Smoking and Ulcers – Ulcer Center

If you need yet another reason to toss the cigarettes, consider this: Smoking increases your risk of developing a peptic ulcer, and it can make that ulcer slower to heal.

In one study of more than 4,000 smokers and non-smokers 18 to 30 years old, researchers at the University of Minnesota found that the smokers were nearly twice as likely to have numerous ailments, including ulcers, when they were re-examined 7 to 15 years later.

Smoking Interferes With Stomach Acid

Cigarettes interfere with the body’s natural protective mechanisms against stomach acid.

Normally, this acid starts breaking food down as it hits the stomach, priming the food for the more powerful digestive enzymes it will encounter further down the digestive tract.

Whatever acid isn’t absorbed is neutralized by sodium bicarbonate, a natural antacid. This neutralization occurs in the duodenum, the first part of the intestine. Sodium bicarbonate is made by the pancreas, a vital organ that sits next to the duodenum.

There’s evidence to suggest that smoking increases stomach acid production over time, and that it reduces bicarbonate production. The duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, is also a major ulcer site. Smokers are particularly at risk of developing duodenal ulcers. They can also develop ulcers in the esophagus, the body part that leads to the stomach.

Smoking Interferes With Ulcer Drugs

Cigarettes also wreak their havoc in other ways, says Michael Brown, MD, a gastroenterologist and associate professor of medicine at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago.

Smoking may interfere with the action of drugs that can decrease stomach acid production, Dr. Brown warns.

The two most widely recommended classes of medications for this purpose are proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole (Prilosec), and h3 blockers, like ranitidine (Zantac). Smoking while using them sabotages your chances of getting relief from ulcer pain in three ways:

• Exacerbating the conditions that caused the ulcer to begin with
• Slowing down the rate at which the ulcer can heal
• Preventing the drugs from doing their job

Smoking Causes Other Digestive Problems

Brown says that smoking affects the digestive tract in other ways, which can make diagnosing and treating an ulcer more complicated. It contributes to acid reflux and heartburn by weakening the sphincter muscle that normally prevents stomach acid from flowing up into the esophagus.

Smoking also increases the risk of stomach and esophageal cancer and Crohn’s disease, a severe and painful inflammation of the intestinal lining that often requires removing one or more parts of the digestive tract. Compared with non-smokers, people with Crohn’s disease who smoke may experience more symptom flare-ups and may require more powerful drugs or even repeat surgeries to keep their symptoms under control.

And as if all that weren’t enough, smoking also has been linked to problems with the liver and gallbladder, two more organs that play an important role in digestion.

Ulcer: Reversible Damage

This nicotine cloud does have a silver lining: Much of the smoking-related damage to the digestive system can be reversed when you quit. In fact, some of its effects are surprisingly brief. The rate of sodium bicarbonate production returns to normal within 30 minutes after your last cigarette. Liver function also returns to normal soon after smoking stops. The effect on Crohn’s disease risk is less clear, and some doctors believe it persists even after you quit.

Still, if you have an ulcer, you can help your body to heal by throwing away the cigarettes now.

The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review)

1. Introduction

Cigarette smoking is the most preventable risk
factor for human health. According to a WHO report, 1.3 billion
individuals are active smokers worldwide and smoking kills six
million individuals each year; eventually, half of these smokers
die due to smoking-related diseases (1). To this end, cigarette smoking is
known to be associated with cardiovascular diseases (2), cancers (3,4),
lung diseases (5), chronic renal
disorders (6) and other diseases
remained to be defined. It has been regarded as a main killer and
induces serious problems in humans with major concerns in public
health.

Over 5,000 ingredients are found in cigarette smoke
(7,8). Among these, at least 150 compounds
found in cigarette smoke are known to induce free radicals and
possess toxic and carcinogenic activities. Based on their
structures, these toxic and carcinogenic ingredients are divided
into several chemical classes. These include alkaloids, phenolic
compounds, volatile aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TNSAs), as well as heavy
metals (8). These chemical induce
high levels of oxidative stress in smokers (7), and trigger and augment lipid
peroxidation, which causes low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation
and atherosclerosis (9). These
active ingredients also cause a high incidence of lung cancer
accounting for approximately 90% of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
cases and 70% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases worldwide
(10).

A number of studies have provided evidence that
cigarette smoking is a major cause of gastrointestinal (GI)
disorders, which include chronic inflammation, such as peptic
ulcers and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancers of the GI
tract (1,3–8).
In this review, we mainly discuss the relationship between smoking
and GI disorders, and the underlying mechanisms through which
cigarette smoke and its active ingredients affect the pathogenic
processes of some of these diseases of the GI tract.

2. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of
ulcers and inflammatory diseases of the GI tract

Cigarette smoking increases the risk of
peptic ulcer disease

Peptic ulcers are histologically identified as
necrosis of the mucosa, which produces lesions. This disease is
mainly caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
infection, as well as the excessive use of non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen
(11). Cigarette smoking is also
considered to be one of the major contributors to ulcer diseases. A
large US population-based study (1997–2003) revealed that the
prevalence of ulcer disease in current and former smokers (11.43
and 11.52%) is almost doubled that of never smokers (6.00%)
(12). It is also clear that the
risk of peptic ulcers is associated with the quantity of tobacco
use (13).

According to clinical observations, cigarette
smokers are more likely to develop ulcers which are more difficult
to heal (14). The risk of peptic
ulcers also increases in smokers who have a large daily intake of
tobacco compared with never smokers (15). However, cigarette smoking is not
an independent ulcerogenic. It adversely affects the gastroduodenal
mucosal protective mechanisms and increases the risk of H.
pylori infection (14).
Cigarette smoking allows the reflux of harmful duodenal contents
back into the stomach. Furthermore, smokers appear to be at higher
risk of becoming infected with H. pylori. This increased
risk may be due to the adverse effects of smoking on the reduction
of antioxidants or the defensive immune system locally present in
the gastroduodenal mucosa. All these actions can interfere with the
natural defensive mechanisms against H. pylori infection in
the stomach and duodenum.

Effects of smoking on IBD

IBD is known as chronic inflammation of the GI
tract, particularly the colon and small intestine. IBD includes
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (16). Cigarette smoking exerts a
dichotomous effect in the progression of IBD. Smokers seem to be
more likely to develop Crohn’s disease, with a higher recurrence
after surgery and poor response to medications (17,18). However, people who smoke have a
lower risk of developing ulcerative colitis (19). Cigarette smoking is known as an
independent risk factor for Crohn’s disease. As early as 1984, a
case-control study involving 82 patients with Crohn’s disease and
matched controls was conducted in the UK to determine the
relationship between Crohn’s disease and cigarette smoking
(20). Patients with this disease
were more likely to have a smoking habit. The relative risk for
smokers to develop Crohn’s disease was significantly higher than in
non-smokers (20). In a separate
study involving 2,795 patients with Crohn’s disease, patients were
classified into non-smokers, light smokers (1–10 cigarettes/day)
and heavy smokers (>10 cigarettes/day). Researchers found that
the percentage of years with active Crohn’s disease for
non-smokers, light smokers and heavy smokers were 37, 46 and 48%,
respectively. Besides, the number of years of immumosuppressant
mediation was higher in the heavy smokers than the light smokers
and non-smokers (36 vs. 34 vs. 32%, respectively) (21). These results suggest that smoking
may worsen the severity of the disease and prolong the disease
course and drug treatment with immunosuppressants.

Conversely, smoking has been demonstrated to reduce
the risk of ulcerative colitis. Mounting evidence has indicated
that patients with ulcerative colitis tend to be non-smokers
(22). In a population-based
incident cohort study, smoking was more common in male patients
(P=0.002), and positively correlated with an increased risk of
Crohn’s disease [odds ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval (CI),
1.63–2.37; P<0.001]. By contrast, current smoking was protective
against ulcerative colitis (odds ratio, 0.33; 95% CI, 0. 27–0.41).
In addition, in ulcerative colitis, cigarette smoking was
associated with less extensive disease (P=0.01) and a decreased
need for colectomy (P=0.06) (23). The underlying mechanisms of action
of smoking and its bidirectional effects on the progression of
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis have not yet been fully
elucidated and further studies are required using human and animal
models.

Possible mechanisms of action of smoking
in inflammatory diseases of the GI tract

As discussed, cigarette smoking is a major risk
factor for the development of inflammation-related diseases, such
as ulcers and Crohn’s disease. In Fig. 1, the mechanisms of action of
smoking in these disorders include the alteration of mucosal cell
proliferation, change of blood flow in the inflammatory sites, the
increase of viral or bacterial infections and the dysfunction of
the immune system in the GI mucosa.

Smoking induces cell death in the
mucosa

The mucosa is the inner layer of the GI tract, which
surrounds the lumen. The innermost layer is known as the
epithelium, which forms a continuous layer of protection against
noxious agents from the lumen. The induction of cell apoptosis is
an adverse effect of cigarette smoking, which results in tissue
injury and dysfunction in the GI tract. A number of studies have
shown that cigarette smoke can induce cell apoptosis in the
esophagus and gastric mucosa (24), as well as in the inner layers of
the small intestine and colon (25). Exposure to cigarette smoke induces
a time- and concentration-dependent increase in apoptosis in the
gastric mucosa (26).
Pre-treatment with allopurinol (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor) or
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (a hydroxyl free radical scavenger) can
block the apoptotic activity induced by smoking, and does not
affect the p53 level of the mucosa (26), suggesting that the apoptosis
induced by cigarette smoking is mediated through reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and occurs independently of the p53 pathway. Chronic
exposure to cigarette smoke can also induce apoptosis in the
follicle-associated epithelium, possibly through the CCL20-CCR6
cascade (25). Benzo(e)pyrene, a
toxic compound found in cigarette smoke, also causes cell death in
human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), and induces
apoptosis through the involvement of multiple caspase pathways
(27).

