How can you identify poison ivy, oak, and sumac. What are the symptoms of plant-induced rashes. How to treat and prevent contact with urushiol-containing plants. What are the myths and facts about plant rashes. How to safely manage encounters with poisonous plants.

Understanding Urushiol: The Culprit Behind Plant-Induced Rashes

Urushiol is the primary compound responsible for the infamous rashes caused by certain plants. This potent substance is found in the oleoresin of plants belonging to the Toxicodendron genus, which includes poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. Remarkably, as little as 50 micrograms of urushiol—less than a grain of table salt—can trigger a rash in up to 90% of people who come into contact with it.

The allergenic nature of urushiol is what makes these plants so problematic for humans. When urushiol comes into contact with the skin, it can cause an allergic reaction that manifests as a rash. This rash typically appears within 24 to 72 hours after exposure, depending on the area of contact and the individual’s sensitivity.

Characteristics of Urushiol-Induced Rashes

• Linear appearance
• Can be flat and red or present as large blisters
• Severity depends on the amount of exposure and previous sensitization
• May take up to three weeks to appear in first-time exposures

Is a urushiol rash contagious? Contrary to popular belief, these rashes are not contagious from person to person. However, the oil can be spread through contaminated surfaces, including animal fur, clothing, or gardening tools.

Identifying Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac: Key Distinguishing Features

Recognizing these plants is crucial for avoiding contact and potential rashes. While they share some similarities, each has distinct characteristics that can help in identification.

Poison Ivy

The old adage “leaves of three, let it be” is particularly applicable to poison ivy. This plant consistently displays three leaves per stem, with the following features:

• Glossy green leaves
• Smooth or slightly notched edges
• Grows as vines or shrubs
• Leaves turn red in fall

Poison Oak

Poison oak bears a resemblance to poison ivy but has some distinct characteristics:

• Leaves are larger and more rounded, resembling oak leaves
• Textured, hairy surface on leaves
• May have groups of three, five, or seven leaves
• Can grow as vines or shrubs

Poison Sumac

Unlike its cousins, poison sumac has a different leaf arrangement:

• Grows as a shrub or tree
• Leaves grow in clusters of seven to 13
• One leaf typically grows by itself at the end of the stem
• Smooth-edged leaves with a glossy texture

Can these plants be found in specific regions? While poison ivy, oak, and sumac are prevalent throughout North America, they tend to thrive in wooded or marshy areas. Being aware of your surroundings and able to identify these plants can significantly reduce the risk of accidental contact.

Immediate Actions After Contact with Poisonous Plants

Swift action is crucial if you suspect you’ve come into contact with poison ivy, oak, or sumac. The window for effective intervention is narrow, so knowing what to do can make a significant difference in preventing or minimizing a rash.

Steps to Take After Exposure

1. Flush the exposed area with plenty of water immediately
2. Act within 10 minutes of exposure for best results
3. Avoid using soap or alcohol initially, as they can spread the urushiol
4. Remove and wash any clothing that may have come into contact with the plant

Why is it important to avoid soap initially? Soap and alcohol can actually expand the area affected by the oleoresin, potentially worsening the exposure. Stick to plain water for the initial rinse to minimize the spread of urushiol on your skin.

Treatment Options for Urushiol-Induced Rashes

Once a rash has developed, several treatment options can help alleviate symptoms and promote healing. The choice of treatment often depends on the severity and extent of the rash.

At-Home Remedies

• Take cool baths to soothe the skin
• Apply calamine lotion to reduce itching
• Use over-the-counter hydrocortisone creams for mild cases
• Take oral antihistamines to reduce itching and inflammation

Medical Treatments

For more severe cases or rashes covering large areas of the body, medical intervention may be necessary. A healthcare provider might recommend:

• Prescription oral steroids, typically taken for 2-3 weeks
• Stronger topical corticosteroids
• In rare cases, antibiotics if secondary bacterial infection occurs

When should you seek medical attention for a plant rash? If the rash covers a large portion of your body, affects sensitive areas like your face or genitals, or if you experience severe symptoms such as fever or difficulty breathing, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional promptly.

