What are the most effective treatments for severe dandruff. How can you manage dandruff symptoms at home. Which ingredients should you look for in dandruff shampoos. When should you consult a doctor for dandruff treatment.

Understanding Dandruff: Causes and Symptoms

Dandruff is a common scalp condition characterized by flaking and itching. It occurs when skin cells on the scalp shed too quickly, leading to visible white or yellowish flakes on the hair and shoulders. While not typically a serious medical condition, severe dandruff can be embarrassing and uncomfortable.

Common causes of dandruff include:

• Seborrheic dermatitis (oily, irritated skin)
• Malassezia (a yeast-like fungus)
• Dry skin
• Sensitivity to hair care products
• Certain skin conditions (e.g., psoriasis, eczema)

Over-the-Counter Dandruff Shampoos: Key Ingredients and Effectiveness

Over-the-counter dandruff shampoos are often the first line of defense against flaking and itching. These products contain various active ingredients designed to target the root causes of dandruff.

Active Ingredients in Dandruff Shampoos

• Pyrithione zinc (e.g., Head & Shoulders, Selsun Blue for Itchy Dry Scalp)
• Selenium sulfide (e.g., Dandrex, Selsun)
• Ketoconazole (e.g., Nizoral A-D)
• Coal tar (e.g., Neutrogena T/Gel)
• Salicylic acid (e.g., Neutrogena T/Sal)

How do these ingredients combat dandruff. Pyrithione zinc and selenium sulfide have antifungal properties that help control Malassezia. Ketoconazole is a potent antifungal agent effective against stubborn cases. Coal tar slows down skin cell turnover, while salicylic acid helps remove scales.

Proper Usage of Dandruff Shampoos for Maximum Effectiveness

To get the most out of your dandruff shampoo, follow these steps:

1. Wet your hair thoroughly
2. Apply the shampoo directly to your scalp
3. Massage gently for 5 minutes
4. Rinse completely
5. Repeat if directed by the product instructions

How often should you use dandruff shampoo. For most people, using it 2-3 times a week is sufficient. However, people with different hair types may need to adjust their routine:

• For straight or wavy hair: Use daily, with dandruff shampoo twice a week
• For curly or coily hair: Use dandruff shampoo once a week, followed by a conditioner

Is it necessary to switch between different dandruff shampoos. Some people find that alternating between shampoos with different active ingredients can be more effective, especially if one type seems to lose its efficacy over time.

Natural Remedies and Home Treatments for Dandruff

For those preferring natural solutions or looking to complement their dandruff shampoo routine, several home remedies may help alleviate symptoms:

Coconut Oil Treatment

How can coconut oil help with dandruff. Coconut oil has antimicrobial properties and can help moisturize the scalp. Apply 3-5 teaspoons to your scalp, leave for an hour, then shampoo as usual.

Apple Cider Vinegar Rinse

Can apple cider vinegar reduce dandruff. The acidity of apple cider vinegar may help balance scalp pH and fight fungal growth. Mix equal parts vinegar and water, apply to the scalp, leave for 15 minutes, then rinse thoroughly.

Tea Tree Oil

Does tea tree oil effectively treat dandruff. While more research is needed, tea tree oil’s antifungal properties may help combat dandruff. Add a few drops to your regular shampoo or mix with a carrier oil before applying to the scalp.

Lifestyle Changes to Manage Dandruff

In addition to topical treatments, certain lifestyle modifications can help control dandruff:

• Manage stress levels through relaxation techniques or exercise
• Maintain a balanced diet rich in zinc, B vitamins, and healthy fats
• Avoid harsh hair products that may irritate the scalp
• Use a humidifier to prevent dry skin
• Limit hair styling products that can build up on the scalp

When to Consult a Dermatologist for Severe Dandruff

While many cases of dandruff can be managed with over-the-counter products and home remedies, some situations warrant professional medical attention.

