What are the common symptoms of a yeast infection. How can you prevent yeast infections from occurring. When should you see a doctor about a yeast infection. What treatment options are available for yeast infections.

The Prevalence and Nature of Yeast Infections

Yeast infections are a widespread health issue affecting millions of individuals worldwide. These fungal infections can occur in various parts of the body but most commonly manifest as vaginal yeast infections, also known as vulvovaginal candidiasis. The statistics are striking: approximately 75% of women will experience at least one yeast infection in their lifetime, while 40-45% may face recurring infections.

But what exactly is a yeast infection? It occurs when there’s an overgrowth of Candida, a type of yeast naturally present in small amounts in the vagina. Under normal circumstances, this yeast coexists harmoniously with other microorganisms. However, certain factors can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to an overgrowth and subsequent infection.

Recognizing the Symptoms of a Yeast Infection

Identifying a yeast infection early is crucial for prompt treatment and relief. While symptoms can vary, there are several common indicators to watch for:

• Intense itching and irritation in the vaginal area
• A thick, white, clumpy discharge resembling cottage cheese (often odorless)
• Redness and swelling of the vagina and vulva
• Pain or burning sensation during urination
• Discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse

Is it possible to have a yeast infection without all these symptoms? Indeed, some women may experience only mild symptoms or even be asymptomatic. This variability underscores the importance of professional diagnosis, especially for first-time infections.

Unraveling the Causes of Yeast Infections

Understanding the factors that contribute to yeast infections is key to prevention and management. Several elements can disrupt the vaginal flora’s natural balance, leading to an overgrowth of yeast:

1. Hormonal changes: Pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, and birth control pills can alter the vaginal environment.
2. Antibiotic use: While treating bacterial infections, antibiotics can inadvertently kill beneficial bacteria, allowing yeast to thrive.
3. Weakened immune system: Conditions that compromise immunity can make the body more susceptible to yeast overgrowth.
4. Sexual activity: While not classified as a sexually transmitted infection, a partner’s genital chemistry can sometimes trigger an imbalance.
5. Uncontrolled diabetes: Elevated blood sugar levels can create an environment conducive to yeast growth.

Are there other less common factors that can contribute to yeast infections? Yes, these may include certain medications, high-stress levels, and even dietary choices high in sugar or refined carbohydrates.

Effective Strategies for Yeast Infection Prevention

While it’s not always possible to prevent yeast infections entirely, several preventive measures can significantly reduce your risk:

• Wear loose-fitting, breathable clothing made from natural fibers like cotton
• Avoid prolonged use of wet clothing, such as swimwear or workout attire
• Steer clear of scented feminine hygiene products, including fragranced bath products
• Refrain from douching, which can disrupt the natural vaginal flora
• Limit unnecessary antibiotic use
• Maintain good hygiene practices, but avoid over-washing the vaginal area
• Consider probiotic supplements or foods to support healthy vaginal flora

Can dietary changes help prevent yeast infections? While research is ongoing, some studies suggest that a diet low in sugar and refined carbohydrates may help reduce the risk of yeast overgrowth.

When to Seek Medical Attention for a Yeast Infection

While mild yeast infections can sometimes be treated with over-the-counter medications, there are situations where professional medical advice is crucial. Consider consulting a healthcare provider if:

• You’re experiencing symptoms for the first time and are unsure if it’s a yeast infection
• Over-the-counter treatments fail to alleviate your symptoms
• You have recurring yeast infections (four or more in a year)
• You’re pregnant or have a weakened immune system
• You have diabetes and suspect a yeast infection
• Your symptoms are severe or accompanied by fever or abdominal pain

Why is professional diagnosis important? Yeast infection symptoms can mimic those of other conditions, including sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis. A proper diagnosis ensures you receive the most appropriate treatment.

Comprehensive Treatment Options for Yeast Infections

Effective treatment of yeast infections typically involves antifungal medications. The choice of treatment may depend on the severity of the infection and whether it’s a first-time or recurrent case:

Over-the-Counter Treatments:

• Antifungal creams, ointments, or suppositories (e.g., miconazole, clotrimazole)
• One-day, three-day, or seven-day treatment regimens

Prescription Medications:

• Oral antifungal medications (e.g., fluconazole)
• Stronger antifungal creams or suppositories
• Long-term maintenance therapy for recurrent infections

Are there any natural remedies for yeast infections? While some women report success with natural treatments like yogurt or tea tree oil, it’s important to note that these methods are not scientifically proven and should not replace medical treatment.

