What is allodynia. How does it differ from normal pain. What are the main types of allodynia. What conditions can cause allodynia. How is allodynia diagnosed and treated.

What is Allodynia and How Does it Affect the Body?

Allodynia is an unusual sensory phenomenon where typically non-painful stimuli trigger pain responses. This heightened sensitivity can make everyday activities like putting on clothes or feeling a cool breeze uncomfortable or even excruciating for those affected. Unlike normal pain responses that protect us from harm, allodynia represents a dysfunction in how the nervous system processes sensory information.

There are three main types of allodynia:

• Tactile (static) allodynia: Pain caused by light touch or gentle pressure on the skin
• Thermal allodynia: Pain triggered by small temperature changes, like a drop of cool water
• Mechanical (dynamic) allodynia: Pain from movement across the skin, such as clothing rubbing against it

Understanding these distinctions is crucial for proper diagnosis and management. While allodynia itself is not a diagnosable condition, it serves as an important symptom that can point to underlying neurological issues or chronic pain disorders.

The Science Behind Allodynia: Nerves and Pain Processing

At its core, allodynia results from abnormal pain processing in the nervous system. But how exactly does this malfunction occur? The answer lies in the complex interplay between our peripheral nerves, spinal cord, and brain.

In a healthy nervous system, specialized nerve endings detect various stimuli and send appropriate signals to the brain. With allodynia, this signaling process goes awry. Non-painful stimuli are misinterpreted as threats, triggering pain responses. This hypersensitivity can stem from various factors:

• Central sensitization: The central nervous system becomes overly reactive to stimuli
• Peripheral nerve damage: Injury or disease affecting sensory nerves
• Neurotransmitter imbalances: Changes in brain chemicals that modulate pain perception
• Genetic factors: Recent research points to genes like PIEZO2 playing a role in tactile allodynia

Understanding these mechanisms helps researchers develop targeted treatments and provides insights into the broader functioning of our pain processing systems.

Common Conditions Associated with Allodynia

While allodynia can occur on its own, it’s often a symptom of underlying health conditions. Recognizing these associations is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. Some of the most common conditions linked to allodynia include:

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and cognitive issues. Many fibromyalgia patients experience allodynia, particularly tactile allodynia. The exact mechanism isn’t fully understood, but it’s believed to involve central sensitization of pain pathways.

Migraine

Migraine sufferers often report increased skin sensitivity during attacks. This cutaneous allodynia can make even gentle touch painful. It’s thought to result from abnormal pain processing in the trigeminal nerve system.

Neuropathic Pain Conditions

Various neuropathic pain disorders can cause allodynia, including:

• Peripheral neuropathy
• Postherpetic neuralgia (a complication of shingles)
• Multiple sclerosis

In these cases, damage to nerves or the central nervous system leads to abnormal pain signaling.

Other Associated Factors

Additional conditions and factors that may contribute to allodynia include:

• Complex regional pain syndrome
• Diabetes
• Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy
• Certain medications, including long-term opioid use
• Traumatic injuries

Recognizing the Symptoms of Allodynia

Identifying allodynia can be challenging, as its symptoms may be mistaken for other pain conditions. However, certain key indicators can help distinguish allodynia from other sensory issues:

• Pain from light touch or pressure
• Burning or tingling sensations in response to non-painful stimuli
• Heightened sensitivity to temperature changes
• Discomfort from clothing or bedding against the skin
• Pain triggered by gentle movements, like brushing hair

The intensity and specific nature of these symptoms can vary depending on the type of allodynia and its underlying cause. For some, the pain may be localized to a specific area, while others experience more widespread sensitivity.

It’s important to note that allodynia symptoms often occur alongside other signs of the primary condition. For example, someone with fibromyalgia-related allodynia might also experience:

• Widespread muscle pain and tenderness
• Fatigue and sleep disturbances
• Cognitive difficulties (often called “fibro fog”)
• Mood changes, including anxiety and depression

Similarly, allodynia associated with migraine may be accompanied by typical migraine symptoms like severe headache, visual disturbances, and nausea.

Diagnosing Allodynia: Challenges and Approaches

Diagnosing allodynia presents unique challenges for healthcare providers. As a symptom rather than a standalone condition, it requires a comprehensive approach to identify the underlying cause and determine the most effective treatment strategy.

Diagnostic Process

The diagnostic journey for allodynia typically involves several steps:

1. Detailed medical history: The doctor will inquire about the nature of the pain, its triggers, and any associated symptoms.
2. Physical examination: This may include gentle touch tests to assess pain responses.
3. Quantitative sensory testing (QST): Specialized tests to measure sensory thresholds and pain responses.
4. Neurological assessment: To check for signs of nerve damage or dysfunction.
5. Imaging studies: MRI or CT scans may be ordered to rule out structural causes of pain.
6. Blood tests: To check for underlying conditions like diabetes or autoimmune disorders.

Differential Diagnosis

Distinguishing allodynia from other pain conditions is crucial. Some conditions that may present similarly include:

• Hyperalgesia: Increased pain sensitivity to normally painful stimuli
• Paresthesia: Abnormal sensations like tingling or numbness
• Neuralgia: Sharp, shooting pain along nerve pathways

Accurate diagnosis requires careful evaluation by a pain specialist or neurologist familiar with these nuanced distinctions.