Consider seeing a dermatologist if:

• Over-the-counter treatments don’t provide relief after several weeks
• Your scalp becomes severely red, swollen, or painful
• You experience hair loss along with dandruff
• The condition spreads beyond your scalp to other areas of your body
• You suspect your dandruff may be related to an underlying skin condition

What treatments might a dermatologist prescribe for severe dandruff. A healthcare professional may recommend prescription-strength antifungal shampoos, topical corticosteroids, or oral medications depending on the severity and underlying cause of your dandruff.

Differentiating Dandruff from Other Scalp Conditions

Sometimes, what appears to be dandruff may be a sign of another scalp condition. How can you tell the difference between dandruff and other issues.

Dandruff vs. Psoriasis

Dandruff typically produces small, white flakes, while psoriasis often causes larger, silvery scales and can be accompanied by red, inflamed patches on the scalp.

Dandruff vs. Seborrheic Dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis is a more severe form of dandruff, characterized by greasy, yellow scales and redness on the scalp and other oily areas of the body.

Dandruff vs. Dry Scalp

Dry scalp produces smaller, less oily flakes and is often accompanied by dry skin on other parts of the body, while dandruff flakes are larger and may appear oily.

Preventing Dandruff Recurrence: Long-term Strategies

Once you’ve successfully managed your dandruff, how can you prevent it from coming back. Consider these long-term strategies:

• Maintain a consistent hair care routine, including regular use of anti-dandruff products
• Keep your scalp clean and free from product buildup
• Avoid scratching your scalp, which can worsen irritation
• Manage stress levels through relaxation techniques or exercise
• Eat a balanced diet rich in nutrients that support scalp health
• Use a humidifier in dry environments to prevent scalp dryness

By implementing these strategies and staying vigilant about scalp care, you can significantly reduce the likelihood of dandruff recurrence and maintain a healthy, flake-free scalp.

Dandruff Treatments and Remedies

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

Medically Reviewed by Poonam Sachdev on February 21, 2023

• Dandruff Shampoos
• Home Treatments for Dandruff
• When to See a Doctor for Dandruff Treatment

Dandruff treatments are ways you can get rid of or control itching and flaking on your scalp. The first two to try are brushing your hair and using a dandruff shampoo.

Brush your hair from your scalp down with steady, firm strokes. This carries the oil away from your scalp, where the buildup of it and skin cells can cause dandruff. Moving it along the hair strands helps keep your hair shiny and healthy.

Not all dandruff shampoos are alike. Some have different active ingredients, such as:

• Coal tar preparations (Denorex Therapeutic Protection, Neutrogena T/Gel, Scytera)
• Pyrithione zinc (Selsun Blue for Itchy Dry Scalp, Neutrogena T/Gel Daily Control Dandruff Shampoo, Head & Shoulders)
• Salicylic acid and sulfur (Sebex, Sebulex)
• Salicylic acid (Neutrogena T/Sal )
• Selenium sulfide (Dandrex, Head & Shoulders Clinical Strength, Selsun)
• Ketoconazole (Extina, Nizoral A-D, Xolegel)

You may need to switch between types of shampoos if one type controls the dandruff at first but later loses its effectiveness. And if you decide to try a shampoo that has coal tar in it, you’ll need to use care. Coal tar treats dandruff by making the skin cells on your scalp die and flake off more slowly, but there are things you should know: 

• Some people have an allergic reaction to it. 
• It can change the color of lighter-colored hair, fingernails, skin, and clothes. 
• You’ll need to keep it away from any cuts, broken skin, or infections, as well as your eyes. 
• It can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight. You should stay out of the sun for 24 to 72 hours after using it. 
• Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding shouldn’t use it. 

How to use dandruff shampoos

When shampooing:

• Rub the shampoo into your scalp well. 
• Leave the shampoo on your head for 5 minutes, or as directed.
• Rinse thoroughly. Any leftover shampoo may irritate your skin.

How often you should use dandruff shampoo can vary from daily to a couple of times a week:

• For white and Asian American people, the best approach is to shampoo every day but use dandruff shampoo only twice a week. If that doesn’t get rid of it, you might try alternating shampoos that have different treatment ingredients. 