The Role of Advanced Gynecology in Yeast Infection Management

For those dealing with persistent or recurrent yeast infections, specialized care from a gynecologist can be invaluable. Advanced Gynecology offers comprehensive services for diagnosing and treating yeast infections, including:

• Accurate diagnosis through physical examination and laboratory testing
• Personalized treatment plans tailored to individual needs
• Management of recurrent infections with long-term prevention strategies
• Addressing underlying causes that may contribute to frequent infections
• Education on lifestyle modifications to reduce infection risk

How can a gynecologist help with recurring yeast infections? A specialist can conduct further tests to rule out other conditions, identify potential triggers, and develop a comprehensive management plan that may include maintenance therapy.

Understanding the Link Between Yeast Infections and Other Health Conditions

While yeast infections are often isolated occurrences, they can sometimes be associated with other health issues. Understanding these connections can lead to more effective management and prevention:

Diabetes and Yeast Infections:

Individuals with diabetes, especially when poorly controlled, are at higher risk for yeast infections. High blood sugar levels can create an environment conducive to yeast overgrowth. Proper diabetes management is crucial for reducing this risk.

Immune System and Yeast Infections:

A weakened immune system, whether due to illness, medication, or other factors, can increase susceptibility to yeast infections. Conditions like HIV/AIDS or treatments like chemotherapy can compromise the body’s ability to maintain a healthy balance of microorganisms.

Hormonal Imbalances and Yeast Infections:

Hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during pregnancy, menopause, or with the use of hormonal contraceptives, can alter the vaginal environment and potentially lead to more frequent yeast infections.

Can addressing these underlying health conditions help prevent recurrent yeast infections? In many cases, yes. Managing conditions like diabetes, boosting immune health, and addressing hormonal imbalances can significantly reduce the frequency of yeast infections.

The Impact of Lifestyle Choices on Yeast Infection Risk

Our daily habits and lifestyle choices can significantly influence our susceptibility to yeast infections. Being mindful of these factors can play a crucial role in prevention:

Clothing Choices:

Tight-fitting, synthetic clothing can create a warm, moist environment that’s ideal for yeast growth. Opting for breathable, natural fibers and avoiding prolonged use of wet or sweaty clothes can help maintain a healthy vaginal environment.

Hygiene Practices:

While cleanliness is important, over-washing or using harsh soaps in the genital area can disrupt the natural balance of microorganisms. Gentle cleansing with mild, unscented products is typically sufficient.

Sexual Activity:

While yeast infections aren’t classified as sexually transmitted, sexual activity can sometimes trigger an imbalance. Using condoms and practicing good hygiene before and after intercourse can help reduce this risk.

Stress Management:

High stress levels can weaken the immune system, potentially making the body more susceptible to yeast overgrowth. Incorporating stress-reduction techniques like meditation or yoga may have indirect benefits for yeast infection prevention.

How significant is the role of diet in yeast infection prevention? While research is ongoing, some studies suggest that a diet high in sugar and refined carbohydrates may contribute to yeast overgrowth. Focusing on a balanced diet rich in probiotics and low in added sugars may support overall vaginal health.

Navigating Yeast Infections During Pregnancy

Yeast infections are particularly common during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and shifts in vaginal pH. This prevalence raises important considerations for expectant mothers:

Increased Risk:

Pregnant women are more susceptible to yeast infections, especially during the second trimester. The elevated estrogen levels can disrupt the vaginal flora’s delicate balance.

Safe Treatment Options:

While some over-the-counter treatments are safe during pregnancy, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before using any medication. Certain antifungal treatments may not be recommended during specific stages of pregnancy.

Potential Complications:

If left untreated, yeast infections during pregnancy can potentially lead to complications such as premature birth or transmission to the baby during delivery. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential.

Prevention Strategies:

Pregnant women can take extra precautions to prevent yeast infections, such as wearing cotton underwear, avoiding tight clothing, and maintaining good hygiene practices without over-washing.