Smoking inhibits epithelial cell renewal
in the GI tract

Epithelial cell renewal in the GI tract is an
effective progress for protecting the surface epithelial cells from
various aggressive factors coming from the lumen. The effects of
cigarette smoking on cell renewal in the GI tract have been
reviewed by a number of studies showing that cigarette smoke and
its active ingredients not only inhibit mucosal cell proliferation,
but also induce cell apoptosis during ulcer healing (8,24).
Cell renewal is a protective process for the GI tract, the
dysfunction of which plays a vital role in ulceration and ulcer
healing (28). We have previously
reviewed that cigarette smoke and its active ingredients can
suppress mucosal cell proliferation and induce apoptosis during
ulceration and the healing processes (8,24).

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

In our previous studies we demonstrated that
cigarette smoke or its extracts significantly inhibit mucosal cell
proliferation in human and animal mucosal cells, associated with
the reduction of EGF and polyamine release (29,30). EGF plays an important role in
mucosal cell proliferation and modulates mucosal integrity. During
ulceration, the synthesis of EGF, as well as its expression are
markedly upregulated in epithelial cells adjacent to the ulcer
crater (31). Data from our
previous study also demonstrated that cigarette smoke significantly
inhibited EGF synthesis and its mRNA expression in salivary glands
and gastric mucosa in rats with acetic acid ulcers (29). In addition, gastric ulcer healing
was also delayed along with a reduced mucosal cell proliferation,
suggesting that the delay of ulcer healing induced by cigarette
smoke is possibly caused by the reduction of EGF release at the
ulcer site.

Polyamines

Polyamines are found to be associated with mucosal
cell proliferation during the ulcer healing process (32,33). Polyamines are involved in
EGF-mediated cell proliferation and acid secretion in the stomach
(34). Ornithine decarboxylase
(ODC) is the primary enzyme for the biosynthesis of polyamines,
including putrescine, spermine and spermidine. To further elucidate
the association between smoking and peptic ulcer disease, in
previous studies, we also examined ODC activity, which is crucial
for promoting mucosal growth and has gastroprotective effects
during gastric ulcer healing. Following the intragastric
administration with cigarette smoke extracts once daily for three
days, ulcer sizes were markedly enlarged and the myeloperoxidase
activity was also increased. Cigarette smoke also significantly
inhibited cell migration and cell proliferation with a reduction in
ODC activity in an in vitro wound model. Moreover, the
inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and ODC activity induced by
cigarette smoke may be reversed by exogenous spermidine, indicating
that the delayed wound healing in the stomach induced by cigarette
smoke was at least in part due to a reduction in polyamine
synthesis (30,32).

Smoking interferes with GI mucosal
protective mechanisms

Stomach acid secretion

Under normal conditions, large amounts of
hydrochloric acid exist in the stomach, which help to break down
food into smaller particles for further digestion in the digestive
tract. Gastric acid is neutralized in the duodenum by sodium
bicarbonate produced by the pancreas. The increased secretion of
stomach acid and/or a reduction in sodium bicarbonate production in
the pancreas can interfere with the protective mechanisms of the
gastric mucosa and the inner layer of the duodenum, where ulcers
are normally formed. Ample evidence suggests that smoking can
increase the production of gastric acid, accompanied by a reduction
in bicarbonate production. The role of cigarette smoke and its
active compounds, such as nicotine on acid production and sodium
bicarbonate production has been reviewed (35). Researchers have found that the
intravenous injection of nicotine hydrogen tartrate (0.012–0. 020
mg/kg body weight) increases the concentration of hydrogen and
chloride ions in the gastric juice (36). In an early study, Ligny et
al (37) demonstrated that
the magnitude of acid secretion was associated with the number of
cigarettes smoked. They also found that tobacco smoking over a long
period of time stimulated vagus nerves and induced functional
parietal cells to increase pentagastrin-induced acid output in
smokers.

Biliary reflux

Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver, and
normally flows into the duodenum, where it digests fats and removes
toxins. Bile salts also function as detergents and damage the
mucosal barrier. The pylorus is a one-way valve between the stomach
and the duodenum that prevents bile and other contents of the small
intestine going back into the stomach (38). In a clinical study, it was
demonstrated that cigarette smoking induces pyloric incompetence
and increases the duodenogastric reflux (39), which may be due to the reduction
in basal pyloric pressure induced by smoking (40), leading to mucosal injury in the
stomach.

Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion

Pancreatic bicarbonate plays an important role in
neutralizing extra acid coming from the stomach. The increased
secretion of gastric acid, as well as a reduction in sodium
bicarbonate production would interfere with the protective
mechanisms in the stomach and the duodenum, possibly leading to the
development of ulcers in these organs. Several clinical studies
have shown that the secretion of bicarbonate is diminished after
cigarette smoking (41,42). Furthermore, the degree of
inhibition on basal pancreatic secretion has been shwon to have a
good correlation with the blood nicotine concentrations in humans
(43).

Smoking increases susceptibility to H.
pylori infection

H. pylori is known as one of the most common
infectious bacteria found in humans (44). Growing evidence points to a
potential association between H. pylori infection and GI
disorders, including gastroduodenal ulcers and cancer (45). Although some researchers have
found that cigarette smoking is negatively associated with H.
pylori infection, particularly in younger subjects (46), other epidemiological and
experimental studies have indicated that smoking is also a risk
factor for H. pylori infection at least under certain
clinical conditions (47,48).

Free radicals

Free radicals have been related to a wide spectrum
of GI disorders, including ulcers, IBDs and GI cancers.
Oxygen-derived free radicals play an important role in the
pathogenesis of peptic ulcers and IBD induced by smoking, alcohol,
as well as NSAIDs (49–51). Cigarette smoke contains large
amounts of free radicals (52).
The quinone/hydroquinone complex, for example, is an active redox
system which is capable of decreasing molecular oxygen to produce
superoxide, eventually transforming to hydrogen peroxide and
hydroxyl radicals (52). The
blood concentrations of free radicals in smokers are higher than
those of non-smokers, indicating that smoking-induced free radicals
promote gastric mucosal injury (53).

Smoking regulates immune cells in the GI
tract

The GI tract is also protected by the local mucosal
immune system operating in the GI mucosa against various internal
and external pathogens (8).
Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and its active ingredients has
also been demonstrated to lead to alterations in the immune system
(54). Macrophages, neutrophils,
lymphocytes and dendritic cells may be involved in the pathogenesis
of inflammatory disorders in the GI tract. A research group found
that chronic smoke exposure was positively associated with immune
cell accumulation in Peyer’s patches. The total number of dendritic
cells, CD4+ T cells (including regulatory T cells) and
CD8+ T cells was significantly increased following
exposure to cigarette smoke for 24 weeks (25). Furthermore, the expression of
chemokines, including CCL9 and CCL20 was also upregulated, which
may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease.
Smoke exposure also increases xanthine oxidase activity and
histamine release in the gastric mucosa. This may further lead to
neutrophil aggregation and vascular damage, thus promoting gastric
ulcers in rats (55).

3. Smoking increases the risk of cancer of
the GI tract

As stated in the previous section, tobacco smoking
induces various chronic inflammatory diseases of the GI tract,
including ulcers. It is clearly understood that chronic
inflammation can cause tumor initiation through the induction of
genomic instability, leading to mutagenesis (56). In addition, cigarette smoke
contains a broad spectrum of toxic and carcinogenic components,
such as aromatic amines, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, PAHs,
TNSAs, as well as heavy metals (7,8).
Among these, aromatic amines are thought to be the inducers of
bladder cancer, and TNSAs are thought to contribute to lung cancer
in smokers (57). Nicotine, taken
as an example, is known as the most active ingredient in cigarette
smoke, which is as high as 0.3–5% of the dry weight in tobacco
leaves (58). It has been found
that nicotine plays an important role in gastroduodenal ulceration
(35) and Crohn’s disease.
Furthermore, it also promotes cancer development in the esophagus
(59), stomach (4), colon (60) and liver (61).

Epidemiological studies

Cigarette smoking causes esophageal
cancer

Cigarette smoking is one of the risk factors for
esophageal cancer (62–65). Recently, a cohort study with a
20-year follow-up period conducted by Japanese researchers found
that individuals who began smoking at a younger age and consumed
larger amounts of alcohol more had a higher risk of developing
esophageal cancer compared with the normal population. The
esophageal cancer mortality risk was as high as 9.33 (95% CI,
2.55–34.2) for smokers who began smoking between the ages of 10 and
19 years and consuming three units of alcohol per day (64).

Cigarette smoking and cancer of the
oral cavity

Supporting data have demonstrated that cigarette
smoking is a major risk factor for cancer of the oral cavity
(66–68). A recent study demonstrated that
the odds ratios for current smokers and former smokers were 11.8
(95% CI, 8.6–16.3) and 2.2 (95% CI, 1.6–3.1), respectively when
compared to non-smokers. The risk of developing cancer of the oral
cavity increased with the quantity and duration of cigarette
smoking (66). In addition, the
risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity in former smokers
decreased with time. The buccal mucosa and the floor of the mouth
were the most sensitive sites with lesions induced by smoking
(67).

Cigarette smoking and gastric
cancer

The relationship between the occurrence of stomach
cancer and cigarette smoking has been studied since the 1950s.
Cigarette smoking has been considered as one of the key risk
factors for gastric cancer, which increases the incidence of the
disease by approximately 1.5- to 2.5-fold among current smokers
(69). Nicotine, the active
compound in cigarette smoke, has been demonstrated to be capable of
promoting gastric tumor growth and neovascularization (3). In a 20-year follow-up study
involving 18,244 middle-aged and older men conducted in Shanghai,
China, researchers found that the risk of gastric cancer was
statistically significantly higher in ever smokers [hazard ratio
(HR), 1.59; 95% CI, 1.27–1.99] than in non-smokers (70). Furthermore, among the
non-drinkers, the ever smokers experienced an 80% higher risk of
gastric cancer (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.36–2.41). All these
observations indicate that cigarette smoking may exert independent
effects on the development of gastric cancer.

