Where is the human heart located. How does the heart pump blood throughout the body. What are the four chambers of the heart. Which heart conditions are most common. How does the circulatory system work. What is the structure of the human heart. Why is the left ventricle considered the strongest chamber of the heart.

Anatomy and Location of the Human Heart

The human heart is a remarkable organ that plays a crucial role in sustaining life. Located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone, this muscular organ is about the size of a fist. Its primary function is to pump blood through the network of arteries and veins known as the cardiovascular system.

The heart is surrounded by a protective sac called the pericardium, which helps anchor it within the chest cavity and allows for smooth movement during its continuous pumping action. Understanding the heart’s location and structure is essential for recognizing potential issues and maintaining cardiovascular health.

The Four Chambers of the Heart

The heart consists of four distinct chambers, each with a specific role in the circulation of blood:

• Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body’s veins
• Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation
• Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
• Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body

The left ventricle is considered the strongest chamber of the heart. Why is this the case? The left ventricle must generate enough force to push blood through the entire body, requiring more muscular strength than the other chambers. Its powerful contractions are responsible for creating our blood pressure.

The Heart’s Pumping Mechanism and Circulatory System

The human heart is a tireless worker, beating approximately 100,000 times each day. During this time, it pumps about five liters (eight pints) of blood throughout the body. How does the heart manage this impressive feat?

The heart’s pumping action is controlled by a complex system of electrical signals that coordinate the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle. This electrical system ensures that the chambers work in harmony to efficiently move blood through the body.

The circulatory system, consisting of a vast network of blood vessels, works in tandem with the heart to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every part of the body. Simultaneously, it removes carbon dioxide and waste products, maintaining the delicate balance necessary for optimal bodily function.

The Role of Coronary Arteries

While the heart is responsible for supplying blood to the entire body, it also requires its own blood supply to function properly. The coronary arteries, which run along the surface of the heart, provide oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle itself. These arteries play a crucial role in maintaining heart health, and their blockage can lead to serious cardiovascular issues.

Common Heart Conditions and Their Impact

Despite its resilience, the heart is susceptible to various conditions that can affect its function and overall health. Understanding these conditions is crucial for early detection and treatment.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Coronary artery disease is one of the most common heart conditions. What causes CAD? Over time, cholesterol plaques can accumulate in the coronary arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow to the heart muscle. This narrowing increases the risk of complete blockage from a sudden blood clot, which can result in a heart attack.

Angina Pectoris

Angina pectoris is characterized by chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. There are two main types:

1. Stable angina: Predictable chest pain that occurs with exertion and improves with rest
2. Unstable angina: New or worsening chest pain, or pain that occurs at rest, which requires immediate medical attention

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when a coronary artery becomes suddenly blocked. This blockage deprives part of the heart muscle of oxygen, leading to tissue death. Prompt medical intervention is crucial to minimize damage and improve outcomes.

Arrhythmias and Electrical Disturbances of the Heart

The heart’s electrical system can sometimes malfunction, leading to irregular heartbeats known as arrhythmias. These disturbances in heart rhythm can range from benign to life-threatening.

Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common arrhythmias. In this condition, abnormal electrical impulses in the atria cause an irregular heartbeat. While not immediately life-threatening, atrial fibrillation can increase the risk of stroke and other complications if left untreated.

Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Sudden cardiac arrest is a severe condition where the heart suddenly stops functioning effectively. This is often caused by a dangerous arrhythmia and requires immediate intervention to prevent sudden cardiac death.

Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies

Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively to meet the body’s needs. This can result from various underlying conditions, including cardiomyopathies – diseases of the heart muscle that affect its structure and function.

Congestive Heart Failure

In congestive heart failure, the heart becomes too weak or too stiff to pump blood efficiently. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath and leg swelling. What causes congestive heart failure? It can result from various factors, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and certain genetic conditions.

Types of Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathies can manifest in different ways, affecting the heart’s size, shape, and function:

• Dilated cardiomyopathy: The heart becomes enlarged and weakened
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The heart muscle thickens abnormally
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy: The heart muscle becomes stiff and less elastic

Inflammatory Heart Conditions

Inflammation can affect various parts of the heart, leading to conditions that impact its function and overall health.

Myocarditis

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle, often caused by viral infections. This condition can weaken the heart and lead to heart failure if severe or left untreated.

Pericarditis and Pericardial Effusion

Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardium, the protective sac surrounding the heart. This can sometimes lead to pericardial effusion, where fluid accumulates between the pericardium and the heart itself. What causes pericarditis? Common causes include viral infections, kidney failure, and autoimmune conditions.

Valvular Heart Disease and Murmurs

The heart’s four valves – mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary – ensure that blood flows in the correct direction through the heart. When these valves malfunction, it can lead to various issues.

Heart Valve Disease

Heart valve disease occurs when one or more of the heart’s valves don’t function properly. This can lead to blood flow problems and, if severe, contribute to heart failure. Regular check-ups can help detect valve issues early.

Heart Murmurs

A heart murmur is an unusual sound heard when listening to the heart with a stethoscope. Are all heart murmurs dangerous? Not necessarily. While some murmurs may indicate underlying heart problems, others are considered benign and don’t require treatment.

Maintaining Heart Health and Prevention Strategies

Given the vital role the heart plays in our overall health, it’s crucial to adopt strategies that promote cardiovascular wellbeing. What can individuals do to maintain a healthy heart?

• Regular exercise: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week
• Balanced diet: Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins
• Stress management: Practice relaxation techniques like meditation or yoga
• Regular check-ups: Monitor blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and overall heart health
• Avoid smoking: Quit smoking or avoid secondhand smoke exposure
• Limit alcohol consumption: If you drink, do so in moderation

By understanding the structure and function of the heart, recognizing common heart conditions, and adopting heart-healthy habits, individuals can take proactive steps to maintain cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of heart-related issues.

The Importance of Early Detection and Treatment

Many heart conditions can be effectively managed or even prevented with early detection and appropriate treatment. Regular health screenings and prompt attention to any unusual symptoms can make a significant difference in outcomes. How often should one undergo heart health screenings? This can vary based on age, risk factors, and overall health, but generally, adults should have their cardiovascular risk assessed at least every 4-6 years.

As our understanding of the heart and cardiovascular system continues to evolve, so do the strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of heart conditions. Staying informed about the latest developments in cardiac care can empower individuals to make better decisions about their heart health and overall wellbeing.

Diagram, Function, Chambers, Location in Body

Image Source

© 2014 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.

Chambers of the Heart

The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone. The heart pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system.

The heart has four chambers:

• The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs, where it is loaded with oxygen.
• The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
• The left ventricle (the strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create our blood pressure.

The coronary arteries run along the surface of the heart and provide oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. A web of nerve tissue also runs through the heart, conducting the complex signals that govern contraction and relaxation. Surrounding the heart is a sac called the pericardium.

Heart Conditions

• Coronary artery disease: Over the years, cholesterol plaques can narrow the arteries supplying blood to the heart. The narrowed arteries are at higher risk for  complete blockage from a sudden blood clot (this blockage is called a heart attack).
• Stable angina pectoris: Narrowed coronary arteries cause predictable chest pain or discomfort with exertion. The blockages prevent the heart from receiving the extra oxygen needed for strenuous activity. Symptoms typically get better with rest.
• Unstable angina pectoris: Chest pain or discomfort that is new, worsening, or occurs at rest. This is an emergency situation as it can precede a heart attack, serious abnormal heart rhythm, or cardiac arrest.
• Myocardial infarction (heart attack): A coronary artery is suddenly blocked. Starved of oxygen, part of the heart muscle dies.
• Arrhythmia (dysrhythmia): An abnormal heart rhythm due to changes in the conduction of electrical impulses through the heart. Some arrhythmias are benign, but others are life-threatening.
• Congestive heart failure: The heart is either too weak or too stiff to effectively pump blood through the body. Shortness of breath and leg swelling are common symptoms.
• Cardiomyopathy: A disease of heart muscle in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart’s ability to pump blood is weakened.
• Myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart muscle, most often due to a viral infection.
• Pericarditis: Inflammation of the lining of the heart (pericardium). Viral infections, kidney failure, and autoimmune conditions are common causes.
• Pericardial effusion: Fluid between the lining of the heart (pericardium) and the heart itself. Often, this is due to pericarditis.
• Atrial fibrillation: Abnormal electrical impulses in the atria cause an irregular heartbeat. Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common arrhythmias.
• Pulmonary embolism: Typically a blood clot  travels through the heart to the lungs. 
• Heart valve disease: There are four heart valves, and each can develop problems. If severe, valve disease can cause congestive heart failure.
• Heart murmur: An abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart with a stethoscope. Some heart murmurs are benign; others suggest heart disease.
• Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner lining or heart valves of the heart. Usually, endocarditis is due to a serious infection of the heart valves.
• Mitral valve prolapse: The mitral valve is forced backward slightly after blood has passed through the valve. 
• Sudden cardiac death: Death caused by a sudden loss of heart function (cardiac arrest).
• Cardiac arrest: Sudden loss of heart function.