Is it safe to use natural remedies for yeast infections during pregnancy? While some natural remedies may seem appealing, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before trying any treatment, natural or otherwise, during pregnancy to ensure safety for both mother and baby.

The Psychological Impact of Recurrent Yeast Infections

While the physical symptoms of yeast infections are well-documented, the psychological toll of recurrent infections is often overlooked. Chronic or frequent yeast infections can have a significant impact on a person’s quality of life and mental well-being:

Anxiety and Stress:

The fear of developing another infection can lead to heightened anxiety, especially in social or intimate situations. This constant worry can contribute to overall stress levels, potentially creating a cycle that may increase susceptibility to future infections.

Impact on Relationships:

Recurrent yeast infections can strain intimate relationships due to discomfort during sexual activity and potential misconceptions about the nature of the infection. Open communication with partners and healthcare providers is crucial for managing these challenges.

Self-Esteem and Body Image:

Persistent infections may lead to feelings of frustration, embarrassment, or a negative body image. These emotional responses can impact overall self-esteem and confidence.

Quality of Life:

Frequent infections can disrupt daily activities, work performance, and social engagements, potentially leading to a decreased quality of life if not properly managed.

How can individuals cope with the psychological impact of recurrent yeast infections? Seeking support from healthcare providers, considering counseling or support groups, and practicing self-care can be beneficial. It’s important to address both the physical and emotional aspects of recurrent infections for comprehensive well-being.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Yeast Infection Management

The field of yeast infection research is dynamic, with ongoing studies exploring new prevention strategies, treatment options, and diagnostic tools. Some exciting areas of current research include:

Probiotic Therapies:

Scientists are investigating the potential of specific probiotic strains in preventing and treating yeast infections. These beneficial bacteria may help maintain a healthy vaginal microbiome, reducing the risk of yeast overgrowth.

Novel Antifungal Agents:

Research is underway to develop new antifungal medications that may be more effective against resistant strains of Candida or have fewer side effects than current treatments.

Personalized Medicine Approaches:

Advances in genetic testing and microbiome analysis may lead to more personalized prevention and treatment strategies based on an individual’s unique biological makeup.

Immune System Modulators:

Studies are exploring ways to enhance the body’s natural defense mechanisms against fungal overgrowth, potentially leading to new preventive measures or treatments.

Alternative Delivery Methods:

Researchers are investigating innovative ways to deliver antifungal medications, such as long-acting vaginal rings or films, which could provide extended protection against infections.

How might these research directions change the landscape of yeast infection management in the future? While it’s difficult to predict specific outcomes, these areas of study hold promise for more effective, personalized, and potentially less invasive approaches to preventing and treating yeast infections. As research progresses, individuals prone to yeast infections may have access to a broader range of options for managing their condition.

In conclusion, yeast infections, while common and often easily treatable, can significantly impact an individual’s health and quality of life. Understanding the causes, recognizing symptoms, and knowing when to seek medical attention are crucial steps in managing these infections effectively. With ongoing research and advancements in treatment options, the future looks promising for those who struggle with recurrent yeast infections. Remember, if you’re experiencing symptoms or have concerns about yeast infections, consulting with a healthcare provider is the best course of action for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Yeast Infections – Advanced Gynecology

Common Yeast Infection Symptoms

Causes of Yeast Infections

Yeast Infection Prevention

When To See a Doctor About a Yeast Infection

How Advanced Gynecology Can Help: Treatment Options for Yeast Infection

Yeast infections can happen to anyone at seemingly anytime. They are uncomfortable, itchy and irritating, but are easily treatable.

Yeast infections are fungal infections that can occur in both men and women in several different places on the body. The most common form of yeast infection is the vaginal yeast infection (vulvovaginal candidiasis). 75% of women will experience a yeast infection in their lifetime, while up to 40%-45% of women will have recurring infections. A vaginal yeast infection occurs when healthy yeast that normally lives in your vagina grows out of control. This overgrowth of yeast can be triggered by several different factors.

There are many different treatment options for yeast infections including prescription pills and creams, as well as over-the-counter options. Recurrent yeast infections may call for a longer treatment course and maintenance options.