Treatment Strategies for Allodynia

Managing allodynia often requires a multifaceted approach, targeting both the symptom itself and its underlying cause. Treatment plans are typically tailored to the individual, considering the type and severity of allodynia, as well as any associated conditions.

Pharmacological Interventions

Several medications may be prescribed to alleviate allodynia:

• Anticonvulsants: Drugs like gabapentin and pregabalin can help modulate nerve signals.
• Antidepressants: Certain antidepressants, particularly SNRIs and TCAs, can alter pain perception.
• Topical treatments: Lidocaine patches or capsaicin creams may provide localized relief.
• Pain relievers: In some cases, over-the-counter or prescription pain medications may be recommended.

Non-Pharmacological Approaches

Complementary therapies can play a crucial role in managing allodynia:

• Physical therapy: Gentle exercises and stretches to improve muscle function and reduce pain.
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy: To develop coping strategies and address any psychological aspects of chronic pain.
• Acupuncture: Some patients find relief through this traditional Chinese medicine practice.
• Relaxation techniques: Mindfulness meditation, deep breathing exercises, or yoga may help manage pain responses.

Lifestyle Modifications

Simple changes in daily habits can significantly impact allodynia symptoms:

• Wearing loose, soft clothing to minimize skin irritation
• Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule to support overall pain management
• Identifying and avoiding personal triggers for allodynia flare-ups
• Stress reduction techniques, as stress can exacerbate pain sensitivity

Living with Allodynia: Coping Strategies and Support

Dealing with allodynia can be challenging, impacting various aspects of daily life. However, with the right strategies and support, many individuals successfully manage their symptoms and maintain a good quality of life.

Practical Tips for Daily Living

• Use soft, breathable fabrics for clothing and bedding
• Adjust water temperature gradually when bathing or showering
• Communicate your needs with friends, family, and colleagues
• Plan activities with rest periods to avoid overexertion
• Explore assistive devices that can make daily tasks easier

Emotional and Psychological Support

The chronic nature of allodynia can take a toll on mental health. Consider these support options:

• Join a chronic pain support group to connect with others who understand
• Seek counseling or therapy to address any emotional challenges
• Practice self-compassion and acknowledge the validity of your experiences
• Explore mindfulness techniques to manage stress and improve pain coping

Staying Informed and Advocating for Your Health

Being an active participant in your healthcare can make a significant difference:

• Keep a pain diary to track symptoms, triggers, and treatment effectiveness
• Stay up-to-date on research and new treatment options
• Don’t hesitate to seek second opinions or specialist consultations
• Communicate openly with your healthcare team about your concerns and goals

By combining medical treatments with lifestyle adjustments and a strong support system, many individuals with allodynia find ways to effectively manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

Future Directions in Allodynia Research and Treatment

As our understanding of pain mechanisms and neurological disorders continues to evolve, so too does the landscape of allodynia research and treatment. Scientists and medical professionals are actively exploring new avenues to better diagnose, treat, and potentially prevent this challenging symptom.

Emerging Research Areas

• Genetic studies: Investigating the role of genes like PIEZO2 in pain sensitivity
• Neuroimaging: Using advanced brain imaging techniques to map pain processing pathways
• Biomarker identification: Seeking molecular indicators to aid in diagnosis and treatment selection
• Neuromodulation: Exploring non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to alter pain perception

Promising Treatment Developments

Several innovative approaches are showing potential in allodynia management:

• Targeted drug delivery systems to minimize side effects
• Novel pharmaceutical compounds that modulate specific pain receptors
• Virtual reality therapy for pain distraction and management
• Personalized medicine approaches based on genetic and biomarker profiles

The Role of Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Addressing the complex nature of allodynia requires a collaborative effort across various medical and scientific disciplines. This interdisciplinary approach brings together expertise from:

• Neurology
• Pain medicine
• Rheumatology
• Genetics
• Psychology
• Physical therapy
• Pharmacology

By fostering collaboration between these fields, researchers aim to develop more comprehensive and effective strategies for managing allodynia and related pain disorders.

As research progresses, individuals living with allodynia can look forward to potentially more targeted and effective treatment options in the future. While challenges remain, the growing focus on understanding and addressing this complex symptom offers hope for improved quality of life for those affected by allodynia.

What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

Allodynia happens when you feel pain from actions that aren’t typically painful. It can occur due to certain health conditions, including fibromyalgia and migraine.

Allodynia is an uncommon symptom that can result from several nerve-related conditions.

When you’re experiencing it, you feel pain from stimuli that don’t normally cause pain. For example, lightly touching your skin or brushing your hair might feel painful.

Allodynia is rare, though it’s common in people with neuropathic pain. According to a 2014 study, 15 to 50 percent of people with neuropathic pain experience allodynia.

There are three types of allodynia:

• Tactile (static) allodynia: pain caused by gentle touch or pressure
• Thermal allodynia: a change in temperature that causes pain, such as a small drop of cold water that results in significant discomfort
• Mechanical (dynamic) allodynia: a painful sensation that occurs when a person is affected by typically harmless stimuli moving across the skin, such as light touch

“Allodynia is not itself a condition that is diagnosed — it is a symptom that can be associated with certain types of pain,” says Vivianne Tawfik, MD, PhD, a board certified anesthesiologist and pain medicine specialist with Stanford Hospital and Clinics.