Debunking Common Myths About Plant-Induced Rashes

Misconceptions about poison ivy, oak, and sumac rashes are widespread. Understanding the facts can help in better prevention and management of these conditions.

Myth: Scratching the Rash Will Make It Spread

Contrary to popular belief, scratching or itching a urushiol rash does not cause it to spread on the body. The appearance of spreading is often due to varying levels of urushiol exposure on different parts of the body, resulting in rashes appearing at different times.

Myth: You Can Become Immune to Urushiol

Unfortunately, repeated exposure to urushiol doesn’t lead to immunity. In fact, each subsequent exposure often results in a faster and more severe reaction as your body becomes more sensitized to the allergen.

Myth: Dead Plants Are Safe to Handle

Urushiol can remain active on dead plants for long periods, sometimes up to 5 years. Always exercise caution when handling plant material in areas where these plants are known to grow.

Are there any benefits to these plants in nature? Despite their troublesome effects on humans, poison ivy, oak, and sumac play important roles in their ecosystems. They provide food and shelter for various wildlife species and can help prevent soil erosion in some areas.

Prevention Strategies: Minimizing Risk of Plant-Induced Rashes

Prevention is always better than cure when it comes to plant-induced rashes. Implementing effective strategies can significantly reduce your risk of exposure to urushiol.

Protective Measures

• Wear long sleeves, pants, and closed-toe shoes when in wooded areas
• Use barrier creams designed to block urushiol absorption
• Learn to identify poisonous plants in your area
• Keep pets from roaming in areas where these plants grow

Post-Outdoor Activity Precautions

1. Wash all clothing and gear that may have come into contact with plants
2. Shower and thoroughly wash your body after potential exposure
3. Clean tools and equipment used in areas where these plants grow

How can you safely remove these plants from your property? If you need to remove poison ivy, oak, or sumac from your yard, it’s best to hire professionals. If you decide to do it yourself, wear protective clothing, use thick gloves, and avoid burning the plants, as inhaling the smoke can cause severe respiratory issues.

The Impact of Climate Change on Poisonous Plant Distribution

Climate change is altering the distribution and potency of plants like poison ivy, oak, and sumac. Understanding these changes can help in adapting prevention and management strategies.

Expanding Ranges

Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are allowing these plants to thrive in new areas. Poison ivy, in particular, has been observed growing at higher elevations and latitudes than previously recorded.

Increased Potency

Studies have shown that increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere can lead to larger, more robust poison ivy plants that produce more potent urushiol. This means that even brief contact with these plants could result in more severe reactions.

Longer Growing Seasons

Warmer temperatures are extending the growing seasons for these plants, increasing the likelihood of human-plant interactions throughout the year.

How can we adapt to these changes? Staying informed about local plant distributions, extending the season for preventive measures, and increasing public awareness about identification and avoidance are crucial steps in adapting to the changing landscape of poisonous plants.

Innovative Treatments and Future Research Directions

As our understanding of urushiol-induced rashes evolves, new treatment approaches and areas of research are emerging. These advancements hold promise for more effective management and prevention of plant-induced rashes.

Emerging Treatments

• Urushiol-specific antibodies for rapid neutralization of the allergen
• Improved barrier creams with enhanced blocking capabilities
• Targeted immunotherapy to reduce sensitivity to urushiol

Ongoing Research

Scientists are exploring various avenues to combat urushiol-induced rashes more effectively:

• Genetic studies to understand individual susceptibility to urushiol
• Development of plant varieties with reduced urushiol content
• Investigation of natural compounds that may counteract urushiol’s effects

What potential breakthroughs are on the horizon? While still in early stages, research into urushiol-degrading enzymes shows promise. These enzymes could potentially be used in topical treatments to quickly break down urushiol upon contact, significantly reducing the risk of rash development.

The field of plant-induced rashes continues to evolve, with new insights and approaches emerging regularly. By staying informed about the latest developments, individuals can better protect themselves and manage exposures when they occur. Remember, while these plants can cause significant discomfort, with proper knowledge and precautions, it’s possible to safely enjoy outdoor activities in areas where they grow.