How your heart works – Heart and circulatory system – British Heart Foundation

What is the function of the human heart?

Each day, your heart beats around 100,000 times. This continuously pumps about five litres (eight pints) of blood around your body through a network of blood vessels called your circulatory system. This blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to all parts of your body to help your organs and muscles work properly. Your blood also carries away unwanted carbon dioxide and waste products.

What is the structure of the human heart?

Your heart has a left side and a right side, they are separated by a thin muscular wall called the Septum. Both sides of your heart have an upper chamber and a lower chamber.

• the upper chambers are called the left atrium and the right atrium (or the atria)
• the lower chambers are called the left ventricle and the right ventricle.

The right side of your heart receives the de-oxygenated blood that has just travelled round your body. It pumps the blood to your lungs to collect a fresh supply of oxygen. The left side of your heart pumps the re-oxygenated blood round your body again.

Your heart muscle is made up of three layers of tissue:

• Pericardium – a thin, outer lining that protects and surrounds your heart.
• Myocardium – a thick, muscular middle layer that contracts and relaxes to pump blood around of your heart.
• Endocardium – a thin, inner layer that makes up the lining of the four chambers and the valves in your heart.

What does the heart’s electrical system do?

Your heart’s electrical system tells your heart when to contract and when to relax to keep your blood pumping regularly. The instructions to contract and relax are carried by electrical signals.

The electrical signals are sent from the sinus node which is known as your heart’s natural pacemaker. Usually, the sinus node will send the electrical signals at a steady pace, but the pace can change depending on your emotions and if you are active or resting – this is your heart rate.

How does blood flow around the heart and the body?

Your heart is linked to the rest of the circulatory system with blood vessels called arteries and veins.

• your arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to other areas of your body
• your veins return the de-oxygenated blood from your organs back to your heart
• your arteries and veins are connected by even smaller blood vessels called capillaries.

Your blood flows around your heart and the rest of your body in one direction, like a one-way traffic system. Your heart valves control the direction of your blood flow, they act like doors that open and close with every heartbeat. There are four valves in your heart, they are:

• the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve on the right side of the heart
• the mitral valve and the aortic valve on the left side of your heart.

Like the rest of your body, your heart needs to be supplied with oxygen-rich blood to work properly too. The coronary arteries are the arteries responsible for supplying the heart with oxygenated blood. The coronary arteries are spread across the outside of the heart to deliver the blood.

How do your heart and lungs add oxygen to your blood?

Your blood flows through your heart and your lungs to become re-oxygenated before being pumped to the rest of your body. Oxygen is added to your blood in four main steps, they are:

• The right atrium receives the low-oxygen blood that has just travelled round the body. The right atrium pumps the blood to the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle pumps the low-oxygen blood to the lungs to pick up a fresh supply of oxygen.
• The left atrium receives to high-oxygen blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
• The left ventricle pumps the high-oxygen blood to the rest of the body.

What are heart and circulatory diseases?

Sometimes the heart and circulatory system don’t work like they should, this can cause heart and circulatory diseases (also called cardiovascular diseases). We fund research into these conditions and their risk factors, including:

What causes your heart and circulatory system to go wrong?

Problems with your heart and circulatory system, including heart attack or a stroke, are usually caused by a gradual build-up of fatty material (called atheroma) in the arteries around the heart and in the arteries that supply blood to your brain.

The fatty material lines the walls of heart’s coronary arteries making the space for blood to flow narrower. When the arteries become narrowed and the blood flow is restricted, the arteries can’t deliver enough blood to the heart and the brain, which can cause heart and circulatory diseases.

What puts me at risk of heart and circulatory disease?

Many heart and circulatory diseases share the same risk factors including:

Heart and circulatory diseases can be worrying but the good news is that there are lots of things you can do to reduce your risk of developing heart and circulatory diseases now.

Check your heart age

Support our life saving research

We’re funding vital research to help prevent and treat people living with heart and circulatory diseases. But more needs to be done.

Your support funds crucial research so that we can beat these conditions and save lives.

DONATE

Last updated: August 2021

Next update: August 2024

10 Things You May Not Know About Your Heart

By Dr. CHRISTOPHER MAGOVERN

1.  Your Heart is a Pump.

Your heart really isn’t just a pump, it’s a SUPER pump.  Every part of your body needs oxygen to survive, and your heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to every organ in your body, every minute, of every day.  For its size, your heart is a remarkably strong pump … the pressure it generates is strong enough to squirt blood thirty feet across a room.  Depending on what you’re doing, your heart will pump one to seven gallons of blood a minute, and as much as 2000 gallons a day.  Over the course of your lifetime, your heart will pump one million barrels of blood … that’s enough blood to fill two oil super tankers!

2.  Men and Women’s Hearts are Different

As a heart surgeon, I can tell you that the outward appearance of a man’s heart is identical to that of a woman’s heart, but there are some very subtle differences.  An average man’s heart weighs 10 ounces, and a woman’s heart weighs only 8 ounces.   Women’s hearts make up for their smaller size by beating a little faster.  The average heart rate of a man is 70 beats/minute, and that of a woman is 78 beats/minute.

3.  Your Heart is Not Red.

Despite the fact that any Valentine’s Day card ever made depicts a bright red heart, your heart really isn’t red at all.  The blood that it pumps is red, but your heart itself is darker and browner than the blood it pumps … it is more the color of a colonial brick house.  Furthermore, the surface of your heart has abundant deposits of fat (independent of your weight), which make the surface of your heart look very yellow. 4.  Your Heart is Not on the Left Side of Your Chest

Although most of us place our right hand on our left chest when we pledge allegiance to the flag, we really should be placing it over the center of our chest, because that’s where our hearts sit.  Your heart is in middle of your chest, in between your right and left lung.   It is, however, tilted slightly to the left.

5.  A Bigger Heart is Not a Better Heart

Although having a “big heart” is considered an admirable quality, it isn’t healthy.  Having an enlarged heart or overly muscular heart can be dangerous.  An average healthy heart weighs less than one pound, and is roughly the size and shape of your clenched fist.  Because hearts beat every second of every day of your life, they are designed for a long-distance race, not a sprint … so healthy hearts look more like a marathon runner … lean and efficient.

6.  A Common Cold Can Damage Your Heart

We all know that blocked arteries and leaky heart valves can damage your heart, but most people don’t know that the viruses that cause a common cold can weaken your heart … this condition is called a viral cardiomyopathy.  Just like with cold and flu symptoms, your heart will usually recover its function once the virus runs its course.  It may be a surprise to you that excessive alcohol intake and certain cancer-fighting chemotherapy drugs can also weaken your heart.

7.  Your Heart Will Continue to Beat Even if it’s Removed From Your Body

A scene in Indiana Jones’s Temple of Doom shows a heart continuing to beat after it has been ripped out of man’s chest.  As remarkable as this seems, it can happen.  Your heart has its own electrical system that causes your heart to beat, and as long as your heart continues to receive oxygen, it will continue to beat … even if it’s separated from the rest of your body.

8.  Your Heart Cannot Fatigue

Your heart begins beating four weeks after conception and doesn’t stop beating until you die.  It beats 100,000 times a day, and almost one million times a week.  What’s remarkable is that although your heart can weaken for other reasons, it won’t fatigue, it never tires out … it has tremendous endurance.  Think about trying to squeeze a tennis ball in your hand (which is similar to the force of a beating heart) 1000,000 times a day … you couldn’t do it.

9.  You Can Have a Heart Attack Without Having “Chest Pain”

Although the classic symptoms of coronary artery disease or an impending heart attack include heaviness or tightness in the your chest, and shortness of breath, there are many other possible presentations including fatigue, sweating, nausea, palpitations, and neck or arm pain.  Some people, particularly diabetics, may have no symptoms at all … and when a heart attack occurs in this setting it’s called a “silent” heart attack.

10.  Emotions or Stress Can “Break Your Heart”

Emotions and stress can cause your body to release certain hormones that, under certain circumstances, can paralyze large portions of your heart.  This is called “takotsubo’s cardiomyopathy” or “broken heart syndrome,” and primarily affects post-menopausal women.  The stress that triggers this phenomenon can be the death of a loved one, the loss of money, a surprise party or even the fear of performing in public. Fortunately this syndrome is only temporary, and after supportive measures, heart function usually returns to normal.

1. 4 Basic organs of the body | Training manual

It can be tricky to know the inside of your body. Many people don’t know where their thymus, or kidneys or lungs are, or what these organs do.

Heart. Your heart is between the two lungs at the front of your chest. The heart muscles pump blood around your body. You know your heart is working because you can feel your heart beat and you can feel the blood at your pulse.

