Cold vs. flu symptoms | HealthPartners Blog

Cough. Sneeze. Shiver. Hack.

There are dozens, possibly hundreds of words to describe the physical symptoms we experience when we get sick. And while they’re not always pleasing to talk about, these pesky details can be important signs in spotting the difference between a common cold and influenza (the seasonal “flu”).

Is it a wheezing dry cough, or phlegm-filled sneeze? Did you start feeling feverish quickly, or over a few days? Catching symptoms early can help you take the right steps to recover quickly – and protect others from getting sick.

So, how can you tell the difference between flu symptoms and cold symptoms? Here’s what you need to know.

Cold vs. flu symptom chart: A side-by-side look at the signs of sickness

Influenza and colds are two contagious viruses that share a lot of the same symptoms. But how you may experience those symptoms and how common they are is usually different. Here’s a side-by-side cold and flu symptom chart that gives an overview of the similarities and differences.

Reading the signs: How you can tell the difference between flu and cold symptoms

1.

Flu symptoms hit fast

The flu will often surprise you with how quickly symptoms begin, and how serious the illness can become. Classically, the flu starts with a sudden onset of fever, chills, muscles aches, mild headache and fatigue. You may have other symptoms like a runny nose and cough, too. You feel lousy and you feel lousy fast.

How long does the flu last?

Flu onset usually happens about one to four days after infection, and symptoms typically last five to seven days. However, fatigue can stick around for a few extra days.

How long does a cold last?

A cold comes on gradually and will usually last longer than the flu. Cold germs are contagious for the first three days. And while your cough and congestion can last up to three weeks, other cold symptoms that last more than a week such as fever, chest discomfort or sinus pain may be a sign of a bacterial or sinus infection.

If you experience long-lasting symptoms, don’t ignore them. Talk with a doctor. They can help diagnose the problem and recommend a treatment plan.

2. Colds don’t usually come with a significant fever

While you may be running a little warmer, colds rarely come with a significant fever. And while you can still have the flu without a fever, the flu typically comes with a few days above 100° Fahrenheit.

A flu fever will likely come on fast. This is an especially common flu symptom in kids. Keep an eye on the little ones and the elderly, as they will be more susceptible to complications. Also, keep drinking liquids and get lots of rest.

3. A dry cough screams influenza

While a cough is both a cold symptom and a flu symptom, the type of cough you experience is very different. The flu will cause a dry cough that does not produce mucus. But a cold often produces mucus, so a wet phlegm cough is common.

4. Sore throat, sneezing or stuffy nose are more common cold symptoms

If you have these symptoms, you most likely have a cold. While sneezing or a stuffy nose could accompany the flu, they are more common during a cold.

5. The flu comes with muscle aches

Aches and pains are very common with the flu but rare with a cold. If you’re running a fever and experiencing general achiness, it’s almost certainly the flu.

6. Extreme fatigue is a telltale sign of the flu

If you’re dragging, or feeling extreme fatigue, it’s likely from the flu. Sometimes you’ll continue feeling run down for a few days even after other flu symptoms stop. On the other hand, a cold will rarely stop you from performing your day-to-day tasks.

We’ve all had colds and know that you can get a mild fever, achiness or cough with it. But if you feel like you’ve been hit by a truck, it’s more likely that you have the flu.

What’s the difference between COVID-19, cold and flu symptoms?

Like the common cold and influenza, COVID-19 is an illness caused by a virus that produces respiratory symptoms. So, all three illnesses can share many of the same symptoms.

As COVID-19 has changed and produced different variants, it’s becoming more difficult to tell the difference between COVID-19 symptoms and the flu or a cold. With some COVID-19 variants, like Delta, you’ll likely have a high fever along with a persistent dry cough, which are similar to flu symptoms. But symptoms for the Omicron variant are more similar to common cold symptoms like a stuffy nose, sore throat or headache.

So, if you have flu or cold symptoms, you could have COVID-19, even if you’re fully vaccinated. You probably know you can get the flu even after your flu shot. Similarly, if you’re fully vaccinated against COVID-19, it’s possible to get breakthrough COVID-19 – but it’s unlikely that you’ll have severe symptoms.

The only way to rule out the coronavirus is by getting tested for COVID-19.

