Typhoid Vaccine, Inactivated (Subcutaneous Route, Injection Route) Side Effects

Side Effects

Drug information provided by: IBM Micromedex

Along with its needed effects, a vaccine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention. It is very important that you tell your doctor about any side effects that occur after a dose of typhoid vaccine, even though the side effect may have gone away without treatment. Some types of side effects may mean that you should not receive any more doses of typhoid vaccine.

Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:

Rare

1. 
   Chest pain
2. 
   difficulty in breathing or swallowing
3. 
   hives
4. 
   itching, especially of feet or hands
5. 
   joint pain
6. 
   reddening of skin, especially around ears
7. 
   swelling of eyes, face, or inside of nose
8. 
   unusual tiredness or weakness (sudden and severe)

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:

More common

1. 
   Fever
2. 
   general feeling of discomfort or illness
3. 
   headache
4. 
   muscle pain
5. 
   pain, redness, or swelling at place of injection

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Portions of this document last updated: April 01, 2021

Copyright © 2021 IBM Watson Health. All rights reserved. Information is for End User’s use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes.

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Typhim Vi – Uses, Side Effects, Interactions

How does this medication work? What will it do for me?

Typhoid vaccine is used to prevent typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi (S. typhi). Typhoid is spread by contaminated water and food. The typhoid vaccine contains a small amount of the typhoid bacteria, enough to stimulate your body to create its own defenses but not enough to cause serious illness. It takes about 2 weeks after injection for the vaccine to begin protecting against typhoid fever.

The typhoid vaccine is recommended for adults and children at least 2 years of age who will be travelling to areas where there is a risk of exposure to S. typhi. In particular, people who will be exposed to potentially contaminated food and water for longer periods of time (more than 4 weeks) should consider receiving this vaccination. It is also recommended for travellers who have reduced or no gastric (stomach) acid secretion, those who live with or have regular contact with someone known to carry S. typhi, and laboratory workers who routinely handle specimens that contain or are believed to contain S. typhi.

The vaccine reduces but does not eliminate the chances of a person getting typhoid fever. Travelers should take all necessary precautions to avoid potentially contaminated sources of food or water. Such precautions include drinking bottled or boiled water and washing hands before eating.

This medication may be available under multiple brand names and/or in several different forms. Any specific brand name of this medication may not be available in all of the forms or approved for all of the conditions discussed here. As well, some forms of this medication may not be used for all of the conditions discussed here.

Your doctor may have suggested this medication for conditions other than those listed in these drug information articles. If you have not discussed this with your doctor or are not sure why you are being given this medication, speak to your doctor.

Do not give this medication to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms as you do. It can be harmful for people to use this medication if their doctor has not prescribed it.

What form(s) does this medication come in?

Each 0.5 mL dose of sterile, clear, colourless solution for intramuscular injection contains Salmonella typhi (TY2 strain) purified Vi capsular polysaccharide 25 µg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: phenol (as preservative) and isotonic buffer solution.

How should I use this medication?

For adults and children 2 years of age and older, one dose is injected into the outer muscle of the upper arm or the thigh. A qualified health professional will inject the vaccine.

The typhoid vaccine should be given at least 14 days before entering the typhoid risk area for greatest protection from typhoid infection.

A repeat vaccination (“booster”) is recommended every 3 years if you repeatedly travel to areas where you are exposed to S. typhi.

The typhoid vaccine may be given at the same time as some other vaccinations as long as they are injected into different areas of the body.

Many things can affect the dose of medication that a person needs, such as body weight, other medical conditions, and other medications. If your doctor has recommended a dose different from the ones listed here, do not change the way that you are taking the medication without consulting your doctor.

Store this medication in the refrigerator, do not freeze, protect it from light, and keep it out of the reach of children.

Do not dispose of medications in wastewater (e.g. down the sink or in the toilet) or in household garbage. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medications that are no longer needed or have expired.

Who should NOT take this medication?

Do not take this medication if you:

• are allergic to typhoid vaccine or any ingredients of the medication
• have a fever or severe illness at the time of vaccination

What side effects are possible with this medication?

Many medications can cause side effects. A side effect is an unwanted response to a medication when it is taken in normal doses. Side effects can be mild or severe, temporary or permanent.

The side effects listed below are not experienced by everyone who takes this medication. If you are concerned about side effects, discuss the risks and benefits of this medication with your doctor.

The following side effects have been reported by at least 1% of people taking this medication. Many of these side effects can be managed, and some may go away on their own over time.

Contact your doctor if you experience these side effects and they are severe or bothersome. Your pharmacist may be able to advise you on managing side effects.

• diarrhea
• fever
• general body ache or discomfort
• headache
• itching
• muscle ache
• nausea
• soreness, pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site

Although most of the side effects listed below don’t happen very often, they could lead to serious problems if you do not check with your doctor or seek medical attention.

Seek immediate medical attention if any of the following occur:

• signs of a serious allergic reaction (such as abdominal cramps, difficulty breathing, nausea and vomiting, swelling of the face and throat)

Some people may experience side effects other than those listed. Check with your doctor if you notice any symptom that worries you while you are taking this medication.

Are there any other precautions or warnings for this medication?

Before you begin using a medication, be sure to inform your doctor of any medical conditions or allergies you may have, any medications you are taking, whether you are pregnant or breast-feeding, and any other significant facts about your health. These factors may affect how you should use this medication.

Allergic reactions: Rarely, this vaccine may cause severe allergic reactions. If you notice the signs of a severe allergic reaction (hives; trouble breathing or swallowing; or swelling of the lips, face, throat, or tongue) get medical attention immediately.

Bleeding problems: If you have blood clotting problems or are currently taking blood thinners (oral anticoagulants), notify your doctor prior to injection.

Immunocompromised people: Typhoid vaccine may not be as effective for people with a compromised immune system (e.g., people with AIDS, people receiving chemotherapy, or people taking any medication that suppresses the immune system). People with any of these conditions should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.

Infection and fever: Delay receiving the typhoid vaccine if you have an infection or fever, unless, in the opinion of your doctor, the benefits of receiving the vaccine while you are ill outweigh the risks.

Protection against typhoid: Not all people who take the vaccine will be fully protected against typhoid. This is especially so if the vaccine is given less than 2 weeks before arriving in the areas with typhoid exposure risk.

Pregnancy: The effects of this medication on an unborn baby are not known. This medication should not be used during pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks. If you are or may be pregnant, discuss the risks and benefits of using this vaccine with your doctor.

Breast feeding: It is not known if typhoid vaccine passes into breast milk. If you are a breast-feeding mother and are taking this medication, it may affect your baby. Talk to your doctor about whether you should continue breast-feeding.

Children: The safety and effectiveness of using this medication have not been established for children under 2 years of age.

What other drugs could interact with this medication?

There may be an interaction between typhoid vaccine and any of the following:

• antineoplastic or chemotherapy medications
• corticosteroids (e. g., dexamethasone, prednisone)
• immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine, cyclosporine, fingolimod, hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, tacrolimus)
• other live vaccines

If you are taking any of these medications, speak with your doctor or pharmacist. Depending on your specific circumstances, your doctor may want you to:

• stop taking one of the medications,
• change one of the medications to another,
• change how you are taking one or both of the medications, or
• leave everything as is.

An interaction between two medications does not always mean that you must stop taking one of them. Speak to your doctor about how any drug interactions are being managed or should be managed.