Common Yeast Infection Symptoms

The main symptoms of a yeast infection are itchiness and irritation; however you may experience any or all of the following:

• A thick, white, clumpy discharge, similar to cottage cheese, that often has little to no odor.
• Redness and swelling of the vagina and the vulva (the outer part of the female genitals)
• Pain or burning during urination
• Uncomfortable or painful sexual intercourse

Causes of Yeast Infections

The vagina is home to a natural balance of yeast and bacteria. If the chemistry of the vagina becomes imbalanced, the normal yeast that live in the vagina can grow too much and lead to an infection. Here are some things that can lead to an overgrowth of yeast in the vagina:

• Hormonal changes can change the balance of healthy yeast in the vagina. Pregnancy, breast-feeding, menopause, and birth control pills are all hormonal factors that can change the vaginal environment.
• Antibiotics can kill off many of the bacteria that live in your vagina, causing an imbalance in the natural vaginal flora. While antibiotics kill off whatever bad bacteria is causing the primary infection, it also kills off the good bacteria that keeps the vaginal flora healthy, leading to an overgrowth of yeast.
• A weakened or impaired immune system.
• Your natural reaction to another individual’s genital chemistry can alter the natural vaginal flora enough to cause an infection (though a yeast infection is not considered a sexually transmitted infection).
• Diabetes that is not well-controlled, leading to an increase in sugar in the mucus membranes (moist linings) of your vagina, creating the perfect conditions for the overgrowth of yeast.

Yeast Infection Prevention

There are many factors that increase the risk of developing a yeast infection. To reduce this risk, wear loose fitting clothing made of breathable materials like cotton. Try to avoid:

• Tight fitting jeans, leggings and pantyhose
• Douching, which can remove normal bacteria that helps to keep the vaginal flora balanced
• Scented feminine hygiene products including fragranced bath salts, bubbles and soaks, pads and tampons
• Unnecessary antibiotic use
• Remaining in wet clothing, such as swimwear and workout attire, for prolonged periods of time Keeping the vaginal area dry and cool helps to keep the vaginal flora balanced.

When To See A Doctor about a Yeast Infection

Make an appointment to see a doctor if:

• You’ve developed symptoms and have never experienced a yeast infection previously
• You have concerning symptoms but are unsure whether or not you have a yeast infection
• Over-the-counter antifungal creams or suppositories do not relieve your symptoms

How Advanced Gynecology Can Help: Treatment Options for Yeast Infection

If you’ve been suffering with itchiness or unusual discharge, Advanced Gynecology is here for you. Our board-certified team of women’s health experts are ready to help you with diagnostic care and a range of options from testing to maintenance. We will counsel you about the best options for you and your health. If you think you have a yeast infection, see your doctor before treating yourself. The symptoms of a yeast infection can be similar to more serious conditions, including sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis. 

For more information, schedule an appointment today or call 706-389-9228 to speak with one of our patient coordinators.

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What Causes Your Yeast Infections?: The Ob-Gyn Center: OBGYNs

When you experience that all too familiar vaginal itching, burning, and irritation, it could be that you’ve developed a yeast infection. With around 75% of women getting at least one in their lifetime, yeast infections are extremely common and can be unpleasant to experience.

If you’ve had one or multiple yeast infections, you’re undoubtedly wondering what causes them and what you can do to minimize your risk of further infections. Anita Gondy, MD, Saovaros V. Michaels, MD, and Henry Luh, DO, our OB/GYNs at Women’s Health Associates of Southern Nevada, Northwest in Las Vegas, Nevada, explain the most common causes, prevention, and treatment tips for yeast infections.

What are yeast infections?

Vaginal yeast infections, or candidiasis, are caused by a change in the balance of bacteria to yeast cells in your vaginal opening. You develop a yeast infection when candida albicans yeast starts multiplying in your vagina, causing an infection to develop.

Symptoms of vaginal yeast infections include irritation, itchiness, a burning sensation, and redness and swelling in and around your vagina. You can also develop a white, thick discharge that has an appearance similar to cottage cheese.

Yeast infections are not usually dangerous, but they can be highly uncomfortable or painful, especially when urinating, during sexual intercourse, or if you’re prone to recurring infections.

