What are the primary uses of Effexor. How does Effexor work in the brain. What are the most common side effects of Effexor. Are there any serious risks associated with taking Effexor. How should Effexor be taken for optimal results. What precautions should be taken when using Effexor. Can Effexor interact with other medications.

Understanding Effexor: A Powerful Antidepressant

Effexor, known generically as venlafaxine, is a widely prescribed antidepressant belonging to the class of medications called serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). This powerful drug is primarily used to treat depression and can significantly improve mood, energy levels, and overall interest in daily activities. By helping to restore the balance of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, Effexor offers hope to those struggling with various mental health conditions.

The Mechanism of Action

How does Effexor work in the brain? Effexor functions by inhibiting the reuptake of two crucial neurotransmitters: serotonin and norepinephrine. This action allows these chemicals to remain active in the brain for longer periods, effectively improving communication between nerve cells. This enhanced neural activity is believed to alleviate symptoms of depression and other mood disorders.

Primary Uses and Benefits of Effexor

While primarily prescribed for depression, Effexor has shown efficacy in treating various other mental health conditions. Its versatility makes it a valuable tool in the arsenal of mental health professionals.

• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Social Anxiety Disorder
• Panic Disorder
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Can Effexor be used for off-label purposes? Yes, some healthcare providers may prescribe Effexor for conditions not listed on its official label, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or chronic pain syndromes. However, these uses should always be discussed thoroughly with a medical professional.

Navigating the Side Effects of Effexor

As with any medication, Effexor can cause side effects. It’s crucial for patients to be aware of these potential effects and to communicate any concerns with their healthcare provider.

Common Side Effects

What are the most frequently reported side effects of Effexor? Common side effects include:

• Nausea
• Drowsiness
• Dizziness
• Dry mouth
• Constipation
• Loss of appetite
• Blurred vision
• Nervousness
• Insomnia
• Excessive sweating
• Yawning

These side effects are generally mild and often subside as the body adjusts to the medication. However, if they persist or worsen, it’s important to consult with a doctor.

Serious Side Effects and Risks

Are there any serious risks associated with taking Effexor? While less common, some individuals may experience more severe side effects that require immediate medical attention:

• Easy bruising or bleeding
• Decreased libido or sexual function changes
• Muscle cramps or weakness
• Tremors
• Significant changes in blood pressure
• Serotonin syndrome (a potentially life-threatening condition)
• Increased risk of suicidal thoughts (particularly in young adults)

It’s crucial to seek immediate medical help if any of these serious side effects occur. Healthcare providers should closely monitor patients, especially during the initial stages of treatment or when adjusting dosages.

Proper Usage and Dosing Guidelines for Effexor

To maximize the benefits of Effexor while minimizing potential risks, it’s essential to follow proper usage and dosing guidelines.

Administration Instructions

How should Effexor be taken for optimal results? Effexor is typically taken orally, usually 2 to 3 times daily with food. It’s important to take the medication consistently at the same times each day to maintain steady levels in the body.

Should Effexor be taken with or without food? Taking Effexor with food can help reduce the likelihood of experiencing nausea, a common side effect of the medication.

Dosage Considerations

The appropriate dosage of Effexor varies depending on the individual’s medical condition, response to treatment, and other factors. Healthcare providers often start with a low dose and gradually increase it to find the optimal balance between efficacy and side effects.

Is it safe to adjust the Effexor dosage without consulting a doctor? No, patients should never adjust their dosage without first consulting their healthcare provider. Abrupt changes in dosage can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a worsening of the condition being treated.

Critical Precautions and Warnings for Effexor Users

Understanding the precautions and warnings associated with Effexor is crucial for safe and effective use of the medication.

Antidepressant Warnings

What precautions should be taken when using Effexor? Like all antidepressants, Effexor carries a boxed warning regarding the increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, particularly in children, adolescents, and young adults. Close monitoring is essential, especially during the initial treatment period or when adjusting doses.

Special Populations

Certain groups may require extra caution when using Effexor:

• Pregnant or breastfeeding women
• Elderly patients
• Individuals with a history of bipolar disorder
• Patients with liver or kidney problems
• Those with a history of seizures or glaucoma

These populations may need closer monitoring or dosage adjustments to ensure safe use of the medication.

Potential Drug Interactions with Effexor

Understanding potential drug interactions is crucial for patients taking Effexor to avoid adverse effects and ensure the medication’s efficacy.

Common Interactions

Can Effexor interact with other medications? Yes, Effexor can interact with various drugs, including:

• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
• Other antidepressants, particularly SSRIs
• Blood thinners like warfarin
• NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen)
• Certain migraine medications
• Some pain medications

It’s crucial to inform healthcare providers about all medications, supplements, and herbal products being used to avoid potential interactions.

Alcohol and Effexor

Is it safe to consume alcohol while taking Effexor? Combining Effexor with alcohol is generally not recommended. Alcohol can increase the risk of side effects and may worsen depression symptoms. Patients should discuss alcohol use with their healthcare provider to understand potential risks.

Managing Withdrawal and Discontinuation of Effexor

Proper management of Effexor discontinuation is crucial to avoid withdrawal symptoms and ensure patient safety.

Discontinuation Syndrome

What is Effexor discontinuation syndrome? When Effexor is stopped abruptly or the dosage is reduced too quickly, patients may experience a range of symptoms known as discontinuation syndrome. These can include:

• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Headache
• Irritability
• Electric shock-like sensations (brain zaps)
• Flu-like symptoms

Safe Discontinuation Process

How can Effexor be safely discontinued? To minimize the risk of withdrawal symptoms, discontinuation should always be done under medical supervision. Typically, the dosage is gradually reduced over time, allowing the body to adjust. The tapering schedule depends on various factors, including the current dosage, duration of treatment, and individual patient characteristics.