Medications other than those listed above may interact with this medication. Tell your doctor or prescriber about all prescription, over-the-counter (non-prescription), and herbal medications you are taking. Also tell them about any supplements you take. Since caffeine, alcohol, the nicotine from cigarettes, or street drugs can affect the action of many medications, you should let your prescriber know if you use them.

All material copyright MediResource Inc. 1996 – 2021. Terms and conditions of use. The contents herein are for informational purposes only. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Source: www.medbroadcast.com/drug/getdrug/Typhim-Vi

Typhoid Shots Side Effects and Its Causes

Typhoid is a disease that occurs through Salmonella Typhi Bacteria. It can lead to a person’s death in extreme cases. Anyone who hasn’t taken its vaccination, whether through oral dose or injection, can catch the infection easily from the carrier of the disease. Typhoid shots or popularly known as Typhim is a medicine which helps to immune children from the fever of typhoid. However, there can be instances where children rather than getting benefits may suffer from typhoid shots of side effects.

Side Effects

Where there are several benefits of typhoid vaccination, there can be some side effects as well. The area of injection may feel tender, red, or a hard lump may develop. The less common typhoid shots side effects some children can have are nausea, headache, low fever, diarrhea, or stomach pain too. There can also be severe typhoid shots side effects, such as swollen glands, tremors, or body aches too. Children sometimes feel like they will pass out. Most of the side effects may be due to inappropriate typhoid injection dose and children may develop long term side effects.

You must consult your child’s doctor and clarify any reactions your child might develop due to the shot. Sharing a complete medical history of your child also saves them from the side effects of the vaccine.

Prevention

Drinking water from an open-source or having ice in drinks can cause this disease. Therefore, while traveling gives bottled water to your child. A child who has a persistent infection of typhoid must be taken to a doctor for treatment. Furthermore, avoidance of close contact is a way to go about to prevent your child from catching the disease.

Although typhoid shots side effects are many, yet doctors advise to take typhoid shots when people are traveling to regions where the infection is common. If you are desirous of getting your child vaccinated, contact Pediatric Health Care or call our offices to get an appointment.

Typhim Vi (typhoid polysaccharide vaccine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more

Typhoid Vaccine | Travel Vaccinations

You should be immunised against typhoid before you travel to certain countries where the risk of typhoid is high – in particular, countries in the Indian subcontinent. There are two typhoid vaccines available in the UK – an oral and an injectable vaccine.

What is typhoid?

Typhoid fever is caused by a germ (bacterium) called Salmonella typhi (S. typhi). This bacterium may contaminate food or drink in areas of poor sanitation. Typhoid ranges from being a mild illness to a fatal one. Symptoms include sudden onset of:

• High temperature (fever).
• Severe headache.
• Feeling sick (nausea).
• Tummy (abdominal) pain.
• Loss of appetite.
• Constipation or diarrhoea.

These symptoms can be very severe.

(Note: there are many types of salmonella bacteria which can infect people. Most remain in the gut and cause diarrhoea. S. typhi is more invasive – it can get from the gut into other parts of the body and it causes the more serious illness of typhoid fever.)

People with typhoid fever pass out the bacteria with their stools (faeces), and sometimes in their urine. Even when symptoms have gone, about 1 in 10 people who have had typhoid fever remain carriers for some time. This means that some bacteria continue to live inside the gut and you continue to pass out bacteria with your stools. If hygiene is not good then the bacteria can be passed to others who may then get typhoid fever. About half of carriers become free of the typhoid bacteria within three months. However, others continue to pass out typhoid bacteria with their stools long-term.

The incubation period for the disease is usually 1-3 weeks. This means that you do not get symptoms for 1-3 weeks after becoming infected. Around 200 cases are notified in the UK each year. About 8 in 10 of these cases are in people who caught the infection abroad, and most of these were visiting friends or relatives in South Asia. Typhoid infection can be successfully treated with antibiotic medicines, which reduce the chances of serious illness.

Who should be immunised against typhoid?

Travellers to areas where typhoid is a problem should be immunised, particularly where hygiene and sanitation are poor. The worst affected areas are Asia, Africa and Central and South America, so you should be immunised if visiting these countries, especially if you are visiting friends and relatives. Vaccination may not be needed for short stays if you stay in good accommodation (including most package holidays). Your GP or practice nurse can advise if you should be immunised against typhoid for your travel destination.

People who handle specimens which may contain typhoid bacteria should also be immunised.

You can find out if immunisation against typhoid is recommended for any countries you are planning to visit from the NHS website Fitfortravel. 

The vaccines

There are two vaccines available in the UK – an oral vaccine and an injectable vaccine. Both vaccines stimulate your body to make antibodies against typhoid germs (bacteria). These antibodies protect you from illness should you become infected with typhoid bacteria. It is important to remember that not everyone who is vaccinated will be totally protected against typhoid fever. No vaccine is 100% effective. 

The oral vaccine

The oral vaccine is given as three capsules, one taken every other day. The capsules should be kept refrigerated. Each capsule should be taken with cold or lukewarm liquid (no warmer than 37°C), approximately one hour before a meal. It should be swallowed whole as soon as possible after being placed in the mouth, and not chewed. The oral vaccine should be completed one week before you travel, as protection takes at least seven days to begin. This oral vaccine should only be given to children over 6 years of age. Antibiotics and some malaria tablets can stop the oral vaccine working. Most malaria tablets should not be taken for at least three days after receiving the oral vaccine. Your nurse will be able to advise you further about this.

The injectable vaccine

The injectable vaccine is given as a single injection into your upper arm or thigh. It should be given at least two weeks before you travel, ideally one month before.

Re-vaccination

Re-vaccination is needed eventually as the protective effect of the vaccines fades over time. A booster dose is recommended every three years for the injection and every year for the oral vaccine (with three capsules) for those still at risk. It is important to keep a record of which vaccinations you have, and when and where you have them.

A combined vaccine against typhoid fever and hepatitis A is also available. This may be useful if you require protection against both illnesses. The hepatitis A component gives protection for one year and the typhoid component gives protection for three years.

Are there any possible side-effects?

Mild local soreness and redness may occur after the injection for a few days. High temperature (fever) can occur in about 1 in 100 people. Following oral vaccine, the most common side-effects are feeling sick (nausea), diarrhoea, fever and headache. Serious reactions are very rare for both vaccines.

Who should not receive typhoid vaccines?

Very few people cannot be given the injectable typhoid vaccine. It should not be given to:

• People with an illness with high temperature (fever). It is best to wait until the illness has subsided before being immunised.
• People who have had a severe (anaphylactic) reaction to the vaccine in the past.
• Young children – when children are too young to be vaccinated, very careful attention to food and water hygiene is essential if taking children to an at-risk area.

There are currently no data on the safety of these vaccines in pregnant or breast-feeding women. However, if the risk of typhoid is high then you may be advised to have the vaccine if you are breast-feeding or pregnant.

There are some additional restrictions that apply differently to the oral vaccine and to the injectable vaccine.

The oral vaccine should not be given to:

• People who have had an allergy to gelatin.
• Children under the age of 6 years.
• People who have reduced immunity (people with HIV, those taking high-dose long-term steroids, those receiving chemotherapy, etc).

The injectable vaccine should not be given to:

• Children under 2 years of age, as it is not licensed for them. This means that the manufacturer cannot offer guarantees about its effects or effectiveness in that age group.
• Children under the age of 2 years, who may not acquire the same level of immunity from the vaccine, due to the immaturity of their immune systems.

Note: doctors may occasionally recommend injectable vaccine use in children aged 12-24 months if the risk of typhoid is very high.

Other points

Remember – vaccination for travellers is only one aspect of preventing illness. Both typhoid vaccines are only about 75% effective, particularly if you are exposed to large numbers of typhoid germs (bacteria).