According to Medhat Mikhael, MD, medical director of the nonoperative program at Spine Health Center at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in California, allodynia can result from a “simple touch like a blanket over the painful area or tight cloth.”

To ease allodynia, you will need to treat the underlying cause.

The main symptom of allodynia is pain from stimuli that don’t usually cause pain.

In some cases, you might find hot or cold temperatures painful. You might find gentle pressure on your skin painful. You might feel pain in response to a brushing sensation or other movement along your skin or hair.

Depending on the underlying cause of your allodynia, you might experience other symptoms too.

For example, if it’s caused by fibromyalgia, you might also experience:

• anxiety
• depression
• trouble concentrating
• trouble sleeping
• fatigue

If it’s linked to migraine, you might also experience:

• painful headaches
• increased sensitivity to light or sounds
• changes in your vision
• nausea

Some underlying conditions and lifestyle factors can cause allodynia. It may be linked to:

• fibromyalgia
• migraine headaches
• postherpetic neuralgia, a complication of shingles
• peripheral neuropathy, or damage to a group of nerves
• multiple sclerosis (MS)
• shingles
• opioid use
• chemotherapy
• diet and nutrition factors
• diabetes
• trauma

A 2018 clinical trial indicated that PIEZO2, a gene that controls the sense of touch, may contribute to tactile allodynia.

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a disorder in which you feel muscle and joint pain throughout your body that isn’t related to an injury or a condition, such as arthritis.

Instead, it seems to be linked to the way your brain processes pain signals from your body. It’s still something of a medical mystery. Scientists don’t quite understand its roots, but it tends to run in families.

Certain viruses, stress, or trauma might also trigger fibromyalgia.

Migraine headaches

Migraine is a condition that causes intense pain. Changes in nerve signals and chemical activity in your brain trigger migraine headaches. In some cases, these changes can cause allodynia.

Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy happens when the nerves that connect your body to your spinal cord and brain become damaged or destroyed. It can result from several conditions, such as diabetes.

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a progressive neurologic disorder caused by the loss of myelin, an insulating substance that coats the nerves, spinal cord, and portions of the brain. Damaged nerves transmit abnormal pain signals to the brain. Allodynia is common in MS patients who experience chronic pain.

Chickenpox, shingles, and postherpetic neuralgia

Shingles is a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox.

Postherpetic neuralgia is the most common complication of shingles. Heightened sensitivity to touch is a potential symptom of postherpetic neuralgia.

A 2018 study noted that tactile allodynia was common in people with shingles.

“Any nerve damage, however central or peripheral, can be associated with allodynia,” Mikhael says. “The shingle virus causes damage to the affected nerve.”

Opioid use

Opioid use can induce hyperalgesia, a condition involving amplified pain that can lead to allodynia, according to a 2017 review.

“Opioid exposure causes changes in the central nervous system, which can also lead to an intensification of other sensations of pain, including but not limited to allodynia,” says Seth A. Waldman, MD, MBE, director of the division of pain management at Hospital for Special Surgery.

If a person regularly uses opioids, they may feel they need higher doses to alleviate the pain. Mikhael says this can increase the risk of developing allodynia.

“Excessive use of opioids can cause a paradoxical effect, so instead of the narcotics alleviating pain, it causes you to have even more pain and sensitivity,” he says.

Mikhael notes that several factors contribute to the link between opioid use and allodynia, including:

• brain disorders
• differences in pain processing
• malfunction of opioid receptors

Chemotherapy

Mikhael says chemotherapy can have a toxic effect on nerves, which can result in peripheral nerve damage. Sometimes, this nerve damage causes allodynia.

A 2019 study in mice indicated that chemotherapy could induce mechanical allodynia.

A 2019 paper pointed to research suggesting that mechanical or thermal allodynia frequently occurred in people experiencing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN).

Diet and nutrition

Mikhael notes that vitamin deficiencies can play a role in the development of allodynia. It may also develop as a result of diabetes.

“Vitamin deficiency can cause nerve damage and consequently develop allodynia,” he says. “Correcting and treating deficiencies in vitamins B12, E, B6, folic acid, copper, and B1 are very important. Foods high in fat and sugar tend to aggravate these symptoms even more.”

A 2017 study in mice suggested that high fat diets and obesity were linked to allodynia.

Trauma

Mikhael says even seemingly minor trauma, like spraining an ankle while playing sports, can result in allodynia.

“The trauma can cause an abnormal response and sensitization of the central nervous system,” he says. “Any crushing injury to the extremity or extreme injury like a spinal cord injury can cause allodynia.”

A small 2021 study involving 30 people with post-traumatic headaches suggested 79 percent of participants experienced hypersensitivity. Of those people, 54 percent were affected by tactile and light hypersensitivity.

If you notice your skin has become more sensitive to touch than normal, you can run a self-test to determine whether you may have symptoms of allodynia. To do this:

1. Brush a dry cotton pad on your skin.
2. Apply a hot or cold compress.

If you experience a painful tingling feeling in response to any of these stimuli, you might have allodynia. It’s important to make an appointment with a doctor to confirm this.

Your doctor will go over any underlying conditions, such as diabetes, and ask you about symptoms.

“When discussing with your doctor, come prepared with a description of your pain, as accurate as possible,” says Amanda Persaud, MD, a neurologist with Northwell Health. “The description of the quality of pain is very important when deciphering whether pain is neuropathic, like allodynia.”

