions, spaced two weeks apart. Subsequent treatments involve one infusion every six months. Each treatment session typically lasts 3 to 4 hours.

What is the administration process for ofatumumab?

Ofatumumab is self-administered at home using a prefilled syringe or injector pen. Patients inject the medication into their belly or thigh after receiving proper instruction from their healthcare provider. The initial dosing schedule involves one injection per week for three weeks, followed by monthly injections thereafter.

How is ublituximab-xiiy given to patients?

Ublituximab-xiiy is administered through IV infusion. The first infusion lasts 4 hours, followed by a second, larger infusion two weeks later. Subsequent infusions occur 24 weeks after the first dose and every 24 weeks thereafter, with these later infusions typically lasting about an hour.

Potential Side Effects of B-Cell Therapy

As with any medical treatment, B-cell therapy can cause side effects. It’s crucial for patients to be aware of these potential reactions and discuss them with their healthcare providers.

What are the common side effects of ocrelizumab?

Ocrelizumab may cause infusion reactions, which can include:

• Itching
• Rash
• Nausea
• Hives
• Headache

These reactions are typically mild but can be severe in some cases. Patients receive premedication to help mitigate these effects, and medical staff closely monitor patients during and after treatment.

What side effects are associated with ofatumumab?

Ofatumumab may cause injection site reactions such as redness, swelling, and pain. Other potential side effects include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Body aches
• Fatigue
• Colds
• Runny nose
• Sinus infections

Are there any specific side effects linked to ublituximab-xiiy?

Ublituximab-xiiy may cause infusion reactions and increase the risk of infections, particularly upper respiratory tract infections. It is not recommended for use during pregnancy.

Precautions and Considerations for B-Cell Therapy

Before initiating B-cell therapy, patients undergo various tests and screenings to ensure the treatment’s safety and efficacy. Healthcare providers also take steps to minimize potential risks associated with these medications.

What tests are performed before starting B-cell therapy?

Prior to beginning B-cell therapy, patients typically undergo blood tests for hepatitis B and other infections. This screening is crucial, as B-cell therapy can potentially reactivate latent hepatitis B infections.

Are there any long-term risks associated with B-cell therapy?

Some researchers have suggested a slightly increased risk of certain cancers, particularly breast cancer, in patients receiving B-cell therapy. However, the direct connection remains uncertain. In very rare cases, these treatments may lead to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare but potentially fatal brain infection.

Efficacy of B-Cell Therapy in Treating Multiple Sclerosis

B-cell therapy has shown promising results in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, offering hope to many patients struggling with this chronic condition.

How effective is B-cell therapy in reducing MS relapses?

Clinical studies have demonstrated that B-cell therapy can significantly reduce the frequency of relapses in MS patients. For instance, ocrelizumab has been shown to lower relapse rates by up to 46% compared to interferon beta-1a, a commonly used MS treatment.

Can B-cell therapy slow the progression of MS?

Research indicates that B-cell therapy may slow the progression of MS in many patients. In clinical trials, ocrelizumab reduced the risk of disability progression by 40% in patients with relapsing MS and by 24% in those with primary progressive MS.

Cost Considerations for B-Cell Therapy

While B-cell therapy offers significant benefits for MS patients, its high cost can be a barrier for some individuals seeking treatment.

How much does B-cell therapy typically cost?

B-cell therapy is generally very expensive, with annual costs potentially reaching six figures. The exact price can vary depending on the specific medication, dosage, and treatment schedule.

Is B-cell therapy covered by insurance?

Many insurance plans provide coverage for FDA-approved B-cell therapies. However, the extent of coverage can vary significantly between insurers and individual policies. Patients are advised to consult with their insurance providers to understand their coverage and potential out-of-pocket expenses.

Comparing B-Cell Therapy to Other MS Treatments

To fully appreciate the role of B-cell therapy in MS treatment, it’s helpful to compare it to other available therapies.

How does B-cell therapy compare to traditional MS treatments?

B-cell therapy represents a more targeted approach compared to some traditional MS treatments. While medications like interferon beta primarily modulate the immune system broadly, B-cell therapy specifically targets the B cells involved in the autoimmune response. This targeted approach may lead to improved efficacy and potentially fewer systemic side effects for some patients.

Are there any advantages of B-cell therapy over other MS treatments?

B-cell therapy offers several potential advantages over other MS treatments:

1. Reduced frequency of administration: Some B-cell therapies require treatment only every six months, compared to daily or weekly dosing for other medications.
2. Potentially higher efficacy: Clinical trials have shown B-cell therapy to be more effective than some traditional treatments in reducing relapse rates and slowing disease progression.
3. Targeted mechanism: By focusing specifically on B cells, these therapies may offer a more precise treatment approach with potentially fewer off-target effects.

Future Developments in B-Cell Therapy for MS

As research in the field of multiple sclerosis continues, scientists are exploring new avenues to improve B-cell therapy and develop even more effective treatments.

What new B-cell therapies are currently in development?