Safety in pregnancy is not known but there is no reason to believe the vaccine risks harm to the mother or baby, so it is used if travel is essential and the risk of typhoid is high.

So, when you travel to at-risk areas you should:

• Have good personal hygiene.
• Only drink water or other drinks that are known to be safe (bottled water, sterilised water, etc).
• Only eat foods that have been cleaned and/or prepared properly.

Typhoid Fever Vaccine Shot & Immunization Locations

If you more information about the typhus shot, call or visit your nearest Pharmaca location.
FIND YOUR STORE

Get more information on the typhoid fever vaccine, and if you should get vaccinated for typhus at Pharmaca:

Typhoid fever vaccine 

Typhoid, or typhoid fever, is a serious and contagious disease. It’s caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi.

Typhoid fever causes severe symptoms not unlike the flu but marked by a severe fever. If typhoid is left untreated, it can kill up to 30 percent of people who get it.

There are also typhoid “carriers,” who may not show signs of the disease but can spread it to others.

Where to get the typhoid fever vaccine

Pharmaca has been providing immunization services recommended by the CDC for many years. We have locations in six states, and even offer some immunizations and vaccinations on a walk-in basis.

If you’re traveling, or think you may be in a position to need a typhoid fever vaccination, to set up an appointment to get your next vaccine.

Thinking of getting a typhoid vaccination? Click here to schedule an appointment.

What is typhoid fever?

Typhoid fever is an illness that is spread through contaminated food and water, or through close contact with a person who is already infected. Signs and symptoms of typhoid usually include a high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and either constipation or diarrhea.

Most people who get typhoid fever feel better within a few days of starting a round of antibiotics, but a small number can die of complications.

Typhoid fever is rare these days in modern, industrialized countries. But it’s still a serious health threat in less developed parts of the world, especially for children.

Chart courtesy of the CDC

What causes typhoid fever?    

Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with the fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness. The bacteria that causes typhoid are left in water or food by a human carrier, which is then spread to others who come in contact with the bacteria left behind.

Typhoid fever in the US has been mostly eradicated since the early 1900s, when tens of thousands of cases were reported annually. Today, less than 400 cases are reported each year in the US, and these mostly from travelers who have recently been to Mexico and South America, and to a lesser extent India, Pakistan and Egypt.

Is typhoid fever contagious?

Typhoid fever is caused by bacteria spread from an infected person to a non-infected person, and is highly contagious. It’s most often spread from an infected person’s bacteria in the form of human waste. Then, if someone else eats food or drinks water that’s been contaminated with that bacteria, they can become infected and develop typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever symptoms         

Signs and symptoms of typhoid fever usually develop over time, specifically 1–3 weeks after exposure to the disease.

Early illness

Once the signs of typhoid fever do appear, they can include:

• Fever that starts low and increases daily
• Headache
• Weakness and fatigue
• Sweating
• Dry cough
• Loss of appetite and weight loss
• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Rash
• Extremely swollen abdomen

Later illness

If the disease has progressed and you haven’t received treatment, further symptoms can include:

• Becoming delirious
• Not having energy to move
• Exhaustion with your eyes half-closed, in what’s known as the “typhoid state”

It’s at this state that life-threatening complications develop. In some people, signs and symptoms can return up to two weeks after the initial fever has subsided.

Typhoid fever treatment         

Typhoid fever can be treated successfully with antibiotic medication. If the fever is diagnosed early on, antibiotic tablets will most likely be prescribed, and should be taken for 1–2 weeks.

The symptoms should start to improve within a few days of taking these antibiotics. While taking them, non-medical treatment of typhoid fever includes getting plenty of rest, drinking plenty of fluids and eating regularly, if possible. Patients are also encouraged to keep up good personal hygiene to reduce the risk of spreading the infection.

Typhoid fever vaccination       

There are two vaccines for typhoid fever. One is an inactivated (killed) vaccine taken as a shot, and the other is a live, attenuated (weakened) vaccine taken in pill form.

Those you receive the typhoid shot will need 1 dose, then a booster every 2 years. And people who get the typhoid fever vaccine pills will need 4 doses every other day for a week, and a booster every 5 years.

Keep in mind there are certain people who should not get the vaccine. These people include:

• Children younger than 2 years
• People who have had an allergic reaction to the typhoid shot or any ingredient in the vaccine

If you’re sick, you may need to wait until you’re feeling better to get the typhoid shot.

People who should not take the oral typhoid fever vaccine include:

• Children younger than 6 years
• People who have had an allergic reaction to the oral typhoid vaccine or any ingredient in the vaccine

If you’re sick, you may need to wait until you’re feeling better to get the oral typhoid vaccine. And if you’ve been taking antibiotics, you need to wait for at least 3 days after you’ve stopped taking them to get the vaccine.

How long does the typhoid fever vaccine last? 

• Typhoid pills provide up to five years’ protection and are approved for use in individuals over the age of 6. It’s taken orally over the course of four doses.
• Typhoid vaccine provides protection for up to two years. This vaccine is approved for use in individuals over age 2.

Typhoid fever vaccine side effects       

As with any medication or vaccine, there are potential reactions to receiving the vaccine. Some common side effects of typhoid fever vaccine can include:

• Fever
• Head pain
• Muscle pain
• Not feeling well
• Signs and symptoms at the injection site

Other, rarer side effects of the vaccine can also include:

• Chest pain
• Joint pain
• Life-threatening allergic reaction
• Liver problems

Typhoid Vaccines for Kids in India – Immunize India

About Typhoid Vaccine

Vaccination is vital. Typhoid vaccines help prevent typhoid. If not administered, it can lead to serious complications like high fever that may persist last for a long time.

Types of Typhoid Vaccination

There are two types of typhoid vaccination. They are:

•    Inactivated Typhoid Vaccine: It is an injectable vaccine that provides protection and a booster dose is required after every 2 years.
•    Live typhoid vaccine (Oral): It provides protection for about 5 years. It is taken orally as a course of four doses in one week.

Typhoid Vaccine Schedule

The typhoid vaccine schedule in India is included in the list of mandatory vaccinations to be administered right after the birth of a baby:

•    Number of Doses – The first dose of the TCV is given at the age of 9-12 months.
•    Recommended Ages – Ideally, the typhoid shot is recommended for children older than 2 years of age. Alternatively, the TCV can be given at the age of 9-12 months.

What Happens If Your Child Misses the Dose?

TCV can be given to the child anytime after the age of 2 years. Oral typhoid vaccine can be given after a baby turns 6 years of age.

Possible Risks and Side-effects from the Vaccine

1.    Serious Side Effects

Generally, the typhoid vaccine doesn’t have any serious side-effects, mostly just minor ones. The relatively more serious ones include:

•    Signs of severe allergic reaction like dizziness, and swelling of the face and throat.
•    Difficulty in breathing.
•    Weakness.
•    Very high fever.
•    Behavior changes.

2. Less Serious Side Effects

Some side effects of typhoid shot that are not severe are mentioned below:

•    Fever
•    A headache
•    Redness and swelling
•    Itching and soreness at the place where the injection is given
•    General discomfort

Oral typhoid vaccine – Besides fever and headache, there may be a chance of:

•    Vomiting
•    Diarrhoea
•    Nausea
•    Abdominal Pain
•    Rashes

Typhoid fever | State Institution “Minsk City Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology”

Typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever A and B – acute infectious diseases, similar in their clinical manifestations and pathogenesis. Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are acute, human-only diseases.

