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Picture of skin asthma: Pictures of Allergic Skin Diseases and Problems

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What an Eczema Rash Looks Like

Medically Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD on March 25, 2021

It’s sometimes called “the itch that rashes,” because the itching usually comes first. This group of skin rashes is very common in babies and toddlers. Adults can have it too, often as scaly, leathery patches or on their hands. Atopic dermatitis is a common, often inherited form of eczema, but there are other types and many treatments.

Itching is the main one. Scratching makes your skin inflamed and itchier, and it can look different. You may notice:  

  • Affected areas may be red (light skin) or darker brown, purple, or ash gray (brown skin).
  • Dry, scaly areas
  • Warmth, possibly also with some swelling
  • Small, rough bumps
  • Thick leathery patches
  • Bumps that leak and crust over
  • After healing, the affected area might look lighter or darker than the rest of your skin.

Infants who are 6-12 weeks old can get atopic dermatitis as a patchy facial rash. Moisture from drooling makes it worse. In some cases, the condition goes away by age 2. But about half of people who had atopic dermatitis as a child will have it as an adult.

“Cradle cap” in babies is a condition that doctors call seborrheic eczema or seborrheic dermatitis. It appears as oily, scaly patches on the scalp. In contrast, atopic dermatitis is more often found on the cheeks, though it can also affect the scalp. Also unlike eczema, cradle cap typically isn’t itchy. Usually cradle cap clears up without treatment in a few weeks or months.

Kids can get eczema in a lot of different places: the inside of their elbows, behind the knees, on the face, on the back of their necks, or on wrists and forearms. You can’t “catch” eczema — it’s not contagious.

You might notice itchy patches on the hands, elbows, and in the “bending” areas of the body, such as the inside of the elbows and back of the knees. But eczema can appear anywhere, including the neck, chest, and eyelids. People who had atopic dermatitis as a child may see drier, scaly rashes as adults. The skin may be discolored or thickened.

If a rash won’t go away, is uncomfortable, or gets a crust or pus-filled blister, see your doctor. They will check your medical history, symptoms, and ask you about any allergies that run in your family. You may also get allergy tests or a microscopic exam of a skin scraping (seen here) to rule out infections.

There’s a connection between those two conditions and atopic dermatitis. If a parent has hay fever or asthma, their children are more likely to have the skin condition. And many children with atopic dermatitis will go on to get hay fever and/or asthma.

Triggers that bring on an allergy attack — such as pollen, animal dander, and dust mites — can cause some people with atopic dermatitis to break out in a rash. These allergens cause the immune system to overreact, leading to skin inflammation.

Irritants can cause inflammation and itching, bringing on eczema. Harsh chemicals can cause a rash in anyone, but people with eczema may be sensitive to mild irritants, such as wool and synthetic fabrics, detergents, soaps, perfumes, and cosmetics. Stress or anxiety can cause a flare-up, too. So can sweating, along with wetting and drying your skin a lot, such as when you wash your hands. Cold, dry environments can also cause a flare.

Your skin’s outer layer protects the inner layers from irritants and infections. People with atopic dermatitis have dry skin that isn’t as protective. If you have eczema, use mild cleansers and a moisturizer after you wash. And don’t take hot showers or baths, or linger too long while showering or bathing.

Doctors don’t know exactly what causes atopic dermatitis, the most common form of eczema. Genes likely play a role. An immune system problem could create inflammation in the skin. Emotional problems aren’t a cause, but stress can make symptoms worse.

It’s easier said than done, of course. Eczema is very itchy. But scratching worsens the rash and can make an infection more likely. Use a cold compress to soothe the skin. Try to distract children with activities. Moisturizers are soothing, and some medicated creams or ointments may help, too.

Over-the-counter hydrocortisone or nonsteroidal prescription creams may ease mild to moderate eczema. Ask your doctor before using corticosteroids on children under 2. Don’t use them for more than 7 days. Sometimes, stronger corticosteroids are needed to control inflammation. Side effects, like thinning skin, infections, and stretch marks, are more likely with long-term use. You have to be careful using steroids on the face, especially around the eyes. For severe eczema, your doctor may recommend steroid shots or pills, or biological injections.