The heart pumps blood containing new oxygen to every part of your body. At the same time, it pumps the old blood without oxygen back through the lungs. This is so it can pick up new oxygen to repeat this cycle.

Lungs. your lungs are sponge-like organs. Every time you breathe they filter oxygen from the air through tiny vessels into the blood. It is then carried to the heart to be pumped round your body. The lungs filter carbon dioxide from your body when you breathe out.

Liver. your liver is the organ below the lungs. It acts like a filter for the blood. Chemicals and impurities, including from drugs and medications, are filtered by the liver. The liver does many other essential jobs. For example, it makes and processes many body fats. The liver is the only internal organ that can regrow.

Kidneys. the kidneys are also filters. Some drugs are filtered more by the kidneys than by the liver. Waste products filtered by the kidneys leave the body as urine.

The kidneys are in your lower back. Any blockage to your kidneys is extremely painful and can cause permanent damage. Although you are born with two kidneys, many people live very well with just one.

Stomach and intestines. Your stomach is where food, drink and oral medications start to be broken down and processed in the body. Nutrients and drugs are absorbed through the stomach and small intestine walls. The small intestines are about five metres long. The large intestines are about 1.5 metres long.

Thymus. The thymus is a small gland high in the chest. This organ is where CD4 cells and other white blood cells develop. CD4 cells are sometimes called T cells (from ‘thymus’). The thymus is very active in children and adolescents, and becomes much less active as you grow older.

Pancreas. Your pancreas is a pistol shaped gland below the liver. It releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine and hormones that control sugar levels in your blood. You can live without a pancreas but you need to take insulin to regulate blood sugar levels and take supplementary digestive enzymes.

Skin. Your skin is the largest organ in the body. The skin makes up 16% of an average body weight. It stops your body from drying out and is the main barrier against infection.

Bone. Your bones are a living material. About 10% of bone cells die and are replaced each year. If bone cells are not replaced quickly enough, bones becomes brittle and break more easily. This means that over ten years you have grown and replaced your whole set of bones. A bit like a snake shedding it’s skin.

Bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones. Blood cells originally come from bone marrow.

Blood. Blood is the fluid pumped by your heart. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to every part of your body and carries waste products away. Blood contains cells (red cells, white cells, platelets etc) and plasma.

Plasma. The liquid part of blood that contains nutrients, sugars, proteins, minerals, enzymes, and other substances – but with the blood cells taken out.

Lymph. Lymph is a clear fluid that contains white blood cells and antibodies. It is distributed round your body through a series of lymph vessels, nodes, and organs. The lymph system supports the blood in removing waste products from the body.

Although a lot of information about your health and HIV comes from blood tests, less than 2% of the HIV in your body is in your blood. Some researchers think this may be less than 1%. Most of the other 98% is in the lymph system, including the gut.

Lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are the little lumps that sometimes get enlarged in your neck, under your arms, and in the crease between your legs and your body. Most of the CD4 cells in your body rest and reproduce in your lymph nodes.

Further reading and web resources

There are hundreds of sites on the internet that explain basic biology, immunology and other medical terms.

The following sites may be useful on anatomy:

In the US, a 39-year-old man on death row donated his body to science. After he was executed, his body was frozen, cut into one-millimetre-thick slices, and photographed. The data were made available in 1994 on the Internet by the US National Library of Medicine.

To view two- and three-dimensional representations of the human body based on these data, visit these sites:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

Britannica.com – a range of learning articles on human anatomy, with different levels of complexity (kids, student, scholar).

https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/human-anatomy/272852

Last updated: 1 January 2021.

Heart Attack Treatment – Symptoms and Causes

Your treatment will depend on what is causing your symptoms. If you have an acute case of angina (chest pain), your doctor will probably give you nitroglycerin and aspirin. Nitroglycerin improves blood flow to your heart. It can temporarily relieve your symptoms by widening the arteries that carry blood to the heart.

If you are having a heart attack, your doctor can:

• Give you medicine. The medicine is called a thrombolytic. It can help dissolve the blood clot that is blocking the coronary artery.
• Do a coronary angiography(X-ray of the blood vessels).
• Do an angioplasty or stent.Angioplasty involves inserting a tiny balloon into an artery in your arm or leg. The balloon is threaded up the artery to the heart. The balloon pushes open blocked coronary arteries. A small metal rod called a stent might be put into the artery where the blockage was to hold the artery open.
• Do coronary artery bypass surgery.If an angioplasty and/or stenting are not appropriate, you may need this major surgery. Your doctor removes a healthy vein from your leg or an artery from your upper body. He or she makes a bypass around the blockage in your coronary artery. This allows blood to flow around the blockage.

Treatment of heart attack also includes medicines that you will need to take even after you leave the hospital. These medicines help improve blood flow to your heart, prevent clotting, and reduce the risks of having another heart attack. These medicines include:

• aspirin
• beta blockers
• statins
• ACE inhibitors
• fish oil

Your doctor will prescribe the medicines that are right for you. If you have had a heart attack, your doctor will also talk to you about lifestyle changes. You can make these changes to prevent more heart problems.

What is a cardiac rehabilitation program?

Before you leave the hospital, your doctor may talk to you about a cardiac rehabilitation program. These programs provide information that will help you understand your risk factors. It will help you live a healthy lifestyle that can prevent future heart problems. You will learn about exercise and diet, and how to reach and maintain a healthy weight. You will also learn ways to control your stress level, your blood pressure, and your cholesterol levels.

Your cardiac rehabilitation program will probably start while you are still in the hospital. After you leave the hospital, your rehabilitation will continue in a rehab center. The rehab center may be at the hospital or in another location.

Most cardiac rehabilitation programs last 3 to 6 months. Your doctor will talk to you about how often you need to attend the program. Once you enroll in a cardiac rehabilitation program, regular attendance is important. The more lifestyle changes you make, the better your chances of preventing future heart problems.

The sooner you get medical help, the greater your chances of surviving a heart attack. Do not delay getting immediate medical attention if you are experiencing symptoms of heart attack.

6. The Heart

The heart is located in the chest between the lungs behind the sternum and above the diaphragm. It is surrounded by the pericardium. Its size is about that of a fist, and its weight is about 250-300 g. Its center is located about 1.5 cm to the left of the midsagittal plane. Located above the heart are the great vessels: the superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery and vein, as well as the aorta. The aortic arch lies behind the heart. The esophagus and the spine lie further behind the heart. An overall view is given in Figure 6.1 (Williams and Warwick, 1989).

. It also has

similar to skeletal muscle. It consists of four compartments: the

. The heart is oriented so that the anterior aspect is the right ventricle while the posterior aspect shows the left atrium (see Figure 6.2). The atria form one unit and the ventricles another. This has special importance to the electric function of the heart, which will be discussed later. The left ventricular free wall and the

are much thicker than the right ventricular wall. This is logical since the left ventricle pumps blood to the systemic circulation, where the pressure is considerably higher than for the pulmonary circulation, which arises from right ventricular outflow.

The cardiac muscle fibers are oriented spirally (see Figure 6.3) and are divided into four groups: Two groups of fibers wind around the outside of both ventricles. Beneath these fibers a third group winds around both ventricles. Beneath these fibers a fourth group winds only around the left ventricle. The fact that cardiac muscle cells are oriented more tangentially than radially, and that the resistivity of the muscle is lower in the direction of the fiber has importance in electrocardiography and magnetocardiography.

The heart has four valves. Between the right atrium and ventricle lies the

. The

The blood returns from the systemic circulation to the right atrium and from there goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. It is ejected from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium, and from there through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. Finally blood is pumped through the aortic valve to the aorta and the systemic circulation.

Subtracting the second of Equations 6.2 from the first and applying V_m = Φ_i – Φ_o, the definition of the transmembrane potential, we obtain:

From Equation 6. 3 we obtain the following important relationships valid for linear core conductor conditions, namely that

These equations describe “voltage divider” conditions and were first pointed out by Hodgkin and Rushton (1946). Note that they depend on the validity of Equation 3.36 which, in turn, requires that there be no external (polarizing) currents in the region under consideration.

This current is confined to the depolarization zone. As shown in Figure 6.9A, just to the right of the centerline it is inward (thick arrows), and just to the left it is outward (thin arrows). The inward portion reflects the sodium influx, triggered by the very large and rapid rise in sodium permeability. The current outflow is the “local circuit” current which initially depolarizes the resting tissue, and which is advancing to the left (i.e., in the direction of propagation). The course of the transmembrane current is approximated in Figure 6.9E using Equation 6.6.

An examination of the extracellular potential Φ_o shows it to be uniform except for a rapid change across the wavefront. Such a change from plus to minus is what one would expect at a double layer source where the dipole direction is from right to left (from minus to plus as explained in Section 11.2). So we conclude that for the depolarization (activation) of cardiac tissue a double layer appears at the wavefront with the dipole orientation in the direction of propagation. One can also approximate the source as proportional to the transmembrane current – estimated here by a lumped negative point source (on the right) and a lumped positive point source (on the left) which taken together constitute a dipole in the direction of propagation (to the left).