Cigarette smoking causes pancreatic
cancer

Tobacco consumption is considered an established
risk factor for pancreatic cancer (71,72). In a 10-year cohort study,
researchers found that cigarette smoking was related to an
increased risk of the disease [relative risk (RR), 1.7; 95% CI,
1.6–1.9] and mortality (RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4–1.7) in patients with
pancreatic cancer (72).

Cigarette smoking causes colorectal
cancer

Phipps et al (74) carried out a study in 1,968
patients with stage III colon cancer in order to examine the
relationship between smoking and cancer outcome. They found that
smoking history was significantly associated with a shorter
disease-free survival (DFS), and time to recurrence (73) in patients with colon cancer
(74). Compared with
never-smokers, ever smokers experienced a significantly shorter DFS
with a three-year DFS proportion of 70 vs. 74% (HR, 1.21; 95% CI,
1.02–1.42). Compared with never-smokers, participants who were
former or current smokers were older and were more likely to be
male, and to have colon tumors that were dMMR and/or BRAF mutated
(74).

Possible effects of smoking on
tumorigenesis in the GI tract

Cigarette smoke contains a broad spectrum of toxic
and carcinogenic components, such as aromatic amines, phenolic
compounds, alkaloids, PAHs, TNSAs, as well as heavy metals
(7,8). These toxic and carcinogenic
ingredients induce tumorigenesis in the GI tract through several
possible mechanisms, including the activation of nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), the formation of DNA adducts,
stimulation of tumor angiogenesis, the involvement of immune
response and others (Fig. 2).
Normally, these mechanisms co-exist and have synergistic effects on
the promotion of tumorigenesis. For example, nicotine can activate
the nAChRs on cancer cells and induce the release of growth
factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and
IL-1β into the tumor microenvironment, which can increase tumor
angiogenesis and therefore promote tumor growth.

nAChRs

nAChRs are a family of ligand gate ion channels that
function as the key regulators of nicotinic and cholinergic
signaling in cells (75). nAChRs
are known to participate in cellular adhesion and migration through
the interactions with rapsyn and herparan sulphate proteoglycan
(76,77). Increasing evidence suggests that
nicotine and its derivatives, such as N-nitrosonornicotine and
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanonee can directly
activate nAChRs to promote cell growth and angiogenesis and inhibit
the drug-induced apoptosis of cancer cells (75).

A recent study demonstrated that nicotine activates
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) through nAChR-mediated signaling in
esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) (76). Zhao et al (76) reported that nicotine
administration increased cell proliferation and migration, and
promoted resistance to apoptosis in ESCC. In addition, nicotine
administration was also found to induce the nuclear translocation
and activation of YAP1 in ESCC. Nicotine signaling can also inhibit
the interaction of YAP1 with p63 that contributes to the inhibitory
effects of nicotine on cell apoptosis. The association between
cigarette smoking and YAP1 activation was also observed in clinical
esophageal cancer samples (76).
These results suggest that nicotine may be the active compound in
cigarette smoke responsible for carcinogenesis in the
esophagus.

In our previous studies, we found that nicotine in
cigarette smoke may be the most active ingredient responsible for
the tumorigenesis of colon cancer cells (78,79). Nicotine was demonstrated to
stimulate the proliferation of human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29
cells through the activation of α7-nAChR followed by the
catecholamine-synthesis pathway and adrenaline release and finally,
β-adrenergic activation (78).
Furthermore, in an animal study, nicotine was shown to promote
tumor growth, mainly by activating the β-adrenoceptors and the
subsequent expression of cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, and
VEGF in tumor tissues (79).
These results demonstrate for the first time the contributory role
of α7-bAChR and β-adrenoceptors in the tumorigenesis of colon
cancer with significant involvement of some stress hormones.

Formation of DNA adducts

Many toxic compounds in cigarette smoke can interact
with DNA to form DNA adducts, which are believed to be another
important mechanism for carcinogenesis induced by cigarette smoke
(80). Among various ingredients
in cigarette smoke, TNSAs are known as the responsible compounds
for the formation of DNA adducts (81). In an early clinical study, Dyke
et al (81) found that in
males only, DNA adducts in gastric tumor tissues from smokers were
significantly higher than in those from non-smokers. Nitrosamines
and other nitroso compounds in cigarette smoke are capable of
covalently interacting with DNA, which alters the normal biological
function of DNA and eventually induces carcinogenesis in the GI
tract and in urinary bladder (81,82). To date, the formation of DNA
adducts has been found in cancer tissues from the oral cavity
(83), esophagus (84), stomach (81), pancreas (85) and colon (86).

The tobacco-specific nitrosamine
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) has been
demonstrated to be one of contributors for smoke-induced pancreatic
cancers. It is clear that NNK can react with DNA to form DNA methyl
and pyridyloxobutyl adducts (87). These DNA adducts can induce an
activating point mutation of the Ki-ras gene in codon 12, which is
common in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas (88,89). Askari et al (89) further demonstrated that NNK
induced the transactivation of the EGF receptor, increased the
accumulation of intracellular cyclic AMP, and activated the
phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and
ERK1/2. These results indicate that the NNK-mediated β-adrenergic
cAMP-dependent signaling pathway may contribute to the development
of pancreatic carcinogenesis in smokers.

Chronic inflammation

The relationship between cancer and inflammation was
perceived as early as the 19th century. It is clear that chronic
inflammation predisposes to cancer at the proximity of the site of
inflammation (90). Chronic
inflammation in the GI tract can be caused by H. pylori
infection, autoimmune diseases, such as IBD and inflammatory
conditions, such as peptic ulcers. Various types of immune cells
are involved in the formation of the tumor inflammatory
microenvironment, such as macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells and
lymphocytes. During the inflammatory process, various inflammatory
components acting as messengers of inflammation are released by the
immune cells and tumor cells in the microenvironment of the
neoplastic tissues. These include cytokines, such as tumor necrosis
factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, and chemokines, such
as CXCL8. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for the development of
chronic inflammation in the GI tract as reviewed in the previous
section, which also promotes inflammation-associated
adenoma/adenocarcinoma formation (91).

Cytokines: a) TNF-α

TNF-α, as a pro-inflammatory cytokines, can not only
induce hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, but also has protumoral
functions. It has been found that a high dose of TNF can destroy
the tumor vasculature and cut-off the supplement of O2
and nutrition for tumor growth to exert necrotic effects in tumors
(92). However, TNF-α can also
induce DNA damage (93), suppress
DNA repair (93) and promote the
growth of tumor cells (94).
Increasing evidence also suggests that TNF-α enhances tumor growth
and invasion, angiogenesis, leukocyte recruitment and facilitates
epithelial to mesenchymal transition (90). The bidirectional role of TNF-α in
tumor progression and cell death is due to the fact that TNF can
bind to different membrane-bound homotrimeric receptors, TNFRI and
TNFRII, to trigger opposite pathways (95). As regards tumor promotion, TNF-α
can inhibit the expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and
consequently activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to induce
tumor development (96).
Furthermore, TNF family members can also suppress the immune
response in the tumor environment, which may be due to the
inhibition of the major histocompatibility complex class II in
tumor-associated macrophages through the decoy receptor-3 (97).

b) IL-6

IL-6 plays an important role in tumor development,
such as colorectal cancer, in the GI tract (98). Clinical data have shown that IL-6
serum levels from patients with colorectal cancers are
significantly increased and positively correlate with tumor load,
including tumor size and liver metastases (98). It was demonstrated that two major
signaling pathways, the signal transducers and activators of
transcription 1 and 3 (STAT1/3) and the Src-homology tyrosine
phosphatase 2 (SHP2)-Ras-ERK, are involved in the IL-6-mediated
proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells (99). In addition, IL-6 can also promote
tumor growth by increasing the colony formation of human colon
carcinoma cells (100). These
biological actions of IL-6 in colorectal cancer progression were
further elucidated by mediating through the soluble IL-6 receptors
derived from tumor cells rather than from the membrane-bound
receptors (101).

c) IL-1β

IL-1β has been found to be capable of promoting
tumor cells to metastasize, by activating the cancer-related
inflammation cascade (102,103). In models of
3-methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis, it was IL-1β, rather
than IL-1α in the tumor microenvironment that was capable of
determining the invasive potential of malignant cells, including
increased tumor adhesion and invasion, angiogenesis and immune
suppression (104).
Microenvironmental IL-1β is a required factor for tumor
invasiveness and angiogenesis, which may contribute to the
production of TNF-α and vascular endothelial cell growth factor by
IL-1β (105). Recently, Carmi
et al (106) found that
myeloid cells released IL-1β and induced endothelial cells to
produce proangiogenic factors, such as VEGF, and subsequently
provided the inflammatory microenvironment for tumor progression
and angiogenesis. Furthermore, they also observed that IL-1β
inhibition significantly reduced tumor growth by suppressing
inflammation and inducing the maturation of immature myeloid cells
into M1 macrophages (106).

Chemokines

Chemokines in the tumor microenvironment are another
important factors for modifying tumor growth, and promoting
angiogenesis (107) and tumor
metastatic spread (108). CXCL1
(growth-regulated oncogene α) for example, produced by human
colorectal cancer cells is capable of inducing microvascular
endothelial cell migration and tube formation in vitro.
PGE2-induced CXCL1 in the tumor microenvironment has also been
found to increase microvessel density and stimulate LS-174T cell
proliferation in an in vivo model (109). Together with CXCL-1, the
angiogenic chemokine CXCL8 (IL-8) was also significantly
unregulated in tumor tissues from patients with colorectal cancer
(110). CXCL8 signals are mainly
activated through the interaction with CXCR1 and CXCR2 present in
cancer cells and other cells. To date, CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors
are widely expressed in cancer cells, tumor-associated macrophages,
neutrophils and endothelial cells (111). Therefore, the increased CXCL8
levels caused by cigarette smoking could nurture the tumor
microenvironment to promote cancer growth (112). Studies have shown that CXCL8
induces cell proliferation by the activation of classical MAPK and
downstream phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in neutrophils and cancer
cells (113,114). CXCL8 also regulates angiogenesis
by the induction of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) through the
activation of VEGFR-2 in endothelial cells, and subsequently
promotes cancer growth and metastasis (115).