Common causes of yeast infections

There are a number of reasons you can develop a yeast infection. Some of the most common causes include:

Taking antibiotics

Antibiotics resolve infections by killing bacteria, but this also means they can kill the healthy bacteria in your vagina. This can upset your vaginal bacterial-yeast balance, leading to a yeast infection.

Being pregnant

Pregnancy causes fluctuations and changes in your hormones as you grow your baby. These changes can make you more prone to developing yeast infections while pregnant.

Hormonal changes related to your menstrual cycle or contraceptives

Hormonal fluctuations also are at their highest in the days before you start your period, making this the most likely time in your cycle to get a yeast infection. Taking oral contraceptives increases the levels of estrogen in your body, which also ups your risk.

Diabetes

Having diabetes that is poorly controlled or uncontrolled makes you more likely to get yeast infections.

Reduced immunity

If you have a lowered immune system, you’re also at greater risk of yeast infections.

Preventing yeast infections

For most women, making a few simple lifestyle changes can help reduce the odds of getting recurring yeast infections. When you are unwell, avoid taking antibiotics unless absolutely necessary to treat your condition.

Additionally, avoid wearing clothes that are tightly fitted around the crotch area, and choose cotton underwear. When your crotch area becomes wet, such as after swimming or getting sweaty, change to dry clothes as soon as possible.

You should also avoid or minimize your use of hot tubs, bubble baths, and douching.

Treating yeast infections

If you develop a yeast infection, our team at WHASN – NW treats your infection with antifungal or oral medications. If you’re pregnant, our team prescribes topical antifungals safe for your baby.

Yeast infections clear up within three days to two weeks. If treatment doesn’t resolve your infection, you get another yeast infection within a few months, or you’re getting yeast infections regularly, our team can prescribe stronger therapies to stop your infections.

If you have a yeast infection or are struggling with frequent yeast infections, call our office or request an appointment online today.

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Ovarian cyst treatment, surgery to remove an ovarian cyst, laparoscopy price

Ovarian cysts are tumor-like formations, the cavity of which is filled with various tissues, including blood, mucus and fluid.

Classification of ovarian cysts depending on their structure and method of formation:

1. Follicular (functional) ovarian cyst

It is formed from follicles, has smooth walls, a flat surface, the cavity of which is filled with liquid. Its size is usually no more than 8 cm in diameter. The cause of the cyst is an imbalance of hormones, so it is most often diagnosed during puberty or menopause. Small cysts (up to 4 cm) can develop asymptomatically and disappear without a trace within 3 menstrual cycles.

Larger lesions (6-10 cm) present with the following symptoms:

• violation of the cyclical regulation,
• long painful regula with profuse discharge,
• spotting between periods and after intercourse.
• concerned about pain in the lower abdomen, which intensifies in the 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle, after active and sudden movements (somersault, tilt, sharp turn), after sex,
• often patients complain of a feeling of heaviness, a feeling of fullness in the groin area.

2. Yellow body cyst

It is formed in the 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle from the corpus luteum, which does not disappear in time. When a follicle bursts and a new egg descends, a corpus luteum appears in this place. If fertilization does not occur in this cycle, then the corpus luteum disappears by itself, due to the cessation of blood supply. However, if blood flow is disturbed, the same corpus luteum can form cysts that do not exceed 8 cm in size, their cavity is filled with a yellowish-red liquid. Most often, this formation appears due to a violation of the hormonal background and blood circulation in the appendages.

Factors contributing to the formation of a corpus luteum cyst:

• inflammation in the appendages,
• malnutrition or starvation,
• physical activity and prolonged stress,
• artificial termination of pregnancy,
• hormonal contraception,
• preparation for in vitro fertilization (IVF).

The symptomatology of this cyst is mild: (slight pain, feeling of heaviness and discomfort in the abdomen from the formation, delayed menstruation or, conversely, prolonged menstruation). Often, such cysts develop within 2-3 months, after which they spontaneously disappear.