There’s some evidence that these medicines may bring relief from the cycle of itching and scratching for some people with atopic dermatitis. When taken by mouth, they can make you drowsy, so that you fall asleep more easily and hopefully scratch less when you’re asleep. Many over-the-counter and prescription-only options are available, each with slightly different dosing and side effects. Check with your doctor for a recommendation.

Prescription skin meds that calm an overactive immune system can treat eczema from atopic dermatitis. Doctors generally prescribe them only for short-term use in people who’ve tried other treatments that haven’t helped. They have a “black box” warning due to a higher cancer risk. So ask your doctor about the pros and cons. A biologic medication called Dupixent, given as a shot, works on the immune system to treat atopic dermatitis.

Alitretinoin, a relative of vitamin A, may improve or even clear up this condition when other treatments don’t work. It hasn’t yet been approved by the FDA for this use. It can give you headaches or dry, flushing, or sun-sensitive skin. Alitretinoin can cause severe birth defects, so you shouldn’t take it when you’re planning to get pregnant.

UV light affects the immune system. In some people, it can improve moderate to severe cases of eczema from atopic dermatitis or contact dermatitis. Usually, these treatments use UVB light. “PUVA” is a UV treatment combined with a drug called psoralen. But it doesn’t work for everyone, and it makes some people’s eczema worse. Too much UV light is bad for your skin. So you should talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits.

If your child has eczema, keep their fingernails short and their skin moisturized. Dress them in loose-fitting clothes and make sure they don’t get overheated. Depending on how severe their eczema is, your doctor may recommend wet wraps, a diluted bleach bath, over-the-counter or prescription medications, and/or light therapy to help.

A small amount of household bleach in the bath may help tame inflammation, though recent research shows it may not help prevent infections. Talk to a dermatologist or other doctor first. These baths use a specific amount of bleach, greatly diluted. Never put bleach directly onto skin!  

Some research shows that coconut oil, sunflower oil, and vitamin B12 skin creams may help. So can massage and other things that lower your stress level, since stress can make eczema worse. Herbs and supplements can have side effects, so talk to your doctor first.

These can look a lot alike. You’ll want to make sure that it really is eczema, and not an infection. Tell your doctor about symptoms of an infection, such as honey-colored crusts, pus- or fluid-filled blisters, scaly patches, swelling, or a fever.

Even when the eczema eases up, your skin may still be dry. Take short daily baths in warm water. Pat your skin partially dry and use a thick moisturizer, as well as any medication, right after your bath. Moisturize throughout the day and stick to mild soaps or cleansers. Look for fragrance-free products to help prevent a reaction. Remember, “unscented” may just mean the product has another ingredient to mask the scent.

Does your child feel self-conscious about his rashes? Help him avoid triggers, set up a routine for bathing and moisturizing, and stick to your treatment plan. Adults with the condition may also need to take a look at their routines to avoid exposure to some chemicals in cleaning products, perfumes, and cosmetics, as well as cigarette smoke.

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SOURCES:

American Academy of Dermatology: “A new understanding of itch and eczema,” “Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis,” “Seborrheic Dermatitis,” “Is that eczema or an infection on my child’s skin?”

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases: “Atopic Dermatitis,” “Is there a test for atopic dermatitis?”

National Eczema Association, “Understanding Your Child’s Eczema,” “Eczema in skin of color: What you need to know,” “Prescription Topical Treatment,” “Dupixent for Atopic Dermatitis FAQ. ”

Mayo Clinic: “Cradle cap.”

American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology: “Eczema in Children.”

UpToDate: “Patient education: Eczema (atopic dermatitis) (Beyond the Basics).”   

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: “Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) Treatment.”

Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America: “Atopic Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis).”

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7 Types of Eczema: Symptoms, Causes, and Pictures

Different types of eczema, including atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis, may have different symptoms, including rash and hyperpigmentation, among others. Treatment can depend on the cause.