4. Conclusions

Mounting evidence demonstrates that cigarette
smoking can induce pathogenic and carcinogenic processes in the GI
tract. These may lead to severe chronic inflammation and
subsequently, the development of cancer at the inflammation sites.
Clinical and experimental data have also shown that cigarette
smoking is a main risk factor for the induction of inflammatory
diseases, such as ulcers and Crohn’s disease. Cigarette smoke and
its active compounds impair the fundamental structure of the GI
tract through the induction of cellular apoptosis and the
inhibition of mucosal cell renewal. Cigarette smoke also interferes
with the protective mechanisms of the GI tract by decreasing the
blood flow in the mucosa and modulating the mucosal immune system.
Furthermore, cigarette smoke also inhibits the synthesis and
release of EGF and polyamines and thereby, mucus secretion, which
plays an important role in protecting mucosal integrity. Chronic
inflammation induced by cigarette smoke exposure releases various
inflammatory components, including the cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1 and
IL-6, and the chemokines, CXCL1 and CXCL8. These inflammatory
components are capable of promoting tumor growth, tumor adhesion
and invasion. Moreover, these mediators also induce angiogenesis
and immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Along with
the induction of chronic inflammation, cigarette smoke and its
active ingredients can directly activate nAChRs, and form DNA
adducts to initiate tumorigenesis in the GI tract. In conclusion,
cigarette smoke is a detrimental factor affecting the pathogenesis
and tumorigenesis of certain disorders in the GI tract. Detailed
mechanistic studies may aid in the development of more effective
therapies for various disorders of the GI tract.

References

Smoking and The Digestive Tract

Smoking cigarettes causes a variety of life-threatening diseases such as lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease. The inhalation of smoke is responsible for changes in all parts of the body, including the digestive system. This fact can have serious consequences on health because the digestive system converts foods into the nutrients the body needs to live and smoking affects its ability to function correctly.

At time of writing, estimates indicate that about one-third of all adults smoke and while adult men seem to be smoking less, women and teenagers of both genders seem to be smoking more. How does smoking affect the digestive system?

Harmful Effects

Smoking has harmful effects on all parts of the digestive system, contributing to common disorders such as heartburn and peptic ulcers. It also increases the risk of Crohn’s disease and possibly gallstones. Smoking seems to affect the liver too, by changing the way it handles drugs and alcohol. In fact, there seems to be enough evidence to stop smoking solely because of digestive distress.

Heartburn

Heartburn is common, with 24% of Canadians experiencing it frequently. Heartburn occurs when acidic juices from the stomach splash into the esophagus. Normally, a muscular valve at the lower end of the esophagus, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), keeps the acid solution in the stomach and out of the esophagus. Smoking decreases the strength of the LES, thereby allowing stomach acids to reflux, or flow backward into the esophagus.

Smoking also seems to promote the movement of bile salts from the intestine to the stomach, which makes the stomach acids more harmful. Finally, smoking may directly injure the esophagus, making it less able to resist further damage from refluxed fluids.

Peptic Ulcer

A peptic ulcer is an open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. A relationship between smoking cigarettes and ulcers, especially duodenal ulcers, does exist. The 1989 USA Surgeon General’s report stated that ulcers are more likely to occur, less likely to heal, and more likely to cause death in smokers than in non-smokers.

Why is this so? Some research suggests that smoking might increase a person’s risk of infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which causes most peptic ulcers. Stomach acid is also important in producing ulcers. Normally, most of this acid is buffered by the food we eat. Most of the unbuffered acid that enters the duodenum is quickly neutralized by sodium bicarbonate, a naturally occurring alkali substance produced by the pancreas. Some studies show that smoking reduces the bicarbonate produced by the pancreas, interfering with the neutralization of acid in the duodenum. Other studies suggest that chronic cigarette smoking may increase the amount of acid secreted by the stomach.

Whatever causes the link between smoking and ulcers, two points are clear, smokers are more likely than are non-smokers to develop an ulcer, especially a duodenal ulcer, and ulcers in smokers are less likely to heal quickly in response to otherwise effective treatment.

Liver Disease

The liver is an important organ that has many tasks. Among other things, the liver is responsible for processing drugs, alcohol, and other toxins to remove them from the body. There is evidence that smoking alters the ability of the liver to handle such substances. In some cases, this may influence the dose of medication necessary to treat an illness. Some research also suggests that smoking can aggravate the course of liver disease caused by excessive alcohol intake.

Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s disease causes inflammation deep in the lining of the intestine. The disease, which causes pain and diarrhea, usually affects the small intestine, but it can occur anywhere in the digestive tract. Research shows that current and former smokers have a higher risk of developing Crohn’s disease than do non-smokers. Among people with the disease, smoking is associated with a higher rate of relapse, repeat surgery, and immunosuppressive treatment. In all areas, the risk for women, whether current or former smokers, is slightly higher than for men. Why smoking increases the risk of Crohn’s disease is unknown, but some theories suggest that smoking might lower the intestine’s defences, decrease blood flow to the intestines, or cause immune system changes that result in inflammation.

Gallstones

Several studies suggest that smoking may increase the risk of developing gallstones and that the risk may be higher for women. However, research results on this topic are not consistent.

Can the Damage Be Reversed?

Some of the effects of smoking on the digestive system appear to be of short duration. For example, the effect of smoking on bicarbonate production by the pancreas does not appear to last. Within a half-hour after smoking, the production of bicarbonate returns to normal. The effects of smoking on how the liver handles drugs also disappear when a person stops smoking. However, former smokers who no longer smoke still remain at risk for Crohn’s disease.

First published in the

 Inside Tract® newsletter issue 135 – January/February 2003

Image: Image by Tumisu from Pixabay.com

Smoking and the Digestive System

Smoking can harm your digestive system in a number of ways. Smokers tend to get heartburn and peptic ulcers more often than nonsmokers. Smoking makes those conditions harder to treat. Smoking increases the risk for Crohn’s disease and gallstones. It also increases the risk of more damage in liver disease. Smoking can also make pancreatitis worse. In addition, smoking is associated with cancer of the digestive organs, including the head and neck, stomach, pancreas, and colon.

Smoking and heartburn

The stomach makes acidic juices that help you digest food. If these juices flow backward into your esophagus, or food pipe, they can cause heartburn. They can also cause a condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The esophagus is protected from these acids by the esophageal sphincter. This is a muscular valve that keeps fluids in your stomach. But smoking weakens the sphincter. Smoking also allows stomach acid to flow backward into the esophagus.

Smoking and peptic ulcers

Smokers are more likely to develop peptic ulcers. Ulcers are painful sores in the lining of the stomach or the beginning of the small intestine. Ulcers are more likely to heal if you stop smoking. Smoking also raises the risk for infection from Helicobacter pylori. This is bacteria commonly found in ulcers.

Smoking and liver disease

The liver normally filters alcohol and other toxins out of your blood. But smoking limits your liver’s ability to remove these toxins from your body. If the liver isn’t working as it should, it may not be able to process medications well. Studies have shown that when smoking is combined with drinking too much alcohol, it makes liver disease worse.

Smoking and Crohn’s disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. This disease is an autoimmune disorder of the digestive tract. For reasons that are not clear, it’s more common among smokers than nonsmokers. Although there are many ways to help keep Crohn’s flares under control, it has no cure. Smoking can also make it harder to control Crohn’s disease and its symptoms.

Smoking and diseases of the colon

Smoking is one of the major risk factors for colon cancer. Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths. Routine screenings, such as a colonoscopy, can identify small, precancerous growths called polyps in the lining of the colon.

Smoking and gallstones

Some research suggests that smoking increases the risk of developing gallstones. Gallstones form when liquid stored in the gallbladder turns into material that resembles stones. These can range in size from a grain of sand to a pebble.

Smoking and cancer of the digestive system

Smoking is a risk factor for mouth, lip, and voice box cancer, as well as cancer of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, colon, and rectum.

The bottom line

If you smoke, try to quit. Seek medical help to stop smoking if you need help. Giving up smoking will lower your risk for lung cancer and heart disease. It will also reduce your risk for other digestive disorders.

Smoking and ulcer perforation | Gut

The aetiology of the majority of ulcer perforations is not known. Current use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been shown to increase the risk for ulcer perforation 6–8 times, and seems to account for about a quarter of the events.1
,2 The role of Helicobacter pyloriinfection in ulcer perforation is uncertain. In a study of patients with acute perforated duodenal ulcer the infection was as common among patients as among hospital controls.3 However, smoking prevalences of 84% and 86% have been reported among patients with duodenal ulcer perforation,3
,4 and smokers have a threefold higher mortality from peptic ulcer than non-smokers.5 The purpose of the present study was to assess the role of cigarette smoking in ulcer perforation.

Methods

PATIENTS

One hundred and seventy five consecutive patients with ulcer perforation admitted to three surgical departments in western Norway between July 1987 and June 1991 were included. The diagnosis was confirmed by operation (170 patients) or by necropsy (five patients). Structured interviews were performed by the authors (CS, JAS, AS, and BTS). One hundred and thirty eight patients (79%) were successfully interviewed in hospital while 22 patients (13%) were interviewed by telephone after discharge. Information on smoking habits was ascertained from relatives for eight of 15 patients who co-operated poorly (13, who all eventually died, due to poor general condition; two due to mental disturbances). Data on smoking habits were therefore available for 168 out of 175 patients (96%). The patients were asked whether they smoked at the time of perforation. Patients answering “yes” (n=107) were asked how many cigarettes, pipes, and/or cigars they smoked daily. A total of 102 patients reported daily cigarette smoking, seven patients smoked only a pipe or cigars. Patients answering “no” were asked whether they had ever smoked and, if “yes” (n=18), when they stopped smoking. Information on ulcer site was obtained from operation records. The perforations were classified as duodenal (including the pyloric orifice) or gastric (including the praepyloric area).