Finally, a double layer, whose positive side is pointing to the recording electrode (to the left), produces a positive (ECG) signal (Figure 6.9G).

The nature of the repolarization wave is in principle very different from that of the depolarization wave. Unlike depolarization, the repolarization is not a propagating phenomenon. If we examine the location of repolarizing cells at consecutive time instances, we can, however, approximate the repolarization with a proceeding wave phenomenon.

As stated previously, when a cell depolarizes, another cell close to it then depolarizes and produces an electric field which triggers the depolarization phenomenon. In this way, the depolarization proceeds as a propagating wave within cardiac tissue.

Repolarization in a cell occurs because the action pulse has only a certain duration; thus the cell repolarizes at a certain instant of time after its depolarization, not because of the repolarization of an adjoining cell. If the action pulses of all cells are of equal duration, the repolarization would of course accurately follow the same sequence as depolarization. In reality, however, this is not the case in ventricular muscle. The action pulses of the epicardial cells (on the outer surface) are of shorter duration than those of the endocardial cells (on the inner surface). Therefore, the “isochrones” of repolarizing cells proceed from the epicardium to the endocardium, giving the illusion that the repolarization proceeds as a wave from epicardium to endocardium.

If the cardiac action pulse were always of the same shape, then following propagation of depolarization from right to left, the recovery (repolarization) would also proceed from right to left. This case is depicted in the highly idealized Figure 6.9B, where the cells that were activated earliest must necessarily recover first. The recovery of cardiac cells is relatively slow, requiring approximately 100 ms (compare this with the time required to complete activation – roughly 1 ms). For this reason, in Figure 6.9B we have depicted the recovery interval as much wider than the activation interval.

) decreases from its plateau value of +40 mV on the left to the resting value of -80 mV on the right (Figure 6.9D (dashed line)). Again, Equation 6.5 may be applied, in this case showing that the extracellular potential Φ

(solid line) increases from minus to plus. In this case the double layer source is directed from left to right. And, it is spread out over a wide region of the heart muscle. (In fact, if activation occupies 1 mm, then recovery occupies 100 mm, a relationship that could only be suggested in Figure 6.9B, since in fact, it encompasses the entire heart!)

) in Figure 6.9D by applying Equation 6.6. As shown in Figure 6.9B, to the right of the centerline it is outward (thick arrows) and just to the left it is inward (thin arrows). The outward portion reflects the potassium efflux due to the rapid rise of potassium permeability. The current inflow is again the “local circuit” current. The course of the transmembrane current during repolarization is approximated in Figure 6.9F.

Thus, during repolarization, a double layer is formed that is similar to that observed during depolarization. The double layer in repolarization, however, has a polarity opposite to that in depolarization, and thus its negative side points toward the recording electrode; as a result, a negative (ECG) signal is recorded (Figure 6.9H).

In real heart muscle, since the action potential duration at the epicardium is actually shorter than at the endocardium, the recovery phase appears to move from epicardium to endocardium, that is, just the opposite to activation (and opposite the direction in the example above). As a consequence the recovery dipole is in the same direction as the activation dipole (i.e. reversed from that shown in Figure 6.9B). Since the recovery and activation dipoles are thus in the same direction one can explain the common observation that the normal activation and recovery ECG signal has the same polarity..

Durrer D, van Dam RT, Freud GE, Janse MJ, Meijler FL, Arzbaecher RC (1970): Total excitation of the isolated human heart. Circulation 41:(6) 899-912.

Fozzard HA, Haber E, Jennings RB, Katz AM, Morgan HI (eds.) (1991): The Heart and Cardiovascular System, 2193 pp. Raven Press, New York.

Hodgkin AL, Rushton WA (1946): The electrical constants of a crustacean nerve fiber. Proc. R. Soc. (Biol.) B133: 444-79.

Klber AG, Riegger CB (1986): Electrical constants of arterially perfused rabbit papillary muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 385: 307-24.

Netter FH (1971): Heart, Vol. 5, 293 pp. The Ciba Collection of Medical Illustrations, Ciba Pharmaceutical Company, Summit, N. J.

Ruch TC, Patton HD (eds.) (1982): Physiology and Biophysics, 20th ed., 1242 pp. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

Williams PL, Warwick R (eds.) (1989): Gray’s Anatomy, 37th ed., 1598 pp. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Hurst JW, Schlant RC, Rackley CE, Sonnenblick EH, Wenger NK (eds.) (1990): The Heart: Arteries and Veins, 7th ed., 2274 pp. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Macfarlane PW, Lawrie TDV (eds.) (1989): Comprehensive Electrocardiology: Theory and Practice in Health and Disease, 1st ed., Vols. 1, 2, and 3, 1785 pp. Pergamon Press, New York.

The normal heart – Little Hearts Matter

Blood

The heart is a very fancy pump whose job it is to pump blood around the body, so before we talk about the heart it is important to understand what blood is and what it is for.

Blood is a mixture of different things. Most grown-ups have between four and six litres of the stuff moving around their body all the time. The mixture is made up of:

• red blood cells which carry oxygen throughout the body
• white blood cells which fight infections
• platelets which are cells that help you stop bleeding if you get a cut
• plasma a yellowish liquid (some of which is water) that carries nutrients (the best bits of food), hormones and proteins throughout the body

There are two colours of blood in the body:

• Red blood – filled with oxygen ready to travel to all parts of the body
• Blue blood – with no oxygen in it that is ready to travel back to the lungs where it will pick up a new supply of oxygen

Blood moves around the body in blood vessels, arteries and veins. A very fancy transport system, like roads, delivering important things to every part of the body.

The blood can only travel around the body because of the heart because it is the heart that pumps it round, so why does blood need to travel around the body? Because every part of the body need to refuel with lots of fresh new stocks of good things like oxygen, protein and nutrients to make energy and grow. Blood also carries cells that fight off infection and that repair us when we injure ourselves or bleed.

Making energy: the mixture of oxygen, nutrients and water in the blood help every small part of the body make energy. That energy helps the body grow, helps the brain think, helps the arms and legs move, the eyes see, the ears hear, helps you eat food and it even helps you watch TV, kick a football, ride a bike or play computer games!

After the body has used up all the goodness it wants to get rid of anything it no longer needs, the rubbish, so it sends it all back in the blood.

Heart

The heart has two halves.

Right                                           Left

The left side of the heart collects oxygen filled blood from the lungs in its top chamber, the atrium. It is a bright red colour and is filled with all of the ingredients needed to make energy. It then travels into the lower pumping section of the heart, the ventricle, which has a strong muscle that pushes blood out of the heart into the biggest blood vessel in the body, the Aorta, that we call the motorway of the body. Leading off the Aorta there are lots of big blood vessels called arteries that take blood off to the brain, kidneys, liver, gut and eventually down the legs and arms.

The body takes what it wants from the blood so that it can make energy leaving the blood empty of oxygen and turning the blood a blue colour .

This blue blood needs to travel back to the lungs which is where it will pick up a new supply of oxygen so lots of blood vessels called veins carry the blood back to the right side of the heart. Where it is collected in the collecting chamber, atrium, then is pushed into the pumping chamber, ventricle which pushes it up to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

Simple rule – Arteries carry red, oxygen filled blood away from the heart to the body.  Veins carry blue, oxygen empty blood back to the heart and lungs.

Of course the heart does not look like the box picture above it looks more like this.

Right                                          Left

All of the different parts of the heart are the same as described above but you can see the different section/chambers of the heart. Follow the arrows on the same journey as the described above starting in the Left Atrium, collecting chamber, down through the mitral valve into the left ventricle or pumping chamber then up through the aortic valve into the aorta, the motorway artery of the body. All of this part of the heart is filled with red oxygen filled blood.

Once the body has used up all of the oxygen it turns blue and then returns to the heart on the right side of the heart. Follow the arrows from the head and the body as blood arrives in the right atrium, collecting chamber, down through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, pumping chamber, which pushes the blood up through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery into the lungs.

The lungs do their job and take loads of waste gases, carbon dioxide, out of the blood and then fill the blood up with oxygen. The blood then starts the journey all over again.

To learn more about every part of the heart visit the Normal Heart page of the main website

You can also visit Kids Health which shows a great cartoon of how the heart works.

Beat

So the heart pumps blood 60 to 80 times each minute, up to 120 times if you are a baby. Each heart pump is a heart beat. Sometime you can feel you heart beating if you put your hand on the left side of your chest. You can also feel you heart beat as a pulse in your wrist.

The heart is very clever it pumps all by itself, in two parts. The first part of the pump is when the collecting chambers empty into the ventricles and then the second part of the pump is when the ventricles empty into either the pulmonary artery or the aorta.