Persaud suggests using these terms to describe symptoms, as applicable:

• burning
• throbbing
• constant
• intermittent
• radiating

Tawfik says your doctor will likely run a similar test to your self-examination.

Once a doctor has determined allodynic pain, they can run further tests to find the underlying cause, says William Caldwell, DO, director of the Center for Pain Management at Stony Brook Medicine.

Additional testing for the underlying cause may include:

• blood tests, such as a hemoglobin A1c blood test
• MRI
• electromyography (EMG)

If your doctor suspects you might have diabetes, they will likely order blood tests to measure your level of blood glucose. They might also order blood tests to check for other possible causes of your symptoms, such as thyroid disease or infection.

Mikhael notes that treatment will depend on the underlying cause of your allodynia. Treatments may include:

• oral medications, such as lidocaine (Xylocaine) or pregabalin (Lyrica)
• topical treatments, such as lidocaine ointment or a capsaicin patch
• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as naproxen (Aleve) or indomethacin
• lifestyle changes, like exercise and dietary changes
• cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
• CBD oil
• Sokeikakketsuto (SOKT) for people undergoing chemotherapy
• spinal cord stimulation
• nerve blockers
• surgery

Capsaicin products are commonly used to reduce pain from conditions like arthritis or muscle strains. They can include patches, creams, gels, and ointments.

“Surgery could be an option in cases of nerve entrapment or [central or peripheral] compression,” Mikhael says. “The implantation of neuromodulators can be very helpful in treatment.”

Still, the best course of treatment is often managing the trigger.

“The focus in the treatment of allodynia needs to be on treating the causative condition,” says Lev Kalika, doctor of chiropractic and owner of New York Dynamic Neuromuscular Rehabilitation & Physical Therapy in New York City.

For example, managing diabetes can reduce allodynic pain, while cognitive behavioral therapy can help you cope better with pain and reduce triggers in your lifestyle.

Allodynia is painful, so it’s understandable people want to prevent it, particularly if they have risk factors.

While Caldwell says that allodynia is not entirely preventable, people with underlying conditions connected to allodynia can reduce their risk of it.

“Allodynic pain can develop with uncontrolled diabetes, and strict glycemic control can help to prevent the development of neuropathic pain,” Caldwell says.

“Allodynic pain can often occur after post-herpetic neuralgia [shingles] or trigeminal neuralgia, which are commonly triggered by stress or anxiety,” he says.

Better management of these can lessen the risk of flares of the underlying disease process, he notes.

Tawfik stresses the importance of seeing a doctor as quickly as possible if you’re experiencing abnormal pain.

“Any time someone has pain that outlasts its usefulness or expected post-injury trajectory, a person should see their doctor,” she says.

Caldwell says the underlying cause of allodynia will often determine people’s outlook.

“In many instances, time and proper treatment can decrease or eliminate pain,” he says. “Sometimes more advanced interventional pain procedures are needed to control the pain long term.”

Caldwell also notes allodynia can be chronic or come back, particularly if the underlying cause is not well managed.

What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

Allodynia happens when you feel pain from actions that aren’t typically painful. It can occur due to certain health conditions, including fibromyalgia and migraine.

Allodynia is an uncommon symptom that can result from several nerve-related conditions.

When you’re experiencing it, you feel pain from stimuli that don’t normally cause pain. For example, lightly touching your skin or brushing your hair might feel painful.

Allodynia is rare, though it’s common in people with neuropathic pain. According to a 2014 study, 15 to 50 percent of people with neuropathic pain experience allodynia.

There are three types of allodynia:

• Tactile (static) allodynia: pain caused by gentle touch or pressure
• Thermal allodynia: a change in temperature that causes pain, such as a small drop of cold water that results in significant discomfort
• Mechanical (dynamic) allodynia: a painful sensation that occurs when a person is affected by typically harmless stimuli moving across the skin, such as light touch

“Allodynia is not itself a condition that is diagnosed — it is a symptom that can be associated with certain types of pain,” says Vivianne Tawfik, MD, PhD, a board certified anesthesiologist and pain medicine specialist with Stanford Hospital and Clinics.

According to Medhat Mikhael, MD, medical director of the nonoperative program at Spine Health Center at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in California, allodynia can result from a “simple touch like a blanket over the painful area or tight cloth.”

To ease allodynia, you will need to treat the underlying cause.

The main symptom of allodynia is pain from stimuli that don’t usually cause pain.

In some cases, you might find hot or cold temperatures painful. You might find gentle pressure on your skin painful. You might feel pain in response to a brushing sensation or other movement along your skin or hair.

Depending on the underlying cause of your allodynia, you might experience other symptoms too.

For example, if it’s caused by fibromyalgia, you might also experience:

• anxiety
• depression
• trouble concentrating
• trouble sleeping
• fatigue

If it’s linked to migraine, you might also experience:

• painful headaches
• increased sensitivity to light or sounds
• changes in your vision
• nausea

Some underlying conditions and lifestyle factors can cause allodynia. It may be linked to:

• fibromyalgia
• migraine headaches
• postherpetic neuralgia, a complication of shingles
• peripheral neuropathy, or damage to a group of nerves
• multiple sclerosis (MS)
• shingles
• opioid use
• chemotherapy
• diet and nutrition factors
• diabetes
• trauma

A 2018 clinical trial indicated that PIEZO2, a gene that controls the sense of touch, may contribute to tactile allodynia.