CONTROLS

Patients were retrospectively compared with participants in a population-based health survey conducted in Hordaland County, Norway in 1985.6 A postal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 4992 persons aged 15–73 years, of whom 90% responded. The control subjects were asked whether they smoked cigarettes daily at present, how many cigarettes they smoked daily, and whether they had smoked before.6 Hordaland County includes the catchment area of two of the hospitals recruiting patients, while the third hospital was located in the neighbouring county of Rogaland (fig 1).

Figure 1

: Shaded areas are Hordaland and Rogaland counties in western Norway.

DEFINITIONS OF SMOKING HABITS

Current smokers were defined as persons who smoked daily at the time of perforation or at the time of the population survey. Ex-smokers were persons who had smoked daily and had given it up, while never-smokers were persons who had never smoked daily. Non-smokers were persons who did not smoke daily at the time of the perforation/survey, including ex-smokers and never-smokers. In analyses comparing patients and controls, those who smoked only a pipe or cigars were excluded.

STATISTICAL METHODS

The relation of smoking habits to disease status, with adjustment for age (five year age groups) and sex, was studied using multiple logistic regression analysis. For trend analysis smoking was coded as: 1 (never-smoker), 2 (ex-smoker), 3 (1–9 cigarettes daily), 4 (10–19 cigarettes daily), and 5 (20+ cigarettes daily). The odds ratios approximated relative risks since ulcer perforation is a rare disease. Population attributable risk (PAR%) was calculated as follows:7 PAR% = (P_e) (RR−1)/((P_e) (RR−1) +1) × 100

where P_e is the proportion of smokers in the population and RR the relative risk of having an ulcer perforation.

Results

Among the patients, 80% in the age group 15–74 years were current smokers, while in the older subjects the smoking rate was 24%. Patients who were smokers suffered from other severe diseases more rarely and used NSAIDs or other ulcerogenic drugs less often (table 1). On the other hand, smokers more often had a high alcohol consumption. Thirteen patients considered to have alcohol problems were all current smokers. There were no significant differences in previous ulcer history.

Table 1

Previous medical history and use of drugs and alcohol in 168 patients with perforated peptic ulcer in western Norway 1987–1991

In the general population aged 15–74 years 37% were daily cigarette smokers compared with 80% among patients (table 2). Adjusting for differences according to age and sex, ulcer perforation was estimated to be 9.7 times more common in daily cigarette smokers than in non-smokers (95% CI 5.9 to 15.8) (table 2). The increase in risk was similar for men and women, and for gastric and duodenal ulcer perforation. According to these models, it was estimated that 76% (95% CI 64 to 85) of ulcer perforations in the population aged 15–74 years could be attributed to daily cigarette smoking. The population attributable risks were similar for men (77%) and women (78%).

Table 2

Cigarette smoking and ulcer perforation in western Norway. The odds ratios, referring to current smoking versus non-smoking, are adjusted for age and sex by multiple logistic regression analyses

The risk for ulcer perforation increased with the number of cigarettes smoked daily (table 3), with a highly significant trend (p<0.001). No association was found with former smoking. In the age group 15–74 years there were only 13% never-smokers among patients compared with 42% in the general population.

Table 3

Ulcer perforation and increasing levels of cigarette smoking in the age group 15–74 years in western Norway. The odds ratios are adjusted for age and sex by multiple logistic regression analyses

In patients aged 75 years or older smoking was not common and smoking habits differed markedly between the sexes. There was only one current smoker (4%) among the female patients in this age group, and 23 of the 26 women (88%) had never smoked. In the male patients 11 out of 24 (46%) were current smokers. A population study of men in Hordaland in 1990 reported 23% current smokers in this age group,8 so an association between smoking and ulcer perforation is also suggested among men in this age group (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 5.8). However, it was estimated that only 28% (95% CI 4 to 52) of the ulcer perforations in men aged 75 years or more could be attributed to smoking.

Discussion

The present study suggests that most ulcer perforations among persons aged less than 75 years are caused by smoking. We found a very strong association between current cigarette smoking and ulcer perforation, the strength of the association was consistent between subgroups, and there was a significant dose-response relationship.

The results of the present study are subject to many potential biases. The usual problem of bias in the selection of the controls could, however, be kept to a minimum as data from a population survey with a high response rate were used for control purposes. Bias related to selection of cases also seems unlikely. Ulcer perforation is a disease where all patients are admitted to hospital because of the severity of symptoms and the relatively long time lag between perforation and death. The diagnosis can be verified by operation or necropsy.

Different methods of data collection for cases and controls is a potential problem in this study. The main results (OR_{15–74 years} 9.7; OR_men 9.3; OR_women 11.6) were thus cross-checked using information from national interview surveys.9 This gave strikingly similar results (OR_{15–74 years} 9.3; OR_men 9.3; OR_women 9.2). A community study in England suggested that self-reported smoking prevalences in population studies were underestimated by 3%.10 Given that smoking in the present study was 3% underestimated among controls and 3% overestimated among patients, the crude odds ratio (not adjusted for age and sex) would decrease from 6.8 to 5.0, which still leaves a very strong association between ulcer perforation and smoking.

The population survey used as the control population was conducted in 1985, which is 2–6 years before the case collection. During this period of time smoking prevalences in Norway have decreased among men and remained unchanged among women.9 Thus, this time difference could lead to an underestimation of the association between smoking and ulcer perforation. The data on male patients were re-analysed using control data from a questionnaire survey of Hordaland men conducted in 1990,8 which gave an age-adjusted odds ratio of 9.9.

Theoretically, smoking could be a marker for other differences between cases and controls. Among the patients, 52% of the non-smokers had used ulcerogenic drugs and 48% had other severe diseases. In patients who were smokers other risk factors were rarely identified except for a higher use of alcohol. Such data were not available for the control population, so the influence of these factors on the association between smoking and ulcer perforation could not be adjusted for. Based on the information on patients, one might suspect that adjustment for use of NSAIDs would have resulted in an even stronger association between smoking and ulcer perforation.

The association between ulcer perforation and smoking seems biologically plausible. Smoking is known to have several adverse effects on the upper gastrointestinal tract.11 Of particular interest for ulcer perforation is the finding that smoking causes immediate vasoconstriction in the mucosa.12Ischaemia reduces mucosal resistance13 against, for instance, the action of acid and may thus contribute to ulcer perforation. This mechanism could explain why we observe an increased risk in current smokers but not in former smokers.

In elderly persons smoking seemed to be of less importance than in the younger age group. A previous study showed higher excess mortality after ulcer perforation in persons born after 1910.14These findings may suggest a shift in the aetiology of ulcer perforation over time, with smoking having a more predominant role in younger generations.

Tobacco smoking is a well known risk factor for uncomplicated peptic ulcer.15-17 Smokers have an increased risk for dying from peptic ulcer disease4 and increased death rates from smoking-related disorders have been reported in patients with ulcer bleeding.18 The present study strongly suggests that most ulcer perforations are related to smoking. The focus on NSAIDs in the aetiology of peptic ulcer disease seems appropriate as the complications relating to NSAID usage are iatrogenic. However, the findings of this study suggest that the incidence of ulcer perforation can only be markedly reduced, on a population basis, by smoking prevention.

Smoking and your Digestive System

Cigarette smoking causes a variety of life-threatening diseases, including lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease. An estimated 400,000 deaths each year are caused directly by cigarette smoking. Smoking is responsible for changes in all parts of the body, including the digestive system. This fact can have serious consequences because it is the digestive system that converts foods into the nutrients the body needs to live.
Current estimates indicate that about one-third of all adults smoke. And, while adult men seem to be smoking less, women and teenagers of both sexes seem to be smoking more. How does smoking affect the digestive system of all these people?

Harmful Effects

Smoking has been shown to have harmful effects on all parts of the digestive system, contributing to such common disorders as heartburn and peptic ulcers. It also increases the risk of Crohn’s disease and possibly gallstones. Smoking seems to affect the liver, too, by changing the way it handles drugs and alcohol. In fact, there seems to be enough evidence to stop smoking solely on the basis of digestive distress.

Heartburn

Heartburn is common among Americans. More than 60 million Americans have heartburn at least once a month, and about 15 million have it daily.
Heartburn happens when acidic juices from the stomach splash into the esophagus. Normally, a muscular valve at the lower end of the esophagus, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), keeps the acid solution in the stomach and out of the esophagus. Smoking decreases the strength of the esophageal valve, thereby allowing stomach juice to reflux, or flow backward into the esophagus.

Smoking also seems to promote the movement of bile salts from the intestine to the stomach, which makes the stomach juice more harmful. Finally, smoking may directly injure the esophagus, making it less able to resist further damage from refluxed material.

Peptic Ulcer

A peptic ulcer is an open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. The exact cause of ulcers is not known. A relationship between smoking cigarettes and ulcers, especially duodenal ulcers, does exist. The 1989 Surgeon General’s report stated that ulcers are more likely to occur, less likely to heal, and more likely to cause death in smokers than in nonsmokers.
Why is this so? Doctors are not really sure, but smoking does seem to be one of several factors that work together to promote the formation of ulcers.

For example, some research suggests that smoking might increase a person’s risk of infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Most peptic ulcers are caused by this bacterium.

Stomach acid is also important in producing ulcers. Normally, most of this acid is buffered by the food we eat. Most of the unbuffered acid that enters the duodenum is quickly neutralized by sodium bicarbonate, a naturally occurring alkali produced by the pancreas. Some studies show that smoking reduces the bicarbonate produced by the pancreas, interfering with the neutralization of acid in the duodenum. Other studies suggest that chronic cigarette smoking may increase the amount of acid secreted by the stomach.