How to identify and treat common plant rashes

How to identify and treat common plant rashes

Whether you enjoy hiking, doing yard work or just being outside, it’s likely that you’ll eventually encounter some of the Tri-state Area’s least favorite plants: poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac. Learn how to spot the plants and what to do if you accidentally touch them.

What do poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac look like?

There’s a reason for the saying “leaves of three, let it be.” That’s because both poison ivy and poison oak commonly have three green leaves per stem. Poison sumac, on the other hand, can have anywhere between seven and 13 leaves. See the differences here.

Why do poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac cause a rash?

The plants are part of the Toxicodendron genus—a family of plants characterized by its mixture of oil and resin known as oleoresin. Within this oleoresin is a chemical called urushiol. Urushiol is allergenic, so much so that a rash develops in up to 90 percent of people who come into contact with as little as 50 micrograms of it. For reference, that’s less than one grain of table salt!

How can I tell if I have a rash from urushiol?

A urushiol rash usually has a linear (line-like) appearance. The rash may appear flat and red or as large blisters. What it looks like specifically, and how much area the rash covers, depends on how much poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac you touched or if you previously were ever exposed to urushiol.

Will my rash spread from itching it?

Some people believe that itching or scratching a urushiol rash can make it spread on the body. This isn’t true. If it seems like poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac rash is spreading, this is because of the amount of urushiol you touched.

For example, if you get a lot of urushiol on one part of your body, your immune system will recognize this large dose first and blossom a rash there more quickly. Other areas where you encounter less urushiol will take longer for a rash to pop up, making it seem like your rash is growing over time. (It can take up to three weeks for a rash to appear if you’ve never come into contact with urushiol before.)

Regardless, the next time you are exposed to urushiol, your body will already have immune cells waiting to make a rash. This means that with each subsequent exposure to urushiol, your rash will likely appear faster and be worse.

So, urushiol rashes aren’t contagious?

That’s right. While poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac rashes aren’t contagious, urushiol can be spread by contaminated surfaces. Think dogs or cats. The oleoresin that contains urushiol can sit on an animal’s fur without causing a rash and then transfer to you.

What should I do if I touch poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac?

If you have a known exposure to the plants, flush the area with plenty of water. And be sure to act quickly. After 10 minutes, you’ve missed your window of opportunity to rinse off and a rash will form. It’s also important to keep in mind that soap and alcohol can expand the area of oleoresin on your body, so don’t immediately use these substances. Stick to water.

What else can I do to treat a urushiol rash?

As for at-home treatments, taking a cool bath and applying calamine lotion can help. If your rash covers a lot of skin, talk to your healthcare provider about your options. They can help you understand the most effective treatments, including a prescription oral steroid that’s taken for two to three weeks.

Pictures of Rashes & Plants

Medically Reviewed by Dan Brennan, MD on November 25, 2022

Fact. Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac grow in wooded or marshy areas throughout North America. The plants aren’t really poisonous. They have a sticky, long-lasting oil called urushiol that causes an itchy, blistering rash after it touches your skin. Even slight contact, like brushing up against the leaves, can leave the oil behind. Poison ivy and poison oak grow as vines or shrubs. Poison sumac is a shrub or tree.

Myth. Poison ivy is the only one that always has three leaves, one on each side and one in the center. They’re shiny with smooth or slightly notched edges. Poison oak looks similar, but the leaves are larger and more rounded like an oak leaf. They have a textured, hairy surface. There may be groups of three, five, or seven leaves. Poison sumac leaves grow in clusters of seven to 13 leaves, with one by itself at the end.

Myth. It forms within 24 to 72 hours of contact, depending on where the plant touched you. It usually peaks within a week, but can last as long as 3 weeks. A rash from poison ivy, oak, or sumac looks like patches or streaks of red, raised blisters. The rash doesn’t usually spread unless urushiol is still in contact with your skin.

Myth. It’s usually safe to breathe where poison plants grow. But if you burn them in your yard, the smoke could cause problems. When poison ivy leaves burn, they put out chemicals that can bother your eyes, nose, or lungs. You may need to see a doctor if you breathe the smoke. They’ll prescribe steroids to control your symptoms.