Several new B-cell therapies are currently in various stages of clinical trials. These include:

• Evobrutinib: An oral BTK inhibitor that targets B cells and other immune cells
• Tolebrutinib: Another oral BTK inhibitor showing promise in early clinical trials
• Fenebrutinib: A highly selective BTK inhibitor being studied for both relapsing and progressive forms of MS

How might future B-cell therapies improve upon current treatments?

Future B-cell therapies aim to offer improvements such as:

1. Enhanced targeting: Developing therapies that more precisely target specific subsets of B cells involved in MS pathology
2. Improved safety profiles: Reducing the risk of serious side effects and long-term complications
3. Increased convenience: Exploring oral formulations to eliminate the need for injections or infusions
4. Combination approaches: Investigating the potential of combining B-cell therapy with other treatment modalities for synergistic effects

Patient Experiences with B-Cell Therapy

Understanding the real-world experiences of patients who have undergone B-cell therapy can provide valuable insights for those considering this treatment option.

What do patients report about their experiences with B-cell therapy?

Many patients report positive experiences with B-cell therapy, citing improvements in their quality of life and reduced MS symptoms. Common feedback includes:

• Decreased frequency and severity of relapses
• Improved energy levels and reduced fatigue
• Better cognitive function and reduced “brain fog”
• Increased mobility and physical function
• Enhanced overall well-being and ability to engage in daily activities

Are there any challenges patients commonly face with B-cell therapy?

While many patients report positive outcomes, some challenges are commonly reported:

1. Infusion reactions: Some patients experience discomfort or side effects during or after infusions
2. Increased susceptibility to infections: The immunosuppressive nature of the therapy can make patients more vulnerable to certain infections
3. Treatment scheduling: Coordinating regular infusions or injections can be challenging for some patients
4. Cost concerns: The high price of B-cell therapy can cause financial stress for some individuals

Making an Informed Decision About B-Cell Therapy

Deciding whether to pursue B-cell therapy is a significant choice for MS patients. It’s crucial to carefully consider all aspects of the treatment in consultation with healthcare providers.

What factors should patients consider when deciding on B-cell therapy?

When contemplating B-cell therapy, patients should consider:

• Current disease status and progression
• Previous response to other MS treatments
• Personal health history and risk factors
• Lifestyle and ability to adhere to treatment schedules
• Insurance coverage and financial considerations
• Personal preferences regarding treatment administration (infusion vs. self-injection)
• Potential impact on family planning, as some B-cell therapies are not recommended during pregnancy

How can patients best prepare for B-cell therapy?

To prepare for B-cell therapy, patients can take several steps:

1. Educate themselves about the specific medication and its potential effects
2. Discuss any concerns or questions with their healthcare provider
3. Undergo all recommended pre-treatment screenings and tests
4. Arrange for transportation and support for infusion appointments, if necessary
5. Prepare their home environment for self-injections, if applicable
6. Develop a plan for monitoring and managing potential side effects
7. Consider joining support groups or connecting with other patients who have undergone B-cell therapy

By thoroughly understanding B-cell therapy and its implications, patients can make informed decisions about their MS treatment and work closely with their healthcare team to optimize their care.

The Different Types of B-Cell Therapy for MS

In this Article

B-cell therapy uses drugs called monoclonal antibodies to attack white blood cells known as B cells that cause nerve damage. The FDA has approved three such drugs for MS.

Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) treats relapsing forms of MS, including:

• Clinically isolated syndrome
• Relapsing-remitting MS
• Active secondary progressive MS in adults
• Primary progressive MS in adults

 It may lower relapses and slow the disease.

Ofutumumab (Kesimpta) also treats relapsing forms of MS, including:

• Clinically isolated syndrome
• Relapsing-remitting MS
• Active secondary progressive MS in adults

Ublituximab-xiiy (Briumvi) is a third treatment for relapsing forms of MS, including:

• Clinically isolated syndrome
• Relapsing-remitting MS
• Active secondary progressive MS in adults

You may have fewer relapses, and the progression of your MS may slow down.

These drugs are new versions of the cancer medication rituximab(Rituxan). Rituximab isn’t approved to treat MS, but doctors sometimes prescribe it as an “off-label” treatment.  

How You Get B-Cell Therapy

You get each type of B-cell therapy in a slightly different way.

You get ocrelizumab in a hospital or clinic through an IV — what doctors call an infusion. You get the first dose in two infusions

spread 2 weeks apart. After that, you need one infusion every 6 months. Treatment sessions may last 3 to 4 hours, so bring something to pass the time.

Ofatumumab comes in a prefilled syringe or injector pen you use at home. You inject the medicine into your belly or thigh. Your doctor will show you how. If you don’t like to give yourself shots, ask someone else to help. You start with one shot a week for 3 weeks. Then you switch to one shot each month.

Ublituximab-xiiyis an infusion lasting 4 hours, then a second larger infusion 2 weeks later, then one 24 weeks after the first followed by every 24 weeks   The other infusions after the first should last about an hour

With rituximab, you’d get the medication through an IV in a doctor’s office. You’d get two doses, 2 weeks apart. Then, every 6 months, you’d have two more doses, 2 weeks apart.

B-Cell Therapy Side Effects

Before you start B-cell therapy, you’ll get blood tests for hepatitis B and other infections. If you’ve had hepatitis B in the past, it could come back if you take these treatments.