Whatever causes the link between smoking and ulcers, two points have been repeatedly demonstrated: People who smoke are more likely to develop an ulcer, especially a duodenal ulcer, and ulcers are less likely to heal quickly among smokers in response to otherwise effective treatment. This research tracing the relationship between smoking and ulcers strongly suggests that a person with an ulcer should stop smoking.

Liver Disease

The liver is an important organ that has many tasks. Among other things, the liver is responsible for processing drugs, alcohol, and other toxins to remove them from the body. There is evidence that smoking alters the ability of the liver to handle these substances. In some cases, this may influence the dose of medication necessary to treat an illness. Some research also suggests that smoking can aggravate the course of liver disease caused by excessive alcohol intake.

Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s disease causes inflammation deep in the lining of the intestine. The disease, which causes pain and diarrhea, usually affects the small intestine, but it can occur anywhere in the digestive tract. Research shows that current and former smokers have a higher risk of developing Crohn’s disease than nonsmokers do. Among people with the disease, smoking is associated with a higher rate of relapse, repeat surgery, and immunosuppressive treatment. In all areas, the risk for women, whether current or former smokers, is slightly higher than for men. Why smoking increases the risk of Crohn’s disease is unknown, but some theories suggest that smoking might lower the intestine’s defenses, decrease blood flow to the intestines, or cause immune system changes that result in inflammation.

Gallstones

Several studies suggest that smoking may increase the risk of developing gallstones and that the risk may be higher for women. However, research results on this topic are not consistent, and more study is needed.

Can the Damage be Reversed?

Some of the effects of smoking on the digestive system appear to be of short duration. For example, the effect of smoking on bicarbonate production by the pancreas does not appear to last. Within a half-hour after smoking, the production of bicarbonate returns to normal. The effects of smoking on how the liver handles drugs also disappear when a person stops smoking. However, people who no longer smoke still remain at risk for Crohn’s disease. Clearly, this question needs more study.
For More Information Information about smoking and health is available from
Office on Smoking and Health,
Public Information Branch
4770 Buford Highway NE.
Mail Stop K50
Atlanta, GA 30341-3724
Tel: (404) 488-5705

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
2 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892-3570
E-mail: [email protected]

The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1980, the clearinghouse provides information about digestive diseases to people with digestive disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. NDDIC answers inquiries; develops, reviews, and distributes publications; and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about digestive diseases.

Publications produced by the clearinghouse are reviewed carefully for scientific accuracy, content, and readability.

This e-text is not copyrighted. The clearinghouse encourages users of this e-pub to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.

NIH Publication No. 99-949
January 1999

Smoking and the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer – Recent mechanistic update

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to summarize the scientific information of various qualities of bael fruit juice used in traditional system of medicine for variety of purposes. Utilization of bael fruit juice in day-to-day life has great nutritional, therapeutic, and commercial importance. Bael fruit contains nutrients like vitamins (riboflavin), minerals, trace elements, energy and phytochemicals, including flavonoids, polyphenols and antioxidants, that have been shown to have varied health benefits. In past few decades, bael has been extensively studied for its medicinal properties by advanced scientific techniques, and a variety of bioactive compounds like marmelosin, tannins, alkaloids, coumarins, steroids, rutacine, y-sitosterol, psoralin, xanthotoxin, scopolotein, aegelemine, aegeline, marmeline, fragrine, dictamine, cinnamide and different derivatives of cinnamide have been isolated from its fruit juice.

Design/methodology/approach
– The medicinal value of bael fruit is very high when the harvests just begin to ripen. As a result, it has a high demand as alternative medicine for curing the diseases like diabetes, high cholesterol, peptic ulcer, inflammation, diarrhea and dysentery, constipation, respiratory infection. Furthermore, the bael fruit juice has anticancer, cardio protective, antibacterial, antifungal, radio protective, antipyretic, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, wound healing properties. The ripe fruit juice is aromatic, has cooling and laxative effects, and arrests secretion or bleeding.

Findings
– The unripe or half-ripe fruit juice is good for digestion, useful in preventing or curing scurvy, and it strengthens the stomach action. It helps in the healing of ulcerated intestinal surfaces and has appreciable activity against intestinal pathogenic organisms. The present review summarizes the scientific information of various qualities of bael fruit juice used in traditional system of medicine for a variety of purposes.

Originality/value
– It is quite evident from this review that bael is an important medicinal herb and extensively used in Ayurveda, Siddha and other medicinal systems. Bael fruit juice is an excellent source of water and natural sugar and is important principally for containing vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, antioxidants, pigments, energy, organic acids, dietary fiber and other food components, which are the key factors in the medicinal value of this plant. Moreover, mechanisms of action of a few bioactive compounds have been identified so far.

90,000 Doctors have discovered the cause of stomach ulcers – Rossiyskaya Gazeta

Peptic ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer is the most common pathology among diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. And if earlier elderly men usually suffered from this ailment, today it increasingly affects young people and even children.

Scientist checked on himself

It turned out that the ulcer is an infectious disease, moreover, one of the most common on Earth. The bacterium that causes it is found in the stomachs of more than half of the world’s population.Its prevalence directly depends on the level of socio-economic development: in developed countries it is less (30-40%) than in third world countries, where almost everyone is susceptible to infection (up to 90%). The hereditary nature of the disease is also traced, while in each subsequent generation the disease begins at a younger age and progresses more severely.

Scientists in the 19th century suspected that gastritis and peptic ulcer disease are contagious, but it was only recently that the culprit was identified. In 1982, Australian researchers Barry Marshall and Robin Warren discovered the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and, after carefully studying its effects on the gastric mucosa, suggested that it causes peptic ulcer disease.To prove his theory, Barry Marshall even repeated the feat of Louis Pasteur and conducted an experiment on self-infection – he drank the culture of Helicobacter. Two weeks later, the young scientist fell ill with severe gastritis, and he recovered long and hard. But the bacterial nature of peptic ulcer disease has been proven.

Today, doctors say with confidence that 90% of all cases of duodenal ulcers and up to 80% of cases of stomach ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori. The remaining 10-20% are usually associated with long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen.Stress, spicy food, smoking, alcohol, carbonated drinks and other harmful factors only worsen the patient’s condition, but do not cause ulcers by themselves.

The discovery of Australian scientists radically changed the approach to treatment. Previously, the emphasis was on diet, now it is obvious that an ulcer is by no means a chronic ailment, but a disease that can be eliminated by taking antibiotics. As a result, even with advanced peptic ulcer disease, many patients manage to avoid surgery. The incidence of stomach cancer, which, as it turned out, is provoked by the same bacteria, has also decreased.

Evil bacteria

The food that you ate enters the stomach through the esophagus, where it is mixed with gastric juice containing digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. Helicobacter – almost the only bacteria that gastric juice does not destroy – burrows into the gastric mucosa, disrupting the structure of its tissues and their functions. This potentially leads to inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis), erosions and ulcers.

With weakened immunity and long-term existence in the body, Helicobacter pylori can spread both to the overlying parts of the stomach and to the duodenal bulb.

Pale, nervous, sad

This is a portrait of a person suffering from peptic ulcer disease. He is tormented by heartburn, nausea, sometimes vomiting, pain in the stomach. It can become aggravated in the intervals between meals, after meals – immediately or after 2-3 hours.

Most often, pains occur in the epigastric region, but can be given under the scapula, to the left side of the sternum (which is why they are often mistaken for heart pains), feel like a feeling of fullness in the stomach, heaviness in the stomach, or resemble a feeling of hunger.It is enough to drink sour juice, coffee, alcohol, take an aspirin tablet to worsen the pain. Antacids or food can help relieve discomfort. However, after a while, the torment resumes.

And since digestion is disturbed during peptic ulcer disease, the intestines also suffer. Eructations, heartburn begin. Due to poor assimilation of food, iron deficiency in the body and anemia (anemia) develop: a person feels constant fatigue, lethargy. Overall health weakens, immunity decreases.

Dangerous Kiss

The infection usually affects the lower part of the stomach in early childhood and “lives” in it for many years. The main source of peptic ulcer disease is an infected person. You can get infected through everyday contact: it is believed that most often the infant receives the bacteria from an infected mother. It is possible that the bacterium enters the stomach through food and drink. You can pick up Helicobacter through shared bedding, a towel, dishes, a handshake and a kiss. So be careful even with those with “mild gastritis”.In no case should you lick the spoons with which you interfere with the dishes. It is unacceptable to put baby pacifiers in your mouth.

Citizens suffer from stomach and duodenal ulcers 2 times more often than rural residents, and men (and often young) – 3-4 times more often than women. Smokers and drinkers are more at risk. As a rule, the ulcer worsens in the fall and spring, when the immune system is impaired. Helicobacter, like other bacteria, prefers weakened people. Especially irritable: when a person is nervous, his stomach produces more hydrochloric acid than normal.And for the ulcerative bacillus, this is the most suitable environment. In it, it multiplies rapidly.

Don’t start!

Thanks to new approaches, 95% of cases of peptic ulcer disease are amenable to treatment, the number of complications such as ulcer perforation and ulcer bleeding is reduced by up to 10 times. Today, in the treatment of this ailment, in addition to antacid, astringent, enveloping, antispasmodic drugs, antibiotics and other medicines of the latest generation are used. It is necessary to take them in a course, without interruption, otherwise the bacterium will remain undefeated and the ulcer cannot be cured.Do not self-medicate!

In advanced forms, ulcers of large sizes can develop, which do not heal for a long time, and do not respond to conservative treatment. And then you need an operation to remove part of the stomach.

Unfortunately, our country belongs to the least honorable leading place in the world in terms of the number of operations for complicated peptic ulcer disease. This is due to the lack of a general sanitary culture of the population and a low standard of living. Our people often start the disease extremely, try to be treated with “grandmother’s means” and end up in the hospital in a very serious condition, when not just treatment is required, but the salvation of their lives.