Is it ever safe to stop Effexor cold turkey? Stopping Effexor abruptly is generally not recommended due to the risk of severe withdrawal symptoms. In rare cases where immediate discontinuation is necessary (e.g., development of serotonin syndrome), it should only be done under close medical supervision.

Long-Term Considerations for Effexor Use

Understanding the long-term implications of Effexor use is essential for patients and healthcare providers to make informed decisions about ongoing treatment.

Efficacy Over Time

Does Effexor remain effective with long-term use? Many patients experience continued benefits from Effexor over extended periods. However, some may develop tolerance or find that the medication’s effectiveness diminishes over time. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers are crucial to assess ongoing efficacy and make necessary adjustments.

Potential Long-Term Side Effects

Are there any long-term side effects associated with Effexor use? While Effexor is generally considered safe for long-term use, some patients may experience persistent side effects or develop new ones over time. These can include:

• Weight changes
• Sexual dysfunction
• Changes in blood pressure
• Increased risk of bone fractures in older adults

Regular monitoring and open communication with healthcare providers can help manage these potential long-term effects.

Alternative Treatment Options

What alternatives are available if Effexor is not suitable or effective? If Effexor proves ineffective or causes intolerable side effects, several alternative treatment options may be considered:

• Other SNRIs (e.g., duloxetine, desvenlafaxine)
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Tricyclic antidepressants
• Atypical antidepressants
• Psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy)
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for severe cases

The choice of alternative treatment depends on individual factors and should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider.

Navigating Insurance Coverage and Cost Considerations for Effexor

Understanding the financial aspects of Effexor treatment can help patients access the medication they need without undue financial burden.

Insurance Coverage

Is Effexor typically covered by insurance? Many insurance plans cover Effexor, but coverage can vary widely. Factors affecting coverage may include:

• The specific insurance plan
• Whether the brand-name or generic version is prescribed
• The presence of other treatment options on the plan’s formulary

Patients should check with their insurance provider to understand their specific coverage for Effexor.

Generic Options

Are generic versions of Effexor available? Yes, venlafaxine, the generic version of Effexor, is widely available and often more affordable than the brand-name medication. Generic versions are required to meet the same quality and efficacy standards as the brand-name drug.

Patient Assistance Programs

What options are available for patients who struggle to afford Effexor? Several resources may help patients access Effexor or its generic version more affordably:

• Manufacturer patient assistance programs
• Prescription discount cards
• State-specific medication assistance programs
• Non-profit organizations offering financial assistance for medications

Healthcare providers or pharmacists can often provide information about these resources.

The Role of Lifestyle Changes in Conjunction with Effexor Treatment

While Effexor can be an effective treatment for depression and other conditions, combining medication with lifestyle changes can often lead to better outcomes.

Complementary Lifestyle Modifications

What lifestyle changes can enhance the effectiveness of Effexor treatment? Several lifestyle modifications can complement Effexor therapy:

• Regular exercise
• Maintaining a balanced diet
• Establishing good sleep habits
• Stress reduction techniques (e.g., meditation, yoga)
• Building a strong support network
• Limiting alcohol and avoiding recreational drugs

These changes can help manage symptoms, improve overall well-being, and potentially enhance the effectiveness of medication.

The Importance of Therapy

Can therapy improve outcomes for patients taking Effexor? Yes, combining Effexor with psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can often lead to better outcomes than medication alone. Therapy can help patients develop coping strategies, address underlying issues, and maintain long-term mental health.

Monitoring and Self-Care

How can patients actively participate in their Effexor treatment? Active participation in treatment can improve outcomes. Patients can:

• Keep a mood journal to track symptoms and medication effects
• Attend all scheduled follow-up appointments
• Communicate openly with healthcare providers about side effects or concerns
• Learn about their condition and treatment options
• Practice self-care and stress management techniques

By taking an active role in their treatment, patients can work collaboratively with their healthcare team to optimize their Effexor therapy and overall mental health management.

Effexor Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing

Warnings:

Antidepressant medications are used to treat a variety of conditions, including depression and other mental/mood disorders. These medications can help prevent suicidal thoughts/attempts and provide other important benefits. However, a small number of people (especially people younger than 25) who take antidepressants for any condition may experience worsening depression, other mental/mood symptoms, or suicidal thoughts/attempts. It is very important to talk with the doctor about the risks and benefits of antidepressant medication (especially for people younger than 25), even if treatment is not for a mental/mood condition.

Tell the doctor right away if you notice worsening depression/other psychiatric conditions, unusual behavior changes (including possible suicidal thoughts/attempts), or other mental/mood changes (including new/worsening anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, irritability, hostile/angry feelings, impulsive actions, severe restlessness, very rapid speech). Be especially watchful for these symptoms when a new antidepressant is started or when the dose is changed.

Warnings:

Antidepressant medications are used to treat a variety of conditions, including depression and other mental/mood disorders. These medications can help prevent suicidal thoughts/attempts and provide other important benefits. However, a small number of people (especially people younger than 25) who take antidepressants for any condition may experience worsening depression, other mental/mood symptoms, or suicidal thoughts/attempts. It is very important to talk with the doctor about the risks and benefits of antidepressant medication (especially for people younger than 25), even if treatment is not for a mental/mood condition.

Tell the doctor right away if you notice worsening depression/other psychiatric conditions, unusual behavior changes (including possible suicidal thoughts/attempts), or other mental/mood changes (including new/worsening anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, irritability, hostile/angry feelings, impulsive actions, severe restlessness, very rapid speech). Be especially watchful for these symptoms when a new antidepressant is started or when the dose is changed.