The heart has its own little electrical computers to tell the two bits of the heart to pump. The beat starts in the sino atrial node in the top part of the heart, travels through the collecting chamber, atrium down to the atrio ventricular node in the middle of the heart that then sends the beat through the two pumping chamber, ventricles. Clever!

When you have an ECG the beat is recorded like this.

The letters each show a different part of the one beat.

Next time you have an ECG ask the doctor to point out your heart rhythm.

90,000 The Secret of Van Gogh’s Madness: What Does His Last Painting Say?

• Alastair Suk
• BBC Culture

23 August 2016

Photo by Van Gogh

On a summer day in 1890, Vincent Van Gogh shot himself in a field near Paris. BBC Culture examines the painting he was working on that morning to understand what it says about the artist’s psyche.

On July 27, 1890, Vincent Van Gogh walked into a wheat field behind the castle in the French village of Auvers-sur-Oise, a few kilometers from Paris, and shot himself in the chest.

By that time, the artist had been suffering from mental illness for a year and a half – ever since, on a December evening in 1888, during his life in the city of Arles in French Provence, the unfortunate man cut off his left ear with a razor.

After that, he had episodic seizures that undermined his strength and after which he was in a state of dimmed consciousness for several days, or even weeks, or lost touch with reality.

However, in the intervals between the breakdowns, his mind was calm and clear, and the artist could paint pictures.

Moreover, his stay in Auvers, where he arrived in May 1890 after leaving the psychiatric hospital, became the most fruitful stage of his creative life: in 70 days he created 75 paintings and more than a hundred drawings and sketches.

However, despite this, he felt more and more alone and did not find a place for himself, convincing himself that his life was in vain.

Eventually he got hold of a small revolver belonging to the owner of the house, which he rented in Auvers.

It was this weapon that he took with him to the field on that fateful Sunday in late July.

However, he only got into his hands a pocket revolver, not very powerful, so when the artist pulled the trigger, the bullet, instead of piercing the heart, bounced off the rib.

Photo author, EPA

Photo caption,

A weapon is exhibited in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, from which the artist is believed to have shot himself

Van Gogh lost consciousness and fell to the ground. When evening came, he came to his senses and began to look for a revolver to complete the matter, but did not find it and trudged back to the hotel, where a doctor was called for him.

The incident was reported to Van Gogh’s brother, Theo, who arrived the next day. For some time, Theo thought that Vincent would survive – but nothing could be done. That same night, at the age of 37, the artist died.

“I did not leave his head until it was all over,” Theo wrote to his wife Johanna. and he found peace that he could not find on earth. “

The exhibition “On the Verge of Madness” at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam provides a detailed and holistic view of the last one and a half years of the artist’s life.

The exact diagnosis of Van Gogh is not given to visitors (over the past decades, a variety of hypotheses have been put forward – from epilepsy and schizophrenia to alcoholism, psychopathy and borderline personality disorder), but among the exhibits there is a rusted revolver found in the fields behind the castle in Auvers somewhere in 1960 year.

Analysis of the revolver showed that it was shot and that it lay in the ground for 50 to 80 years – in other words, it is likely that this is the very revolver with which Van Gogh committed suicide.

Korn and all troubles

In addition, at the exhibition you can take a look at the recently discovered letter, which was much talked about in the media.

It was written by Felix Ray, the attending physician of Van Gogh in Arles, with a drawing showing which part of the ear was cut off by the artist.

For years, biographers have argued about whether Van Gogh lost his entire ear or just his lobe. The letter, found by independent researcher Bernadette Murphy, who wrote the book The True Story of Van Gogh’s Ear about her discovery, irrefutably proves that the unfortunate madman cut off his ear entirely.

Photo author, AP

Photo caption,

Letter from the French provincial doctor Felix Ray, showing which part of the ear Van Gogh cut off in December 1888

Of course, the letter became the highlight of the program at the exhibition. However, during a recent visit to the museum, my attention was drawn to another exhibit – an unfinished painting about a meter wide called “The Roots of Trees” (1890).

Van Gogh worked on it on the morning of July 27, a few hours before the suicide attempt.This was his last painting.

At first glance, this rich picture seems almost abstract: how can you “read” this mass of blue, green and yellow strokes, between which the canvas shines through?

Photo author, Van Gogh

Photo caption,

“The roots of trees” by Van Gogh is a complex “continuous” canvas without any definite accent

sandy soil on a steep limestone slope.There is a small patch of sky in the upper left corner of the picture.

Except for this tiny piece, the entire canvas is occupied by a tight weave of gnarled roots, trunks, branches and lush vegetation. As Martin Bailey, art historian and author of The South Studio: Van Gogh in Provence, which is now in preparation for publication, notes, “The treetops are cropped in a very unusual way – much like the Japanese prints that Van Gogh so admired. ”

In fact, “The Roots of Trees” is in many ways an extraordinary painting: it is an innovative continuous composition without any particular accent.

Perhaps she became the forerunner of further forms of development of contemporary art, such as abstraction.

And at the same time, it is impossible not to perceive this canvas in retrospect, knowing that soon after working on it, Van Gogh tried to commit suicide.

What does this picture tell us about the state of his psyche?

Goodbye life?

From the picture, all any doubts, exudes excitement, it is all as if saturated with emotional instability.

“This is one of those paintings that you can feel the mental anguish of Van Gogh,” says Bailey.

Moreover, the topic of this work seems to be of importance as well. A few years earlier, Van Gogh had created a sketch depicting the roots of trees, which, as he wrote in his letter to Theo, was supposed to symbolize the struggle of life.

Shortly before his death, in another letter to his brother, he said that his life was “cut to the very root.”

Could this painting have been conceived by Van Gogh as a farewell?

Photo author, Van Gogh

Photo caption,

The painting Wheat Field with Crows, also painted in July 1890, uses the same restless technique, but the overall atmosphere is darker and more ominous

However, when I shared mine considerations with the museum employee Ninke Bakker, who is responsible for the pictorial part of the collection, she warned me against hasty conclusions.

“In the works of the last weeks of Van Gogh’s life – such as” Wheat Field with Crows “or” Wheat Field under Thunder Clouds “- there is a noticeable strong emotional excitement, – she explains.” Obviously, he was trying to express his own emotional state. ”

“However, the painting” The Roots of the Trees “turned out to be very bright and full of life. It is a very daring work. It is hard to believe that the person who wrote this in the morning tried to commit suicide at the end of the same day.”

“It’s hard for me to argue that Van Gogh deliberately conceived this picture as a goodbye – it would be an overly rational act,” Bakker said.

Finally, Ninke Bakker decisively suppresses the assumption that Van Gogh’s illness made him a genius artist.

“All these twisted, knotty roots leave the impression of something disorderly, extremely emotional. But this picture is not a product of a sick psyche,” she believes.

“He knew what he was doing. Until the very end of his life, Van Gogh wrote in spite of his illness, not because of it. This should not be forgotten.” 90,011 90,000 10 famous films with brain-blowing hidden meanings – What to see

Many films that we have seen in our
life, look simple and understandable to us.But there is a nuance. It turns out far away
not all of them are as simple as they seem at first glance, and only a small
a number of viewers may guess that the director is up to some kind of trick.

But there is also a nuance here. If you are one of these viewers and are proud that you immediately recognized the hidden meaning in some work, then do not rush to rejoice: perhaps you recognized something completely different from what you had in mind.
director. And, perhaps, the director did not want to tell us anything, but simply made a movie. One
in a word, we may never know the truth about some of the paintings.

9 ½ weeks / Nine ½ Weeks, 1985

What’s wrong with this fish?

At the beginning of the film, we see a rich man in Elizabeth’s gallery,
interested in one of the paintings. This painting depicts a person about whom a potential buyer asks: “Is he dead?” Elizabeth a few
discouraged by this question and replies: “I hope he is just asleep.”After some
time she comes to the author of the picture and finds him fishing. He is thoughtful
examines the caught fish and discusses life and death, but does not find
understanding of our heroine.

At the party in honor of Elizabeth’s creative guest, finally
understands what he was trying to tell her about. She observes the artist and others
people and thinks about what kind of injustice it is – creative and deep
a spiritualized person has become just an object of someone else’s material pride, and his paintings are bought only in order to get a new portion of emotions.

But by that time Elizabeth is already in John’s power. AND,
unfortunately, she is no longer able to understand what she, in turn, has become for
him a way to get a taste of life. Nothing good will come of it. We are
we already understand that the eaten fish symbolizes Elizabeth herself.

Blade Runner, 1982

Why did Roy Batty save Deckard?

Roy Batty the robot was specially created in order to
kill.Icy eyes, Aryan facial features, athletic build –
this is how Ridley Scott saw his hero, conceived as a “superman”,
and that is how Rutger Hauer portrayed him on the screen. Such a character could easily kill Deckard who was pursuing him, but at the last moment he suddenly
changes his mind and saves him.