Cold and flu remedies to get you feeling better faster

So, how do you treat the flu at home if you think you have it? What about a cold? How can you start feeling better? Read on.

Start with home remedies for colds and flu

You should stay home if you’re sick – especially if you have a fever. Actually, it’s always recommended that you stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever has gone away without the use of fever-reducing medications. Here are some steps you can take at home to feel better:

• Get plenty of rest.
• Drink lots of fluids (focus on water).
• Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil) to help lower your temperature, and get some headache or muscle ache relief. Warning: Do not give aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) to children or teenagers who have the flu, as it comes with a small risk of causing the potentially fatal Reye Syndrome.

Get advice from a nurse

Our care lines make it easy for you to talk directly with a nurse 24/7, 365 days a year. The best part? It’s completely free of charge.

Our nurses can help you decide if it’s time to see a doctor and give you some additional home remedy advice. To talk with a nurse, you can call the HealthPartners CareLine℠ at 800-551-0859 or the Park Nicollet Nurse Line at 952-993-4665 .

Get treatment and care without leaving the house

Whether you’re stuck at home with a fever or you aren’t quite ready to leave your house yet, you can still get quality cold and flu treatment online. Here’s how:

• Make a video visit appointment to meet with your preferred primary care doctor or a clinician.
• Start a Virtuwell visit for 24/7 treatment without an appointment. Just answer a few questions, and you’ll get your diagnosis and treatment plan from a board-certified nurse practitioner for $59 or less, depending on your insurance.

There’s no prescription medication that can knock out a cold. But if you have the flu, antiviral medications such as Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir) can help. These fight the flu by keeping viruses from reproducing in your body, and work best when started within 48 hours after symptoms start.

During your video visit or Virtuwell visit, your doctor or clinician will determine whether an antiviral medication should be part of your treatment plan. If needed, they’ll write you a prescription and send it to your pharmacy of choice.

Go to the emergency room if serious flu symptoms arise

Colds rarely turn into something more serious. But influenza can have very serious complications. Head to the emergency room if you or your child is experiencing any of the following symptoms:

• Difficulty breathing
• Flu-like symptoms that improved but then returned worse
• Chest pain or pressure
• Sudden dizziness or confusion
• Severe or persistent vomiting

Specifically, for children, go to your nearest emergency room if your child:

• Is less than 3 months old and has a fever of above 100.4° Fahrenheit
• Is between 3 months old and 3 years old, has a fever of above 100.4° Fahrenheit, and is showing signs of dehydration (e. g. dry eyes or mouth, hasn’t urinated in several hours)
• Has a fever with rash
• Has skin or lips that have turned gray or blue
• Is extremely irritable
• Isn’t eating or drinking
• Isn’t waking up or interacting with you

Bonus: Get a flu shot to reduce your chances of getting the flu

Vaccines help protect us and those around us from certain diseases by helping our bodies build immunity.

Getting an annual flu shot is easy and it can reduce your chances of getting influenza by up to 60%. And if you do get sick, your flu symptoms will be less severe and you’re less likely to need hospital care to recover.

Flu shots are typically available starting in early September, and it’s highly recommended that everyone 6 months and older get vaccinated by the end of October. Pregnant people – particularly those in their third trimester of pregnancy – should receive a flu shot as soon as the vaccine becomes available. Flu shots are safe for pregnant women and have been shown to reduce the risk of influenza in infants during the first months of life.

Getting your COVID-19 vaccine is important, too. COVID-19 vaccines are readily available. And data suggest all currently authorized vaccines are effective in preventing illness from COVID-19, with the greatest protection coming against severe illness, hospitalization and death.

Colds

Is this your child’s symptom?

• Runny nose and sore throat caused by a virus
• You think your child has a cold. Reason: Other family members, friends or classmates have same symptoms.
• Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

Symptoms of a Cold

• Runny or stuffy nose
• The nasal discharge starts clear but changes to gray. It can also be yellow or green.
• Most children have a fever at the start.
• A sore throat can be the first sign
• At times, the child may also have a cough and hoarse voice. Sometimes, watery eyes and swollen lymph nodes in the neck also occur.

Cause of Colds

• Colds are caused by many respiratory viruses. Healthy children get about 6 colds a year.
• Influenza virus causes a bad cold with more fever and muscle aches.
• Colds are not serious. With a cold, about 5 and 10% of children develop another health problem. Most often, this is an ear or sinus infection. These are caused by a bacteria.