You can’t do without a diet

In case of stomach ulcers, it is advisable to completely exclude certain foods from the diet. First of all … milk. Although it was once believed that a glass of milk was enough to relieve pain during an exacerbation of an ulcer. Alas, this was a misleading representation, because milk, as doctors found out, increases the amount of stomach acids, and does not neutralize them. In addition, any spicy and spicy food is included in the list of prohibited foods for stomach ulcers – it increases pain by irritating the tissues of already formed ulcers on the walls of the stomach.We’ll have to give up rich meat, mushroom, fish broths, fried, pickled, canned, sour foods and black bread. Coffee, alcohol and soda are also excluded – a large amount of stomach acids are needed to digest them, and their formation provokes the onset of peptic ulcer disease.

Smoking on an empty stomach is generally harmful, and with ulcers and gastritis it is simply dangerous. Chewing gum is no less harmful – especially on an empty stomach, it provokes the release of hydrochloric acid, gastric juice… But since the food has not arrived, the stomach will be busy digesting its own mucous membrane. Fasting is extremely harmful for the same reason. You need to eat a little, but 4-5 times a day. It is useful to drink a glass of mineral water half an hour before meals. Slimy broths help, especially jelly, porridge – oatmeal, rice.

Specifically

Who needs to be tested for Helicobacter pylori

Any of the following symptoms of “gastric malaise” should be the reason for visiting a gastroenterologist or therapist:

• recurring pain in the stomach, especially after eating (a sign of erosions and ulcers),
• appearance or intensification of heartburn,
• feeling of heaviness in the stomach,
• rejection of meat food (up to vomiting).
• And remember: 95% of cases of peptic ulcer are treatable.

Smoking and its effect on the digestive organs

Smoking is a type of household drug addiction, the most common form of which is
nicotinism – tobacco smoking.

Nicotine is one of the most powerful drugs in the world. The report by the US Chief Physician, entitled Nicotine Addiction
, concluded: “The pharmacological and behavioral
processes that determine tobacco dependence are similar to those that determine the
dependence on drugs such as heroin and cocaine.”
Tobacco smoking is the inhalation of tobacco smoke from dried and smoldering 90,069 tobacco leaves. At the same time, smoking cigarettes involves inhaling smoke from the lungs of a person,
when smoking pipes or cigars, tobacco smoke does not enter the lungs, only
a person’s oral cavity is filled with smoke.
Tobacco smoke is a serious threat to human health. It causes 90,069 significant harm to those people who are near the smoker. This phenomenon is
called “passive smoking”.Those who do not smoke, but are together with
smokers in a closed, poorly ventilated area, inhale about 75% of all 90,069 substances contained in cigarette smoke. Such secondhand smoke is especially harmful to the health of 90,069 pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, children and adolescents, 90,069 elderly people and those suffering from chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs.
Tobacco smoke contains more than 4000 different substances, of which over 200
are dangerous to the human body.Among them, nicotine, tobacco tar,
carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide), arsenic, formaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid, etc. are especially harmful.
tobacco smoke also contains radioactive substances and heavy metals. More than 40
chemical compounds contained in it are capable of causing cancer.
The most dangerous in this regard are benzopyrene and the radioactive isotope polonium –
210.
There is not a single organ or system in the human body that would not be adversely affected by tobacco smoke and its components
.It is widely known about its 90,069 negative effects on the lungs and cardiovascular system. Smokers are much more likely to develop inflammatory diseases of the lungs (bronchitis, pneumonia, 90,069 emphysema), lung cancer, coronary heart disease, including
myocardial infarction, obliterating endarteritis of the lower extremities, etc. However,
in this article I would like to dwell on the harmful effects of tobacco smoking on
diseases of the digestive system.
Smoking begins to exert its negative effect already from the oral cavity.When tobacco smoke gets into the oral cavity
, which has a high temperature of about 50-60 degrees,
causes the destruction of tooth enamel, the development of caries, the appearance of yellow plaque on the teeth,
bleeding of the gums. The smoker’s mouth smells unpleasant, their tongue is coated with gray
bloom. As a result of irritation of the salivary glands, an increased
salivation is noted. Tobacco smoke reduces the acuity of smell and taste,
therefore smokers often poorly distinguish the taste of sweet, salty, bitter, and sour.
of them have a deteriorating appetite. Due to a decrease in the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter in
smokers, conditions are created for the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux,
of which is the appearance of heartburn.
Smoking is the third leading cause of gastric and duodenal ulcers after Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin. This is due to a decrease in the amount of
bicarbonates secreted by the pancreas and necessary to neutralize
hydrochloric acid in the duodenum 12, in some cases, an increase in the level of hydrochloric acid
in the stomach, damage to the gastric mucosa due to increased reflux
(throwing) of the contents of the duodenum 12 into stomach (bile acids and other
components of the duodenum 12), narrowing of the blood vessels supplying
stomach and duodenum 12, leading to a disruption in the supply of oxygen and 90,069 nutrients.It should be noted that smoking not only causes 90,069 the appearance of gastric ulcers and 12 duodenal ulcers, but also affects the frequency of exacerbation and
the duration of their healing. Smokers are significantly more likely to experience exacerbations of the disease
and ulcers heal for a longer time. This
depends especially strongly on the number of cigarettes smoked. Thus, studies carried out in Germany have shown
that those who smoked more than 30 cigarettes a day relapsed ulcers within 3 months were observed in
100% of patients.Complications of stomach and duodenal ulcers, such as bleeding and 90,069 perforation, are also more common in smokers. The mortality rate from ulcers among smokers is 2 times
higher than among non-smokers.
Smoking causes a violation of intestinal motility, which subsequently leads to
to the appearance of periodically alternating constipation and diarrhea. Rectal spasms
caused by the action of nicotine obstruct blood flow and contribute to the formation of hemorrhoids
. When considering chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, such as
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, it should be noted that smokers get sick 49,069 times more often than nonsmokers with Crohn’s disease, but 2 times less often – ulcerative colitis.
This phenomenon in ulcerative colitis is not well understood. Quitting smoking reduces 90,069 the likelihood of relapse in Crohn’s disease. At the same time, in persons suffering from ulcerative colitis, who started smoking after the onset of this disease, the number of 90,069 exacerbations of the disease did not decrease.
The effect of smoking on the pancreas is manifested in the violation of its secretory
activity, in particular, the inhibition of the secretion of bicarbonates is noted. Smoking
promotes the development of atherosclerosis in the vessels of the pancreas.
harmful substances of tobacco smoke, getting into the smoker’s body, have a toxic effect
on the pancreas, support inflammatory processes in it, and contribute
to the development of diabetes mellitus.
Smoking causes significant harm to a healthy liver and exacerbates the course of already 90,069 existing diseases. It increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines,
which are damaging to liver cells. Smoking is capable of 90,069 activating a number of enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, which can increase the
hepatotoxicity of drugs, including drugs used to treat liver diseases
.Influencing the immune system of the body, tobacco smoke
can have a negative effect on the course of a number of liver diseases associated with this system
, such as viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis
. In the presence of liver cirrhosis, when the detoxifying function of the liver is significantly affected,
toxic substances of tobacco entering the body of
patients suffering from this disease cause significant harm to the entire body
, especially the nervous system, in some cases causing severe brain diseases
.
Free radicals from tobacco smoke can increase inflammation in the gallbladder
. By leading to bile stasis and affecting blood cholesterol levels
, smoking can contribute to the formation of gallstones.
As mentioned above, tobacco smoke has a pronounced carcinogenic effect
. Carcinogens of tobacco smoke are deposited in the oral cavity, with food and saliva
enter the esophagus and stomach, enter the bloodstream. In addition, the carcinogenic role of smoking
is associated with mechanical and thermal irritations – the mouthpiece of a cigarette
, the stem of a pipe, burns with smoldering cigarette butts, the ingress of high temperature tobacco smoke
into the oral cavity.Smoking contributes to the development of a number of 90,069 malignant neoplasms of the digestive system, such as cancer of the oral cavity,
of the esophagus, stomach, and pancreas. It has been established that smoking tobacco, especially with 90,069 pipe, is one of the reasons for the development of cancer of the lower lip. According to the data of the World Health Organization
among smokers, cancer of the oral cavity and
of the esophagus is 4 times more common in smokers than in non-smokers, pancreatic cancer
glands – 2 times. The incidence of malignant neoplasms in humans is directly proportional to the amount and duration of tobacco smoking.

On the dangers of tobacco smoking – GBUZ “Tuapse Central Regional Hospital No. 2” MH KK

About the dangers of smoking

Smoking is a social problem of society, both for its smokers and non-smokers. For the first – the problem is to quit smoking, for the second – to avoid the influence of the smoking society and not “get infected” by their habit, and also – to preserve their health from smoking products, since the substances entering the smoke exhaled by smokers are not much safer than if a person he smoked himself and took in nicotine and many other things that go into a lit cigarette.

It’s no secret how dangerous smoking is, but around 15 billion cigarettes are smoked around the world every day. An estimated $ 50 billion a year is spent on smoking-related illnesses in the United States. This means that in 2006, for every pack of cigarettes purchased, an average of approximately $ 2.06 was spent on smoking-related diseases.

In other cases, the cost of treatment of these diseases begins to increase in the first days of a person’s life.Here’s just one example: a study in the United States found that women who smoke are twice as likely to have a baby with a cleft lip or palate, and it may take at least 4 years before a baby turns two. x operations. On average, a person suffering from this disease will spend $ 100,000 on treatment and related costs over a lifetime. And, of course, money does not measure the mental pain of a birth defect.

Some say the cost is offset by the fact that many smokers die before they can benefit from Social Security.

Smoking is one of the worst habits.

Research has proven the harm of smoking. The smoke of tobacco contains more than 30 toxic substances: nicotine, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocyanic acid, ammonia, resinous substances, organic acids and others.

1-2 packs of cigarettes contain a lethal dose of nicotine. The smoker is saved by the fact that this dose is introduced into the body not immediately, but fractionally. Statistics say: compared to non-smokers, long-term smokers are 13 times more likely to develop angina pectoris, 12 times more often with myocardial infarction, and 10 times more often with stomach ulcers.Smokers account for 96 – 100% of all lung cancer patients. Every seventh smoker for a long time suffers from obliterating endarteritis – a serious ailment of the blood vessels.