Critics tend to explain this episode as follows: by showing the tragedy of a killer robot,
comprehending the value of human life, Ridley Scott wanted to make us
ponder.It is no coincidence that the strong decoration of this moment is dying
Hauer releases a white dove into the sky, and an iron spike sticks out of his hand, like
likening him to Jesus Christ.

And all of this, of course, sounds great, if not for one
an incident that took place after the premiere of the film. When Scott walked out of the theater
some journalist asked him about this scene: “Mr. Scott, admit, you were just fooling around when you filmed Roy’s death?” Scott smiled mysteriously, shrugged
shoulders and replied: “Anything can be.”

Exodus: Gods and
Kings, 2014

What does the darkness that has descended on the city mean?

Basically, Ridley Scott has long been known for his scientific
approach to everything. Therefore, when he openly announced that he was going
to film a biblical story about Moses and Ramses, the world held its breath. What will this convinced atheist do with the biblical canons, and how did it come to him in general?
in the head to take on this work?

The world was worried in vain.Of course, Scott contributed to the script
enough original techniques (for example, God appearing before the main
the hero in the image of an angry boy), but he conveyed the essence of the plot absolutely correctly.
Moses puts forward a demand for the release of all Jews before the Pharaoh, but stumbles upon a categorical refusal. Immediately afterwards to Egyptian soil
one after another misfortunes fall – flies, diseases, insect infestations and others. Including the inexplicable darkness that killed all the eldest sons in the homes of the Egyptians.

Critics immediately came up with a host of theories that gave
this episode has a variety of meanings – from mystical to fantastic, but the explanation
gave, as usual, Scott himself, saying: “It doesn’t matter who you are – a Jew or
Egyptian, rich or poor, scientist or believer.There are still things in the world that
beyond your understanding, so put up with them and do not try to figure out their essence. ” Thank you, Ridley, as always you explained everything clearly and clearly.

The Cabin in the Woods, 2011

Why did all the heroes have to die?

This story compares favorably with the usual Hollywood
horror films. A group of students goes to rest in a godforsaken place.Yes, how
original, you say. But as soon as you say it, the writers
hit you below the belt and steer the plot in a completely different direction. And they
clearly know their stuff – if you take apart the picture into pieces, you will learn in them
a whole hundred films that have already been seen.

But put together, they make the film unique. Creators
ridiculed almost every horror cliche that Hollywood has ever invented and propagated. Except one. If, as a rule, at the end of a horror story someone
one survives, then here the writers kill all the heroes.The question is,
why?

“I can only imagine how the creators giggled, in free
flight of thought, adding to the script one crazy idea after another, – he explained to us
critic Roger Ebert – They made rules to be broken. Excellent
a puzzle came out for fans of the genre, enticing them to look for references to other films, deconstructed conventions and wonder if the whole
film in one big act of criticism. ”

The Shout, 1978

Can extraordinary abilities drive you crazy?

Anthony is an experimental musician making new sounds
from old familiar objects.Together with his wife, he leads a modest peaceful
life and dreams of someday discovering a sound that would amaze everyone. Luck
Charlie Crossby knocks on his door pretty soon. Charlie has
amazing, but at the same time eerie ability – the scream that he promises
demonstrate soon.

Before he can do it, out
the bitter truth about his past seeps through. It turns out that Charlie never lived among the savages, as he claimed, but was an ordinary patient of a psychiatric
clinics.But the more terrible the truth becomes. Charlie still knows how to scream.

“Children are not the only ones who die from my screams, – Men can
mad, and he knocks down even the strongest. It’s a witchcraft cry, me
taught him by the Chief Devil of the Northern Territory, and for eighteen years I brought him
to perfection, and only used it five times. ” The killing scream is
and scary, and at the same time terribly attractive. Once again, evil gives people
choice: expel him or let him in, but the temptation, alas, is stronger.

Enemy, 2013

What does the spider have to do with it?

The movie begins with a noteworthy line that “Chaos
– this is just an undeciphered order. ” It can be assumed that this is a director
slyly hints that it is quite possible to unravel his film. After the mysterious
the prologue with the spider follows a fairly common plot: a weird
a history teacher named Adam watches a film and recognizes one of the actors himself
myself.Then the search for a mysterious doppelganger begins, who turns out to be
not a figment of the imagination, but a completely real person.

From that moment on, the director arranges for us a sheer confusion from the psychosis of the main characters and their absolutely senseless actions. Flash scenes
replace each other in a continuous stream, gradually adding information,
which does not in the least make what is happening understandable. The craziest
moments to the heroes is a spider. Why is he there?

It’s actually pretty simple.It is important to understand that Adam
used to keep everything under control: he holds a prestigious position, has
family, home, his life is scheduled and delimited to the smallest detail. But at that moment
when a double appears in his life, everything goes downhill. Habitual order
begins to stagger threateningly, chaos gradually captures and destroys Adam’s whole life.
The spider is the symbol of this chaos.

Birth, 2004

At what point did the happy ending turned into a failure?

What would you do if you were trapped in doubts and could not find a way out? An unhappy woman named Anna is at a loss to guess that
what should she do.Ten years after the death of her adored husband, into the house
a little boy showed up and said that he was her husband. It seems the situation
it is quite possible to solve with the help of the brash parents and a good belt, but the fact is,
that the boy knows everything about Anna.

What a woman should do now becomes completely incomprehensible.
She is already engaged to another, but the memories of the old days captured all her thoughts, and now she seriously begins to think about giving up everything and running away with a boy three times her age.Fortunately, the boy settles
unpleasant situation himself, reveals his intrigue and disappears from the field of our
view, thereby finally allowing Anna and her fiance to happily build their
relationship.

The film ends with stills from Anna’s wedding photography. She
stands with her hands down, and her new husband, realizing that something is happening in her soul,
why not comprehend him, confused and helpless. Apparently, the memories of the past
the love turned out to be too strong, and with the boy’s departure from their life the problem was not solved.

In the Mouth of Madness, 1994

Was there a word in the beginning?

It is not difficult to draw parallels and notice that the prototype
Sutter Kane was served by Stephen King himself, because he is also called the King of Horrors.
Thus, we are offered to immediately realize with whom the detective will have to deal
John Trait, who went in search of the missing writer in a town that
not marked on any map.After all, if King’s novels are produced on many
an indelible impression on what effect Kane’s books should produce on the fear-hungry minds of ordinary people.

If the effect is too great, the line between reality
and fiction will be erased, and madness will begin, which no one will stop
under the force. But Treit is still trying to find a clue as to why the writer’s books
drive people crazy. And the answer is very simple: what if each of us is just a fruit
some Sutter Kane’s fantasy? How could such a person in their right mind come to mind?

People are losing their minds after reading a book and discovering
this terrible truth – that not in the image and likeness of God they were all created,
and in vain they considered themselves free people, believing that no one can
to govern.Kane, that’s who became for them a new God and ruler of destinies, creating a new world on paper. “I’m not a puppet in the hands of others!” Detective Trait shouts, not wanting to believe that everything has been decided for him long ago, and this phrase thrown by him also
was originally conceived by an all-powerful writer.

Crash, 1996

Thirst for pleasure or thirst for life?

The basis for the plot of this, to put it mildly, strange film
served as the eponymous novel by James Ballard.The name of the main one is the same.
the hero of the tape, played by James Spader. He and his wife are given a huge
pleasure of connection on the side – having cheated on each other once again, they are happy to exchange the obtained sexual experience in all details.
Perverts, you say. And you will be wrong, because what was shown at the beginning,
just flowers – berries in front.

Having been in a serious car accident for the first time in his life, Ballard
discovers new sensations that I did not even know about before.It turns out that sexual pleasure can taste blood and smell
broken glass. And now he turns out to be a member of a motley group,
who arrange accidents on the highway, have sex in wrecked cars and infiltrate hospitals to admire the victims of the disasters.

The essence of the film may be deeper than we think. David Cronenberg repeatedly asked to take a closer look at his brainchild, because,
as he put it: “This movie is not about how perverts are looking for new ways
be satisfied.When I was working on it, I wanted to show people how
the daily routine can turn into a nightmare for the human psyche. My hero
so long ago he lost the ability to enjoy life that he is ready to part with his existence for a short burst of emotion and joy. ”

Sniper / American Sniper, 2014

The highest form of irony?

With this film, Clint Eastwood divided the audience into two camps.Alone
praised him for his respect for American veterans, others, on the contrary, with might and main
scolded for violence and racism. If you haven’t decided which camp you belong to
yourself, then, until you watch the film in person, even the explanations of Eastwood himself
they won’t give you anything.