When you think of eczema, itchy, red, dry, scaly, or thickened skin may come to mind.

While that’s true for those with medium to darker skin tones, it may not be as obvious and can appear brown, purple, and ashen. Those with brown and Black skin also more commonly develop small bumps on the torso, arms, and legs.

This skin condition is common in children, but adults can get it too. In fact, according to the National Eczema Association, 10 percent of the population will develop the condition during their lifetime.

Anyone can be affected by eczema. The rate of prevalence among some races and ethnicities are:

  • 11 percent of white people
  • 10 percent of Black people
  • 13 percent of Asian or Pacific Islander people
  • 13 percent of Native American people

Eczema is sometimes called atopic dermatitis, which is the most common form. “Atopic” refers to an allergy. People with eczema often have allergies or asthma along with itchy, red, or hyperpigmented skin.

Eczema comes in a few other forms, too. Each eczema type has its own set of symptoms and triggers.

There are also some common symptoms for all types of eczema:

  • dry, scaly skin
  • redness
  • hyperpigmentation
  • itching, which may be intense

Atopic dermatitis is the most common form of eczema. It usually starts in childhood, and often gets milder or goes away by adulthood.

Atopic dermatitis is part of what healthcare professionals call the atopic triad. “Triad” means three. The other two diseases in the triad are asthma and hay fever. Many people with atopic dermatitis have all three conditions.

Learn more: Do you have a rash from hay fever?

Symptoms

In atopic dermatitis:

  • The rash often forms in the creases of your elbows or knees.
  • The skin in areas where the rash appears may turn lighter or darker or get thicker.
  • Small bumps may appear and leak fluid if you scratch them.
  • Babies will often get the rash on their scalp and cheeks.
  • Your skin can get infected if you scratch it.

Causes

Atopic dermatitis happens when your skin’s natural barrier against the elements is weakened. This means your skin is less able to protect you from irritants and allergens.

Atopic dermatitis is likely caused by a combination of factors, such as:

  • genes
  • dry skin
  • an immune system problem
  • triggers in the environment

If you have red, irritated skin, thick scaly region that’s caused by a reaction to substances you touch, you may have contact dermatitis.

It comes in two types: Allergic contact dermatitis is an immune system reaction to an irritant, like latex or metal. Irritant contact dermatitis starts when a chemical or other substance irritates your skin.

Symptoms

In contact dermatitis:

  • You skin itches, turns red, is hyperpigmented or pink, magenta, burns, and stings.
  • Itchy bumps called hives may appear on your skin.
  • Fluid-filled blisters can form that may ooze and crust over.
  • Over time, the skin may thicken and feel scaly or leathery.

Causes

Contact dermatitis happens when you touch a substance that irritates your skin or causes an allergic reaction. The most common causes are:

  • detergents
  • bleach
  • jewelry
  • latex
  • nickel
  • paint
  • poison ivy and other poisonous plants
  • skin care products, including makeup
  • soaps and perfumes
  • solvents
  • tobacco smoke

Dyshidrotic eczema causes small blisters to form on your hands and feet. It’s more common in women than men.

Symptoms

In dyshidrotic eczema:

  • Fluid-filled blisters form on your fingers, toes, palms, and the soles of your feet.
  • These blisters may itch or hurt.
  • Your skin can scale, crack, and flake.

Causes

Dyshidrotic eczema can be caused by:

  • allergies
  • damp hands and feet
  • exposure to substances, such as nickel, cobalt, or chromium salt
  • stress
  • smoking tobacco products

Seborrheic dermatitis causes scaly, oily patches of skin that produce dandruff-like flakes. These patches often appear where there are more sebaceous (oil-producing) glands on the body. This includes the hairline, scalp, upper back, nose, and groin.

If this type of dermatitis develops in infants, it is commonly called cradle cap, and it does not reappear later. In teens and adults, however, seborrheic dermatitis will most likely be an ongoing skin issue.