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a disorder in which you feel muscle and joint pain throughout your body that isn’t related to an injury or a condition, such as arthritis.

Instead, it seems to be linked to the way your brain processes pain signals from your body. It’s still something of a medical mystery. Scientists don’t quite understand its roots, but it tends to run in families.

Certain viruses, stress, or trauma might also trigger fibromyalgia.

Migraine headaches

Migraine is a condition that causes intense pain. Changes in nerve signals and chemical activity in your brain trigger migraine headaches. In some cases, these changes can cause allodynia.

Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy happens when the nerves that connect your body to your spinal cord and brain become damaged or destroyed. It can result from several conditions, such as diabetes.

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a progressive neurologic disorder caused by the loss of myelin, an insulating substance that coats the nerves, spinal cord, and portions of the brain. Damaged nerves transmit abnormal pain signals to the brain. Allodynia is common in MS patients who experience chronic pain.

Chickenpox, shingles, and postherpetic neuralgia

Shingles is a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox.

Postherpetic neuralgia is the most common complication of shingles. Heightened sensitivity to touch is a potential symptom of postherpetic neuralgia.

A 2018 study noted that tactile allodynia was common in people with shingles.

“Any nerve damage, however central or peripheral, can be associated with allodynia,” Mikhael says. “The shingle virus causes damage to the affected nerve.”

Opioid use

Opioid use can induce hyperalgesia, a condition involving amplified pain that can lead to allodynia, according to a 2017 review.

“Opioid exposure causes changes in the central nervous system, which can also lead to an intensification of other sensations of pain, including but not limited to allodynia,” says Seth A. Waldman, MD, MBE, director of the division of pain management at Hospital for Special Surgery.

If a person regularly uses opioids, they may feel they need higher doses to alleviate the pain. Mikhael says this can increase the risk of developing allodynia.

“Excessive use of opioids can cause a paradoxical effect, so instead of the narcotics alleviating pain, it causes you to have even more pain and sensitivity,” he says.

Mikhael notes that several factors contribute to the link between opioid use and allodynia, including:

• brain disorders
• differences in pain processing
• malfunction of opioid receptors

Chemotherapy

Mikhael says chemotherapy can have a toxic effect on nerves, which can result in peripheral nerve damage. Sometimes, this nerve damage causes allodynia.

A 2019 study in mice indicated that chemotherapy could induce mechanical allodynia.

A 2019 paper pointed to research suggesting that mechanical or thermal allodynia frequently occurred in people experiencing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN).

Diet and nutrition

Mikhael notes that vitamin deficiencies can play a role in the development of allodynia. It may also develop as a result of diabetes.

“Vitamin deficiency can cause nerve damage and consequently develop allodynia,” he says. “Correcting and treating deficiencies in vitamins B12, E, B6, folic acid, copper, and B1 are very important. Foods high in fat and sugar tend to aggravate these symptoms even more.”

A 2017 study in mice suggested that high fat diets and obesity were linked to allodynia.

Trauma

Mikhael says even seemingly minor trauma, like spraining an ankle while playing sports, can result in allodynia.

“The trauma can cause an abnormal response and sensitization of the central nervous system,” he says. “Any crushing injury to the extremity or extreme injury like a spinal cord injury can cause allodynia.”

A small 2021 study involving 30 people with post-traumatic headaches suggested 79 percent of participants experienced hypersensitivity. Of those people, 54 percent were affected by tactile and light hypersensitivity.

If you notice your skin has become more sensitive to touch than normal, you can run a self-test to determine whether you may have symptoms of allodynia. To do this:

1. Brush a dry cotton pad on your skin.
2. Apply a hot or cold compress.

If you experience a painful tingling feeling in response to any of these stimuli, you might have allodynia. It’s important to make an appointment with a doctor to confirm this.

Your doctor will go over any underlying conditions, such as diabetes, and ask you about symptoms.

“When discussing with your doctor, come prepared with a description of your pain, as accurate as possible,” says Amanda Persaud, MD, a neurologist with Northwell Health. “The description of the quality of pain is very important when deciphering whether pain is neuropathic, like allodynia.”

Persaud suggests using these terms to describe symptoms, as applicable:

• burning
• throbbing
• constant
• intermittent
• radiating

Tawfik says your doctor will likely run a similar test to your self-examination.

Once a doctor has determined allodynic pain, they can run further tests to find the underlying cause, says William Caldwell, DO, director of the Center for Pain Management at Stony Brook Medicine.

Additional testing for the underlying cause may include:

• blood tests, such as a hemoglobin A1c blood test
• MRI
• electromyography (EMG)

If your doctor suspects you might have diabetes, they will likely order blood tests to measure your level of blood glucose. They might also order blood tests to check for other possible causes of your symptoms, such as thyroid disease or infection.

Mikhael notes that treatment will depend on the underlying cause of your allodynia. Treatments may include:

• oral medications, such as lidocaine (Xylocaine) or pregabalin (Lyrica)
• topical treatments, such as lidocaine ointment or a capsaicin patch
• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as naproxen (Aleve) or indomethacin
• lifestyle changes, like exercise and dietary changes
• cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
• CBD oil
• Sokeikakketsuto (SOKT) for people undergoing chemotherapy
• spinal cord stimulation
• nerve blockers
• surgery

Capsaicin products are commonly used to reduce pain from conditions like arthritis or muscle strains. They can include patches, creams, gels, and ointments.