3. Paraovarian ovarian cyst

It is formed from a rudimentary formation – paraovarium (ovarian appendage), between the leaves of the broad uterine ligament, the ovary and the tube. It is usually located on the side or above the uterus. Anatomically, it is a single-chamber formation of a tight-elastic consistency with a cavity that contains a clear liquid containing a lot of protein and a small amount of mucin. This content gradually accumulates, forming a thin-walled “bag” with smooth walls. The shape of the cyst is oval or round, its size varies from small to large, in rare cases reaching the size of the head of a newborn. The development of such a cyst usually falls on 3-4 decades of a woman’s life (the period of maturity). There is a paraovarian cyst in 8-16% of cases of all identified cysts.

More often, its development is asymptomatic. However, in some patients, periodic pulling pains in the lower back, lower abdomen are detected, the regulation cycle is disturbed, and infertility. Similar symptoms appear when the size of the cyst is more than 5 cm. With a further increase in the formation of pain, they are bursting, aching in nature with the localization of these sensations in the lateral regions of the abdomen, capture the lower back and sacrum. There is no connection with the menstrual cycle or with the period of egg maturation. As a rule, the occurrence of pain in the patient is associated with physical activity.

4. Mucinous ovarian cyst

This is a benign tumor with a bumpy surface and a multi-chamber cavity in which mucus is located. The main features that distinguish it from other types of cysts are its rapid growth rate and gigantic size (up to 30 cm). Most often, such cysts occur in women over 45 years of age, since the main cause is hormonal disruptions that occur during menopause.
The characteristic symptoms of a mucinous cyst are: aching pains in the womb area, an increase in the volume of the abdomen due to the rapid growth of the cyst, constant urge to urinate, a constant feeling of a full intestine, frequent constipation.

5. Ovarian dermoid cyst

Also applies to benign tumors. The frequency of their detection is 15-20% of cases of all ovarian cysts. At first, it has a round shape, which then changes to an oval shape with smooth walls. Its contents are represented by various cells and tissues of the body (bones, hair, teeth, cartilage, muscles, adipose or nervous tissue, etc.). The diameter of the cyst may be greater than 15 cm.
Risk factors include hormonal surges, so this cyst develops most often in women with menopause and at the time of puberty.
Clinical manifestations of a dermoid ovarian cyst are associated with its reaching a large size (15 cm or more). These include: sensations of fullness and heaviness, pain in the lower abdomen, sometimes an increase in the size of the abdomen, and further increased urination, impaired bowel function (constipation or diarrhea).
Dermoid ovarian cyst does not cause hormonal changes and menstrual dysfunction.

6. Endometrial cyst

It is one of the forms of genital endometriosis. They refer it to pseudocysts, since its wall does not have a secreting epithelium, as in true cysts, but is formed from the endometrium. The endometrium is a tissue that normally lines only the uterine cavity, and with endometriosis, endometrial cells are carried to other organs, including the ovaries. It is believed that this occurs during various surgical interventions on the uterus. But some experts put forward another possible way of introducing endometrial cells into the ovaries and abdominal cavity: with the help of retrograde flow of menstrual blood through the fallopian tubes, which is facilitated by significant physical activity, sexual intercourse during menstruation, a significant width of the fallopian tubes, poor outflow of menstrual blood with a narrow cervical canal. Endometrial cells that have entered the abdominal cavity, tubes and ovaries are implanted in these tissues. They are not atypical, but are hormone-dependent and therefore have the ability to grow under certain conditions, and, moreover, cyclically during the regulation show a menstrual-like reaction, i.e. bleed. As a result, an endometrioid island is formed, inside which a dark liquid accumulates – blood that has not found a way out. A cyst is formed. Due to the color of their contents, these cysts are also called “chocolate”. The diameter of the formation can vary from 1 to 10 cm.

Contribute to endometriosis in general, and the development of “chocolate” cysts, including the following factors:

• disorders in the immune system,
• hormonal disorders (excess estrogen and prolactin, lack of progesterone and androgens, dysfunction of other endocrine organs – thyroid gland and adrenal cortex),
• surgeries (including abortions) and abdominal injuries,
• transferred stresses,
• inflammatory diseases of the female genital area,
• other somatic diseases and metabolic disorders.