Symptoms

In seborrheic dermatitis:

  • Patches of flaky white or yellow scales develop on top of oily skin, such as on your scalp, hairline, upper back, mid-chest, armpits, under breasts, or near the groin.
  • The patches may produce flaking skin. This is more common on the face and scalp.
  • In people with dark brown or Black skin, the patches may be darker than their skin, but in people with white skin, the patches can be lighter.

For adults and teens with this type of dermatitis, symptoms may come and go. They may also disappear for a while, typically in summer, but return when the season changes and the air is cold and dry again.

Causes

Seborrheic dermatitis develops through a combination of environmental and genetic factors.

First, a trigger, such as stress or illness, sets off an inflammatory reaction in the skin. This causes the oil-producing glands in the body to kick into overdrive and create too much Malassezia yeast. This is an organism that lives on the skin’s surface.

When yeast grows too rapidly, the immune system reacts and causes a series of skin changes. This leads to the development of the patches of skin common with seborrheic dermatitis.

Other triggers include:

  • hormonal changes
  • illness
  • harsh detergents or chemicals
  • cold, dry weather
  • certain medical conditions, like Parkinson’s disease, psoriasis, HIV, and acne
  • medicines, including interferon and lithium

Neurodermatitis is similar to atopic dermatitis. It causes thick, scaly patches to appear on your skin.

Symptoms

In neurodermatitis:

  • Thick, scaly patches form on your arms, legs, back of your neck, scalp, bottoms of your feet, backs of your hands, or genitals.
  • The patches can be very itchy, especially when you’re relaxed or asleep.
  • The patches can bleed and get infected if you scratch them.

Causes

Neurodermatitis usually starts in people who have other types of eczema or psoriasis. Doctors don’t know exactly what causes it, but stress can be a trigger.

This type of eczema causes round, coin-shaped spots to form on your skin. The word “nummular” means coin in Latin.

Nummular eczema looks very different from other types of eczema, and it can itch a lot.

Symptoms

In nummular eczema:

  • Round, coin-shaped spots form on your skin.
  • The spots may itch or become scaly.

Causes

Nummular eczema can be triggered by a reaction to an insect bite or an allergic reaction to metals or chemicals. Dry skin can also cause it.

You’re more likely to get this form if you have another type of eczema, such as atopic dermatitis.

Stasis dermatitis happens when fluid leaks out of weakened veins into your skin.

This fluid causes:

  • swelling
  • redness in lighter skin tones
  • brown, purple, gray or ashen color in darker skin tones
  • itching
  • pain

Symptoms

In stasis dermatitis:

  • The lower part of your legs may swell, especially during the day when you’ve been walking.
  • Your legs may ache or feel heavy.
  • You’ll likely also have varicose veins, which are thick, ropey damaged veins in your legs.
  • The skin over those varicose veins will be dry and itchy.
  • You may develop open sores on your lower legs and on the tops of your feet.

Causes

Stasis dermatitis happens in people who have blood flow problems in their lower legs. If the valves that normally push blood up through your legs toward your heart malfunction, blood can pool in your legs.

Your legs can swell up and varicose veins can form.

Eczema that only affects your hands is called hand eczema. You may get this type if you work a job, like hairdressing or cleaning, where you regularly use chemicals that irritate the skin.

Symptoms

In hand eczema:

  • Your hands get red, hyperpigmented, itchy, and dry.
  • They may form cracks or blisters.

Causes

Hand eczema is triggered by exposure to chemicals. People are more likely to get this form if they work in jobs that expose them to irritants, such as:

  • cleaning
  • hairdressing
  • healthcare
  • laundry or dry cleaning

See your doctor if the itching, redness, hyperpigmentation, dryness, and scaliness you’re experiencing doesn’t go away, or if it interferes with your life.

A dermatologist can diagnose and treat eczema, but other healthcare professionals may also be able to provide guidance.