The first thing that catches your eye is how Bradley is in direct
sense has matured, transformed from a thin and cheerful boy into a hardened thug.
Of course, Cooper is very talented, and the role of the ruthless calculating
a patriotic sniper, who at the same time is an altruist, a loyal friend and a loving husband,
one of the best in Bradley’s filmography.

Even knowing that this hero personally killed over 250 people,
it is very difficult not to empathize with him and not to feel sympathy. This was recognized by those viewers who were outraged by the number of deaths in films and tough director
in Eastwood’s handwriting, not accustomed to sparing anyone’s feelings. It was recognized with difficulty and embarrassment, it should be noted. Old Clint joked well.

Source: Taste of cinema
August 2, 2016

Found a mistake? Select the fragment and press Ctrl + Enter.

“Girl with a balloon” cut herself up – Kommersant FM – Kommersant

Painting by street artist Banksy self-destructed at Sotheby’s as soon as it was sold for a million dollars. This is one of the most famous works of the artist – “Girl with a ball” 2006. A girl is drawn on canvas with acrylics, reaching for a red heart-shaped balloon. The chopper was hidden in the frame. He cut up the canvas as soon as the lot went under the hammer in front of shocked spectators.The shredder is said to have been remotely powered by Banksy himself. After the auction, the guards saw a man in a hat – it is believed that this was the artist. And a post on Banksy’s Instagram with a photograph of the painting appeared almost immediately after the incident.

The details and main versions of what happened were told by our own correspondent for Kommersant FM in London, Andrei Ostalsky: “The most important thing is to answer the question whether this work of art was destroyed or not. I saw everything in great detail: as soon as the third blow of the hammer rang out, the motor was set in motion by some kind of remote control.He began to lower the canvas down, while the canvas passed through a large number of blades, apparently because it began to cut into narrow long vertical strips. But the picture reached only the middle, and then the motor either jammed, or it was intended that way, but the process stopped. This story is deliberately made as a mystery – this is happening, art as action. On the other hand, in the course of this action, the work of art is destroyed.

Of course, this should be seen as a metaphor for the fact that commerce kills art and that it should not be owned.

Banksy has spoken about this many times. But there is no certainty that it was he who did it. Because the painting was sold in 2006 to an unknown buyer. We do not know who the seller was and who the buyer was, because the buyer called on the phone — it was a call. ”

Most likely, money will not be demanded from the buyer for this painting, Dmitry Butkevich, an art observer for Kommersant FM, believes: “It’s a very strange story, since the work has allegedly been in the auction house since 2006.Of course, during this time, its representatives were obliged to at least remove it from the frame, inspect it for safety, check the frame. As far as I understand, the shredder is not a very tiny device that is easy to hide. Plus, there must be a mechanism to activate it. Banksy’s Instagram picture reads “walked, walked, and walked away.” It turns out that the garbage has been sold for $ 1.1 million. They are already writing that, perhaps, it will cost so much, since such a story is now associated with it. In principle, it can be glued together.The deal must be canceled – this is the loss of the Sotheby’s auction house, because everything happened within its walls. The buyer can potentially bring claims to the house, for example, for non-pecuniary damage. In the end, he wasted his energy and bought this painting. Moreover, Banksy himself, in theory, can make a claim, since he must receive royalties from any sale. If I’m not mistaken, this is about 5%, which means – 50 thousand pounds, and he lost them. ”

“Girl with a Balloon” is not Banksy’s most expensive painting.In 2008, his work Keep It Spotless went under the hammer for almost $ 2 million.

Maria Pogrebnyak

90,000 Actor Armie Hammer from Call Me By Your Name was suspected of cannibalism

The Golden Globe nominee for his role in Call Me By Your Name, Armie Hammer, was once again at the center of a sex scandal, but this time it could really cost him his career – emails were leaked to the network in which the actor announces to the girls that he wants to snatch their heart and drink blood. At the same time, there is currently no real evidence that the artist is really fond of the topic of cannibalism.

The name of American actor Armie Hammer, known for his roles in the films “Agents A.N.K.L.” correspondence, reports the Daily Mail. It follows from them that the 34-year-old artist, communicating with girls in personal Instagram messages, showed tendencies towards cannibalism.

Multiple victims of Armie Hammer came out saying he used his fame to manipulate em to have sex, calling em “kitties” and drink their BLOOD, now WHAT IN HANNIBAL LECTER ??? pic.twitter.com/LWxgZdXC4t

– tevin (@tevinauguste) January 10, 2021

In a correspondence with one of the girls, the actor allegedly unequivocally hinted that he was aroused by fantasies about cannibalism: “I am so excited by the thought that I hold your heart in my hand.I am 100 percent cannibal, I want to eat you. Heck! It’s so scary to admit it, I’ve never admitted it before. But I cut the heart out of the still breathing animal and ate it while it was still warm.

I need your blood, I long for it. Will you let me do it tomorrow? Do not forget that you are mine. I need your blood, I want you to give it to me. ”

Despite the scandal that erupted around Hammer, there was no real evidence that the artist really wrote such things to anyone on social networks.Because of this, some users who joined the discussion expressed the opinion that the messages that resonated were fake. The artist himself and his representatives have not yet commented on the situation, despite all the excitement of the fans.

“I pray this news is fake. And only then will I be able to sleep ”; “Just saw the Armie Hummer thread. And that’s enough for me, I won’t go to the Internet anymore ”; “It takes at least three business days to understand whether these messages are fake or not,” users wrote.

Earlier, Hammer had been involved in sex scandals several times. So, in 2017, the actor had to succeed in his Twitter account after the network made fun of his likes under BDSM posts, and specifically under posts on the topic of shibari (the art of tying).

And already last summer, Armie was caught in a sex correspondence with a Russian woman.

The media then published screenshots of their frank Internet dialogue, during which the American called his mistress “kitten” and “little slut”, gave her vulgar compliments, and also talked about bondage.Moreover, their remote romance allegedly lasted for three years, while the actor was married. Whether Hammer was able to personally meet the woman remains unknown.

Armie Hammer is a Golden Globe nominee for Call Me by Your Name. Also on his account are such projects as “Hotel Mumbai: Confrontation”, “Under the Cover of the Night”, “Gender”, “Lone Ranger”, “J. Edgar ”,“ Rebecca ”,“ Birth of a Nation ”and“ Fatal Choice ”. The actor was married to model Elizabeth Chambers for ten years, but the couple broke up in the summer of 2020.They had two children in marriage.

“MSC – where your heart is”: we invite you to participate in flash mob

In the period from 29 to 31 July a complex event “My social center is where your heart is” will take place.

“With the event ‘MSC – Where Your Heart is’, we want to show the older citizens all the possibilities of these club spaces, where people can feel like not guests, but real owners. Thousands of silver-aged Muscovites already come to the MSC to spend time with friends and like-minded people, as well as share their professional experience or hobby.We want such people and various clubs, the organizers of which they themselves would like to act, to become even more. After 50, life is just beginning, club members say. And let everyone who comes to the MSC have such sensations, ” – said Artem Alekseev , head of the operational headquarters of the network of social service centers in Moscow.

The flash mob “MSC – where my heart is” has already been launched in the social networks of My Social Center. All visitors to the center can express their warm attitude to their favorite club space.Residents of the city need to upload their photo with the image of the heart with their palms and tell how their life has changed with the advent of the MSC.

For everyone, on July 29 at 13:00 an online presentation “What is MSC” will take place. Guests of the event will be able to learn more about the centers, which peaks they have already reached and which ones have yet to be conquered. The leaders and participants of the most exciting clubs of seven MSC will tell their viewers and readers about the project: about clubs of interest, how to join an existing club or create your own, what master classes, sports and creative activities and other activities are held daily at MSC …

After the online presentation, we will invite all event participants to online chats in popular areas: healthy lifestyle, creativity and personal growth. In each thematic chat, the leaders and members of the clubs of all seven MSCs will meet for the first time to get to know and share with each other the experience of organizing certain clubs. Everyone will be able to join the chat and ask their questions.

In addition, from July 29 to July 31 the festival “MSC – where your heart is” will be held in an offline format.In each club space, there will be some kind of open house days. All interested citizens of older age, regardless of where they live, can take part in master classes, sports activities, meetings and other club activities, sponsored by the visitors of the centers themselves.

Attendance at the events is free, but preliminary registration is required using the link. Note that in connection with the maintenance of preventive measures in the capital, a mask regime will be observed at the event to minimize the risk of infection, as well as a social distance: the chairs are arranged in such a way that the distance between them is at least 1.5 meters.In addition, temperature will be measured at the entrance to all visitors.

In order for residents not to get bored, the marathon “Journey to the World of MSC” will also start on July 29. To participate, you must visit at least three centers on the days of the festival, take a selfie against the background of activity and post a photo on your page on the social network with the hashtags # myrmsts # yalyublyumsts. The most active “marathon runners” will receive gift certificates. Pre-registration is also required for the event.