Etiology. It is caused by typhoid (Salmonella typhi) and paratyphoid (Salmonella paratyphi) bacteria of the genus Salmonella, and is characterized by damage to the intestinal lymphatic apparatus (mainly the small intestine), bacteremia with severe intoxication, enlarged liver and spleen, often with roseolous rash.

Typhoid paratyphoid bacteria are moderately resistant in the external environment – in soil, water can persist up to 1-5 months, in feces – up to 25 days, on linen – up to 2 weeks, on food – from several days to weeks, especially for a long time – in milk , cottage cheese, minced meat, vegetable salads. The bacteria tolerate low temperatures well, but they die quickly when heated (at 60 ° C after 30 minutes, at 100 ° C almost instantly). Disinfectants in normal concentrations kill the pathogen within minutes.

Epidemiology. The source of infection is only a person – a sick person or a carrier of bacteria. From the body of a sick person, the causative agents of typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever A and B are released into the external environment along with feces, urine and saliva. Massive excretion of the pathogen from the patient’s body begins after the 7th day of the disease, reaches a maximum in the midst of the disease and decreases during the recovery period. In most cases, bacterial excretion lasts no more than 3 months (acute bacterial excretion), but sometimes for the whole life (chronic bacterial excretion).

One sick person or carrier can become a source of infection for large groups of the population.

Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are characterized by the fecal-oral mechanism of infection, the implementation of which is carried out by water, food and contact through household transmission of infection.

People aged 15–45 years get sick most often. After the transferred infection, persistent immunity remains, however, in some patients, repeated diseases are possible after several years.

Typhoid paratyphoid diseases are characterized by a seasonal increase in morbidity in the summer-autumn period, when favorable conditions arise for the implementation of the main pathways and factors of transmission of the pathogen.However, at present, on the territory of the republic there is a favorable epidemiological situation in terms of the incidence of typhoid paratyphoid diseases – isolated cases of the disease are recorded, which in most cases are imported from countries endemic for these diseases (India, Thailand, etc.)

Clinic. It takes about 10 days from the moment of human infection to the appearance of the first clinical manifestations. The disease begins with general malaise, headache, pain throughout the body, loss of appetite during the first week and a gradual increase in temperature to 40 ° C.The onset is often acute, sometimes accompanied by a runny nose, cough. On examination, facial hyperemia, vascular injection of the sclera are revealed. Fever is often accompanied by chills and then profuse sweat.

In most patients, the disease proceeds in the form of moderate severity, but severe forms with complications in the form of intestinal bleeding, intestinal perforation, bronchopneumonia, etc. can also be observed. These complications develop more often in the 2-3rd week of the disease. Other complications of typhoid fever include hemorrhages in the wall of the intestine and other organs, pneumonia, thrombosis, and laryngitis.

With an uncomplicated course of typhoid fever, the prognosis of the disease is favorable. With the development of complications, it can be unfavorable (especially with perforated peritonitis). Mortality in typhoid paratyphoid diseases can be 0.1–0.3%.

The course and outcome of typhoid fever depend on proper care, diet and timely administration of antibacterial and pathogenetic agents. Treatment of patients with typhoid paratyphoid diseases is carried out in an infectious hospital.

The patient must be provided with rest, a comfortable bed, good hygienic conditions. Oral and skin care is also important. Bed rest must be observed until 6-7 days of normal temperature. In the febrile period and during the first 7–8 days of normal temperature, the diet of patients should be as mechanically and chemically sparing as possible in relation to the intestines, help to reduce fermentation and putrefactive processes and at the same time be sufficiently high in calories.

For more effective etiotropic therapy, prevention of relapses and the formation of bacterial carriers, it should be combined with agents that increase the specific and nonspecific reactivity of the organism.

Prevention and anti-epidemic measures. Measures to combat typhoid paratyphoid diseases are aimed at identifying sources of infection, suppressing transmission routes, and increasing the body’s immunity.

Early diagnosis, timely isolation and provisional hospitalization of the patient, effective therapy with complete release of the organism from the pathogen are of great importance in the prevention of typhoid fever.

After discharge, all convalescents are subject to dispensary observation with a systematic examination for the timely detection of a relapse of the disease and the formation of chronic bacterial carriers.

In order to prevent the spread of the pathogen in the outbreak, current disinfection is carried out before hospitalization of a patient or a bacteriological excreta. After hospitalization, final disinfection is carried out in the outbreak.

For persons in contact with patients, medical supervision is established for 21 days with daily thermometry.A single, and according to indications, a double bacteriological examination of feces and urine is carried out. Specific prophylaxis in the outbreak includes the appointment of a bacteriophage to all contacts.

Typhus

Typhoid fever is a life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi . It is usually spread through contaminated food or water. After ingestion with food or water, bacteria Salmonella Typhi multiply and enter the bloodstream.

Urbanization and climate change can exacerbate the burden of typhus. In addition, increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics is contributing to the spread of typhoid fever in densely populated cities with inadequate and / or flooded water and sanitation systems.

Symptoms

Salmonella Typhi only lives in humans. People with typhoid fever carry bacteria in their blood and intestines. Symptoms include lingering fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhea.Some patients may develop a rash. Severe cases of the disease can lead to serious complications and even death. Typhoid fever can be confirmed with a blood test.

Epidemiology, risk factors and disease burden

Improved housing and the introduction of antibiotics have led to a sharp decline in typhoid fever and deaths in industrialized countries. However, in developing countries in the Africa, America, South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions, the disease continues to be a public health problem.

WHO estimates the global burden of typhoid fever at 11–20 million annual cases and 128–161 000 deaths annually.

Populations without access to safe water and adequate sanitation are at increased risk of disease. Poor communities and vulnerable groups, including children, are at greatest risk.

Treatment

Typhoid fever can be treated with antibiotics. Due to the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, new antibiotics such as cephalosporins and azithromycin are being used in the affected regions.Azithromycin resistance is already being reported, but so far on an irregular basis.

Even after symptoms have disappeared, people can still carry typhoid bacteria, which can be passed on to other people through their feces.

It is important that people receiving treatment for typhoid fever take the following measures:

• Continue the prescribed course of antibiotics to the end, in accordance with the doctor’s instructions.
• Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet and do not cook or serve food to other people.This will reduce the likelihood of passing the infection on to other people.
• Get a doctor’s test to confirm that they no longer carry the bacteria Salmonella Typhi.

Prevention

Typhoid fever is common in areas with poor sanitation and a lack of safe drinking water. Access to safe water and adequate sanitation, hygiene in food handlers, and typhoid vaccination are effective measures to prevent the disease.

Two vaccines have been used to protect people from typhoid fever for many years:

• Purified antigen injectable vaccine for people over two years old
• Live attenuated oral vaccine in capsule form for people over 5 years of age.

These vaccines do not provide long-term immunity and are not approved for use in children under 2 years of age.

New conjugate typhus vaccine with longer lasting immunity was prequalified by WHO in December 2017. for use in children over 6 months of age.

All people traveling to endemic areas are at potential risk of typhoid fever, although this risk is generally low in tourist and business centers with high standards of accommodation, sanitation and food hygiene. Vaccinations against typhoid fever should be offered to travelers traveling to high-risk areas.

The following tips will help you stay safe when traveling:

• Ensure food is properly cooked and still hot while serving.
• Do not consume raw milk and raw milk products. Drink only pasteurized or boiled milk.
• Use only ice made from safe water.
• If you are unsure of the safety of drinking water, boil it or, if this is not possible, disinfect it with reliable, slow-release disinfectants (commonly available in pharmacies).
• Wash your hands thoroughly and often with soap and water, especially after contact with pets or farm animals and after using the toilet.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, especially if eaten raw, and peel them if possible.