Ocrelizumab can lead to an allergic reaction. Doctors call it an infusion reaction. It usually happens during your first treatment. You might have:

• Itching
• Rash
• Nausea
• Hives
• Headache  

These symptoms are usually mild, but they can be severe. You’ll get meds before your injection to help with side effects. And a nurse will watch closely for problems during and after your treatment.

You may have a reaction to ofatumumab, also. Where the shot goes in your skin, you may have:

• Redness
• Swelling
• Pain

Ofatumumab also can cause:

• A fever
• Headache
• Body aches
• Tired feeling
• Colds
• Runny nose
• Sinus infections

Ublituximab-xiiy (Briumvi) side effects include:

• infusion reactions
• infections (most commonly upper respiratory tract),

It is not recommended if pregnant. You may be premedicated with a steroid and antihistamine.

Rituximab also can cause infusion reactions. You might have itching, swelling, or a rash where the injection goes in.

Other common side effects are:

• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Nausea
• Muscle spasms
• Insomnia

With any of these treatments, you could be more prone to infections like colds, bronchitis, and herpes. So it’s important to take steps to stay healthy.

Some researchers believe that these treatments can also give you a slightly higher chance of some cancers, especially breast cancer. But experts aren’t sure of the connection.

In very rare cases, they may lead to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare brain infection that can be fatal.

B-Cell Therapy Cost

B-cell therapy is very expensive. Be sure to find out if your insurance covers B-cell therapy and how much of the bill it pays.

© 2023 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.

Photo Credit: Ca-ssis / Getty Images

SOURCES:

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy: “CD20 monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: up-to-date.”

Croatian Medical Journal: “Therapies for multiple sclerosis targeting B cells.”

National Multiple Sclerosis Society: “FDA Approves Ocrevus™ (ocrelizumab) for People with Primary Progressive MS or Relapsing MS — First Disease-Modifying Therapy for Primary Progressive MS,” “FDA Approves Kesimpta® (ofatumumab), Similar to Ocrevus®, for Relapsing MS.”

Multiple Sclerosis Trust (UK): “Ocrevus (Ocrelizumab).”

New England Journal of Medicine: “Ofatumumab versus Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis.”

Europe PMC: “Indications for Rituximab Use in an Integrated Health Care Delivery System.”

Autoimmunity Highlights: “Next-generation anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in autoimmune disease treatment.”

Novartis: “Kesimpta Medication Guide.”

Multiplesclerosis. net: “Rituximab (Rituxan).”

Unusual Symptoms of MS

Medically Reviewed by Melinda Ratini, MS, DO on March 07, 2021

Extreme fatigue, clumsiness, weird prickly sensations, sluggish thinking, wonky vision — these are classic and common first symptoms of multiple sclerosis, or MS. But the expected stops here. Damage to the central nervous system, aka your brain and spinal cord, is what causes these symptoms. That’s a wide range of functions that affect many different people. So it can show up in some strange and varied ways.

It’s not a warm and cozy kind of hug. Called banding, this MS symptom feels like something’s squeezing you firmly about the chest and won’t let go. It can strike anywhere between your waist and neck, or just on one side. You might have pain or breathlessness. It happens when damage from the disease blocks or garbles the messages from your nerves. Spasms in the muscles between your ribs trigger the tightness. It often passes on its own.

Pseudobulbar affect, also called PBA or emotional incontinence, prompts random outbursts of tears or laughter that have nothing to do with how you feel. Nerve damage in the part of your brain that controls emotions can cause your responses to get all mixed up. You might worry about it happening when you’re in public, or in a serious setting. The FDA has approved a drug to treat PBA. Antidepressants can help, too.

It’s the itch that isn’t. A sudden, intense tingle crops up out of the blue, anywhere on your body. But there’s no skin irritation or allergy to scratch or apply rash cream to. This kind of itch doesn’t stem from your skin. Dysesthetic itching is a nerve-related sensation that passes quickly. It’s treatable with meds for epilepsy. Carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Epitol, Equetro, Tegretol, Tegretol-XR), gabapentin (Gralise,Horizant, Neurontin), and phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek) are a few.

Nerve damage can trigger trigeminal neuralgia, a burning, stabbing, or shock-like pain in your cheek or jaw. It might fade fast or linger for a few minutes. Though rare, it can be a first symptom of MS. You might feel it come on as a tingle, numbness, or ache on one side of your face, like dental pain. Anticonvulsant meds such as carbamazepine, lamotrigine (Lamictal), or oxcarbazepine (Oxteller XR, Trileptal) can help.

Dysesthesia is an unpleasant “altered” sensation like burning, prickly pins-and-needles, numbness, and creepy-crawlies in any part of your body. For example, your feet might suddenly feel scalded, with no heat source — or damage — at all. Your brain gets distorted nerve signals, so it struggles to relate to something it recalls or imagines. Sometimes it comes up with some pretty crazy stuff. You can treat the weird feelings with nerve pain meds. 