• For Black people, it’s usually best to use a dandruff shampoo only once a week. You also might want to talk with a dermatologist about which one would work best for your hair. Consider a conditioner as well as a hot oil treatment twice a month. If you want to relax the kinks in your hair, go to a professional hair stylist for chemical relaxers (no more than once every 2-3 months). You also can use a ceramic comb or iron on the lowest possible temperature to straighten your hair at home (no more than once a week). 

Once your dandruff is under control, you may be able to use dandruff shampoo less often.

Aside from dandruff shampoos, a few other things may help control it. For example, managing your stress could help with flaking, or you might try some of these natural treatments. They’re either moisturizing or they might be helpful against bacteria or fungi:

Coconut oil.  Start by rubbing 3 to 5 teaspoons of this into your scalp, then wait an hour and shampoo your hair.

• Aloe vera. Rub a bit into your scalp  just before you shampoo your hair.

• Apple cider vinegar: Mix a quarter cup of apple cider vinegar with a quarter cup of water, then pour it over your scalp. Leave it in for at least 15 minutes, then rinse your scalp well.

• Aspirin. Crush two aspirin and mix them with your shampoo, then shampoo your hair. Let it sit for 2 minutes then rinse it out.

• Baking soda. Wet your hair, then put baking soda on your scalp. Let it sit for a few minutes, then rinse it out.

• Lemon juice. Rub 2 teaspoons of lemon juice into your scalp, let it sit for a couple of minutes, then rinse. Follow that by mixing another teaspoon of lemon juice mixed with 1 cup of water and pouring it over your scalp.

• Olive oil. Rub several drops of olive oil into your scalp, cover your hair with a shower cap, then sleep on it. In the morning, shampoo your hair. 

Some studies have shown that tea tree oil, a by-product of the Australian tea tree, may help with dandruff, but more research is needed. In some cases, it can irritate your skin or cause an allergic reaction.

If you’re still scratching and shedding after trying over-the-counter preparations, see your doctor. For really stubborn dandruff cases, you may need to use a prescription shampoo or topical medication.

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How to Tell the Difference

Both dandruff and psoriasis can cause flakes to appear on the scalp. However, flakes caused by psoriasis may also cause dead skin to build up on the surface of your skin.

Dry, flaky skin on your scalp can be uncomfortable. Those flakes can be caused by dandruff or psoriasis, which are two very different conditions:

• Dandruff (also known as seborrhea) can usually be treated relatively easily and is seldom a serious medical problem.
• Psoriasis, on the other hand, is a chronic condition without a current cure. It can cause a great deal of discomfort.

Dandruff is a condition marked by flakes of dry skin on the scalp. The flakes can often fall from your hair and land on your shoulders.

Dandruff is usually due to the body’s overreaction to the presence of typical yeast on the skin. This inflammation leads to the overproduction of skin cells, leading to flaking. If this is the cause, the flakes are typically small and you may also have dry skin on other parts of your body.

Washing your hair with a harsh shampoo or using a lot of chemicals on your hair can sometimes irritate your scalp and lead to flakes.

A fairly common condition called seborrheic dermatitis is the cause of many dandruff cases. Experts consider it a type of eczema that affects areas of the skin with oil-producing sebaceous glands. It’s characterized by patches of red and oily skin that leave yellowish flakes on the scalp. These flakes are often larger than the dandruff flakes that can arise from dry skin.

Seborrheic dermatitis can also cause flaky, irritated patches elsewhere on your face and body, which may lead you to think you have psoriasis.

In Black people and People of Color, seborrheic dermatitis can appear as:

• hypopigmentation, or lightening of the skin
• curved or petal-like lesions along the hairline
• flaking or hypopigmentation on the scalp in infants

Unlike dandruff, psoriasis is rooted in your immune system. It’s considered an autoimmune disease, which means proteins called autoantibodies mistakenly attack healthy tissue.

This attack causes skin cell production to speed up, creating an unhealthy and abnormal growth of new skin that collects in dry, flaky patches on your body, including the scalp.