Colds: Normal Viral Symptoms

• Colds can cause a runny nose, sore throat, hoarse voice, a cough or croup. They can also cause stuffiness of the nose, sinus or ear. Red watery eyes can also occur. Colds are the most common reason for calls to the doctor. This is because of all the symptoms that occur with colds.
• Cold symptoms are also the number one reason for office and ER visits. Hopefully, this information will save you time and money. It can help you to avoid some needless trips to the doctor. The cold symptoms listed below are normal. These children don’t need to be seen:
  • Fever up to 3 days (unless it goes above 104° F or 40° C)
  • Sore throat up to 5 days (with other cold symptoms)
  • Nasal discharge and congestion up to 2 weeks
  • Coughs up to 3 weeks

Colds: Symptoms of Secondary Bacterial Infections (other health problems)

Using this guide, you can decide if your child has developed another health problem. This happens in about 5 to 10% of children who have a cold. Many will have an ear infection or sinus infection. Look for these symptoms:

• Earache or ear discharge
• Sinus pain not relieved by nasal washes
• Lots of pus in the eyes (Eyelids stuck together after naps)
• Trouble breathing or rapid breathing (could have pneumonia)
• Fever lasts over 3 days
• Fever that goes away for 24 hours and then returns
• Sore throat lasts over 5 days (may have Strep throat)
• Nasal discharge lasts over 2 weeks
• Cough lasts over 3 weeks

Trouble Breathing: How to Tell

Trouble breathing is a reason to see a doctor right away. Respiratory distress is the medical name for trouble breathing. Here are symptoms to worry about:

• Struggling for each breath or shortness of breath
• Tight breathing so that your child can barely speak or cry
• Ribs are pulling in with each breath (called retractions)
• Breathing has become noisy (such as wheezes)
• Breathing is much faster than normal
• Lips or face turn a blue color

When to Call for Colds

Call 911 Now

• Severe trouble breathing (struggling for each breath, can barely speak or cry)
• You think your child has a life-threatening emergency

Call Doctor or Seek Care Now

• Trouble breathing, but not severe. Exception: gone after cleaning out the nose.
• Wheezing (high-pitched purring or whistling sound when breathing out)
• Breathing is much faster than normal
• Trouble swallowing and new onset drooling
• High-risk child (such as cystic fibrosis or other chronic lung disease)
• Weak immune system. Examples are: sickle cell disease, HIV, cancer, organ transplant, taking oral steroids.
• Fever over 104° F (40° C)
• Fever in baby less than 12 weeks old. Caution: do NOT give your baby any fever medicine before being seen.
• Your child looks or acts very sick
• You think your child needs to be seen, and the problem is urgent

Contact Doctor Within 24 Hours

• Age less than 6 months old
• Earache or ear drainage
• Yellow or green pus from eyes
• Sinus pain (not just congestion) around cheekbone or eyes
• Fever lasts more than 3 days
• Fever returns after being gone more than 24 hours
• You think your child needs to be seen, but the problem is not urgent

Contact Doctor During Office Hours

• Blocked nose wakes up from sleep
• Yellow scabs around the nasal openings. Use an antibiotic ointment.
• Sore throat lasts more than 5 days
• Sinus congestion and fullness lasts more than 14 days
• Nasal discharge lasts more than 2 weeks
• You have other questions or concerns

Self Care at Home

• Mild cold with no other problems

Seattle Children’s Urgent Care Locations

If your child’s illness or injury is life-threatening, call 911.