To help your doctor understand your condition, consider keeping a diary to identify your eczema triggers. Write down:

  • what you eat and drink
  • what skin products, chemicals, soaps, makeup, and detergents you use
  • what activities you do, such as taking a walk outside in the woods or swimming in a chlorinated pool
  • how long you spend in the bath or shower and the temperature of the water
  • when you’re under stress

You should begin to notice connections between your activities and your eczema flare-ups. Bring this journal to your doctor to help them pinpoint your triggers.

An allergy specialist can also do a patch test. This test places small amounts of irritating substances on patches that are applied to your skin. The patches stay on your skin for 20 to 30 minutes to see if you have a reaction.

This test can help your doctor tell which substances trigger your eczema, so you can avoid them.

If you need help finding a dermatologist, then check out our FindCare tool here.

Eczema often comes and goes. When it appears, you might need to try different medicines and other treatments to get rid of the rash.

  • Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) can control the itch.
  • Corticosteroid cream or ointment can reduce the itch. For a more severe reaction, you can take oral steroids, like prednisone (Rayos) to control swelling.
  • Calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), reduce the immune response that causes itchy skin.
  • Antibiotics treat skin infections.
  • Light therapy exposes your skin to ultraviolet light to heal your rash.
  • Cool compresses applied before you rub on corticosteroid cream can help the medicine sink into your skin more easily.
  • Lotions or baths with colloidal oatmeal can relieve itching.

If an allergic reaction results in a flare-up of your eczema, you’ll want to avoid the substance that triggers it.

7 treatments for winter psoriasis flare-ups.

Here are a few ways to prevent eczema flare-ups and manage symptoms:

  • Apply cool compresses to your skin, or take a colloidal oatmeal or baking soda bath to relieve the itch.
  • Moisturize your skin daily with a rich, oil-based cream or ointment to form a protective barrier against the elements. Apply the cream right after you get out of the shower or bath to seal in moisture.
  • After you bathe, gently pat your skin with a soft towel. Never rub.
  • Avoid scratching. You could cause an infection.
  • Use fragrance-free detergents, cleansers, makeup, and other skin care products.
  • Wear gloves and protective clothing whenever you handle chemicals.
  • Wear loose-fitting clothes made from soft fibers, like cotton.

Most eczema comes and goes over time. Atopic dermatitis is usually worst in childhood and improves with age. Other forms of eczema may stay with you throughout your life, although you can take measures to reduce your symptoms.

Bronchial asthma – causes, pathogenesis, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, help with an attack in children and adults

Causes

Pathogenesis

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Bronchial asthma is an allergic disease, in the clinical picture of which the central place is occupied by expiratory type asthma attacks caused by brochospasm, hypersecretion and swelling of the bronchial mucosa.

Causes

Bronchial asthma can be caused by allergens of infectious and non-infectious origin.

The first places in terms of the number of positive skin and provocative inhalation tests are occupied by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, that is, opportunistic and saprophytic microorganisms.

Non-infectious include household allergens (house dust and feathers). A very active component of the allergen from house dust are mites of the genus Dermatophagoiges pteronissimus. The “ecological nest” of dermatophagoid mites are bedding, pillows, mattresses, blankets. The maximum tick breeding periods are October-November and March-April, which coincides with the exacerbation of atopic asthma.

Next come allergens from book and library dust, pollen from trees, grasses and weeds, from wool and dander of animals and humans, from insects and other arthropods, especially daphnia – a freshwater crustacean, which in dried powder form is used to feed aquarium fish.

Food allergens – cereals, fish, milk, eggs and others – have an etiological significance in bronchial asthma, mainly in children, and in adults with hay fever.

Medicinal substances (most antibiotics and their producers, pancreatin, vitamin B1, pyrazolone preparations), as a rule, cause occupational bronchial asthma.

Of the products of chemical production, inorganic compounds of mercury, cobalt, nickel, arsenic, chromium, platinum, beryllium, sodium and ammonium persulfate, organic heterocyclic and cyclic, chlorinated naphthalane, as well as aldehydes and terpins, as well as a number of substances used in production of polymeric materials.