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Uses

Venlafaxine is used to treat depression. It may improve your mood and energy level, and may help restore your interest in daily living. Venlafaxine is known as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). It works by helping to restore the balance of certain natural substances (serotonin and norepinephrine) in the brain.

How to use Effexor Tablet

Read the Medication Guide provided by your pharmacist before you start using venlafaxine and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Take this medication by mouth as directed by your doctor, usually 2 to 3 times daily with food.

The dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment. To reduce your risk of side effects, your doctor may direct you to start this medication at a low dose and gradually increase your dose. Follow your doctor’s instructions carefully. Take this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take it at the same times each day.

Keep taking this medication even if you feel well. Do not stop taking this medication without consulting your doctor. Some conditions may become worse when this drug is suddenly stopped. Also, you may experience symptoms such as confusion, mood swings, blurred vision, headache, tiredness, sleep changes, and brief feelings similar to electric shock. Your dose may need to be gradually decreased to reduce side effects. Report any new or worsening symptoms right away.

It may take several weeks to feel the benefit of this medication. Tell your doctor if your condition lasts or gets worse.

Side Effects

See also Warning section.

Nausea, drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, loss of appetite, blurred vision, nervousness, trouble sleeping, unusual sweating, or yawning may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor promptly.

Remember that this medication has been prescribed because your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

This medication may raise your blood pressure. Check your blood pressure regularly and tell your doctor if the results are high.

Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: easy bleeding/bruising, decreased interest in sex, changes in sexual ability, muscle cramps/weakness, shaking (tremor).

Get medical help right away if you have any very serious side effects, including: cough that doesn’t go away, shortness of breath, chest pain, severe/pounding headache, black stools, vomit that looks like coffee grounds, eye pain/swelling/redness, widened pupils, vision changes (such as seeing rainbows around lights at night), seizure.

This medication may increase serotonin and rarely cause a very serious condition called serotonin syndrome/toxicity. The risk increases if you are also taking other drugs that increase serotonin, so tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the drugs you take (see Drug Interactions section). Get medical help right away if you develop some of the following symptoms: fast heartbeat, hallucinations, loss of coordination, severe dizziness, severe nausea/vomiting/diarrhea, twitching muscles, unexplained fever, unusual agitation/restlessness.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

In the US – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

Precautions

Before taking venlafaxine, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to desvenlafaxine; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: bleeding problems, personal or family history of glaucoma (angle-closure type), high blood pressure, heart problems (such as heart failure, previous heart attack), high cholesterol, kidney disease, liver disease, seizure disorder, thyroid disease.

This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy or blur your vision. Alcohol or marijuana (cannabis) can make you more dizzy or drowsy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do anything that needs alertness or clear vision until you can do it safely. Avoid alcoholic beverages. Talk to your doctor if you are using marijuana (cannabis).

Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).

Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially bleeding and dizziness when standing. Older adults may also be more likely to develop a type of salt imbalance (hyponatremia), especially if they are taking “water pills” (diuretics). Dizziness and salt imbalance can increase the risk of falling.

Children may be more sensitive to the side effects of the drug, especially loss of appetite and weight loss. Monitor weight and height in children who are taking this drug.

During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. It may harm an unborn baby. Also, babies born to mothers who have used this drug during the last 3 months of pregnancy may rarely develop withdrawal symptoms such as feeding/breathing difficulties, seizures, muscle stiffness, or constant crying. If you notice any of these symptoms in your newborn, tell the doctor promptly.

Since untreated mental/mood problems (such as depression, anxiety, panic attacks) can be a serious condition, do not stop taking this medication unless directed by your doctor. If you are planning pregnancy, become pregnant, or think you may be pregnant, immediately discuss the benefits and risks of using this medication during pregnancy with your doctor.

This drug passes into breast milk and may have undesirable effects on a nursing infant. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Interactions

Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor’s approval.

Some products that may interact with this drug are: other drugs that can cause bleeding/bruising (including antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel, NSAIDs such as ibuprofen/naproxen, “blood thinners” such as dabigatran/warfarin).

Aspirin can increase the risk of bleeding when used with this medication. However, if your doctor has directed you to take low-dose aspirin for heart attack or stroke prevention (usually 81-162 milligrams a day), you should continue taking it unless your doctor instructs you otherwise. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for more details.

Taking MAO inhibitors with this medication may cause a serious (possibly fatal) drug interaction. Avoid taking MAO inhibitors (isocarboxazid, linezolid, metaxalone, methylene blue, moclobemide, phenelzine, procarbazine, rasagiline, safinamide, selegiline, tranylcypromine) during treatment with this medication. Most MAO inhibitors should also not be taken for two weeks before and at least 7 days after treatment with this medication. Ask your doctor when to start or stop taking this medication.

The risk of serotonin syndrome/toxicity increases if you are also taking other drugs that increase serotonin. Examples include street drugs such as MDMA/”ecstasy,” St. John’s wort, certain antidepressants (including SSRIs such as fluoxetine/paroxetine, other SNRIs such as duloxetine/milnacipran), tryptophan, among others. The risk of serotonin syndrome/toxicity may be more likely when you start or increase the dose of these drugs.

Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking other products that cause drowsiness such as opioid pain or cough relievers (such as codeine, hydrocodone), alcohol, marijuana (cannabis), drugs for sleep or anxiety (such as alprazolam, lorazepam, zolpidem), muscle relaxants (such as carisoprodol, cyclobenzaprine), or antihistamines (such as cetirizine, diphenhydramine).

Check the labels on all your medicines (such as allergy or cough-and-cold products) because they may contain ingredients that cause drowsiness. Ask your pharmacist about using those products safely.

Venlafaxine is very similar to desvenlafaxine. Do not take medications containing desvenlafaxine while using venlafaxine.