WHO Activities

In December 2017, WHO prequalified the first typhus conjugate vaccine. It provides longer lasting immunity than older vaccines, can be used in lower doses, and can be used in children over 6 months of age.

This vaccine will be used primarily in countries with the highest typhoid burden.This will help reduce the use of antibiotics for typhoid fever, which will slow the growth of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhi.

In October 2017, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization, which advises WHO, recommended typhoid conjugate vaccines for routine use in children over 6 months of age in typhoid-endemic countries. SAGE also called for the prioritization of typhoid conjugate vaccines in countries with the highest typhoid burden or widespread antibiotic resistance Salmonella Typhi.

Shortly after this recommendation, the GAVI Council approved funding for typhoid conjugate vaccines in the amount of US $ 85 million, which will begin in 2019.

Questions and Answers | ta.vaktsineeri.ee

Questions and Answers

Frequently asked questions regarding COVID-19 vaccination can be found at https://kkk.kriis.ee/en »

What is an infectious disease?

infectious diseases are caused by viruses and bacteria, toxins secreted by them, protozoa and disease-causing fungi.Infectious diseases are spread from person to person through the air, blood, hands and objects, sometimes through food, drink or soil, and also through sexual contact. They can be carried by ticks, mosquitoes, fleas, lice and larger animals. The disease depends on many factors: the state of human health, the method and duration of contact with the pathogen, the presence of immunity. Vaccination provides protection against many infectious diseases.

How does the immune system protect against infection?

To defeat an infectious disease, the immune system must first recognize the causative agent of the disease. This is done by white blood cells (leukocytes), and they also begin to produce antibodies corresponding to the virus or bacteria. Antibodies serve two purposes:

• attack the causative agent of the disease in order to destroy it and defeat the infection;
• protect a person from this disease in the future.

Antibodies do not start to be produced immediately, as soon as a person becomes infected, this usually takes 2-3 weeks. At the next meeting with the same pathogen, the immune system is already ready to neutralize it and reacts faster.In this case, an infectious disease does not arise or is mild, that is, a person receives immunity against this disease.

If I have been ill (s), does the immunity last for life?

In the case of some diseases, to transfer means to obtain long-term or even lifelong immunity. In this case, the person does not get sick with this disease anymore.

However, immunity against many infectious diseases does not last long. There are several reasons for this.First, the causative agent of the disease can change its structure in such a way that the immune system ceases to recognize it. Secondly, the “memory” of the body about the fight of the immune system against the causative agent of the disease may be short-lived, and over time, immunity is lost.

How do vaccines protect against infectious diseases?

Vaccination is a close to natural way of forming immunity. The vaccine contains particles of disease-causing viruses or bacteria that can be recognized by the immune system.The disease itself is not formed in this case. Thus, as a result of vaccination, the same immunity is developed as in the case of a previous illness, only without risk and suffering.

If a person vaccinated against a disease becomes infected, his immune system is immediately ready to defend the body. The causative agents of the disease are destroyed before they have time to multiply in the body. As a result, the further spread of the infection stops. However, this shield only works when a sufficient number of people are vaccinated.In parallel with the decline in the number of vaccinated residents, disease outbreaks have re-emerged in many European countries. Measles is a striking example of this.

Why vaccination is needed?

Preventing illness is always better and easier than transferring it. Vaccination is a very effective and safe way to protect both children and adults from the serious consequences of infection.

Vaccination helps to stop the spread of diseases and is especially needed for those who, for whatever reason, cannot be vaccinated.

The impact of vaccination on the spread of infectious diseases in Estonia can be seen in the following infographic. (viide sektsioonile “Vaktsiinide ajalooline mõju”) As we can see, the years of effective vaccination work have led to the fact that some dangerous diseases in Estonia have practically disappeared. Unfortunately, this is accompanied by a false sense of security, as if nothing else needs to be done. The fact, however, is that infectious diseases are just as dangerous as ever, and when given the chance, they lead to many very unpleasant consequences.

Why are vaccinated from infancy?

Because many diseases are especially difficult in infants. For example, more than half of cases of severe illness caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B occur in children under the age of one year, and whooping cough is also most dangerous for the smallest. Hepatitis B infection in infants and young children is more likely to result in chronic inflammation and cirrhosis of the liver.You can read more about vaccination of children here.

Why re-vaccination is needed against certain diseases?

Repeated vaccination is needed to ensure the formation and maintenance of reliable immunity. The number of doses of vaccine and the frequency of vaccination required for the formation and maintenance of immunity have been established by clinical studies.

Does immunity develop immediately after vaccination?

As a rule, after a vaccine is administered, it takes two to three weeks for immunity to develop.In some cases, the immune memory needs a “reminder” in the form of re-vaccination. After that, the body is ready to meet the causative agent of the disease.

Why do vaccinated people sometimes get sick?

Vaccines, like other drugs, are not 100% effective. This means that a few vaccinated people do not develop enough protective cells and remain at risk. The possibility of getting sick increases with poor health, for example, in the presence of a disease accompanied by immunodeficiency.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that not all vaccines provide lifelong protection.

What vaccines are there?

There are several types of vaccines:

• Live vaccines contain weakened, but live microorganisms that are not capable of causing disease, but provide the immune system with enough information to develop protective cells. For example, measles, mumps and rubella vaccines are live.
• Inactivated, or killed, vaccines contain a neutralized pathogen that also provides the immune system with enough information to generate the necessary protective cells.Inactivated vaccines are used, for example, to form immunity against polio.
• Component vaccines contain single, precisely selected antigens necessary for the formation of reliable immunity. Component is, for example, an acellular, that is, acellular pertussis vaccine, which contains three antigens; Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine containing two different antigens; hepatitis B vaccine containing one antigen. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines also contain one antigen each.

What are in vaccines?

In addition to particles of pathogens, that is, antigens, vaccines contain very small amounts of excipients necessary to increase their effectiveness and safety. There is no toxic effect in such small amounts of substances. A complete list of vaccine excipients can be found in the package insert.

How effective are vaccines?

Vaccine efficacy is assessed based on the following:

• the number of vaccinated people who have developed antibodies necessary for immunity;

90,079 is the number of people in whom vaccination prevented the disease.

Vaccines are very effective – thanks to them, the incidence (viide sektsioonile “Vaktsiinide ajalooline mõju”) of certain diseases has been significantly reduced or has disappeared altogether. Most vaccines given to children produce immunity in 90–99% of patients. If a vaccinated child does become infected, he suffers a mild illness.

Are vaccines safe?

Vaccine safety can be found under the appropriate heading.

Is it true that vaccination causes disease?

Vaccines do not cause infections with infectious diseases, since they contain only inanimate or weakened pathogens or their particles, which are incapable of causing an infectious disease.

As far as is known, vaccines do not affect other diseases either. Of course, sometimes vaccination coincides with the appearance of any health problem.

About 14,000 children are born in Estonia every year. Therefore, the likelihood that the occurrence of any health problems will coincide with the vaccination is quite significant. Vaccines and their effects have been extensively and extensively researched, and there is currently no evidence of a link between vaccinations and autism, diabetes mellitus, sudden infant death, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and many other diseases and health conditions.

Does vaccination weaken or damage the immune system?

Vaccination strengthens the immune system and increases its readiness to defend the body against a specific pathogen. Subsequently, the immune system works the same way as before.

Can vaccination overload the immune system?