“Surgery could be an option in cases of nerve entrapment or [central or peripheral] compression,” Mikhael says. “The implantation of neuromodulators can be very helpful in treatment.”

Still, the best course of treatment is often managing the trigger.

“The focus in the treatment of allodynia needs to be on treating the causative condition,” says Lev Kalika, doctor of chiropractic and owner of New York Dynamic Neuromuscular Rehabilitation & Physical Therapy in New York City.

For example, managing diabetes can reduce allodynic pain, while cognitive behavioral therapy can help you cope better with pain and reduce triggers in your lifestyle.

Allodynia is painful, so it’s understandable people want to prevent it, particularly if they have risk factors.

While Caldwell says that allodynia is not entirely preventable, people with underlying conditions connected to allodynia can reduce their risk of it.

“Allodynic pain can develop with uncontrolled diabetes, and strict glycemic control can help to prevent the development of neuropathic pain,” Caldwell says.

“Allodynic pain can often occur after post-herpetic neuralgia [shingles] or trigeminal neuralgia, which are commonly triggered by stress or anxiety,” he says.

Better management of these can lessen the risk of flares of the underlying disease process, he notes.

Tawfik stresses the importance of seeing a doctor as quickly as possible if you’re experiencing abnormal pain.

“Any time someone has pain that outlasts its usefulness or expected post-injury trajectory, a person should see their doctor,” she says.

Caldwell says the underlying cause of allodynia will often determine people’s outlook.

“In many instances, time and proper treatment can decrease or eliminate pain,” he says. “Sometimes more advanced interventional pain procedures are needed to control the pain long term.”

Caldwell also notes allodynia can be chronic or come back, particularly if the underlying cause is not well managed.

treatment, symptoms and causes of the disease, diagnostics in the “SM-Clinic”

The surgeon deals with the treatment of this disease

• What is atheroma?
• Atheroma symptoms
• Causes of atheroma
• Atheroma diagnostics
• Atheroma treatment
• Doctors

Atheroma can develop on the excretory duct of any sebaceous gland. The sebaceous glands are everywhere except the soles and palms. There are especially many glands on the face, scalp, back between the shoulder blades, chest, and groin. In some areas of the skin, the number of sebaceous glands reaches 900. Therefore, atheroma can have a variety of localization.

Atheroma – a small cavity, not soldered to the skin, easily moves under the skin. Contains a mushy mass, palpable as an elastic, painless ball. This is the result of blockage of the sebaceous gland. Although the excretory duct is blocked, sebum continues to be produced, gradually expanding the duct.

Atheroma increases in size slowly over several years. Patients apply only because of a cosmetic defect, since there are no painful manifestations. Sizes can reach 10 cm or more.

Symptoms of atheroma

A cyst is defined as a soft, round formation that protrudes slightly under the skin. If the contents of the cyst are liquid, then fluctuation (oscillatory movement) is felt. The skin over the atheroma is stretched so much that it cannot be folded. At the top point, a blocked duct can be seen in the form of a black dot. Atheroma is easy to displace relative to neighboring tissues. Education does not give any unpleasant sensations.

If the atheroma is located in a place of close contact with clothing, then scuffs and signs of inflammation may be present.

When located on the scalp, the hair over the atheroma thins and almost always falls out. Due to constant trauma, necrosis (necrosis) often occurs, ulcers form, and slight bleeding occurs. In some patients, the skin over the atheromas on the head becomes dense, cyanotic and painful to the touch.

Causes of atheroma

Blockage of the sebaceous gland occurs for the following reasons:

• genetic – structural features of the sebaceous glands are such that in some glands there is no excretory duct. In this case, the accumulation of sebum begins even in utero, and the born child is covered with atheromas;
• acne, when the mouth of the excretory duct becomes keratinized, and the secretion of the gland becomes more viscous;
• oily seborrhea, when a large amount of sebum forms on the scalp;
• mechanical damage to the gland – boils, cuts, abrasions, scars, permanent hair removal;
• exposure to ionizing radiation;
• ultraviolet irradiation;
• burns and frostbite;
• various hormonal factors resulting from stress.

Usually several pathological mechanisms work simultaneously in one person.

Thus, a blockage can occur for any reason. The resulting secret stretches the duct, and a cavity is obtained. Vessels and nerves are not affected, and the person does not feel anything. However, over time, a dense capsule of connective tissue forms around the swollen cavity. Attempts to puncture and empty the cyst do nothing, as the contents are recruited again and again.

Complicated atheroma is rare, and complications include suppuration. This happens with mechanical pressure or irritation, as well as after independent attempts to empty the cyst. A connective tissue capsule separates the cavity with its contents from the rest of the tissues, and when you try to squeeze it out, it can collapse, and suppuration passes to neighboring areas.

Get advice

If you experience these symptoms, we recommend that you make an appointment with your doctor. Timely consultation will prevent negative consequences for your health.

You can find out more about the disease, prices for treatment and sign up for a consultation with a specialist by phone:

+7 (495) 777-48-49

Request a call back
Book online

Why SM-Clinic?