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Care Advice for a Cold

1. What You Should Know About Colds:
   • It’s normal for healthy children to get at least 6 colds a year. This is because there are so many viruses that cause colds. With each new cold, your child’s body builds up immunity to that virus.
   • Most parents know when their child has a cold. Sometimes, they have it too or other children in school have it. Most often, you don’t need to call or see your child’s doctor. You do need to call your child’s doctor if your child develops a complication. Examples are an earache or if the symptoms last too long.
   • The normal cold lasts about 2 weeks. There are no drugs to make it go away sooner.
   • But, there are good ways to help many of the symptoms. With most colds, the starting symptom is a runny nose. This is followed in 3 or 4 days by a stuffy nose. The treatment for each symptom is different.
   • Here is some care advice that should help.
2. For a Runny Nose with Lots of Discharge: Blow or Suction the Nose
   • The nasal mucus and discharge is washing germs out of the nose and sinuses.
   • Blowing the nose is all that’s needed. Teach your child how to blow the nose at age 2 or 3.
   • For younger children, gently suction the nose with a suction bulb.
   • Put petroleum jelly on the skin under the nose. Wash the skin first with warm water. This will help to protect the nostrils from any redness.
3. Nasal Saline to Open a Blocked Nose:
   • Use saline (salt water) nose spray to loosen up the dried mucus. If you don’t have saline, you can use a few drops of water. Use distilled water, bottled water or boiled tap water.
   • Step 1. Put 3 drops in each nostril. If under 1 year old, use 1 drop.
   • Step 2. Blow (or suction) each nostril out while closing off the other nostril. Then, do the other side.
   • Step 3. Repeat nose drops and blowing (or suctioning) until the discharge is clear.
   • How Often. Do nasal saline rinses when your child can’t breathe through the nose.
   • Limit. If under 1 year old, no more than 4 times per day or before every feeding.
   • Saline nose drops or spray can be bought in any drugstore. No prescription is needed.
   • Reason for nose drops: suction or blowing alone can’t remove dried or sticky mucus. Also, babies can’t nurse or drink from a bottle unless the nose is open.
   • Other option: use a warm shower to loosen mucus. Breathe in the moist air, then blow each nostril.
   • For young children, can also use a wet cotton swab to remove sticky mucus.
4. Fluids – Offer More:
   • Try to get your child to drink lots of fluids.
   • Goal: keep your child well hydrated.
   • It also will thin out the mucus discharge from the nose.
   • It also loosens up any phlegm in the lungs. Then it’s easier to cough up.
5. Humidifier:
   • If the air in your home is dry, use a humidifier.
   • Reason: dry air makes nasal mucus thicker.
6. Medicines for Colds:
   • Cold Medicines. Don’t give any drugstore cold or cough medicines to young children. They are not approved by the FDA under 6 years. Reasons: not safe and can cause serious side effects. Also, they are not helpful. They can’t remove dried mucus from the nose. Nasal saline works best.
   • Allergy Medicines. They are not helpful, unless your child also has nasal allergies. They can also help an allergic cough.
   • No Antibiotics. Antibiotics are not helpful for colds. Antibiotics may be used if your child gets an ear or sinus infection.
7. Other Symptoms of Colds – Treatment:
   • Pain or Fever. Use acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) to treat muscle aches, sore throat or headaches. Another choice is an ibuprofen product (such as Advil). You can also use these medicines for fever above 102° F (39° C).
   • Sore Throat. If over 6 years of age, your child can also suck on hard candy. For children over 1 year old, sip warm chicken broth. Some children prefer cold foods, such as popsicles or ice cream.
   • Cough. For children over 1 year old, give honey ½ to 1 teaspoon (2 to 5 mL). Caution: do not use honey until 1 year old. If over 6 years of age, you can also use cough drops. Avoid cough drops before 6 years. Reason: risk of choking.
   • Red Eyes. Rinse eyelids often with wet cotton balls.
8. Return to School:
   • Your child can go back to school after the fever is gone. Your child should also feel well enough to join in normal activities.
   • For practical purposes, the spread of colds can’t be prevented.
9. What to Expect:
   • Fever can last 2-3 days
   • Nasal drainage can last 7-14 days
   • Cough can last 2-3 weeks
10. Call Your Doctor If:
    • Trouble breathing occurs
    • Earache occurs
    • Fever lasts more than 3 days or goes above 104° F (40° C)
    • Any fever if under 12 weeks old
    • Nasal discharge lasts more than 14 days
    • Cough lasts more than 3 weeks
    • You think your child needs to be seen
    • Your child becomes worse
11. Extra Advice – Air Travel with Colds:
    • It’s safe to fly when your child has a cold.
    • He could get some mild ear congestion or even a brief earache while flying. Most often, that can be prevented. (See # 12).
    • Flying will not cause an ear infection.
12. Extra Advice – Prevent Ear Congestion During Air Travel:
    • Most symptoms happen when the airplane is coming down in altitude. This is the descent of the plane during the 15 minutes before landing.
    • Keep your child awake during takeoff and descent.
    • Swallow during descent using fluids or a pacifier.
    • Children over age 4 can chew gum during descent.
    • Yawning during descent also can open the middle ear.
    • Drink lots of fluids throughout the flight. This will prevent the nasal secretions from drying out.