Vaccination puts a reasonable strain on the immune system. There are much fewer components in modern complex vaccines than in disease-causing microorganisms.For example, a complex vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, Haemophilus influenzae and poliomyelitis has less than 25 components, including antigens, and in the bacterium that causes whooping cough, about 3000 antigens.

The immune system of a person, including a newborn or infant, is strong enough to benefit from vaccines. The baby comes into contact with many microorganisms at birth and after, and his immune system provides protection. Vaccine antigens are a drop in the sea of ​​other antigens.

Can vaccination during pregnancy harm the fetus?

Vaccination of pregnant women is needed, since infectious diseases threaten expectant mothers. It gives confidence in protecting even the unborn child. Pregnant women are vaccinated only with inactivated vaccines, that is, they do not contain live microorganisms.

When are they not vaccinated?

There are few contraindications for vaccination.If a person is known to be hypersensitive to any vaccine or component, the vaccine is not given. Live vaccines are contraindicated during pregnancy and in cases of severe immunodeficiency.

If a person is sick with a high fever or without a fever, but the illness is difficult, vaccination is postponed until he recovers. A mild illness (such as a runny nose) is not a contraindication to vaccination.

Do vaccines have side effects and what are they?

Like other drugs, vaccines can have side effects.However, they are usually quite lightweight.

Doctors know these side effects, their causes and when they occur, and can advise on how to proceed. Information on the potential side effects of vaccines can be found on the Department of Medicines website.

You can read more about side effects in general here, and about the recommendations for this case here.

What to do if a health problem occurs after vaccination?

Carefully monitor the health (yours or your child’s) within 24 hours after vaccination.If necessary, contact your family doctor or call the family doctor consultation number 1220. For urgent medical attention, call the emergency number 112.

You can read more about what to do if you experience side effects here.

What diseases can I be vaccinated against?

In Estonia, within the framework of the immunization program, they vaccinate against tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B, rotavirus infection, against human papillomavirus (HPV), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, measles, mumps and rubella.

Effective vaccines are available against viral hepatitis A, influenza, pneumococcal infection, tick-borne encephalitis, cholera, chickenpox, shingles, rabies, and meningococcal disease.

When traveling to certain regions of the world, it is important and sometimes mandatory to be vaccinated against travel-related infectious diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, typhoid fever or yellow fever.

Read more about vaccine-preventable diseases here.

Can several vaccines be given at the same time?

Typically, different vaccines can be given at the same time. For the human immune system, this is always quite feasible.

Why is it important to adhere to the vaccination schedule for the immunization program?

The goal of vaccination is to prevent infectious diseases. Therefore, it must be passed before contact with the causative agent of the disease. That is why vaccination begins as early as childhood.

In addition to the risk of illness, ignoring the vaccination program may mean that you will have to pay for the vaccinations yourself (in the case of vaccines included in the immunization program, and the timely vaccination, the costs are borne by the state).

What to do if the vaccination schedule was not met?

If vaccinations were not given or were received at the wrong time, it is worth consulting with your family doctor. There is always an option to continue vaccination.

Where can I get detailed information on vaccinations?

For more information on vaccinations, contact your family doctor or family nurse.

Rospotrebnadzor explained which vaccines are prohibited during pregnancy

Pregnancy is not a contraindication to vaccination, Rospotrebnadzor experts explain. At the same time, they note that it is not advisable to vaccinate in the first trimester of pregnancy. But in the II and III trimesters it is possible and even necessary.

If the expectant mother is vaccinated against influenza, this will provide children in the first months of life with effective protection against this virus.The flu vaccine will protect the woman herself from complications that can lead to adverse consequences for both the pregnant woman herself and her unborn child. So, if a woman gets sick with the flu and it leads to pneumonia, then it will be very difficult to treat this complication, since many medications are contraindicated while waiting for the child.

“Annual vaccination of pregnant women against influenza has no contraindications, does not adversely affect either the condition of the pregnant woman or the fetus,” the Rospotrebnadzor emphasizes.They also note that in emergency situations, when an animal is bitten, it is allowed to administer rabies vaccine to a pregnant woman. This is vital, since the development of infection in 100% of cases is fatal. The rabies vaccine does not contain live viruses and is therefore safe to use. In case of severe bites and injuries, a specific immunoglobulin is additionally administered.

But there are vaccines that are categorically contraindicated for pregnant women. So, expectant mothers cannot be vaccinated against tuberculosis (BCG), meningococcal infection, measles, rubella, mumps (MMR), chickenpox, typhoid fever.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is given to adults once every ten years. Therefore, if during the past ten years a woman has not been vaccinated against these infections, then when planning pregnancy, she needs to do another revaccination with the drug ADSM (diphtheria-tetanus toxoid). In addition, in case of injury, animal bite, emergency tetanus prophylaxis is carried out.

Six months before pregnancy, it is recommended to vaccinate against hepatitis B.You can get it through unsterilized medical and cosmetic instruments (for example, during a manicure), through household contact with the blood of an infected person, through sexual intercourse, etc. The hepatitis B vaccine also does not contain live virus, so it is safe for the fetus. During pregnancy, hepatitis B vaccination is only recommended for women at high risk. For example, employees of beauty salons.

It is recommended to vaccinate against rubella, measles, mumps (MMR) 3-6 months before the planned pregnancy.After all, for example, measles carried during pregnancy increases the risk of premature birth. A woman can have a stillborn child. Rubella in a pregnant woman often causes fetal abnormalities. Mumps, transferred in the first trimester of pregnancy, can also affect the unborn child in the most sad way and even lead to his death in the womb.

One month before pregnancy, it is recommended to vaccinate against chickenpox.This is also a very formidable infection that can cause visual pathology, as well as a delay in the mental and physical development of the child.

Typhoid fever – symptoms, treatment, causes of the disease, first signs

Description

Typhoid fever is an acute cyclical intestinal anthroponous infection. It develops after the entry of the pathogenic bacterium Salmonella typhi into the body using alimentary transmission routes. This means that the mode of movement of the pathogen is carried out from the infected organism to the susceptible immunity.It can get inside through contaminated water, food, or dirty hands. That is why it is important to follow the basic rules of personal hygiene.

After infection, a person feels a feverish state, and the body is subjected to general intoxication. Typhoid status gradually develops in the body, roseolous eruptions appear on the upper layers of the epidermis, as well as specific damage to the lymphatic system in the lower parts of the small intestine.

Features of bacteria Salmonella typhi

The main causative agent of typhoid fever Salmonella typhi is an active gram-negative bacillus, which has slightly rounded ends.It dyes well if aniline dyes are used to detect it. After entering the body, the bacterium begins to produce endotoxin, which is considered pathogenic only for humans, the process proceeds without the formation of spores.

Salmonella is quite resistant to environmental conditions. It can be found in bodies of water where there is fresh water. The bacterium retains its vital activity for one month if it is in a liquid. But if it is placed in a milky environment, the bacteria begin to actively multiply and gradually accumulate.

In what ways can you get typhoid fever?

The mechanism of transmission of typhoid fever occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Patients with this condition can transmit bacteria through the water supply after going to the toilet. The patient’s stool contains a huge number of pathogens, which are well preserved in water.

Some people have a mild type and degree of typhoid fever, so they do not even know about its existence.It is also difficult to identify her in everyday life. As a result, they remain carriers of very dangerous microorganisms for a long time.

Bacteria tend to multiply in the gallbladder, ducts and liver. The carrier of typhoid fever Salmonella typhi may not have any signs or symptoms, so he is unaware of his illness and is a danger to healthy people. The causative agents of the disease retain their viability well in wastewater.