1

Treatment is carried out in accordance with clinical guidelines

2

Comprehensive assessment of the nature of the disease and treatment prognosis

3

Modern diagnostic equipment and own laboratory

4

High level of service and balanced pricing policy

Diagnosis of atheroma

Diagnosis is carried out by a dermatologist or surgical oncologist. During the examination, the doctor detects characteristic changes, paying attention to the location, mobility and size. The speed at which the cyst formed matters.

In a difficult case, an ultrasound of the soft tissues is performed at the site of the cyst. On ultrasound, a capsule is visible, inside it is a thin cyst and contents. During ultrasound, atheroma is delimited from other similar formations – hygromas (sweat gland cyst), fibromas (connective tissue), lipomas (benign tumor of adipose tissue).

If there is still doubt about the nature of the cyst, a histological analysis (study of the cellular composition) is performed during surgical removal.

Treatment of atheroma

The treatment is complex, since it is necessary not only to remove the cyst with the capsule, but also to choose skin care products to prevent the formation of new cysts.

If the cyst is inflamed, then before surgical treatment, all measures are taken to stop the inflammation. Antibacterial and disinfectants, agents to reduce the formation of sebum are prescribed.

Operative treatment is possible in two variants:

• classical cystectomy — exfoliation of the capsule with a scalpel with a cosmetic suture;
• radio wave removal – high frequency waves evaporate the liquid from the capsule, as a result, the formation is eliminated. This method is preferable because it is not accompanied by bleeding and scarring, but cannot be used in patients with a pacemaker and the presence of metal structures in the body.
• With festering atheroma, pus is first evacuated and the inflammation subsides, and only then the capsule is husked.

The best prevention of atheroma is to see a dermatologist for any skin changes. After the examination, the doctor selects skin care medications that normalize the production of sebum. The entire range of medical services for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of atheroma is available at the SM-Clinic.

>

Diseases referred by the Surgeon

Soft tissue abscess
liver abscess
Appendicitis
Ascites
femoral hernia
Crohn’s disease
Gangrene
soft tissue hematoma
Giant cell tumor of bone
Hygroma
festering wounds
Hernia
Hernia of the white line of the abdomen
hiatal hernia
Diastasis rectus abdominis
Intestinal diverticulosis
Cholelithiasis
Keratoma
liver cyst
pancreatic cyst
salivary gland cyst
Neck cyst
stab wound
stab wound
Lipoma
Mechanical jaundice
Bowel obstruction
burns
Oleogranuloma
kidney tumor
Acute pancreatitis
Felon
Pancreatic necrosis
Inguinal hernia
Peritonitis
Barrett’s esophagus
Postoperative hernia
Umbilical hernia
Cancer of the extrahepatic bile ducts
Stomach cancer
gallbladder cancer
bowel cancer
adrenal cancer
Parathyroid Cancer
Liver cancer
Esophageal carcinoma
colon cancer
thyroid cancer
Fistula of the gallbladder
Seroma
Thyroiditis
Intestinal injury
vein thrombosis
Thrombophlebitis
Furuncle (boil)
Furunculosis
cholestasis
Cholecystitis
Chronic cholecystitis
Esophageal ulcer
Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum

All doctors

VDNKh metro station

Belorusskaya metro station

Lesnaya, d. 57, bld. 2 m. Sevastopolskaya

m. Chertanovskaya

Krylatskoye metro station

Voykovskaya metro station

Staropetrovsky proezd, 7A, building 22

Clara Zetkin, 33 bldg. 28

Baltiyskaya metro station

Staropetrovsky proezd, 7A, building 22

st. Clara Zetkin, 33 bldg. 28

Maryina Roshcha

Novye Cheryomushki

Vodny Stadion

Ulitsa 1905 Goda

Yugo-Zapadnaya

Sukha revskaya

All doctors

Loading

Licenses

Go to the section of licensesGo to the section of legal information0001

Sometimes a person may find strange lumps on their body that have not been observed before. They can be quite harmless and will go away on their own in a few days. In the worst case, they are the body’s signals of disease. If you notice seals, you should immediately consult a doctor to find out their nature.

What are seals?

Lumps are usually lumps and accumulations of naturally occurring substances in the body (such as fat or lymph). Sometimes they are the initial step in the formation of tumors: both benign and malignant.

If the neoplasm that has arisen not only provokes pain, but is also accompanied by fever, general malaise, dizziness and other symptoms, then a medical examination should be carried out. It is also worth sounding the alarm when, after a few days, the seal does not go away, but only grows.

Usually lumps are found in the nose, on the earlobes, behind the ears. For starters, it is worth being examined by an otolaryngologist. After the initial examination, the patient may be referred to a surgeon or oncologist. But usually the treatment is carried out by an ENT specialist.

Causes of Painful Lumps

There are many causes for lumps. Before treatment, it is especially important to determine the exact cause of the neoplasm – only in this case the treatment will be effective and safe.

Seals are formed for the following reasons:

1. Activation and development of malignant processes in the tissues of the mucous membrane, soft tissues (usually manifested against the background of inflammation).
2. Inflammation of the lymph nodes – manifested by a seal behind the ear. Along with this, a person has symptoms of intoxication of the body.
3. Chronic diseases of the ears, nasopharynx, accompanied by inflammatory processes. They are characterized by seals in the ears or in the nose.
4. Blockage of the sebaceous gland, which leads to the impossibility of secreting fatty secretion to the surface of the skin and, as a result, the development of compaction.
5. Hormonal disorders in the body (thyroid diseases, for example) almost always lead to the appearance of neoplasms under the skin.
6. An increase in the volume of the lymphatic tissue of the adenoids – seals and bumps in the nose are detected.
7. Mechanical damage, which is accompanied by inflammatory processes inside the tissues. They can walk on their own.
8. Infection when creating tattoos, piercing ears, nose. The place turns red, inflames. Suppuration may occur.
9. The first stages of the formation of a boil.
10. Benign neoplasms and tumors – the problem is solved with specialists in the field of oncology.