And remember, contact your doctor if your child develops any of the ‘Call Your Doctor’ symptoms.

Disclaimer: this health information is for educational purposes only. You, the reader, assume full responsibility for how you choose to use it.

Last Reviewed: 07/03/2023

Last Revised: 12/30/2022

Copyright 2000-2023. Schmitt Pediatric Guidelines LLC.

Runny nose: symptoms, causes and treatment

What is a runny nose?

Everyone picks it up, but no one needs it

Runny nose – rhinitis

An intruder that always comes back

Rhinitis is the medical term for a runny nose. “IT” at the end indicates the inflammatory nature of the disease. Usually rhinitis is accompanied by increased secretion of nasal discharge. To everything else, an unpleasant sneezing is added. According to statistics, at least once in a lifetime, every person caught a runny nose.

Top 5 common cold symptoms

Who doesn’t know them?

Stuffy, mucus-filled nose and restriction of nasal breathing

Altered voice

Painful nose when touched

Sneeze attacks

Disturbance of taste and smell

Ours advice:

If you have a runny nose, fever and severe headache (or facial pain), see a doctor. The same should be done if the runny nose does not disappear within a week, despite suitable treatment.

Causes of the common cold

All problems are caused by viruses

In most cases, the cause of the common cold is the so-called rhinoviruses. When it gets cold and damp outside, rhinoviruses come into play. Why? Because there are ideal conditions under which rhinoviruses can spread in the nose. Due to low temperatures, the blood circulation of the nasal mucosa becomes weaker, and resistance to pathogens decreases accordingly. Having penetrated into the nose, rhinoviruses begin to multiply rapidly.

The most common causative agent of the common cold

Rhinoviruses belong to the group of picornaviruses (pico: small in Italian). Its diameter is from 24 to 30 nm, 1 nm (nanometer) is 1 billionth of a meter. Almost 60 years have passed since its discovery, but to date, protection against rhinoviruses has not been found. Currently, more than 100 types of rhinoviruses are known. They are responsible for more than half of all colds.

Nasal mucosa

Irritated easily and quickly

Due to the increased excretion of nasal secretions and constant cleaning of the nose, the mucous membrane dries out, becoming brittle and more susceptible to damage. The impact caused by blowing your nose causes many small wounds. The nose requires careful care and effective wound healing. That is why the plus-effect of Nazik ^® has proven its superiority. With the original combination of the active ingredients xylometazoline and dexpanthenol, which was patented by Klosterfrau in 1995, and which helps to eliminate nasal congestion and heal sensitive and irritated nasal mucosa by sneezing, the runny nose disappears faster.

From rhinovirus to infection

How the common cold is spread

Rhinoviruses are truly soaring artists. Viruses are transmitted from one person to another by airborne droplets – through tiny droplets that fly through the air when talking, coughing or sneezing. Spread is also possible by contact – the so-called infection brought by rubbing. In other words, the common cold can be contracted through doorknobs, supermarket carts, or elevator buttons touched by a person with a cold. On smooth surfaces, viruses can survive for a long time without losing their infectivity.

What happens when viruses enter the nose? The body immediately notices rhinoviruses and turns on the protective mode. The blood circulation of the mucous membranes is activated, the nasal mucosa swells. In order to remove pathogens from the body as soon as possible, more and more mucus is secreted from the nose. The consequences of such a defense strategy are well-known symptoms, such as a runny nose and nasal congestion. If the mucus becomes more viscous, it no longer flows out of the nose properly, causing it to accumulate and restrict nasal breathing.

Did you know that…?

When you sneeze, millions of highly infectious viral particles fly through the air at speeds of up to 160 km/h. The speed of some particles reaches the speed of small passenger cars.

Runny nose treatment

Original Nazik ^® Nasic Spray with enhanced action: so you can get rid of a runny nose faster!

Nazik ^® is a decongestant nasal spray that not only quickly relieves nasal congestion, but also provides additional care for nasal mucosa damaged by a runny nose. Thus, you can get rid of a runny nose faster!