Types of typhoid fever

Increasingly, people are faced with the following types of typhoid fever:

• Typhus.It belongs to a separate group of infectious diseases, which in most cases develop after rickettsiae enter the body. The main carriers of the disease from sick to healthy people are body lice, head lice or pubic lice, which can spread head lice. There are several varieties of this disease – this is the epidemic typhus of rickettsia species R. mooseri and Rickettsia prowazekii. Mice and lice act as pathogens and carriers of infections.
• Relapsing fever.This term is used to designate the pathogenic spirochetes of the disease when lice and ticks are carriers. In this case, an infectious disease of typhoid fever occurs with alternating symptoms. A person can suddenly feel an attack of fever, after which the body temperature returns to its normal value.
• Typhoid fever (dysentery). This is an infectious disease or intestinal anthroponosis, which begins to develop after the salmonella bacteria enter the body.There are several clinical forms of this disease – typical and atypical.

There are also several stages of typhoid fever – mild, moderate and severe. For any manifestations of this disease, you must seek qualified medical help. It is also worth constantly observing the rules of personal hygiene, especially in public places.

In the initial phase of typhoid fever, the patient feels a lack of appetite, severe headaches, weakness, malaise, fever, diarrhea and a state of apathy.If you do not take any measures in time, then a person may face a repeated relapse of typhoid fever.

Are there complications with typhoid fever?

If you do not consult a doctor in time, the disease can develop into a more severe form, which will complicate the treatment and recovery of the patient. Several centuries ago, even before the introduction of chloramphenicol into medicine, typhoid fever caused the development of a severe degree of asthenia, and led to rapid weight loss and malnutrition.In extremely severe forms of the course of the disease, patients had internal intestinal bleeding and perforation of the large intestine.

In the first case, erosion of blood vessels in Peyer’s patches occurs, as well as in places where there is a high accumulation of mononuclear cells in the intestinal walls. Patients report the appearance of blood streaks in the feces. Profuse bleeding occurs three weeks after the onset of the disease. The main clinical sign to look out for is a rapid drop in blood pressure, blood pressure, and body temperature.These are specific complications of typhoid fever that need immediate attention.

Intestinal perforation implies the development of a pathological process in the lymphoid tissue. Gradually, the infection spreads to the muscle and serous layers of the intestinal walls, as a result of which its perforation occurs. Antimicrobial drugs help to cope with clinical manifestations in the shortest possible time, as well as prevent complications.

The bacillus of typhoid fever in some cases is localized in any internal organs, where it causes the formation of a local purulent process.These processes cause the development of meningitis, chondritis, periostitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, and pyelonephritis.

The most common complications include pneumonia, which forms after a bacterial infection enters the body.

Which doctor should I contact if I suspect typhoid fever?

If a person has noticed the first symptoms of typhoid fever, then you should immediately seek advice from an infectious disease specialist. He will carefully listen to all the patient’s complaints and prescribe a full examination to determine the causative agent of the disease.The specialist will definitely pay attention to the medical history, and also determine the epidemiological history. This includes determining contact with infected patients or travel to infected areas. Often, the doctor may require additional examination, after which he will prescribe the necessary treatment.

To determine typhoid fever, you will need to pass culture and smears for microflora, perform PCR diagnostics, biochemical analysis and blood markers. It is important to remember that the incubation period of typhoid fever is about two weeks, after which the disease begins to develop in an acute form.It is necessary to determine the disease in time for a quick recovery.

Typhoid fever in children

There are many ways of transmission of typhoid fever, and young children often do not wash their hands well after a walk, so Salmonella infections can easily enter the intestines. Parents will be able to notice the first symptoms very quickly. The child’s behavior and condition change, he becomes lethargic, physical activity decreases, as well as the attitude towards favorite toys.

The acute form of typhoid fever in children is characterized by the appearance of high fever, fever, pronounced symptoms of intoxication, as well as the detection of roseolous rashes on the skin.Children, unlike adults, are more likely to face negative consequences, so it is important to turn to an experienced infectious disease specialist in time for qualified help.

Children are in need of compulsory hospitalization, where they will receive comprehensive treatment and select a special diet. At the same time, it is important to observe thorough oral hygiene, as well as take care of the skin in order to protect yourself from the development of stomatitis.

Symptoms

Photo: 2health.ru

Symptoms of typhoid fever depend on the clinical form and severity of the disease.There are typical and atypical (abortive, erased) forms, different types of the course of the disease: recurrent, cyclic. Typhoid fever symptoms change as the disease progresses:

• Incubation period. It is characterized by general weakness, nausea, feeling of weakness. It can last from three days to three weeks.
• Temperature rise. The increase in temperature is gradual, it can reach 40 degrees in a week after the first symptoms of the disease appear in children.
• Rash on the abdomen and chest. The rash with typhoid fever is not bright, round, has clear contours. Appears after two weeks of illness.
• Intoxication of the body. The patient develops dizziness, weakness, delusional states, sweating.
• Lesions of the small intestine, lymph nodes. With typhoid fever, the doctor pays attention to Padalka’s syndrome. When tapping the abdominal wall, the specialist may note that the sound changes in the lower right section. Pain in the lower abdomen appears.
• Damage to the liver, spleen. The liver enlarges, the person develops jaundice.

If not treated, intestinal bleeding may develop with typhoid fever. The disease is dangerous for its complications: peritonitis, meningitis, cholecystitis and other consequences.

The initial stage of the disease

In adults, symptoms of typhoid fever begin to appear during the incubation period. Patients report malaise, weakness, loss of appetite, headaches and muscle pain.The temperature is kept in the range of 37.5-38.5 degrees, rising in the evening.

Peak Sickness

The patient’s condition is deteriorating rapidly, with typhoid fever the temperature can reach 39.5-40 degrees. Patients complain of a number of unpleasant symptoms:

• insomnia, lack of appetite;
• thirst, dry mouth, bitterness on the tongue;
• increased heart rate;
• sweating;

90,079 pain in muscles and joints;

90,079 pain in the abdomen, bloating;

• lethargy, loss of consciousness.

The timing of the appearance of a rash with typhoid fever ranges from one week to two. The rash is pinkish, with clear contours, most often at the bottom of the chest, on the sides, and above the abdomen. The elements of the rash do not cause discomfort to the patient. The spots disappear after 3-5 days, it is possible to add new elements, the skin remains slightly pigmented for a short period of time.

In the acute period of the disease, the spleen and liver are enlarged. The patient’s face becomes pale, puffy. With typhoid fever, an unstable stool is noted.Constipation alternates with diarrhea. If a complication develops, bleeding occurs in the intestines, bloody diarrhea.

In case of a severe course of the disease, specialists diagnose “typhoid status” in patients, which is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• loss of consciousness;
• lethargy;
• patient confuses day and night;
• hallucinations;

90,079 delirium;

• trembling in the limbs;
• muscle spasms and cramps.

Reasons for the development of complications: lack of treatment, severe manifestations of the disease.

Extinction of symptoms

The acute period of typhoid fever can last about two to three weeks, then the gradual extinction of typhoid manifestations begins. The temperature gradually decreases to normal, the stool is normalized, the symptoms of intoxication disappear. The tongue of patients is cleared of plaque, appetite appears. It is recommended that patients get up only 7-10 days after the temperature has returned to normal.

Complications

If a patient with typhoid fever is not provided with timely medical care, with a significant decrease in immunity, complications may develop.