This medication may interfere with certain lab tests (including urine tests for amphetamines), possibly causing false test results. Make sure lab personnel and all your doctors know you use this drug.

Does Effexor Tablet interact with other drugs you are taking?

Enter your medication into the WebMD interaction checker

Overdose

If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. Symptoms of overdose may include: severe drowsiness, seizures, fast/irregular heartbeat.

Do not share this medication with others.

Lab and/or medical tests (such as blood pressure, cholesterol) should be done while you are taking this medication. Keep all medical and lab appointments. Consult your doctor for more details.

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose. Take your next dose at the regular time. Do not double the dose to catch up.

Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. This copyrighted material has been downloaded from a licensed data provider and is not for distribution, except as may be authorized by the applicable terms of use.

CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.

Venlafaxine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Continuing Education Activity

Venlafaxine is FDA approved to treat and manage symptoms of depression, social anxiety disorder, and cataplexy. Off-label, venlafaxine can be used for attention deficit disorder, fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy, complex pain syndromes, hot flashes, migraine prevention, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Venlafaxine may be used independently or as part of combination therapy with other drugs. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, administration methods, significant adverse effects, contraindications, toxicity, and monitoring, of venlafaxine so providers can direct patient therapy where it is indicated as part of the interprofessional team.

Objectives:

• Identify the approved and off-label indications for venlafaxine.

• Describe the adverse effects associated with venlafaxine, including the FDA black-box warning.

• Summarize the relevant drug-drug interactions of venlafaxine.

• Explain the importance of collaboration and coordination among the interprofessional team and how it can enhance patient care with venlafaxine therapy to improve patient outcomes for patients who have depression and related conditions for which it is indicated.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

Indications

The prevalence of mental disorders in the United States is approximately 30 percent. The global burden of disease statistics shows that four of the ten most important causes of disease worldwide are psychiatric in origin. The pathophysiology behind psychiatric disorders is the imbalance of the complex neurotransmitter system in the brain.   The mainstay of treatment for depression and anxiety has been therapies to modulate these neuron transmitters, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), mixed norepinephrine/serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). This article will focus on venlafaxine, which belongs to the class of antidepressants called serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).[1]

Venlafaxine is FDA approved to treat and manage symptoms of depression, social anxiety disorder,  and cataplexy. Off-label, venlafaxine can be used for attention deficit disorder, fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy, complex pain syndromes, hot flashes, migraine prevention, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.  Venlafaxine may be used independently or as part of combination therapy with other drugs.[2]

Mechanism of Action

Venlafaxine works by increasing serotonin levels, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain by blocking transport proteins and stopping their reuptake at the presynaptic terminal. This action leads to more transmitters available at the synapse and ultimately increases the stimulation of postsynaptic receptors. SNRIs act primarily upon serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons but have little or no effect upon cholinergic or histaminergic receptors. Venlafaxine is a bicyclic phenylethylamine compound.[3] Venlafaxine is a more potent inhibitor of serotonin reuptake than norepinephrine reuptake. Venlafaxine is essentially a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor at 75 mg, and with higher doses such as 225 mg/day, it has significant effects on the norepinephrine transporter in addition to serotonin.

Administration

Venlafaxine is prescribed only for those 18 years and older and should not be used in children under 18. Venlafaxine should be taken with food, and patients should not take it with alcohol as combining alcohol and venlafaxine can lead to increased sedation. 

Venlafaxine comes in an oral tablet and an oral capsule. The oral tablets come in immediate-release (25 mg, 37. 5 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg and 100 mg) and extended-release forms (37.5 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg, and 225 mg.) The immediate-release tablet can be cut or crushed, but the extended-release tablet may not be. Treatment for depression for the immediate release oral table typically starts at 75 mg total per day, given in two or three divided doses.[4] Dosage can increase to 150 mg per day, with a maximum dose of 375 mg per day. The typical starting dose of the extended-release oral tablet is 75 mg per day, taken as a single dose in the morning or evening. This dose can be increased by 75 mg every four days until reaching the maximum dose of 225 mg per day.

Adverse Effects

Venlafaxine causes a lower frequency of anticholinergic, sedating, and cardiovascular side effects but a higher incidence of gastrointestinal complaints, sleep impairment, and sexual dysfunction than TCAs. Additionally, venlafaxine may impair sexual function, resulting in diminished libido, impotence, or difficulty achieving orgasm. Sexual dysfunction frequently results in noncompliance and should be asked about specifically. Sexual dysfunction can sometimes be ameliorated by lowering the dose or instituting drug-free weekends and holidays in appropriate patients. Some patients find withdrawal symptoms uncomfortable.[5]  

Common side effects include: 

• Headache

• Nausea

• Insomnia, dizziness, hypotension, anorexia, somnolence

• Xerostomia

• Asthenia

• HTN

• Impotence, decreased libido, and/or anorgasmia

• Constipation

• Weight loss

• Abnormal dreams

• Diarrhea, abdominal pain

• Blurred vision

• Anxiety, tremor

• Hypercholesterolemia

• Hyponatremia

• Serotonin syndrome[6]

• Seizures

There is an FDA black box warning against venlafaxine as it can increase suicidality, cause depression exacerbation, hypomania/mania, and serotonin syndrome. Venlafaxine can also cause abnormal bleeding, altered platelet function, and anaphylaxis/anaphylactoid reaction. Venlafaxine can cause fatal skin conditions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and erythema multiforme. Venlafaxine can also cause deterioration of glaucoma angle closure and seizures.[7] Venlafaxine has implications linking it to SIADH, HTN, arrhythmia, interstitial lung disease, eosinophilic pneumonia, pancreatitis, and hepatotoxicity. One main concern with SSRIs and SNRIs is the risk of serotonin syndrome, thought to result from hyperstimulation of brainstem 5HT-1A receptors.[8]