Swallowing isn’t as simple as it seems. The nerves and muscles in your mouth and throat must work with your brain. With MS, the muscles you need to do it can weaken. Mixed-up nerve signals and sensory distortions can make it hard to chew or control the food or liquid in your mouth. Or you might feel there’s something stuck in your throat when there isn’t. It usually happens at a later stage of MS, but it can show up earlier, too.

Lhermitte’s sign is really a symptom. It’s a sudden “electric” zap that shoots down your spine and legs. It happens usually when you flex your neck forward, as when you get your hair trimmed. (Another name for it is the barber chair sign.) Lesions in the cervical spine — your neck area — cause it. Lhermitte’s goes away as quickly as it comes, so it typically doesn’t need treatment.

Damage to the optic nerve (optic neuritis), which links your eye to your brain, can trigger something called Uhthoff’s phenomenon. This means your vision briefly goes blurry when your body temp rises. (Your other MS symptoms may get worse, too.) Exercise, hot baths, warm weather — even hair dryers — can all make eye-to-brain signals iffier than usual. It can help to take a cool shower, use a gel pack, and drink lots of cold water before you exercise or go out in the heat.

Another optical trick MS can play is the Pulfrich phenomenon. Optic neuritis triggers this one too. It’s a 3-D illusion caused by a conflict in your vision. Let’s say an object is headed toward you in a straight line. Instead, you might see its path as an elliptical orbit. An oncoming car might appear to swerve toward you, or you’ll miss a ball as you try to catch it.  A special filter in front of one eye can help balance your vision.

Abrupt, brief spasms called paroxysms happen when electrical discharges fire in damaged areas of your brain. They might surge through your arm or leg, or the muscles you use to eat and speak. Although they can repeat several to many times a day, the bout usually ends within a few months. While scary, they’re not the same as seizures. You can treat them with antiepileptic meds, such as carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or oxcarbazepine.

Migraines are sudden headaches that can last from several hours to days. They can sometimes be the first MS symptom. People with MS are twice as likely to have them. They can bring on nausea or make you sensitive to sound and light. This can keep you from your regular activities. People with MS seem to have family histories of migraine, so researchers are looking for a link.

What’s that you say? Rarely, hearing problems can be a first symptom of MS. It might have a link to swelling and scar tissue near your auditory nerve, which carries info to your brain. Plaque buildup on the nerves along this pathway can lead to it, too. These episodes usually improve, and permanent deafness is rare.

If you have vertigo, you may feel like you — or the area around you — is spinning. It can throw off your balance way more than just dizziness. You might also feel lightheaded or queasy from the sense of motion. It happens to about 1 in 5 people with MS. It can stem from damage in the same pathways that control your hearing and vision. Treatment can include physiotherapy, which studies how your movements affect it.

IMAGES PROVIDED BY:

1. Getty

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13. Science Source

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SOURCES:

Multiple Sclerosis Trust: “Worried You Have MS?” “MS: The Facts,” “MS Hug,” “Pain,” “Tingling, Crawling, Burning or Prickling in the Skin. What IS Going on Here?” “Swallowing Hard: Dysphagia and MS,” “Lhermitte’s Sign,” “Visual Problems,” “Paroxysmal Symptoms,” “Dizziness and Vertigo.”

Clinical Medicine & Research: “Multiple Sclerosis: It’s Not the Disease You Thought it Was.”

National Multiple Sclerosis Society: “Multiple Sclerosis FAQs,” “Itching,” “Pain,” “Headache,” “Hearing Loss,” “Dizziness and Vertigo.”

MS Focus Magazine: “Understanding the Rarer Symptoms of MS,” “Understanding and avoiding Uhthoff’s phenomenon.”

Multiple Sclerosis Association of America: “Pseudobulbar Affect (PSA).”

International Association for the Study of Pain: “IASP Terminology.”

American Academy of Neurology: “Unusual Symptoms and Syndromes in Multiple Sclerosis. ”

American Migraine Foundation: “What is Migraine?”

Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology: “Lhermitte’s Sign: The Current Status.”

Journal of Medicine and Life: “Uhthoff`s phenomenon 125 years later – what do we know today?”

Continuum: “Unusual Symptoms and Syndromes in Multiple Sclerosis.”

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12 Early Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis You Shouldn’t Miss

Likbez

Health

May 21, 2019

If you regularly feel dizzy, hearing worsens, and goosebumps run through your body, hurry up to the doctor.

Multiple sclerosis is a serious disease that affects nerve fibers scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord (hence the name “multiple sclerosis”). In this case, the nervous tissue is replaced by connective tissue, scars form on it (in fact, the word “sclerosis” is translated from Greek as a scar). Signals from the brain to organs, tissues and back begin to pass with a hitch, which affects the well-being and performance.

Usually not fatal. However, as multiple sclerosis progresses, it hurts the quality of life. Weakness, fatigue, memory problems, blurred vision, hand tremors, movement problems…

Multiple sclerosis is most common in people aged 45-64 years, but the first manifestations can be observed as early as 20-40 years.

Unfortunately, there is no cure for this disease yet. However, there are ways to stop the development of the disease and smooth out the symptoms that have already manifested. The sooner you contact a therapist or neurologist, the more effectively you can fight.

Here are the main signs that will help you see a doctor in time.