• Intestinal bleeding.
• Perforation of the wall of the small intestine – occurs in the case of excessive development of salmonella.
• Meningoencephalitis. The nervous system and the brain are affected.
• Peritonitis. The peritoneal mucosa becomes inflamed.
• Renal failure.
• Typhoid psychosis. It is characterized by a disorder of the patient’s nervous system.
• Pneumonia. It occurs due to the lack of movement of a patient with a high temperature.
• Cholecystitis. Damage to the biliary tract.
• Myocarditis. Disruption of the heart muscle.
• Osteomyelitis. Damage to bone tissue, joints.
• Damage to the urinary tract.
• Lethal outcome.

After recovery, the causative agent of typhoid fever can live for a long time in the bile ducts, the human duodenum.Therefore, often a patient who feels completely healthy, is dangerous to others, can infect healthy family members. Salmonella bacteria can be excreted in the feces for over a year.

Prevention, adherence to hygiene rules will help to exclude the defeat of typhoid fever: washing hands after each visit to the toilet, extermination of flies in the premises. If a person’s work involves contact with patients with typhoid fever, it is advisable to get vaccinated.

Diagnostics

Photo: lebzdrav.ru

Salmonella is the main causative agent of typhoid fever. The bacterium enters the human body through the mouth. Further, the microbe passes through the large intestine and lymph nodes. It is at this stage that bacteria multiply and enter the circulatory system. In this regard, intoxication syndrome develops.

Diagnosis of typhoid fever: external signs

External indicators are very important in detecting typhoid fever. At the initial stage (duration of the disease 3-5 days), the patient’s body temperature will reach the highest rates.The face is swollen, the skin is dry, bluish, pimples in the form of roseola may appear in the chest area.

The patient’s tongue is swollen and dry, at the base covered with a blue-gray film, teeth imprints can be found along the edges. At the same time, the abdomen is swollen, there is a rumbling, pain. An analysis for typhoid fever in the first 2 days shows a normal white blood cell count. At the last stage of the disease, lymphocytosis, leukopenia, a significant increase in ESR and neutropenia are found.

Diagnosis by laboratory tests

The most reliable method in detecting the disease is to determine the amount of salmonella blood culture secretion.Early diagnosis allows you to get positive results during the entire period of the patient’s febrile state.

Bacterial analysis for typhoid fever should be performed daily for 3 days. It is recommended to carry out the examination on the 1st day before taking antimicrobial drugs. Blood for typhoid fever is taken from the patient in an amount of 5-10 ml per 100 ml of bile-containing medium. For the purpose of diagnostics, analyzes are carried out until the patient’s temperature indicators return to normal.Pus, sputum, exudate fluid, and stool are also subject to research. They are usually taken for analysis at the 2nd or 3rd week from the onset of the disease. Studies can be repeated if necessary every 5-7 days.

It should be said that the bacterial bacillus that caused the disease can be found in urine and feces not only in a patient with typhoid fever, but also in bacteria carriers during any febrile conditions.

Serological examination for typhoid fever is also of great importance in diagnosis.Research is carried out 7-10 days from the onset of the disease. Serodiagnosis of typhoid fever is aimed at detecting the accumulation of O-antibody titer.

Thus, a positive response with the Vi type antigen indicates a long-term carrier of the pathogen. A positive reaction to typhoid fever with the H-antigen indicates that the patient had suffered an illness earlier, or he was vaccinated. Recently, more and more often the disease is diagnosed using ELISA.

Examination for typhoid fever is carried out by taking feces and bile for analysis.In this case, the diagnosis is aimed at identifying typhoid paratyphoid carriage.

Remember: only a doctor should make a diagnosis, since many of the abdominal signs correspond to symptoms of other diseases. Self-diagnosis (and even more so, treatment) can lead to irreversible consequences.

Specific prophylaxis of the abdominal type consists in compulsory vaccination, enriched with Vi-antigen. Vaccination is carried out for adults and children under 7 years of age.Compulsory and assorted vaccination against typhoid fever is carried out for children under 15 years of age and adults.

With regard to non-specific prophylaxis, in this case, general sanitary measures should be taken to combat flies (frequent carriers of bacteria), improve the quality of water supply and sanitary cleaning of settlements, etc.

Treatment

Photo: cbroadcasting.net

Typhoid fever is diagnosed and treated by infectious disease doctors.All patients undergo inpatient therapy. Hospitalization is compulsory for the following reasons:

• the disease is infectious;
• there is a risk of contamination of others;
• development of dangerous complications is possible;
• Having quality care is the key to a complete successful recovery.

Patients are prescribed a special diet. Etiotropic and symptomatic therapeutic measures are carried out. Treatments for typhoid fever are aimed at neutralizing the infection, increasing the body’s immunity and preventing the transmission of an infectious disease.It is also necessary to pay attention to prevention.

Dieting

Therapeutic food has a gentle effect on the intestines and does not cause fermentative (putrefactive) processes after consumption. For food to be easily digested, it must be semi-liquid (broths, soups) or wiped through a sieve. The diet for typhoid fever is high in calories. Frequent consumption of food in small portions is recommended. Plentiful drinking is indicated, preferably warm tea.

Nursing care

In addition to the above measures, the patient is recommended to bed rest for a period of 7-10 days.The instructions must be strictly followed, otherwise the tension of the abdominal muscles may lead to bleeding or bowel perforation. Subsequently, a gradual activation is carried out. It is necessary to observe hygienic conditions, both in patient care and in nutrition. An extract is allowed no earlier than 23 days from the date of receipt.

Treatment of typhoid fever in children

Children and adolescents with this disease are also subject to compulsory hospitalization in a hospital. Patients are usually isolated in separate boxes in order to prevent the outbreak and spread of infection.

For the period of fever, an infectious disease doctor prescribes bed rest, careful care of the skin and oral cavity. A special diet is prescribed with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, microelements. The specialist uses antibiotics and symptomatic agents in the appropriate age-appropriate dosage. In case of severe intoxication, infusion therapy is performed.

Vaccination

According to epidemiological indications, vaccination of the population is carried out by subcutaneous injection of a liquid anti-typhoid drug into the shoulder.WHO recommends three types of vaccines. Each of them has its own characteristics, a certain adaptation period and dosage.

Vaccination is indicated for those traveling abroad to the countries of Latin America, Africa, Asia. The optimal time to administer the vaccine is a week before the trip. The duration of the vaccination is on average 3 years. If you have a history of this procedure, you should consult with your doctor about the prescription of the previous vaccination and the relevance of the new one.

Prevention of typhoid fever

As part of prevention, the following activities are carried out:

• It is necessary to strictly follow the established sanitary and hygienic rules (from personal hygiene to the organization of water supply).
• Hands should be washed more often with warm water and soap.
• If indicated, an appropriate vaccination should be given.
• In areas with poor sanitation, it is recommended to consume only bottled water.
• At the first signs of illness, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Disease prevention also includes supplying the population with quality water, timely removal of garbage and sewage from settlements, fighting insects, and isolation of the infected.

Medicines

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Treatment of typhoid fever is complex, aimed at combating infection, eliminating intoxication and dehydration, preventing complications. Antimicrobial therapy is carried out using antibiotics and sulfonamides. Medicines are prescribed in tablets; with frequent vomiting, they are administered parenterally. The duration of the course is usually 7-10 days.

Sorbents are used to remove toxins from the intestines.In severe cases and severe intoxication, intravenous infusions of colloidal and crystalloid solutions are indicated. In case of disturbances in the activity of various organs and systems, appropriate symptomatic agents are prescribed: sedatives, drugs to improve the functioning of the heart, vitamin complexes, etc.