Contraindications

Contraindications to venlafaxine include concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Clinicians should not use venlafaxine if there is a history of anaphylaxis, and caution is necessary when combining venlafaxine with other serotonin modulators. Venlafaxine should be used cautiously with other sedating medications such as CNS depressants and alcohol use. Venlafaxine is contraindicated if it causes worsening suicidal ideation, depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Caution is advisable in heart failure patients, hyperthyroidism, and those with recent myocardial infarctions as it can raise blood pressure and increase heart rate. Venlafaxine raises the risk of seizures, and prescribers should avoid the drug in patients with a seizure disorder.[9] Venlafaxine can cause pupillary dilation and block the flow of fluid in the eye, leading to increased ocular pressure. Patients with glaucoma should have their eye pressures regularly monitored while taking venlafaxine. Venlafaxine is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled angle-closure glaucoma.  Venlafaxine is a category C pregnancy drug. Venlafaxine can potentially pass into breast milk and cause side effects in breastfed children and should not be used in pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Monitoring

Venlafaxine can interact with many other medications, vitamins, or herbs.[10] Concurrent use of these agents can cause dangerous effects and are contraindicated with venlafaxine. The following is a brief list of drug interactions with venlafaxine:

• Patients should not take venlafaxine with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), linezolid, and methylene blue.  

• Caution is necessary when using venlafaxine with other drugs that can increase serotonin levels, including SSRIs, SNRIs, and tramadol, as they can lead to life-threatening serotonin syndrome. Other drugs that can raise serotonin include triptans, such as sumatriptan, rizatriptan, and zolmitriptan.

• Venlafaxine should not be combined with drugs for weight loss, such as phentermine. Using venlafaxine with drugs like phentermine may result in excessive weight loss, serotonin syndrome, and heart problems such as tachycardia and hypertension. 

• Venlafaxine with cimetidine raises the risk of high blood pressure or liver disease.

• Venlafaxine with haloperidol raises the risk of QT prolongation.[11]

• Venlafaxine taken with warfarin and anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen (NSAIDs) increase the risk of bleeding.

• Ritonavir, clarithromycin, or ketoconazole can inhibit the breakdown of venlafaxine leading to venlafaxine accumulation in the body.  

• Venlafaxine, taken with zolpidem, lorazepam, and diphenhydramine, can lead to increased sedation. 

• Metoprolol may be less effective when taken with venlafaxine.

• Venlafaxine can cause false positives when testing the patient’s urine for phencyclidine (PCP) and amphetamine. This effect may remain for several days after stopping venlafaxine.

Toxicity

Venlafaxine oral tablet is prescribed for long-term treatment, and it comes with serious risks if not taken as prescribed or stop it abruptly. Abrupt cessation of venlafaxine can lead to serious adverse effects such as irritability, tiredness, restlessness, anxiety,  insomnia, trouble sleeping, nightmares, headache, sweating, dizziness, tingling, or “pins and needles” feeling, shaking, confusion, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.  Symptoms of an overdose of venlafaxine can include: tachycardia, unusual sleepiness, dilated pupils, seizures, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, muscle aches or pains, or dizziness.

Severe toxicity of venlafaxine, especially when combined with other antidepressants such as SSRI, SNRI, or MAOI, can lead to serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is a possibly life-threatening condition associated with increased serotonergic activity in the central nervous system. Serotonin syndrome may present with a spectrum of clinical findings, including autonomic hyperactivity, mental status changes, and neuromuscular abnormalities. Serotonin syndrome characteristically presents with myoclonus, agitation, abdominal cramping, hyperpyrexia, hypertension, and potentially death. No laboratory tests exist to confirm the diagnosis as serotonin concentrations do not correlate clinically with symptoms. Hunter Toxicity Criteria Decision Rules can be used to form the diagnosis.[12] To meet the criteria, the patient must be taking a serotonergic agent and fulfill one of the following conditions patients must exhibit spontaneous clonus

• An inducible clonus must be present, plus agitation or diaphoresis

• The presence of ocular clonus plus agitation or diaphoresis

• Tremor with hyperreflexia

• Hypertonia with a temperature above 38 degrees C plus ocular clonus or inducible clonus

Management of serotonin syndrome involves prompt discontinuation of all serotonergic agents with supportive care aimed at normalizing hemodynamics. Patient sedation with benzodiazepines and serotonin antagonists may also be an option.[8] Cyproheptadine can be an option in the event of a failure with benzodiazepines and supportive care. Cyproheptadine is a histamine-1 receptor antagonist with nonspecific 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A antagonistic properties, with an initial dose of 8 mg. treatment with propranolol, bromocriptine, or dantrolene is not recommended. Serotonin syndrome symptoms usually resolve within 24 hours of discontinuation of the offending agent.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Interprofessional healthcare team members should check the patient’s blood pressure before starting the medication and, additionally, continue to monitor blood pressure while on venlafaxine. Patients on venlafaxine should also have their renal function, and lipid profiles monitored. Close monitoring of psychiatric disorders, including symptoms of suicidality, depression, mania, anxiety, or unusual behavior changes, is a necessary precaution. Exercise care when transitioning from or to monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Do not start venlafaxine within two weeks of stopping an MAOI, and MAOI therapy should not commence within seven days of stopping venlafaxine. Only through close monitoring of the patient can the adverse effects be avoided. This monitoring should have contributions from all clinicians (MDs, DOs, NPs, PAs), nursing staff, and pharmacists, who need to coordinate their activities and openly share patient information to drive therapeutic decisions, minimize adverse events, drug-drug interactions, and optimizing patient outcomes. [Level 5]

Review Questions

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• Comment on this article.

References

1.

Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A. Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018 Jul;19(10):1057-1070. [PMC free article: PMC6340395] [PubMed: 30056792]

2.

Safarova TP, Yakovleva OB, Sheshenin VS, Gavrilova SI. [Methods of augmentation of antidepressant therapy (on the model of complex therapy with the inclusion of actovegin) in gerontopsychiatric hospital]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2018;118(6. Vyp. 2):55-63. [PubMed: 30346435]

3.

Saad MA, El-Sahar AE, Sayed RH, Elbaz EM, Helmy HS, Senousy MA. Venlafaxine Mitigates Depressive-Like Behavior in Ovariectomized Rats by Activating the EPO/EPOR/JAK2 Signaling Pathway and Increasing the Serum Estradiol Level. Neurotherapeutics. 2019 Apr;16(2):404-415. [PMC free article: PMC6554373] [PubMed: 30361931]

4.

Fava GA, Benasi G, Lucente M, Offidani E, Cosci F, Guidi J. Withdrawal Symptoms after Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor Discontinuation: Systematic Review. Psychother Psychosom. 2018;87(4):195-203. [PubMed: 30016772]

5.

Ning J, Luo J, Meng Z, Luo C, Wan G, Liu J, Wang S, Lian X, Melgiri ND, Sun Y, Huang R. The efficacy and safety of first-line therapies for preventing chronic post-surgical pain: a network meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2018 Aug 10;9(62):32081-32095. [PMC free article: PMC6112831] [PubMed: 30174798]

6.

Zhan Z, Cao CS, Huang L. Serotonin Syndrome Induced by a Single Dose of Venlafaxine and Magnesium Valproate. Psychiatr Danub. 2021 Summer;33(2):193-195. [PubMed: 34185746]

7.

Dubovicky M, Belovicova K, Csatlosova K, Bogi E. Risks of using SSRI / SNRI antidepressants during pregnancy and lactation. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2017 Sep;10(1):30-34. [PMC free article: PMC6096863] [PubMed: 30123033]

8.

Schoretsanitis G, Augustin M, Saßmannshausen H, Franz C, Gründer G, Paulzen M. Antidepressants in breast milk; comparative analysis of excretion ratios. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019 Jun;22(3):383-390. [PubMed: 30116895]

9.

Gallagher HC, Gallagher RM, Butler M, Buggy DJ, Henman MC. Venlafaxine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Aug 23;2015(8):CD011091. [PMC free article: PMC6481532] [PubMed: 26298465]

10.

Woroń J, Siwek M, Gorostowicz A. Adverse effects of interactions between antidepressants and medications used in treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Psychiatr Pol. 2019 Oct 30;53(5):977-995. [PubMed: 31955180]

11.

Sertraline and venlafaxine: new indication. Prevention of recurrent depression: no advance. Prescrire Int. 2005 Feb;14(75):19-20. [PubMed: 15751171]

12.

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Bethesda (MD): Mar 15, 2023. Venlafaxine. [PubMed: 30000251]

Disclosure: Dharminder Singh declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Abdolreza Saadabadi declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Immunotherapy for breast cancer

The advent of immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer has made it possible to use the resources of the body to fight the tumor. While traditional chemotherapy drugs attack all the cells of the body, immunotherapy teaches the cells of the immune system to see the “hidden” tumor, remember it and fight it on their own.

Immunotherapy for breast cancer is a new method of treatment. In targeted therapy, drugs attack “targets” responsible for growth and development in a particular tumor. Immune preparations include their own immunity in the fight against a tumor that has escaped from immune surveillance.

Information for men

Unfortunately, men are not immune from breast (breast) cancer. This happens much less frequently, about 1% of the time. Poor education leads to the fact that men go to the doctor with an already advanced tumor. The methods of treatment are the same as for women, so the article will be useful for both sexes.

Approaches to the treatment of breast cancer

In the first stages of the tumor process, surgical treatment and radiation therapy are used. The tumor is removed as soon as possible. Drug therapy here acts as an auxiliary. It helps to reduce the volume of the tumor, prevents metastasis. In the later stages, the presence of metastases, relapses, drug therapy comes to the fore. The arsenal of doctors, once consisting only of toxic chemotherapeutic drugs (cytostatics), has been replenished with targeted drugs. If earlier all cells were attacked, then modern drugs are aimed only at specific “targets”. Targeted drugs are aimed at attacking targets in the tumor to stop growth and development. Immunotherapy for cancer is aimed at helping one’s own immunity.

The work of antitumor immunity

The immune system protects us. He, like a universal army, knows how to fight both with alien agents (viruses, bacteria), and with “traitors” (cells of his own body that have ceased to be normal). “Traitors” cease to perform the functions of normal cells, growth and development are out of control. It is important to stop such cells.

Army of Immunity

The word immunity is understood not as a couple of identical cells, but as a complex system. It has its own laws and roles. Some cells are soldiers (effectors). They hunt for strangers and “traitors”, their task is to destroy the target upon detection. Other antigen-presenting cells, compare scammers. They, having previously encountered danger, remember it (more precisely, its proteins on the surface) and show it to an elite detachment of soldiers. Then this squad will receive information about the appearance of the stranger and permission to eliminate it.

Individual cells act as officers. They decide who to work more actively, who to share, and so on.

The immune system stops seeing the tumor

Traitor cells do their best not to be detected. Cells understand who is in front of them by antigens – molecules on the surface. Based on this marker, the soldiers decide whether to kill the cell or not. By disguising itself, the tumor may not show its antigens to patrol soldiers. It is more profitable for her to get lost among normal cells, continue to use the resources of the body and not be attacked by the immune system.

Sometimes the tumor uses the same antigens that are in the tissues of the body. The immune system normally does not react on itself, therefore it does not attack the mimicking tumor.