In some cases, an endometrioid cyst is asymptomatic, but may present with pain in the lower abdomen, in the lumbosacral region. The menstrual cycle is disrupted: the periods themselves lengthen and become more abundant, spotting intermenstrual discharge appears. A woman may suffer from infertility.

Large cysts, squeezing the surrounding organs of the small pelvis, can contribute to impaired urination, constipation, and bloating. With prolonged existence, “chocolate” cysts can be complicated by rupture, suppuration and the formation of an adhesive process.

7. Polycystic ovaries.

With this syndrome, not one, but many small cavities appear in the ovaries.
The main cause of this disease is insulin resistance of the body (impaired perception of insulin and absorption of glucose). As a result, insulin rises, and its excess negatively affects the ovaries. Subsequently, this leads to increased production of androgens (male hormones), which disrupt the maturation of the follicles, resulting in many unruptured cavities.

Risk factors for polycystic disease:

• Early or late puberty.
• Late or early menopause.
• Various menstrual irregularities.
• Termination of pregnancy, miscarriage, infertility.
• Inflammatory processes of the pelvic organs.
• Hormonal imbalance due to endocrine diseases or the use of hormonal medications.
• Irregular sexual intercourse.
• Overweight or underweight.
• Diabetes mellitus.
• Genetic predisposition.
• Prolonged stress.
• Strong physical activity.

Polycystic is: primary (true) and secondary.

• Primary polycystic.

It usually occurs during puberty. The disturbed balance of hormones in teenage girls leads to a late onset of menstruation or they may be completely absent. The moment of formation of a normal menstrual cycle is intermittent, there is oligomenorrhea (scanty discharge during menstruation) or amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), which indicates anovulation (the egg does not leave the ovaries).

• Secondary polycystic.

The disease is characteristic of older women, with increased weight and high insulin levels.

Most often, polycystic disease is manifested by infertility, in addition, it leads to the following changes: hair growth on any part of the body; change in the skeleton and muscles according to the male type; development of subcutaneous tissue on the abdomen; changes in the vocal apparatus. These symptoms of hyperandrogenism have different severity in different patients.

This condition requires dynamic monitoring of the patient, since the hormonal spectrum of women with polycystic disease promotes proliferative processes in the myometrium, which is a risk in terms of developing uterine cancer.

Complications of ovarian cyst

Malignancy of an ovarian cyst.
Ovarian cysts initially have a benign nature. Most often, these formations are asymptomatic and resolve on their own over time, however, sometimes the cyst persists longer than the due date, causing pain and bleeding, and can develop into malignant neoplasms.
The predisposition of an ovarian cyst to degenerate into a malignant formation is determined by the type of tumor:

1. 1. The most favorable in terms of prognosis are follicular and corpus luteum cysts (luteal), which most often resolve on their own, especially if conservative hormone therapy is prescribed.

2. 2. In the presence of a dermoid cyst, the probability of malignancy (malignancy) is very low. Its danger lies in the large size of the formation, which in the future can put pressure on the surrounding organs.

3. 3. Serous and mucinous cysts are often gigantic and in most cases quickly degenerate into a malignant tumor.

Ovarian cancer is diagnosed mainly in menopausal patients. In most cases, in the absence of timely therapy, women seek medical help when the tumor causes pain.
In oncological practice, analysis for tumor markers is used to identify cysts and tumors. The most common tumor marker is CA-125, as well as HE4 and the ROMA index. The final diagnosis is usually established by the results of a tumor biopsy.

The presence of an oncological formation can be suspected if the following symptoms are present

1. 1. Change in general condition: increased fatigue and weakness.
2. 2. The appearance of discomfort in the lower abdomen.
3. 3. Palpation of a dense tuberous formation in the projection of the appendages.
4. 4. Often, at the beginning of the process, dyspepsia may occur, such as bloating and soreness of the abdomen, nausea, belching and loss of appetite.
5. 5. In the evening, body temperature can rise to 38 degrees.