Typically, dead skin is shed in tiny, thin fragments from the outermost layer of skin. Neither you nor anyone else can usually tell when you lose dead skin. New, healthy skin cells form beneath the surface of your skin and, in a matter of weeks, rise to the surface to replace the dead skin.

If you have psoriasis, that process speeds up in various spots on your body and there’s no time for the dead skin to go through its natural cycle of shedding. That causes dead skin cells to build up on the surface. This usually occurs on the:

• scalp
• elbows
• knees
• back

Psoriasis can take different forms. Sometimes your skin may look cracked and dry. Other times it may be discolored and dotted with small silvery patches. Psoriasis can appear salmon-colored with silvery-white scales on medium skin tones. Darker skin tones could look violet with gray scales.

Share on PinterestWith most cases of dandruff, people notice white flakes on their scalps or shoulders and mild itching. Unlike psoriasis, there are no thickened plaques. Photography courtesy of AndreyPopov/Getty Images

Share on PinterestDandruff on the scalp can look like flakes. Photography courtesy of powerofforever/Getty Images

Share on PinterestSevere cases of dandruff can be hard to distinguish from scalp psoriasis. Both conditions can cause pink, irregular plaques with scaling and flakes. A doctor can help diagnose which condition is present and the best treatment options. Photography Courtesy of rob_lan/Getty Images

Share on PinterestEven with mild cases of scalp psoriasis, very itchy, thickened plaques on the scalp can develop. The plaques can become very irritated and bleed with scratching. Photography courtesy of Ternavskaia Olga Alibec/Shutterstock

Share on PinterestPsoriasis on the scalp may look darker than the surrounding skin. In people with light skin tones, scalp psoriasis can look red with silvery scales. Photography by Ratchapon Supprasert/Getty Images

Share on PinterestPsoriasis on the scalp may look darker than the surrounding skin. In people with dark skin tones, it can look purple with silvery scales. Photography courtesy of Leanne Almario et al./CC BY 4.0

Share on PinterestSevere cases of scalp psoriasis can become very inflamed and red, with silvery flakes on a thickened plaque that extends beyond the scalp area. Photography courtesy of Christine Langer-Püschel/Getty Images

Share on PinterestPsoriasis can affect other areas of the head, including the ears and neck. Photography courtesy of Pitchaporn Kaengluang/Shutterstock

Dandruff can often be prevented, while psoriasis can’t.

Dandruff

Dandruff can usually be prevented. Using a dandruff shampoo is often enough to keep dandruff from forming. Keeping your hair clean, in general, and washing your hair at least 2 to 3 times a week is ideal.

Oil and dirt can build up on your scalp and cause your scalp to dry. Brushing your hair away from the scalp also helps keep oil from accumulating on your scalp.

Psoriasis

There’s no way to prevent psoriasis.

According to the National Psoriasis Foundation, it’s less common in children and often appears between the ages of 15 and 35, but it can develop at any age.

The organization notes that in the United States, psoriasis affects 3% of adults — as many as 7.5 million people. Psoriasis can develop in people of all ages and skin colors.

Its prevalence by race and ethnicity is as follows:

• 3.6% of white people
• 1.9% of Black/African American people
• 1.6% of Hispanic people

But these numbers may not tell the entire story as the condition may be disproportionately undertreated and misdiagnosed in People of Color because it isn’t always recognized on darker skin tones.

Treatment exists for both dandruff and psoriasis.

Dandruff

Dandruff can usually be treated with medicated shampoo. It’s also important that you follow the directions of any shampoo you use. Some can be used a couple of times per week, while others can only be used once per week. You may have to switch shampoos too, as one may become less effective over time.

The American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD) recommends that Black people use dandruff shampoo once per week and that white people and people of Asian descent use dandruff shampoo twice per week.

They also note that shampoo containing coal tar can discolor lighter hair, including blond, white, or gray hair.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis can be treated with topical, oral, and injectable medications. Many of these medications are steroids. They help to make the symptoms somewhat milder.

But there’s no cure for psoriasis.

Experts may recommend topical treatments for mild to moderate psoriasis. They may prescribe other types of treatment if topical treatments don’t work or for more severe psoriasis.