Fact. Keep your skin covered to avoid contact with these plants. Wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, gloves, and closed shoes if you’re in an area where they grow. Tie the bottoms of your pants legs or tuck them into your boots. Wear gloves when you handle bagged mulch or bales of pine straw. Keep a pair of shoes just for outside use and keep them outdoors. Try a lotion that has bentoquatam. It acts as a barrier between urushiol and your skin.

Fact. Urushiol begins to stick within minutes. If you know you’ve made contact with poison ivy, oak, or sumac, wash the area with lukewarm water and soap ASAP. If there’s no water, rubbing alcohol or alcohol wipes can remove it. Keep the area cool, dry, and clean. Wash your clothes and clean your boots or shoes. Hose down any garden tools that might have touched the plant.

Myth. But using them along with over-the-counter medicine can ease the itch and keep you more comfortable. Once a rash appears, keep it clean, dry, and cool. Calamine lotion, diphenhydramine, or hydrocortisone can help control itching. Cool compresses or baths with baking soda or oatmeal can also soothe the rash. Don’t scratch. It won’t spread the rash, but can cause scars or infection. Your doctor may suggest other treatments for your symptoms.

Myth. If someone in your household has poison ivy, oak, or sumac, you can’t catch it from them, even if you come into contact with the blisters. Just because you’ve never had a rash from one of these plants doesn’t mean you’re in the clear. Most people — about 85% — are allergic to urushiol. You can be affected by it at any age.

Myth. See your doc if the rash is close to your eyes or is widespread over your body. If needed, they can prescribe medications you take by mouth that will help with swelling and itching. Head to the emergency room if you have severe reactions in addition to the rash, like nausea, fever, shortness of breath, extreme soreness at the rash site, or swollen lymph nodes. Call 911 if you have any trouble breathing or feel faint.

Fact. A dog’s or a cat’s fur usually protects its skin from urushiol. But it can stay on the fur and rub off on you. If your pet explores areas where these plants are found, bathe them with soap and cool water. Be sure to wear gloves.

Myth. Don’t burn poison ivy, oak, or sumac. Particles of urushiol remain in the smoke and can aggravate your eyes, nose, and respiratory tract, and can land on the skin. Instead, dress appropriately and dig out the plants, getting as much of the root as possible. Put them in a plastic trash bag and throw it away. Have someone else do this if you’re super-sensitive to the plant. Some plant killers may work. Read the label carefully and use it at the right time of the year. Be careful — urushiol remains active, even on dead plants.

IMAGES PROVIDED BY:

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SOURCES:

American Academy of Dermatology: “Poison Ivy, Oak and Sumac.”
Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America: “Poison Plants.”
Occupational Safety and Health Organization (OSHA) Fact Sheet: “Working Outdoors in Warm Climates.”
University of Connecticut Integrated Pest Management: “Dealing With Poison Ivy.”
University of Oregon Health Center: “Facts & Fiction About Poison Oak and Ivy.”

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Burning “imprint”. What plants can be dangerous to humans? | HEALTH

06/22/2017 11:36

Lilac Babaeva

Estimated reading time: 5 minutes

2345

No. 25. “Arguments and facts in Western Siberia” 06/22/2017

“Imprint” from plants. What plants can be dangerous to humans? AiF

With the onset of hot days, more and more Tyumen residents began to turn to doctors with burns, blisters, redness after contact with herbs. The influx of such patients occurs only in sunny, hot weather, and up to seven people consult only one dermatologist per day.

Mostly summer residents suffer from phytophotodermatitis, but any person can have a reaction from contact with plants after walking outside the city, swimming in flowering water and even walking barefoot on the grass. Doctors expect mass appeals during haymaking.

“Phytophotodermatitis combines two reactions at once: to the sun and plants. They are combined because the sun affects the plants. In hot weather, under the influence of sunlight, they release essential oils, and when a person sweats, his sweat gland ducts expand, which contributes to the penetration of the allergen from plants into the skin. That is why such diseases practically do not occur in cloudy weather, ”says Lyubov Makarova, a specialist in medical prevention at the regional Dermatovenerologic Dispensary.