1. Vision changes

This is one of the most common early symptoms. The optic nerve suffers from sclerosis almost the first. The result of this lesion is vision problems. At some point, you notice that, for example:

• the world around you is as if in a fog;
• objects around have acquired blurry contours;
• sometimes sees double;
• vision has clearly deteriorated: it is difficult for you to see anything far or near;
• it is difficult for you to distinguish red and green colors, they merge;
• “flies” regularly dance before the eyes;
• pain when looking up or to the side.

Vision problems can be different: multiple sclerosis is a disease with rather unpredictable effects. However, the very fact that something is wrong with the eyes should alert you. Especially if it is accompanied by other early symptoms of multiple sclerosis.

2. Weakness and fatigue

Unexplained weakness in the early stages of multiple sclerosis is present in 80% of patients. It is caused by damage to the nerves in the spine and primarily affects the legs: it becomes difficult to walk or stand for a long time.

3. Tingling in the limbs

This symptom is caused by damage to the brain and spinal cord, causing the nerve endings on the surface of the body to receive conflicting signals. As a rule, unpleasant goosebumps run through:

• hands;
• feet;
• fingers;
• face.

These symptoms are mild at first, but become more painful as the multiple sclerosis progresses.

4. Numbness, loss of sensation in the fingertips

Fingers can become numb for various reasons. But if, when touching an object, you cannot recognize whether it is warm or cold, this is an alarming symptom.

5. Electrical discharges in the body

It is necessary to unsuccessfully turn your head, move your arm or leg, bend – and you seem to be pierced by an electric current. With developing multiple sclerosis, such sensations can become regular.

6. Muscle cramps

Approximately half of people with multiple sclerosis experience unexplained muscle spasms in the legs, arms, and back in the early stages of the disease.

Please note that a cramp may be a natural response to, for example, physical exertion, uncomfortable shoes, or dehydration. But muscle cramps as a regular symptom are clearly related to some kind of systemic problem. It is possible that with multiple sclerosis.

7. Loss of coordination

If you often feel dizzy, feel clumsy, sometimes lose your balance, feel unsteady when walking, it’s time to consult your doctor. Don’t ignore these warning signs.

8. Problems with urination

Another symptom that occurs in 80% of people with multiple sclerosis. It manifests itself like this: you drink the same amount of liquid, but began to run to the toilet much more often. Or, for example, you do not always have time to hold urine. Or you can’t pee until your bladder is completely empty.

9. Changes in the sexual sphere

Due to nerve damage, victims of multiple sclerosis often lose their sexual desire and experience orgasms.

10. Emotional instability

Increased anxiety, irritability, endless mood swings – from joy and happiness to tearfulness and complete disappointment in life – is another common symptom of multiple sclerosis.

11. Cognitive impairment

Multiple sclerosis damages the nerve fibers in the brain, which immediately affects the higher nervous activity. It becomes difficult for a sick person to concentrate on anything, he is constantly distracted, his attention is scattered, and the speed of information processing is reduced. In addition, memory deteriorates.

12. Any sudden physiological changes

Multiple sclerosis is a very diverse disease. In addition to the above symptoms, its manifestations may include:

• hearing loss;
• hand trembling;
• swallowing and breathing problems;
• slurred speech;
• changes in gait;
• headaches.

If you observe any of these changes, and even more so if they are combined with other signs of multiple sclerosis, do not hesitate to visit a doctor. It is not certain that you will be diagnosed with this disease. But if after all we are talking about multiple sclerosis, then starting rehabilitation as early as possible is in your own interests.

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how to recognize them and how to manage the disease

Contents

• 1 Multiple sclerosis: what are the first symptoms of the disease
  • 1.1 Multiple sclerosis: what to learn
    • sclerosis?
    • 1.1.2 How can you notice the first signs of multiple sclerosis?
    • 1.1.3 How can I cope with the disease?
  • 1.2 Multiple sclerosis: what it is
  • 1.3 The first signs of the disease
  • 1.4 Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
    • 1.4.1 What signs indicate multiple sclerosis?
  • 1.5 Treatment of multiple sclerosis: main methods and approaches
    • 1.5.1 Drug treatment:
    • 1.5.2 Physiotherapy:
    • 3 1. 5.4 Lifestyle modification:
    • 1.5.5 Chiropractic :
    • 1.5.6 Acupuncture:
    • 1.5.7 Homeopathy:
    • 1.5.8 Artificial insulin:
  • 1.6 The main types of drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • 1.6.1 Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants
    • 1.6.2 Corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory drugs
    • 1.6.3 Drugs to improve the function of the nervous system

    9 0037

    • 1.7 Duration and stages of illness
    • 1.8 Diet and exercise in multiple sclerosis
      • 1.8.1 Diet
      • 1.8.2 Exercise
    • 1.9The role of psychological well-being in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • 1.10 Support of loved ones and social adaptation in multiple sclerosis
    • 1.11 Prevention and risk factors for multiple sclerosis
    • 1.12 Conclusions and recommendations
      • 1.12.1 Conclusions 90 024
      • 1.12.2 Recommendations
    • 1.13 Related videos:
    • 1. 14 Q&A:
      • • 1.14.0.1 How do I know if I have multiple sclerosis?
        • 1.14.0.2 Can multiple sclerosis relapse?
        • 1.14.0.3 Can multiple sclerosis be cured?
        • 1.14.0.4 What drugs are used to treat multiple sclerosis?
        • 1.14.0.5 What measures can be taken to manage multiple sclerosis?
        • 1.14.0.6 Can multiple sclerosis cause disability?