These may include:

• Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs): These drugs are given to people with moderate to severe psoriasis.
• Light therapy: Light therapy, which targets psoriasis trouble spots with specially directed ultraviolet (UV) light, can also help treat the symptoms of psoriasis.
• Biologics: Biologics can be used to treat various forms of moderate to severe psoriasis. These injectable drugs work by blocking inflammatory proteins.

Often dandruff can be self-diagnosed at home just by observing flakes on your hair and scalp. If you’re concerned it could be something more, a doctor can help identify it as dandruff or psoriasis.

If the doctor believes it may be psoriasis, they’ll ask you if you’re experiencing other symptoms like joint pain or itchy skin elsewhere on your body.

Joint pain and inflammation may be a symptom of psoriatic arthritis. As many as one in three people with psoriasis may develop psoriatic arthritis.

If your dandruff doesn’t go away or doesn’t get better using antidandruff shampoo, you may want to consult a dermatologist. Prescription dandruff shampoos may have the strength you need to overcome the problem. You may also require a medicated topical.

If all signs point to psoriasis, you may want to be evaluated by a dermatologist. If stiff or swollen joints accompany your psoriasis, you may have psoriatic arthritis. A rheumatologist can treat this condition. A primary care physician should be able to help coordinate your care and your various specialists.

Dandruff and psoriasis can both cause flakes of skin on the scalp. But they’re separate conditions.

Dandruff can occur as the body’s overreaction to yeast on the skin or seborrheic dermatitis, a type of eczema.

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition. It can cause dead skin to build up on the surface of the skin. It may affect the scalp and may also affect other areas of the body.

What is dandruff: symptoms, causes and treatment of dandruff

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Dandruff is a skin problem that is hard to hide and affects about 50% of the adult population in the world.
If you or someone you know suffers from dandruff, it is important to know about its causes and, most importantly, what to do about it.

What it is?

What is dandruff?


Dandruff is a very common scalp problem that comes in two forms.
Oily dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis is when greasy yellow flakes or scales form on the scalp and stick to the skin and hair.
Dry dandruff is when dry white flakes or scales form on the scalp, which easily fall off the skin and hair.
Other symptoms include itching, redness, and oily or dry scalp.

Main reasons

The main causes of dandruff


Dandruff occurs when the process of cell renewal of the scalp is accelerated, which leads to increased desquamation of the cells of the stratum corneum, which stick together into visible flakes.

The cause of this process, known as hyperproliferation of skin cells, is the activation of a microorganism called Malassezia globosa, which begins to multiply intensively using natural lipids or fats produced by the scalp.
This microorganism irritates the scalp, causing micro-inflammation and itching.

All of these symptoms can be caused by a number of factors, including:

• genetic predisposition – dandruff often has a family history;
• climatic conditions, eg exposure to sun, cold, heat, wind;
• physical or emotional stress;
• hormonal changes;
• lifestyle factors, such as unhealthy diet or alcohol use.

Microinflammations and scalp

What is microinflammation?

These are small inflammations in the skin.
In fact, they are so small that they are not detected even during a clinical examination.
However, when microinflammatory skin tissues are examined, the presence of inflammatory cells of the immune system can be detected; in other words, the skin reacts to irritation by becoming inflamed and thereby trying to recover.
If these skin cells are further irritated, a “true” inflammatory skin response may ensue.

How does this relate to scalp problems?

There is growing evidence that micro-inflammation of the scalp is associated with the most common scalp problems, from thinning hair and dandruff to dryness, itching and sensitivity.
If you suddenly notice increased hair loss or brittle hair, the cause may be a health problem, such as thyroid disease, iron deficiency, or an autoimmune disease.
Some medications also cause hair loss.
In any of these cases, you should consult a dermatologist for more information.

Common myths

Common myths about dandruff


• Dandruff causes thinning or hair loss
• Dandruff is a sign that the hair and scalp are dirty
• Dandruff can be treated with vinegar, natural oils or baby shampoo

There is no evidence that these claims are true.