Diagnosis of ovarian cyst

1. 1. Clinical blood test indicates the presence of inflammation (increase in ESR and leukocytes) and anemia (decrease in hemoglobin).
2. 2. Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the pelvic organs. This examination method allows you to visualize the ovarian cyst and determine its location.
3. 3. Diagnostic laparoscopy. A camera is inserted into the pelvic cavity, which allows you to see the cyst, and, if possible, take a biopsy (a piece of ovarian tissue for histological examination). Histological examination contributes to the establishment of the final diagnosis.
4. 4. Puncture of an ovarian cyst under ultrasound control. With the help of a thin needle, the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity is pierced, then the needle is inserted into the capsule of the ovarian cyst, a liquid is taken from it for research, which will determine the type and type of this formation.

Ovarian cyst treatments

Conservative treatment of cysts

It is most often performed during menopause in women, when the patient no longer plans to become pregnant. The same tactic is used for newly identified cysts of small diameter (up to 10 centimeters).
When an ovarian cyst is detected, treatment consists in expectant management for 3 months, given that most of the formations in the ovaries over several menstrual cycles can undergo regression (self-resorption). In this case, dynamic observation by ultrasound should be performed to control the size of the formation. If there is no positive dynamics, anti-inflammatory and hormonal therapy is carried out.

Treatment of an ovarian cyst with hormonal drugs (progesterone or its analogues) is aimed at reducing the level of estrogen in the patient’s body and creating conditions to prevent ovulation. This allows you to start processes that will contribute to the reverse development of the cyst and prevent the formation of a new cyst.
Hormone therapy can also be supplemented by taking vitamins (folic and ascorbic acid and vitamin E) and restorative drugs. Stimulation of the immune system can provoke protective reactions that will be aimed at preventing the development of the disease. If a positive effect is not observed against the background of hormonal therapy, or an increase in cysts occurs, then surgical treatment is indicated.

Surgery to remove an ovarian cyst

The approach to choosing the scope of surgical intervention and access to the operation site is purely individual. The decision is made based on the results of the examination and discussed with the patient before the operation, however, adjustments are possible during the operation.

Indications for surgery:

• Any mass that exists in the ovary for more than 3 months and does not disappear without treatment or on the background of hormonal therapy.
• Ovarian masses found during menopause.
• Complications of the cyst: suppuration, hemorrhage, its rupture, as well as torsion of the leg.
• Malignant process.

Relative contraindications to surgical treatment:

• diseases associated with poor blood clotting;
• cardiovascular and neurological diseases in the acute stage;
• urinary tract infections;
• internal bleeding;
• advanced stages of obesity;
• lung injury;
• problems with persistent bloating;
• fistulas.

Methods of performing an operation to remove ovarian cysts

Laparoscopic removal of an ovarian cyst

Laparoscopy involves the removal of a cyst using 3-4 small skin incisions on the abdomen (1-2 cm). First, a revision of all abdominal organs is performed, then the diagnosis of the formation itself; the cyst is examined for torsion or rupture, after which, if necessary, it is removed. The whole procedure takes place under anesthesia, the duration is from 20 minutes to an hour.
This operation is carried out using a special device – a laparoscope. It is equipped with lenses, a video camera and a magnification system, which allows you to get a fairly clear image of the internal organs on a special monitor.

Types of laparoscopic operations:

• Enucleation of the cyst capsule with preservation of intact ovarian tissue. This intervention is called a cystectomy.
• Ovarian resection. With this intervention, part of the ovary is removed along with the cyst.
• Removal of the mass and ovary in its entirety is called oophorectomy. The pipe is preserved.
• Adnexectomy involves the removal of the ovary with a pathological formation and the fallopian tube from the side of the lesion.

Postoperative period

It is recommended to start getting up after the operation from the first day. It is very important that there are enough movements in the postoperative period. This is the prevention of postoperative complications. Food should be consumed in liquid form. The length of stay in the hospital is usually 1-2 days and depends on the extent of the surgical intervention and the general condition of the patient.

Usually, the ability to work is restored on the 10-14th day after the operation. Full recovery of the body at home occurs within 1 month, then the woman can return to full-fledged work. Laparotomy is an abdominal operation.

Access to the ovaries is through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall. With this type of surgery, the ovary can be removed partially or completely. During abdominal surgery, general anesthesia is required. The postoperative recovery period after laparotomy lasts at least 2 weeks.

Indications for this type of operation are: obesity, complicated ovarian cyst with a purulent inflammatory component and bleeding, suspicion of a malignant process.