  Learn how to recognize the early symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Signs and symptoms may appear gradually and unnoticed. The earlier the disease is diagnosed, the greater the chance of successful treatment.

  Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurological disease that can progress over time and significantly impair the patient’s quality of life. This disease affects the myelin sheaths of nerve fibers and can present with a variety of symptoms.

  Since the first signs of multiple sclerosis are not always characteristic of this disease, it is difficult even for a specialist to diagnose it at an early stage. Early detection of symptoms, such as loss of balance, changes in vision, and impaired sensation, can help manage the disease and confirm the diagnosis.

  In this article we will look at the main signs of multiple sclerosis and explain how to identify them in a timely manner. We will also look at important points in the treatment of the disease, tips for managing symptoms and modern technologies for maintaining the patient’s health.

  Multiple sclerosis: what to learn

  What is multiple sclerosis?

  Multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease of the nervous system that disrupts the transmission of impulses from the brain to the rest of the body. This is due to the formation of multiple foci in the brain and spinal cord, as a result of which billions of nerve cells are destroyed.

  Each patient with multiple sclerosis follows a unique path of illness, so it is important to know that the process is individual and not all symptoms appear in all patients at the same time or with the same intensity.

  How can you notice the first signs of multiple sclerosis?

  The first signs of multiple sclerosis may include changes in vision, loss of sensation in various parts of the body, problems with movement coordination, frequent confused thoughts and problems with memory. You can find out your individual risks of the disease by undergoing genetic testing.

  It must be remembered that sclerosis can manifest itself in everyone at different ages, so you need to seek medical help if you suspect a disease.

  How can I cope with the disease?

  Typically, treatment for multiple sclerosis involves a holistic approach that includes medication, physical therapy, mental health support, and a healthy lifestyle. Medical scientific research shows that people who lead a healthy lifestyle reduce the risk of disease progression.

  There are also various community organizations that help people with multiple sclerosis access information, medication and psychological support. You can also contact social workers who can help you find the resources you need and get out of social isolation.

  Multiple sclerosis: what is it

  Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the nervous system, which manifests itself in the form of various symptoms associated with impaired transmission of nerve impulses between the cells of the brain and spinal cord.

  People with multiple sclerosis often have problems with coordination, visual disturbances, numbness in the extremities, weakness and fatigue.

  In multiple sclerosis, the immune system attacks the myelin sheaths of nerve fibers, which leads to their damage and the appearance of inflammatory foci in different parts of the brain and spinal cord.

  • Multiple sclerosis belongs to the group of autoimmune diseases
  • Complications of multiple sclerosis include paralysis and impaired coordination of movements
  • One of the first signs of multiple sclerosis is visual impairment

  The first signs of the disease

  Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the nervous system that can manifest itself with various symptoms. But what are the first signs that can indicate the onset of the disease?

  • Feeling tired. The person may feel tired more quickly than usual. This may be evidenced by weakness, a constant desire to sleep, and decreased performance.
  • Difficulties with vision. The patient may notice that his vision has become less clear, and there are problems with focusing the eyes. Double vision and blurred vision may also occur.
  • Problems with coordination and balance. A person may become less confident in walking, feel trembling in the hands, deterioration in coordination of movements.
  • Problems with the health of the urinary system. The patient may experience painful urination, frequent urination, or severe urinary retention.

  If you suspect you have multiple sclerosis, don’t put off seeing your doctor. The sooner the diagnosis is established and treatment is started, the greater the chances of a successful fight against the disease.

  Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis

  What signs indicate multiple sclerosis?

  Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurological disease that presents with a variety of symptoms. Fortunately, in the early stages of the disease, diagnosis is possible, which allows you to start treatment and improve the quality of life of patients.

  The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis requires a comprehensive assessment of symptoms and clinical manifestations. The doctor assesses the neurological status, reflexes, sensitivity, muscle tone, and also prescribes additional examinations, such as magnetic resonance imaging, educational audiometry, electrophysiological studies, laboratory tests.

  • The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides detailed images of the brain and spinal cord. MRI shows changes associated with multiple sclerosis, such as inflammatory lesions and demyelination of nerve fibers.
  • Educational audiometry helps identify possible audio system disorders that may be associated with multiple sclerosis.
  • Electrophysiological studies allow you to evaluate the conduction of nerve impulses and detect disorders in the functioning of the nervous system.
  • Laboratory tests can help identify the presence of specific proteins in urine and blood that may indicate multiple sclerosis.

  It is important to remember that early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is the key to effective treatment and a better life for patients. At the first signs of the disease, you should consult a doctor and undergo a comprehensive examination.

  Treatment of multiple sclerosis: basic methods and approaches

  Drug treatment:

  For the control and treatment of multiple sclerosis, special pharmacological preparations are used, among which immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents are most widely used. The selection of drugs is carried out individually, taking into account the characteristics of the disease and its stage.