The main etiological role in bronchial asthma is played by opportunistic and saprophytic microorganisms, household and finger allergens.

“Chemical” and drug bronchial asthma are predominantly occupational in nature, however, substances from these groups, even in minimal amounts, can cause an exacerbation of the disease, the causative agent of which is the main allergens.

Pathogenesis

With predominantly allergic asthma, non-infectious allergens (pollen, household, epidermal, food, haptens) act as inducers of the disease, under the influence of which nonspecific (macrophages, mast cells) and specific (Tx-2, specific IgE) forms of immunity with cascades of mediators are triggered ( release of histamine, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, leukotrienes C4(2EC4) and inflammatory cells (eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages) in the “shock” organ. In this case, the role of heredity is great.0003

In non-allergic asthma, infectious and various endogenous factors act as inducers of the disease, causing complex immunological changes, which are also ultimately accompanied by cellular proliferative reactions. The latter type of inflammation, as a result of the impact of hard-to-remove endogenous factors in the “shock” organ, is less amenable to therapy and can more often lead to irreversible changes, in particular to obstruction, especially in cases of late adequate therapy.

Symptoms

The course of branchial asthma:

  • mild episodic – suffocation less than 1 time per month;
  • mild persistent – choking 1-2 times a week;
  • moderate – symptoms of suffocation more than 1-2 times a week, sometimes at night with a decrease in the degree of freedom in the daytime, FEV within 60-80%, the variability of FEV during the day is 30%;
  • severe – the patient is bedridden, frequent suffocation.

Diagnostics

In case of allergic branchial asthma, along with a clear allergic history to exoallergens, the presence of positive reactions in allergological testing is determined by an increase in the level of specific immunoglobulins E, IL-4, IL-T.

In non-allergic asthma, there is no clear allergic history, the disease is often preceded by infectious and inflammatory reactions from the respiratory organs, and an increase in the level of IgE is not detected. This is asthma, against which high sensitivity to certain drugs (for example, aspirin) can be detected.

In differential diagnosis, it is taken into account that aspirin asthma often occurs with a triad of signs (polyps in the nasal cavity, choking, intolerance to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), progresses relatively quickly due to the predominance of the lipoxygenase pathway for the synthesis of prostaglandins and increased formation of leukotrienes, powerful inducers of inflammatory proliferation of eosinophils in the mucous membrane of the bronchial tree. Aspirin asthma is practically idiosyncratic asthma and has its own characteristics of the course and treatment.

Differential diagnosis of occupational bronchial asthma is carried out taking into account occupational allergological history (presence of allergens in the air at work), the development of allergic reactions – dermatitis, rhinitis, bronchial asthma – in workers in places of greatest allergen exposure during work and their reverse development outside work, positive allergological skin tests (including provocative ones) with profallergens, increased specific IgE to professional allergens.

Certain difficulties exist in the differential diagnosis of bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis, which is a progressive infectious inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tree with a predominance of neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, leading to irreversible obstruction and severe dyscrinia of bronchial contents. Nevertheless, allergic bronchitis, which is more often associated with allergic bronchial asthma and year-round rhinitis, has a milder course.

In asthmatic bronchitis, which is more often observed in endogenous asthma, there are variable changes in FEV during the day and a very high hyperreactivity of the bronchial tree to various triggers.

Treatment

With an attack of bronchial asthma in mild cases, bronchodilators are administered by inhalation (using a pocket inhaler or prescribed in tablets).

In case of moderate and severe attack of bronchial asthma, a solution of eufillin is administered intravenously with 10 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution or 40% glucose solution.

In case of protracted seizures, a drip intravenous infusion of a solution of aminophylline, ephedrine, adrenaline in a glucose solution is established.

If there are signs of heart failure, a solution of corglycon or strophanthin is added to the dropper. At the same time, humidified oxygen is administered through a nasal catheter or mask.

Urgent hospitalization is indicated for an asthmatic condition.

The author of the article:

Ivanova Natalya Vladimirovna

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