Press service of the Department of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the City of Moscow

Composition based on the painting by Myasoedov It is a painful time.Mowers 5, 6 class (description)

Myasoedov – It’s a painful time. Mowers

I like this painting as it is very sunny. The sun here is as hot as in August, “mature”. Maybe it seems to me so because in the picture people are harvesting. They mow wheat or rye.

We see beautiful ears mixed with red and blue flowers. This is already the edge of the field – there is also green grass.The colors of the flowers are combined with the clothes of the mowers. Basically, everyone is in white, but there is a man in a red shirt, and there is a man in a blue one. He has a wreath of ears on his head in blue. He is already a little older – his beard is almost gray. Behind him is a younger man. On the heads of women shawls from the sun. It is possible that this is one family. All are serious, more precisely, focused on work (maybe they are already tired), but there are also smiles. We do not really see many people, because they are gathering ears of corn – people bent over. On the right, in my opinion, is the grandmother in the headscarf.In general, everyone went to the mowing!

On the left, in the distance, there is another group of mowers. In the foreground is a small sheaf of cut ears. There is also some kind of bowl and something that looks like a dried bun. And yet it seems to me that this is not food, but pieces for sharpening a braid. There is also a rake – to rake what is mowed, probably.

The sky is also beautiful – with white clouds. We see birds in the sky. There are also two butterflies flying over beautiful red flowers.

The colors of the picture are not bright, but as faded as from the summer sun, very pleasant.The heat of August is felt.

It is also interesting that ahead is the one with the beard, as the most experienced, and behind him is a younger man, and behind him is a guy … It looks like the continuity of generations.

In general, looking at the picture, you understand what an important job it is – to mow rye (and wheat), how seriously people approached this. And they did the right thing! It can be seen that this is difficult, but responsible, and most importantly, pleasant work. Now harvesters are harvesting from the fields.

Essay description of the painting The Passionate Time.Mowers Myasoedov

Grigory Grigorievich Myasoedov was a truly Russian artist. His canvases most often depict the landscapes of his native lands or their inhabitants. As an example, you can take such works as “Autumn Morning” and “Zemstvo is having lunch.” But the most famous painting, which contained both the beautiful nature and the description of the people, was “Time of Suffering”. It was created in 1887 and was personally acquired by Emperor Alexander III. And he was known for his love for Russian traditions, not European ones.

Today, not everyone knows the meaning of the word strada. It means that time of summer when mowing, reaping and harvesting of grain takes place. In the picture we see peasants of different ages who are passionate about their work, mowing rye. In front of everyone is an old man in a dirty blue shirt with a wreath of ears of rye on his head. He confidently holds a braid in his hands, like the man standing a little behind. His thick hair has not yet touched the gray. Each of them looks thoughtfully at their feet, while the guy in the background smiles.He is still very young and works awkwardly and timidly. Next to them are girls in headscarves, collecting cut rye and knitting sheaves from it.

The wind gently flutters the golden ears, among which the peasant is working. In addition to ripe rye, fragrant chamomiles and cornflowers, a lonely burdock grow on the field. Above them, butterflies flutter merrily. And in the bright summer sky, on which cumulus clouds are carried away into the distance, a pair of birds flies by. A well-defined blue horizon line separates the sea of ​​rye and the azure sky.

In this picture, the artist reflects the peasant life, the inextricable connection and unity of the people with the Russian land. With great respect and love, the author treats an ordinary person who, as you can recall from the course of history, was the basis of the life of the Russian empire. All the details of the landscape and portrait are traced in great detail. Every blade of grass, every hair was given great attention.

The whole work is imbued with peace and tranquility, although the characters depicted are in full swing. The canvas seems to glow from the fact that G.G. Myasoedov used only soft tones, with the exception of the lower edge, where the grass is located. It seems that the light and warmth emitted by the painting penetrate directly into your heart, and from this it becomes surprisingly joyful and beautiful. I would like to feel the scorching heat of the sun, the pleasant touch of the wind, inhale the smell of earth and mown grass. Although life in the peasantry was not easy, in the painting “The Time of Passion” people seem immensely happy.

School essay grade 5, grade 6

Other interesting paintings

Interesting compositions based on paintings

90,000 50 most inspiring travel quotes

We have collected for you 50 inspiring travel quotes from famous poets, writers and philosophers.By the way, if you are a book lover, then you will like the article on what books are worth reading if you are learning English.

We use words to describe our feelings, emotions and what we see in front of us. Some people use words so skillfully that we involuntarily remember them for years!

Memorize, Record, and Enjoy the Deep Wisdom of these Travel Quotes!

1. “To speak a foreign language is to conquer its world and culture” Franz Fanon.
2. “Nothing develops the mind like travel” Emile Zola.
3. “Those who study need to travel” Mark Twain.
4. “Look at the world. He is much more amazing than dreams. ”Ray Bradburry.
5. “Investing in travel is investing in yourself” Matthew Carsten.
6. “Life is either a desperate adventure or nothing.” Hellen Keller.
7. “The road is best measured not in miles, but in friends” Tim Cahill.
8. “Travel leaves you speechless, and then turns you into the best storyteller” Ibn Battuta.
9. “How I love feeling faceless in a city I’ve never been before” Bill Bryson.
10. “Never be afraid to go away from seas, borders, countries and thoughts” Amin Maaluf.
11. “There is something magical about it: you leave as one person, and you come back completely different.” Kate Douglas Wiggen.
12. “To travel is to develop” Pierre Bernando.
13. “As soon as you catch a traveler’s fever, you cannot be cured of it and you will be infected with it for the rest of your life.” Michael Palin.
14. “Oh, all the places you will visit!” Dr. Seuss
15. “The real traveler has no definite plan or intention to come anywhere” Lao Tzu.
16. “I haven’t been everywhere, but this is on my list” Susan Sontag.
17. “The traveler sees what he sees; tourists see what they have come to see. ”GK Chesterton.
18. “The goal is not a place, but the ability to see the world differently” Henry Miller.
19. “Stop thinking about holes in the road, enjoy the adventure” Fitjugh Mullan.
20. “Take Only Memories, Leave Only Traces” Chief Seattle
21. “Once a year, visit a place you’ve never been before.” The Dalai Lama.
22. “Traveling is not something you are good at. This is what you do. ”Gail Foreman.
23. “To travel is to live” Hans Christian Andersen
24. “To travel is to realize that everyone is wrong about other countries” Aldous Huxley
25. “The world is a book, and those who do not travel can only read the first page” Art … Augustine.
26. “Do you want to travel far and fast? Travel light. Get rid of envy, intolerance, selfishness and fears. ”Cesar Pavese.
27. “I have met a lot of people in Europe. I even got to know myself. “James Baldwin.
28. “Not All Who Wander Have Lost Their Way” JR Tolkien.
29. “Traveling helps us to be humble. Each of us is just a tiny grain of sand in this desert of people ”Gustave Flaubert.
30. “People are able to find and know themselves only in adventures” André Hyde.
31. “We are not traveling in order to escape from life, but so that life does not escape from us” Anonymous.
32. “Tourists don’t know where they’ve already been, and travelers don’t know where else they’ll go” Paul Theroux.
33. “People do not create travel, but travel creates people” John Steinbeck.
34. “Prejudice, intolerance and narrow-mindedness are detrimental to travel” Mark Twain.
35. “Traveling is the only thing in the world, buying which, you become richer” Anonymous.
36. “If you refuse to eat, do not honor other people’s traditions and religions, and avoid people, you better stay at home.” James Michener.
37. “I changed when I saw the moon shining from the other side” Mary Ann Redmacher.
38. “If you don’t know where you are going, any road will do” Lewis Carroll.
39. “It’s hard to realize how wonderful the journey is until you put your head on the old, familiar pillow.” Ling Yutan.
40. “A traveler without the ability to observe is comparable to a bird without wings” Mosley Eddin Saatan.
41. “Only he who travels opens new paths” Norwegian proverb.
42. “We travel the world to find beauty; we must keep it in ourselves, otherwise it will not open to us “Ralph Waldo Emerson
43. ” The further I go, the closer I get to myself “Andrew McCarthy.
44. “Every dreamer knows that it is absolutely real to miss a place where you have never been even more than where you have been.” Judith Thurman.
45. “Live, travel, do not regret anything and thank fate” Jack Kerouac.
46. “It’s not important where you end up, but what adventures will meet you along the way” Penelope Riley.
47. “He who lives sees a lot. The one who travels sees more ”Arabic proverb.
48. “If you think adventure is dangerous, try a routine.She is deadly ”Paolo Coelho.
49. “Travel teaches tolerance” Benjamin Disraeli
50. “The adventure is worth it” Aristotle.

We hope these travel phrases inspire you as much as we do! Now the matter is small – you just need to choose a direction and hit the road!

However, before leaving, be sure to read how to prepare for the trip and how to pack your suitcase.