The army of immunity is not unlimited. If there are too many tumor cells, the tumor will continue to grow.

It is not enough to notice the tumor, it is important to be able to get close to it. Sometimes mutated cells have a special environment that protects the tumor and reassures the soldiers that the tissue does not need to be touched.

How does immunotherapy work?

Knowing about these processes, we can help the immune system cope with its task. This can be done in various ways, in the article we will consider only those principles that are used in breast immunotherapy.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

The work of soldiers – T-lymphocytes – is to kill cells that are dangerous to the body. On the surfaces of immune cells there are PD-1 receptors (programmed cell death 1, cell death receptors). Some cells secrete PD-L1 and PD-L2 proteins (eng. Programmed death-ligand 1 and 2, programmed cell death ligands PD-L1 and 2). A ligand is comparable to a key. As soon as this ligand interacts with the receptor, the immune cell ceases to “see and understand” that it should attack this cell. Normally, this is necessary for, for example, the course of pregnancy, so that the immune system does not work too actively. The tumor cell takes advantage of this and escapes. It begins to synthesize such a ligand, “turning off” T-lymphocytes.

How these drugs work

Medicines called checkpoint inhibitors help keep immune cells from shutting down. Some can close the PD-1 receptor itself, others can block the PD-L1 and 2 ligands. Immune cells get the opportunity to see and attack the tumor again.

PD1 blocker immunotherapy for breast cancer uses, for example, pembrolizumab (Keytruda). Of the PD-L1 blockers, for example, atezolizumab (Tecentriq) is used.

Lock block

Soldiers’ T-lymphocytes have receptors, “turning on” which blocks the work of the cell. Anti-CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte glycoprotein 4) drugs help prevent blocking of the immune system and maintain its activity. Ipilimumab (Yervoy) belongs to this group of drugs. It has shown itself to be excellent in the treatment of melanoma, while its effectiveness in breast cancer is still being studied.

What are drugs?

Once a special immune (plasma) cell has been taught to produce special antibodies, they are cloned. Preparations from this group are called monoclonal antibodies.

It should be noted drugs, for example, Trastuzumab (Herceptin), Sacytuzumab govitecan (Trodelvi). They are also monoclonal antibodies, but they work as a targeted drug against tumor growth and development.

Teamwork

Immunotherapy for breast cancer has been shown to be excellent when multiple drugs are combined with each other and/or chemotherapy and targeted therapy. For example, in some cases, the use of atezolizumab in combination with the chemotherapy drug nab-paclitaxel (Abraxan) is recommended. Combinations are necessary to achieve a greater effect in each specific situation, although they may be more toxic.

Benefits of immunotherapy

Conventional chemotherapy drugs attack all dividing cells, causing damage to the body. Preparations for immunotherapy are aimed at changing the immune response, which avoids toxic effects. Immunity itself begins to fight against the tumor.

The use of immunotherapy

Such a serious intervention is resorted to when surgery and radiology fail to cope with the process, as well as when metastases, relapses of the disease are detected.

Necessary tests

Before starting therapy, check the condition of the body. They look not only for clinical and biochemical blood tests, but also for hormones. Since drugs work with the immune system, it is important not to miss the presence of a pronounced autoimmune disease. In these conditions, one’s own immunity works too actively and attacks itself.

Molecular Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy

Breast Cancer Immunotherapy works with a specific tumor subtype, so it is important to identify it. After testing, the doctor understands whether it is necessary to prescribe drugs of this group, which ones, in what dosage. Without objective data, it will be like firing a cannon at flying pigeons – expensive, difficult, toxic and useless.

Need help? Fill out an application on the website, we will contact you as soon as possible and answer all your questions about conducting an extended genetic study of the tumor.

Apply for a consultation

Finding the point of application of the drug

When prescribing a PD-L1 inhibitor drug to tumor cells, the doctor must be convinced of the effectiveness of the future treatment. An immunohistochemical method for studying a tumor tissue sample allows you to find PD-L1 on cells, determine their number and activity. These proteins are not present in every tumor, so treatment of a breast tumor with immunotherapy is not suitable for all patients.

Side effects

In the case of breast cancer immunotherapy, it is important to notify the doctor in time about how you feel. The drug is administered intravenously, the process is controlled by the attending physician. However, the treatment lasts for many weeks, some effects may appear delayed. An overactive immune system can trigger autoimmune reactions. It is necessary to immediately report them to the doctor to correct the condition.

Side effects include:

• Skin rash, redness;
• Weakness, fever, body pain, flu-like;
• Nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea;
• Development of a number of autoimmune conditions – eg thyroiditis, hepatitis.

Contraindications

Since drugs affect the immune system, therapy is not used in active autoimmune disease. Also refrain from therapy during pregnancy and lactation. Do not use therapy for serious diseases of the liver and kidneys.

References

1. García-Aranda, Marilina, and Maximino Redondo. “Immunotherapy: A Challenge of Breast Cancer Treatment.” Cancers vol. 11.12 1822. 20 Nov. 2019, doi:10.3390/cancers11121822
2. |Kyte, JA et al. “ICON: a randomized phase IIb study evaluating immunogenic chemotherapy combined with ipilimumab and nivolumab in patients with metastatic hormone receptor positive breast cancer.” Journal of translational medicine vol. 18.1 269. 3 Jul. 2020, doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02421-w
3. Materials published by the National Cancer Institute
4. Tsarev I.L., Melerzanov A.V. REVIEW OF APPROACHES TO IMMUNOTHERAPY IN ONCOLOGY. Research and Practical Medicine Journal. 2017;4(3):51-65. (In Russ.)

How do people feel after being vaccinated against coronavirus?