For Nazik Nasal Spray ^® we have created a special combination of active ingredients: point of the nasal cavity, moisturizes and promotes its regeneration. In combination with xylometazoline, the active ingredients become a powerful duet for the common cold.

All about dexpanthenol

Xylometazoline

Quickly relieves nasal congestion

A classic in nasal sprays: xylometazoline has a very powerful decongestant effect – and you can breathe freely again! The symptoms of rhinitis are rapidly reduced, and in combination with dexpanthenol, the nasal mucosa recovers much faster.

All about xylometazoline

• Nasik ^® for children nasal spray

  nasal spray for sensitive baby nose
  Nazik ^® for children, which contains a special combination of active ingredients: xylometazoline and dexpanthenol in a dosage adapted for children

  View products

  Instructions for use

• Nazik ^® nasal spray

  Nasal spray for quick relief of a runny nose
  Nazik ^® , which contains a special combination of active ingredients: xylometazoline and dexpanthenol

  View products

  Instructions for use

Did you know that…?

Provitamins are the precursors of vitamins. The provitamin dexpanthenol is converted in the body to pantothenic acid (vitamin B5). Pantothenic acid is a component of the so-called coenzyme A, which is involved in numerous metabolic processes, such as protein and lipid synthesis, in which subcutaneous fat plays an important protective role.

How to distinguish an allergic rhinitis from a cold – an article on the site Aptechestvo, Nizhny Novgorod

A runny nose is the result of inflammation of the nasal mucosa. The process of inflammation is initiated by an allergy or the ingress of pathogens on the mucous membrane.

The combination of symptoms can only be a manifestation of severe acute respiratory infections, which requires a different approach to treatment and prevention. In order to be able to take the necessary measures for treatment, it is important to understand how the allergic rhinitis differs from the common cold.

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis

Sensitive reactions to stimuli may occur intermittently, as they are often associated with flowering seasons.

How to distinguish allergic rhinitis from a cold? To answer, take into account a number of symptoms for allergies:

• Locality: allergic symptoms are clearly manifested either at a certain period of time, or in a particular place (for example, where there are many flowering plants).

• Allergic rhinitis is not accompanied by fever and fever.

• In addition to a runny nose, allergies cause itching in the eyes, burning, and constant sneezing.

Causes

Seasonal rhinitis is caused by flowering plants. But in more rare cases, allergies do not depend on the time of year.

Year-round inflammation of the nasal mucosa is caused by the ingestion of a number of particles:

• Perfumery.

• Food products.

• Tobacco smoke.

• Animal fur.

• Medicines.

Allergy is a reaction of the immune system. It can be caused by completely different substances called allergens, which are not normally considered pathogenic.

Symptoms of acute rhinitis

Catarrhal rhinitis is a reaction to a viral infection that leads to inflammation of the mucous membranes. Viral infection is spread by airborne droplets, and the likelihood of the disease increases in conditions of weakened immunity.

The answer to the question of how to distinguish an allergic rhinitis from a cold can be found by examining the symptoms of catarrhal rhinitis:

• Increased body temperature, weakness, drowsiness, headache.

• Swelling of the mucous tissues of the nose.

• The snot acquires a thick consistency and a yellow-green hue.

Risk factors

In the normal course of the disease, the symptoms of infectious rhinitis disappear in 1-2 weeks. If the disease continues to progress, then without medical treatment, inflammation leads to complications.

The risk of developing the disease increases under the following conditions:

• Stress.

• Air pollution.

• Bad heredity.

• Wrong nutrition.

• Influence of chemical irritants.

Improper treatment can lead to a complication of the disease. In such cases, the runny nose lasts more than 6 weeks and becomes chronic.

Diagnosis of the type of inflammation

You can also recognize the difference between an allergic rhinitis and catarrhal rhinitis at home, after which you should contact the appropriate specialist (therapist or allergist). Diagnosis of rhinitis by a specialist is carried out to determine the cause of inflammation in order to prescribe the appropriate treatment. In the case of an allergy, the substance that causes it is identified.

Diagnostic procedure:

• Studying the medical history of the patient and his parents.

• External inspection.

• Conducting laboratory tests. Usually a blood test is taken. When diagnosing allergies, the reaction of the skin to direct contact with different groups of allergens is checked.