  Physiotherapy:

  Multiple sclerosis chokes on the nervous system, so it’s important to keep it healthy and functional. Physiotherapy treatments such as massage, gymnastics and exercise therapy help improve blood circulation and detoxify nerve cells and tissues.

  Psychotherapy:

  Since multiple sclerosis can affect the personality and psychological state of the patient, psychotherapeutic treatment can become one of the key elements of complex therapy. Psychotherapy can help the patient cope with stress, gender negative emotions, improve self-awareness and psychological stability.

  Lifestyle changes:

  Living with multiple sclerosis requires certain lifestyle changes. Patients are advised to monitor nutrition, avoid stressful situations, maintain an optimal daily routine and perform special workouts. A rational approach to lifestyle changes will help manage the disease and improve overall well-being.

  Chiropractic:

  Chiropractic treatment for multiple sclerosis can improve blood and nerve supply to affected areas of the body, and reduce pain and congestion in muscles and joints. The chiropractic approach requires a special principle of working with patients, since the disease has individual characteristics and requires certain methods of correction.

  Acupuncture:

  Acupuncture for multiple sclerosis can help the patient reduce pain, improve immunity, and improve the functioning of the nervous and energy systems of the body. Acupuncture treatments can improve overall well-being and improve coordination.

  Homeopathy:

  Homeopathic herbal preparations can help the multiple sclerosis patient to minimize pain conditions, as well as improve vitality and immune system function. It is important to remember that the choice of drugs should be carried out only under the supervision of a physician.

  Artificial insulin:

  As a rule, artificial insulin is used to treat diabetes, but in cases where multiple sclerosis occurs on the background of glucose metabolism disorders, insulin can be used to correct metabolic processes in the body. However, the decision to use insulin should only be made after a detailed examination and consultation with a specialist.

  Main drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis

  Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants

  Immunomodulators are the main drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. They are aimed at suppressing the activity of the immune system and change the processes of inflammation in the body. Immunosuppressants, on the other hand, are second-line agents and also reduce the activity of the immune system.

  Some of the popular immunomodulators include Avonex, Betaseron, Copaxone and Rebif. Immunosuppressants include Tysabri, Gilenya, and Novantrone.

  Corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory drugs

  Corticosteroids are used to control inflammation and are usually used in cases of flare-ups. Anti-inflammatory drugs are also used to control inflammation and develop flare-ups.

  Some of the corticosteroids that may be prescribed by a doctor are methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone. Anti-inflammatory drugs include Azathioprine, Cyclophosphamide, and Leukopheresis.

  Medicines to improve nervous system function

  Medicines to improve nervous system function may be prescribed to manage the symptoms of multiple sclerosis. They help improve coordination, reduce spasticity, and reduce other symptoms of the disease, such as fatigue and memory loss.

  Some of the popular drugs that may be prescribed by a doctor include Ampyra, Baclofen, and Tizanidine.

  Duration and stages of illness

  Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease that can last for decades. The duration of the disease depends on individual characteristics and the effectiveness of treatment. In some patients, the disease develops slowly, while in others it develops more rapidly.

  Advanced stages of multiple sclerosis can have serious health consequences, including mobility and cognitive function. However, despite the fact that the disease is incurable, modern treatments and physical therapy help slow progression and reduce symptoms.

  • Multiple sclerosis continues for decades;
  • The duration of the disease depends on the individual and the effectiveness of the treatment;
  • The disease has several stages of development;
  • Symptoms may be subtle or mild in the early stages of the disease, but become more noticeable and severe over time;
  • Advanced stages of the disease can have serious health consequences;
  • Modern therapies and physical therapy help slow progression and reduce symptoms.

  Diet and exercise for multiple sclerosis

  Diet

  It is important to watch your diet when you have multiple sclerosis, as certain foods can aggravate the symptoms of the disease. It is recommended to consume more fruits, vegetables and healthy fats such as olive oil and avocados.

  Less desirable are foods high in sugar, saturated fat, and calories, such as fast food, soda, and confectionery. It is also advisable to limit your consumption of chicken and beef in favor of lighter protein foods such as fish, tofu, and eggs.

  Exercise

  Moderate exercise can help reduce MS symptoms such as fatigue, weakness and insomnia. It is recommended that you take up some kind of sport or physical activity, which may include walking, swimming, or yoga.

  In general, proper nutrition and exercise are an important part of the treatment of multiple sclerosis and can help improve quality of life.

  The role of psychological well-being in the treatment of multiple sclerosis

  When considering the treatment of multiple sclerosis, an important aspect is the psychological state of the patient. Since this disease cannot be completely cured, the patient must learn to live with it. Therefore, it is important that people perceive their health correctly, set the right goals and be motivated to achieve these goals.

  One of the main factors to consider in the treatment of multiple sclerosis is the patient’s mental well-being. Negative emotions and stress can significantly worsen your health, so it is important to learn how to manage your emotional state and cope with stress.