Posted 27 April 2021, 09:42

Published 27 April 2021, 09:42

Modified 1 September 2022, 03:04

Updated 1 September 2022, 03:04 90 003

April 27, 2021, 09:42

Photo: Mediaholding1Mi

Side effects of the coronavirus vaccine. Patient reviews of the coronavirus vaccine. Reviews of doctors about the vaccine against coronavirus.

What are the side effects of the coronavirus vaccine

Healthy people who have no contraindications to vaccination are unlikely to experience serious side effects. The low likelihood of side effects was identified by scientists during vaccine trials. However, if a person belongs to a certain “risk group”, then the chance of developing side effects increases.

Those who have been ill and who have a large amount of IgG antibodies in their bodies are under attack. If such a person is given a vaccine, then a cytokine storm can occur in his body, the result of which can be an inflammatory process and death. That is why before vaccination it is necessary to take a test and determine the presence of antibodies in the body.

Immunologist Ksenia Bocharova says that most acute reactions are related to a reaction to one specific component used in any vaccine. However, due to the use of modern technologies in the manufacture of drugs, negative reactions occur once in a million. The expert says that delayed reactions are much more common – fever, temperature decrease, local enlargement of lymph nodes or excessive soreness.

People with medical conditions. In some cases, the ban on immunization is temporary. So, if you get ARVI, then after recovery, you need to wait two weeks, after which you can be vaccinated. In the presence of severe allergies, it is impossible to predict how the immune system will react to the components of the vaccine, so the vaccine should be refrained from.

Patients with medical contraindications should also refuse vaccination. Doctors advise those who have been ill with acute respiratory infections not to be vaccinated for several weeks. In addition, the vaccination and its compatibility with the disease should be discussed with your doctor or therapist.

Photo: Mediaholding1Mi

Patient reviews of the coronavirus vaccine

General practitioners working with patients who have had coronavirus believe that Russians, in the majority, consider vaccination a necessary measure to combat the epidemic. Cardiologist, endocrinologist Aleksey Zhito notes that people met the news of widespread vaccination with some enthusiasm, and a queue of people who want to protect themselves from the disease is lining up for vaccination. The doctor emphasizes that his patients turn to him every day for advice and clarify whether they can be vaccinated. However, some patients perceive vaccination very cautiously.

Dr. Gito says that educational work helps with such people. They need to explain that several stages of clinical trials have already been completed and that the drug is safe to use. Vaccines frequently used in Russia – EpiVacCorona and Gam-COVID-Vac – have proved to be positive and are recommended by the world’s leading medical experts as a remedy that protects against infection itself and also facilitates the course of the disease.

Of course, the coronavirus vaccine will have side effects, unfortunately, this is how medicine works and there is no getting around it. In most cases, patients report a flu-like condition – aches, fever, lack of appetite and malaise. In order to reduce the risk of developing side effectors, doctors conduct a conversation with the patient and find out from him a predisposition to certain specific conditions, as well as allergies. In addition, if a person has been in contact with a patient with a coronavirus patient, then he must pass a coronavirus test and check the results to avoid negative consequences. By the way, the discomfort after vaccination does not last more than three days, so this condition can be endured.

Coronavirus Vaccine Testimonials from Doctors

The world’s medical community is unanimous in saying that vaccination is currently the only way to beat the pandemic and bring humanity back to normal. Experts recommend that those who have been vaccinated drink more fluids in order to reduce the stress of the body from the vaccine and reduce the severity of side effects. He also advises to limit the time spent in crowded places, not to overcool or overheat. Of course, it is required to comply with the mask and glove modes.

Experts advise patients who feel unwell to immediately contact their local doctors, especially for people who suffer from chronic diseases.

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Popular Questions and Answers

How long after vaccination can one not be afraid of the disease?

The specialists who developed the Sputnik V vaccine say that thanks to the two-stage vaccination, the antibodies in the blood will protect the carrier for two years after the administration of the drug. But today it is still impossible to say exactly how long the vaccine will work, because both the disease itself and the cure for it are new to the modern world.

Do you get a document when you get vaccinated?

Every vaccinated Russian receives a vaccination certificate. The document contains the personal data of the person, the date of introduction of the vaccine and the name of the drug. This document will greatly facilitate the life of those who are going abroad or traveling around the country.

How long does it take for the side effects of the coronavirus vaccine to appear?

Side effects from the introduction of the vaccine into the body may appear on the third, fifth, seventh, tenth and fourteenth days after the administration of the drug. However, doctors do not exclude that they can also appear immediately after the administration of the drug, then the person will be helped right in the vaccination room, and the reaction itself will be considered an acute post-vaccination reaction.

Experts explain that side effects usually develop within the first day after the injection. Much less often – a reaction to the drug within one or even several days. However, there are separate cases already described when the reaction occurred at a later period. In case of deterioration of health, a person should consult a doctor to get help and normalize his health.

In addition, experts never forget about the possibility of an anaphylactic reaction to the drug, so vaccination is carried out in an office equipped with a first aid kit.

How dangerous are the side effects of the coronavirus vaccine?

Doctors believe that this is still an unanswered question. Vaccines are absolutely new and the solutions that their developers use today were still unknown to mankind yesterday. Too little time has passed since the start of widespread vaccination, which means that there is not yet enough data to study. However, the first results show that there is nothing to be afraid of, now vaccines do not have really dangerous side effects and are relatively easy to tolerate. There was not a single lethal outcome associated with the use of domestic vaccines, and allergic reactions are easily knocked down by antihistamines.

Where to go if side effects of the coronavirus vaccine appear

If after the introduction of the vaccination a person feels unwell and his condition noticeably worsens, then this information should be reported to the local doctor. In the event that the reaction is really strong, you should call an ambulance team and give them all the necessary information.