To obtain an accurate result regarding the true cause of the appearance of neoplasms, it is necessary not only to undergo an initial examination and examination, but also to conduct appropriate tests.

Types of seals

Seals that appear in the area of ​​the ears or nose are usually divided into several types depending on the mechanism of formation. Incorrect determination of the true causes of compaction can lead to ineffectiveness of therapy and deterioration of the patient’s condition.

Atheroma

It is a seal that is formed as a result of blockage of the sebaceous gland. The pain syndrome is very weak and inexpressive. Atheroma can appear anywhere on the body, but in the vast majority of cases it affects the ear area and the skin next to the wings of the nose.

The seal feels like a miniature ball with liquid inside. When pressed, it overflows. The transition from this stage to a malignant form is impossible.

Lipoma

This formation is called a wen. Painful sensations appear with pressure on the place of occurrence.

It is quite large and is considered to be benign. Usually it remains so, but there is a small probability of transition to a tumor, therefore, if a wen is found, it is better to remove it.

Polyp

Polyps are benign growths that often occur in the nose. Painful manifestations are not observed. Outwardly, they resemble a pea or have the shape of a mushroom. It is observed 3.5 times more often in men than in women. Children are prone to polyps.

Among the symptoms are nasal congestion, mucous discharge, and ordinary drops from the common cold do not help. If left untreated, various diseases of the respiratory system are possible, as a person begins to breathe through his mouth.

Fibroma

It is a benign type of formation. Often observed in the nose – ossifying fibroma of the sinuses. To the touch, it is a hard bump, which consists of a combination of fibrous and bone tissue, as well as various secretions.

Usually inherited. The exact reasons for the appearance of this formation is unknown. Removal is performed surgically. It is recommended to carry it out as early as possible to prevent possible complications.

Lymphadenitis

Forming seal behind the ear usually indicates inflammatory processes in the lymph node. The resulting neoplasm is quite painful, accompanied by skin itching and inflammation. In most cases, there are signs of poisoning of the body – the body temperature rises, general malaise, dizziness and pain appear. Due to itching, many begin to comb the seal, which leads to complications.

In the acute course of the disease, antibiotic therapy, UHF therapy, vitamin complexes are prescribed. If suppuration is observed, then the seal is opened, the pus is removed and disinfected.

To cure chronic lymphadenitis, you need to get rid of the underlying disease that provokes inflammation of the lymph nodes.

Mastoiditis

The main reason for the formation of a painful induration behind the ear is untreated otitis media. The resulting fluid from the infection enters the pores of the bone, which leads to the appearance of a solid neoplasm, which gradually grows. A person’s body temperature rises, a general malaise appears.

For treatment, a conservative method is usually used – various antibiotics in combination with antihistamines, anti-inflammatory drugs. An operation is necessary in case of an acute course of the disease.

Malignant tumors

They are manifestations of various diseases accompanied by oncological complications. The resulting seals are painful, characterized by a rapid increase. Often have a grayish or greenish tint, which indicates their malignancy.

An unpleasant odor may occur. It requires urgent medical attention and prompt treatment. With timely treatment, the prognosis is favorable.

Furuncle

Due to certain disturbances in the body, a furuncle begins to die and fester. It is caused by pathogenic microbes that continue to be active against the background of a weakened immune system as a result of diseases.

Painful induration in the nose gradually turns into an abscess, discharge, bumps and a characteristic odor appear. Requires urgent medical attention to prevent complications.

Bruised marks

Bruised lumps are common. Even without treatment, they pass in a week or two. To accelerate healing, the use of ointments is recommended. There is a slight swelling and pain when pressed.

The damaged area usually takes on a bluish tint due to the destruction of blood vessels.

Consequences of a tick bite

If the bitten tick was removed incorrectly, as a result of which its head remained at the site of the bite under the skin, suppuration may occur in the tissues during their overgrowth. There is a painful seal that can increase. It is urgent to see a doctor to prevent its spread and blood poisoning.

Whatever the seal may be, it is worth having it checked out by a specialist. At its core, it is only a sign of dangerous processes in the body or diseases. Seals rarely pass without medical assistance (the only exceptions are formations resulting from bruises).

Diagnosis

If a lump is found, an otolaryngologist should be consulted, as neoplasms affect the ears and nose. The doctor conducts an initial examination and palpation of the problem area. If a possible cause is clarified, then the specialist puts forward a presumptive diagnosis. To confirm or refute it, it will be necessary to pass the appropriate tests and undergo examinations. In case of suspicion of malignant tumors, the patient is sent to the oncology department.

To find out the true causes of the disease, the following diagnostic and examination methods are used:

1. Rhinoscopy is a hardware check of the condition of the nasal cavity.
2. Computed tomography and its varieties – is prescribed in case of seals behind the ear, as they affect the cranial surface.