Backache ordinary (sleep-grass) causes burns on the skin. Photo: From the personal archive / Elena Kozhina

Most often, such a reaction is caused by sedge, cow parsnip, primrose and others. These plants produce allergenic essential oils.

Without contact

As a rule, signs of illness appear immediately after contact with the plant or throughout the day, in some cases on the second or third day. After exposure to the allergen, edema may occur, after it – small bubbles, the opening of which leads to micro-ulcers with a clear liquid in the middle. Necrotic ulcers may appear on the skin, affecting not only the upper layers, but also extending deeper and leading to scarring. And after recovery, age spots may remain in this place.

Phytophotodermatitis blisters are often confused with signs of food allergies and even burns.

“Sometimes, patients come and say that they apparently burned themselves somewhere and did not notice it themselves, but in fact it is phytophotodermatitis,” says Lyubov Makarova.

Most often, the rash appears on the feet, hands and knees – in those areas that come into contact with the grass.

The treatment of the disease is individual and depends on the area and depth of the lesion. With phytophotodermatitis, the first thing to do is to stop contact with the plant that caused it. Most often, it is treated topically, with the help of ointments, lotions and powders. It is also forbidden to sunbathe at this time, both in the sun and in the solarium.

To prevent phytophotodermatitis, try not to contact the grass on sunny days, do not lie on it without bedding, try not to walk barefoot and not swim in a flowering pond.

Topic

Which herbs are better not to touch?

Hogweed

Its juice, if it comes into contact with the skin, can cause severe burns, up to I degree of severity. It is especially dangerous at the time of flowering in sunny weather. Sometimes, after a couple of minutes, under the influence of sunlight, in the place where the hogweed juice got into, inflammation begins and a bubble swells. With prolonged exposure, deep, long-term non-healing ulcers form, leaving scars.

Larkspur (Delphinium)

Poisonous plant from the insidious ranunculus family. May cause allergic reactions (burning and itching) on ​​contact with unprotected skin. If you are breeding delphiniums as ornamental flowers, wear gloves when handling them. And do not allow children to pick beautiful flowers.

Ash tree (burning bush)

The vapors of essential oil released during the maturation of seeds in the heat can severely burn even at a distance of up to two meters.

Meadow parsnip

Causes almost the same burns as hogweed. Once in the meadow, pay attention to light greens on 1.5-meter stems with inconspicuous flowers of the same color – do not touch it.

Buttercup

It is no coincidence that wild and domestic animals bypass these yellow flowers. The poisonous buttercup juice causes irritation, itching, and blisters on the skin. So it’s not worth collecting bouquets from them and even smelling them.

Backache (dream-grass)

Another relative of buttercup. Both wild and cultivated species are poisonous. The juice causes burns on the skin in the form of redness, blisters and abscesses.

Note

Which plants can cause phytophotodermatitis? Nettle, sedge, spurge, primrose, hogweed

See also:

• Irregular mushrooms. How not to cook them so as not to end up in the hospital →
• More and more Tyumen residents suffer from ultraviolet rays →
• At the forum “Family” we talked about the health of children →

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Phytophotodermatitis – rashes from plants – Articles

Phytophotodermatitis – rashes from plants

in childhood, before a walk, did my mother tell us not to pick unfamiliar flowers and plants and not to climb into various thickets? And this was done for a reason, but because many plants that seem harmless can be very poisonous. What is one cow parsnip worth. Such a beautiful name, but on contact you can get not just a burn, but phytophotodermatitis. And quite a lot of different plants are capable of this. Today in the article we will talk about what phytophotodermatitis is, what to do if contact has already happened, and we will also tell you which plants to be wary of.

What kind of animal? Description

Phytophotodermatitis is a skin reaction to contact with a certain plant and parallel exposure to solar radiation. This reaction is caused by substances contained in plants – furanocoumarins.

Plants causing such a reaction belong to the families Umbelliferae, Rosaceae, Leguminous, Rue. For example, hogweed. In addition to hogweed, plants containing such substances include parsley, celery, parsnips, carrots, figs, limes, lemons, bergamot, and some types of wildflowers. Not all of these plants cause a strong reaction, but they may well.