Solution

Recommended Solution


Use Eucerin DERMOCAPILLAIRE Anti-Dandruff Shampoo Gel or Eucerin DERMOCAPILLAIRE Anti-Dandruff Shampoo Cream to cleanse scalp without irritation.

Clinically and dermatologically tested, these shampoos are proven to fight dandruff.

Do you have dandruff?


You can get dandruff if…

There are greasy yellow or white flakes that stick to the hair and scalp: this is typical of oily dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis.

There are dry white flakes that fall off the hair and scalp: this is typical of dry dandruff.

You suffer from itching or irritation of the scalp and noticeable flaking or flaking: Many people with oily or dry dandruff also have these symptoms.

You may have other scalp problems if…

You feel dry, itchy or irritated, but no visible flakes: you may have a dry, itchy or sensitive scalp.

Pink plaques with silver scales appeared on the scalp: psoriasis may be the cause.

Call your doctor or dermatologist if you are concerned, have severe symptoms, or have an inflamed, wet, or sore scalp.

edited by Yulia Sokolovskaya

Doctor, Eucerin brand expert

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Treatment of dry dandruff – Publications – An-Tek Laboratory

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Dry dandruff is a common problem in 30% of people over 12 years of age. It is an aesthetic problem, spoils the appearance of the hair and requires treatment.

Normally, the epidermis of the scalp is renewed every two weeks, and dead dry particles are easily removed when washing. The microbacteria of the fungus, which are normal on the scalp, feed on the secreted fat and take part in the exfoliation of the skin. Excessive production of fat leads to the accelerated appearance of particles of the epidermis. There are a lot of these particles, and as a result they stick together into dense dry flakes, clearly visible on the hair.

Dry flakes are small in size but abundantly cover the forehead and crown area, cause dryness, irritation, weaken hair and make it thinner. Dry scales fall on clothes and cause additional problems. Combing or washing dry dandruff is impossible – as soon as the hair dries, dandruff becomes noticeable again. This situation requires treatment, as well as compliance with certain rules, without which dandruff will return again.

What is the main problem with dandruff? Not in an aesthetic defect, although the untidy appearance of hair due to dandruff is very upsetting for both men and women. But the main disadvantage is the formation of a dry layer of keratinized particles on the scalp and the deterioration of oxygen access due to dandruff to the hair follicles. This is fraught with damage to the hair follicle – a reversible condition that requires long-term treatment.

Fighting dandruff can and should be done to prevent more serious problems. It is important to get professional advice from a trichologist, who will select the appropriate treatment regimen and preparations for the care and fight against dry dandruff.

Causes of dry dandruff

It is difficult to determine the exact cause of dandruff, dry or oily, but it is important to determine the factors contributing to the development of the disease. Among them:

• hormonal failures of the body;
• metabolic disorder;
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• lack of vitamins and minerals;
• taking strong drugs;
• stresses;
• moving to another climatic zone;
• adherence to strict diets or unhealthy eating habits.

Dandruff, especially dry dandruff, can also appear due to improper care. Excessively dry scalp reacts to this condition and accelerates cell renewal even more, leading to the formation of dandruff.

Treatment methods

If you have dandruff, see a specialist who will diagnose and prescribe the necessary treatment. It may include:

• medicinal preparations for external use;
• specialized shampoos;
• normalization of the diet.

A dandruff treatment plan may include changes in daily routine – more walking, more fresh air, as well as increasing the amount of protein in the diet and reducing fat. This helps to moisturize the skin and normalize the production of sebum, which reduces the likelihood of dandruff. Dry skin becomes softer, and keratinized scales are removed naturally.

Prevention of dandruff

How to prevent dandruff? It is most effective to monitor the state of the body as a whole, so that later you do not treat dandruff as a result of certain problems. To do this, it is worth:

• follow a diet, eat enough vegetables and fruits;
• regularly make hair masks, selected by type;
• limit the use of hair dryers, irons, styling products;
• take vitamin complexes twice a year – in the autumn-spring period;
• play sports and monitor metabolism.