  In addition, it must be taken into account that multiple sclerosis can lead to social isolation and limited life of the patient. Therefore, it is important to help the patient maintain an active life position and learn to find new forms of activity and satisfaction with life outside of their usual activities.

  Thus, the psychological aspect in the treatment of multiple sclerosis is important and should not be ignored. The best solution for the patient is a comprehensive approach to treatment, where an important element is the work with the psychological state, the development of mental well-being and intrinsic motivation.

  Support of relatives and social adaptation with multiple sclerosis

  Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the nervous system that can seriously limit a person’s life opportunities. However, supporting loved ones and adapting to new living conditions makes it much easier to survive the difficulties associated with the disease.

  The role of family and friends

  Close people play an important role in maintaining the health and mental well-being of a person with multiple sclerosis. Relatives and friends should show understanding and patience, take care of the sick person, help him in his daily life, communicate with him and participate in his hobbies. They can become real supports for the patient and help him overcome difficulties, including social ones.

  Social adaptation

  Multiple sclerosis can limit the patient’s opportunities and everyday functions, as well as reduce his ability to work. In this regard, it is important to learn how to adapt to new conditions of life and find ways to solve emerging problems. To do this, it is necessary to study information about resources that help people with disabilities (for example, rehabilitation centers, clubs and patient associations), seek advice from specialists, play sports and participate in social life.

  • Communication with people and participation in social life helps to maintain a positive mood and avoid depression;
  • Exercise is essential to stay fit and reduce the risk of spastic muscle contractions that often occur with multiple sclerosis.

  Conclusions

  It is important to remember that multiple sclerosis can change lives, but this does not mean that the patient does not have a deep meaning and purpose. To achieve this goal, it is important to have support in loved ones, learn to adapt and look for resources that can help overcome difficulties. Connecting with other people and doing what you love can help you stay optimistic and positive, which is especially important for patients with multiple sclerosis.

  Prevention and risk factors for multiple sclerosis

  There is currently no way to completely prevent multiple sclerosis. However, there are risk factors, the presence of which can affect the likelihood of the disease:

  • Genetic predisposition. If you have close relatives suffering from multiple sclerosis, the likelihood of the disease increases.
  • Vitamin D is not enough. The lack of this vitamin may be one of the factors that increases the risk of developing the disease.
  • Infections. Some viral infections can affect the development of multiple sclerosis.
  • Some environmental factors. For example, smoking and environmental emergencies can increase the likelihood of illness.

  You can reduce your risk factors and increase your chance of health by living a healthy lifestyle. It is important to monitor your diet, increase your vitamin D levels if necessary, avoid smoking, control your weight and physical activity.

  Sample diet: Morning Lunch Dinner

  Oatmeal with berries and nuts	Chicken soup with vegetables, vegetable salad, grilled chicken	Baked fish with vegetables, fruit or yogurt
  Fruit, yogurt	Lentils with vegetables, fruits, or yogurt	Vegetables and fruits only

  Remember, multiple sclerosis is a serious disease, and all the methods described above can reduce the likelihood of the disease, but do not guarantee its complete absence. Therefore, it is important to monitor your health and consult a doctor at the first sign of illness.

  Conclusions and recommendations

  Conclusions

  Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease that can affect a patient’s quality of life. Symptoms can manifest themselves in different ways: weakness, numbness in the limbs, problems with coordination of movements, visual disturbances. Early detection and diagnosis of the disease can help initiate treatment and improve the prognosis of the disease. An individual approach to each patient is a key factor for effective treatment and symptom management.

  Recommendations

  1. Be mindful of your health: monitor changes in your body and tell your doctor about any new symptoms.
  2. Choose a doctor who specializes in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. It will help you make effective decisions about treatment and symptom management.
  3. Follow your doctor’s recommendations for medications and lifestyle. Following the recommendations can improve the quality of your life.
  4. Learn different relaxation and stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga or breathing exercises. This can help you cope with possible stressful situations associated with the disease.
  5. Take care of your health and create a healthy lifestyle: exercise, eat right and get enough rest and sleep.

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  Q&A:

  How do I know if I have multiple sclerosis?

  The first signs of multiple sclerosis can vary. This may be visual irregularity, dizziness, difficulty coordinating movements, skin sensitivity disorders. It is important to consult a doctor and undergo an examination for an accurate diagnosis.

  Can multiple sclerosis relapse?

  Yes, this is one of the features of multiple sclerosis. During the period of remission, the symptoms may completely disappear, but unfortunately, repeated manifestations of the disease are inevitable. Relapses vary in severity.

  Can multiple sclerosis be cured?

  No, there is currently no cure for multiple sclerosis. However, treatment can slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life. It is important to start treatment on time and follow the doctor’s recommendations.

  What medicines are used to treat multiple sclerosis?

  Multiple sclerosis is treated with a variety of drugs to reduce inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. These can be immunomodulating agents, hormonal drugs, medications for symptomatic therapy. Treatment is selected individually for each patient.

  What measures can be taken to manage multiple sclerosis?

  In addition to treatment, it is important to pay attention to the daily routine, proper nutrition and physical activity. It is also important to work with specialists, such as a rehabilitation therapist or psychologist, to help them cope with the difficulties that may arise with an illness.