Phytophotodermatitis occurs within 24 hours after contact with the plant, it is worth noting that contact may be short-term and unnoticed. The strength of the reaction depends on the amount of plant juice, the concentration of furanocoumarins, or rather their compounds – psoralens in them, as well as the strength of ultraviolet radiation.

How does it manifest itself?

First, a person comes into contact with the juice of the plant, and then the affected area of ​​the skin is exposed to the sun. After a few days, the skin area darkens in the form of spots that have clear boundaries. At this stage, discomfort is usually absent. After a while, blisters swell in this place, which in no case should be pierced. After the blister itself opens or the liquid inside it is absorbed, the bubble begins to hurt badly. The sensations are more like burning and pain than itching.

After a while, a trace of pigmentation remains in place of the blister, which is difficult to remove. Since it is almost impossible to influence the pigmentation, you can use protection from UV radiation so as not to aggravate the process. UV protection, by the way, protects against the appearance of phytophotodermatitis, it is important to use it before a walk.

If phytophotodermatitis has already happened: algorithm

In the case when contact with the plant sap has already happened and you notice it, you need to wash the affected area as soon as possible with plenty of soap and water. Then, for the next 14 days, apply UV protection to the affected area and cover it with clothing, since it cannot be exposed to solar radiation, in order to avoid burns and phytophotodermatitis.

If contact happened, you did not notice it in time, but you already found blisters, then you should not open them, because not only will the place be very painful, but there will also be a risk of a secondary infection. You can wrap this place with a bandage so that mechanical damage does not happen.

After the blister resolves itself, the place where the blister is located will start to hurt and burn. Cold compresses can help relieve the condition. With severe rashes, anti-inflammatory steroid drugs, which will be prescribed by a doctor, will help. Since we cannot influence a significant regeneration process, it is necessary to relieve pain with ibuprofen or paracetamol and drink plenty of fluids.

If there is itching, redness, irritation, then topical corticosteroids will be the first-line drugs; in mild cases, cooling creams and talcs with zinc, Calamine lotion will help.

In some cases where lesions are very large, hospitalization and hospitalization may be necessary.

How to protect yourself?

If we are talking about our own garden plot, then it is necessary to eradicate poisonous plants, for example, cow parsnip. Be sure to tell the children and all family members about its harm and explain that its flowers, leaves, tops are not a toy, it is a danger and poison.

When destroying hogweed thickets, be sure to protect yourself with waterproof clothing with long sleeves and trousers. It is better to do this in cloudy weather, and pay attention to the UV index, the strength of the sun’s effect on the skin depends on its value.

If there are no such plants on the site, but there are in the area, then be sure to instruct at home, especially with children, and remind them of the danger of such plants before the walk.

And don’t forget about UV protection, that is, creams. Choose a cream with maximum sun protection, i.e. SPF50. Creams, where the figure is above 50, is already a marketing ploy. It is important to renew your sunscreen every 2 hours of sun exposure.

So which plants are dangerous?

And now the most interesting thing – let’s talk about plants that can cause phytophotodermatitis. Not only hogweed is dangerous and poisonous.

1. Sosnowski’s hogweed and ash. The juice of these plants contains furanocoumarins, which have a phototoxic effect, that is, they cause burns under the influence of the sun.
2. Buttercup is caustic. Contains ranunculol, which can cause dermatitis.
3. Marigolds. Yes, yes, those beautiful flowers in Grandma’s garden contain thiophenes, which cause phototoxic burns.
4. Castor oil. The plant and all its parts contain ricin, which causes dermatitis. Especially a lot of this substance in the seeds. If swallowed, it causes severe poisoning.
5. Ivy. It is also completely poisonous, causing burns and blisters, and if ingested, acute poisoning.
6. Croton and spurge. The juice of these plants is similar to milk, when it comes into contact with the skin, it irritates it, and when it enters the body, it causes vomiting.
7. Dieffenbachia. The juice of this plant is extremely dangerous if it enters the mouth, as it causes paralysis of the ligaments and loss of voice.
8. Primula. It contains alkaloids that cause nausea and dizziness, and the juice of leaves and flowers can cause dermatitis.

Phytophotodermatitis is a skin reaction to contact with a poisonous plant and simultaneous exposure to solar radiation.