Tobacco products are made from dried tobacco leaves, which contain proteins, carbohydrates, mineral salts, fiber, enzymes, fatty acids and others. Among them, it is important to note two groups of substances hazardous to humans – nicotine and isoprenoids.

Nicotine ranks first in terms of the quantitative content in tobacco leaves and the strength of action on various organs and systems of a person.It enters the body along with tobacco smoke, which contains, in addition to nicotine, irritating substances, including carcinogenic (benzpyrene and dibenzpyrene, that is, contributing to the occurrence of malignant tumors, a lot of carbon dioxide – 9.5% (in the atmospheric air – 0.046% ) and carbon monoxide – 5% (it is not in the atmospheric air).

Nicotine belongs to nerve poisons. In experiments on animals and observations on humans, it was found that nicotine in small doses excites nerve cells, promotes increased respiration and heart rate, heart rhythm disturbances, nausea and vomiting.In large doses, it inhibits and then paralyzes the activity of cells of the central nervous system, including vegetative. A disorder of the nervous system is manifested by a decrease in working capacity, trembling of hands, and a weakening of memory.

Nicotine also acts on the endocrine glands, in particular on the adrenal glands, which at the same time secrete harmonic into the blood – adrenaline, which causes vasospasm, increased blood pressure and increased heart rate. Having a detrimental effect on the gonads, nicotine contributes to the development of sexual weakness in men – impotence.Therefore, her treatment begins with the fact that the patient is offered to stop smoking.

Smoking is especially harmful for children and adolescents. The nervous and circulatory systems, which are not yet strong, react painfully to tobacco.

In addition to nicotine, other constituents of tobacco smoke also have a negative effect. When carbon monoxide enters the body, oxygen starvation develops, due to the fact that carbon monoxide combines more easily with hemoglobin than oxygen and is delivered with blood to all human tissues and organs.

In the experiment, it was found that 70% of mice that inhaled tobacco smoke developed malignant lung tumors. People who smoke are 20 times more likely to develop cancer than non-smokers. The longer a person smokes, the more chances he has of dying from this serious illness. Statistical studies have shown that smokers often have cancerous swelling of other organs – the esophagus, stomach, larynx, kidneys. Smokers often develop cancer of the lower lip due to the carcinogenic effect of the extract accumulating in the mouthpiece of the pipe.

Smoking very often leads to the development of chronic bronchitis, accompanied by a constant cough and bad breath. As a result of chronic inflammation, the bronchi expand, bronchiectasis is formed with severe consequences – pneumosclerosis, emphysema, with the so-called cor pulmonale, leading to circulatory failure. This determines the appearance of a heavy smoker: hoarse voice, puffy face, shortness of breath.

The role of smoking in the onset of tuberculosis is also great.So, 95 out of 100 people suffering from it, at the time of the onset of the disease, smoked.

Frequent smokers experience heart pain. This is due to a spasm of the coronary vessels supplying the heart muscle with the development of angina pectoris (coronary heart failure). Myocardial infarction in smokers occurs 3 times more often than non-smokers.

Smoking can also be the main cause of persistent vasospasm of the lower extremities, contributing to the development of obliterating endarteritis, affecting mainly men.This disease leads to malnutrition, gangrene and ultimately to amputation of the lower limb.

The digestive tract, primarily the teeth and the mucous membrane of the mouth, also suffer from the substances contained in tobacco smoke. Nicotine increases the secretion of gastric juice, which causes aching pain in the stomach, nausea and vomiting.

These signs can be a manifestation of gastritis, gastric ulcer, which occur in smokers much more often than non-smokers.So, for example, among men, stomach ulcer disease, 96 – 97% smoked.

Smoking can cause nicotine amblyopia. A patient suffering from this ailment develops partial or complete blindness. This is a very formidable disease in which even vigorous treatment is not always successful.

Smokers endanger not only themselves, but also those around them. In medicine, even the term “passive smoking” has appeared. A significant concentration of nicotine is determined in the body of non-smokers after being in a smoky and unventilated room.

Many different measures can be taken to reduce smoking, including severely restricting smoking areas, fines, laws for complaints from nonsmokers, government health facilities that specialize in treating this type of problem, etc. Speaking about helping non-smokers, we can offer free treatment and sanatorium rest to those suffering from tobacco allergies and from the contamination of the body with cigarette smoke products. But all this requires a revision of both the economic and social policies of the state in which we live.

Tobacco smoking

The history of tobacco smoking is well known. Some researchers claim that the first smokers on earth were the Egyptian pharaohs. An earthen hookah and other smoking accessories were found in one of the tombs of the 2nd millennium BC.

Many researchers consider Central and South America to be the homeland of tobacco, where up to 60 of its species and varieties still grow in natural conditions.At the end of the 15th century (in 1492), Christopher Columbus on one of the Bahamas he discovered was extremely surprised when he saw how the locals sucked in smoke from a smoldering leaf, rolled into a tube, and then released it from his nostrils. They called these pipes cigars. It is believed that the word “tobacco” comes from the name of the province of Tabago on the island of Haiti, where this plant grew.

The penetration of tobacco into Europe was facilitated by the monk Roman Pane, who during the second expedition of Columbus visited America as a missionary.He brought tobacco seeds to Spain and began to grow this plant as an ornamental one. Already in 1496, the first tobacco plantations appear in Spain, in 1559 – in Portugal, and from there, in 1560, – in France, At the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th centuries. smoking spread to other continents. In Central Asia and the countries of the East, tobacco was laid under the tongue or behind the cheek, and snuff was prepared from dried leaves.

The passion for tobacco was so strong that medicinal properties were attributed to this plant, considering it almost a panacea.So the French ambassador to Portugal Janet Nico presented his queen Catherine de Medici with leaves and seeds of tobacco for vigor, as well as a remedy for headaches and many diseases. As a token of gratitude, the queen named the “miracle cure” after her messenger – nicotine.

Excessive tobacco consumption often led to severe poisoning, which prompted the authorities and the church to start fighting smoking. In America, for example, smokers were executed, in Turkey they were impaled, in Italy they were excommunicated and immured alive in walls.Back in 1604, the English king James I in his work “On the dangers of tobacco” wrote: “Smoking is disgusting to sight, disgusting to smell, harmful to the brain and dangerous to the lungs.”

Tobacco was brought to Russia in the second half of the 16th century, and from the 17th century. they began to cultivate it in Ukraine. The abuse of tobacco in Russia sparked protests from the government. So, in 1683, a special royal decree was issued, according to which smokers were punished with 60th cane strikes on the heels, and tobacco merchants were “flogged and cut their nostrils.”In the late 17th – early 18th centuries. measures against smoking began to soften, since Peter I himself became a slave to this habit. As a result, he not only abolished all laws prohibiting smoking, but also allowed the import of tobacco from abroad.

So what is tobacco?

Smoking tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a herb of the Solanaceae family, widely cultivated for its leaves, which are rolled into cigars, cut to fill cigarettes, cigarettes and pipes, processed into chewing and ground into snuff.In addition, they serve as raw materials for the industrial production of nicotine, which is used for the production of many insecticides. Real tobacco is a powerful fast-growing plant with an unbranched cylindrical stem 1.2-2.4 m high. The root system is pivotal. Leaves are alternate, sessile, usually oblong or lanceolate. Their width often reaches 30 cm, and their length is 90 cm.The surface is covered with numerous small glandular hairs that secrete a sticky liquid. Funnel-shaped, pink flowers develop in clusters at the top of the stem.

The homeland of the present tobacco is America, where it was introduced into the culture by the Indians. Now it is grown all over the world. The main producers are China and the United States, followed by India, Brazil, Russia and Turkey. In China and Russia, the bulk of real tobacco is consumed domestically, and in the United States, about a third of production is exported, but about half of this amount is imported.

Physicians have established that smoking increases the risk of lung cancer, cardiovascular and a number of other diseases, but tobacco in one form or another continues to be consumed all over the world, and mainly for smoking.

Tobacco smoke contains over 4000 chemical compounds, 40 of which cause cancer.

The smoke contains radioactive substances, polonium, lead, bismuth. A person who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day receives a dose of 500 roentgens per year. Tobacco smoke attacks the most important organs. One of its targets is the stomach. The smoke harms him in two ways. Nicotine, aniline and various acids formed during the combustion of tobacco irritate the salivary glands, which leads to the secretion of saliva.Part of it is swallowed together with harmful substances.

Getting into the stomach, the tobacco mixture begins to actively attack its walls, which leads to the release of hydrochloric acid. As a result, the stomach begins to digest itself. Secondly, chronic nicotine poisoning affects the autonomic nervous system. She loses the ability to effectively manage the activity of the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, his motor activity is disrupted, spasms occur. Several cigarettes on an empty stomach can even cause intestinal obstruction.Heavy smokers have a very high chance of getting stomach cancer. Russia ranks second in the world after Japan in terms of the prevalence of this malignant disease.

It is believed that tobacco improves performance. Indeed, under the influence of tobacco smoke, some expansion of the vessels of the brain occurs, which is perceived as a surge of new strength. However, this effect of tobacco is very short-lived. Within a few minutes, the expansion is replaced by an even stronger compression.As a result, the blood supply deteriorates and performance decreases. Another myth is that smoking reduces hunger. This is due to the fact that the toxic components of smoke, being absorbed into the blood, act on the nerve endings located on the walls of the stomach and intestines, and block the transmission of impulses that signal hunger. The “long-term results” of such weight loss are a disturbed autonomic nervous system and all the chronic diseases that are associated with it.

It should be noted that there are a lot of harmful substances in the inhaled smoke.First of all, it is customary to compare the indicators of the content of tar and nicotine, which, according to the new law, manufacturers are required to indicate on the pack. However, there is an insidious trap here. Do not think that if you smoked cigarettes that say “10 mg of tar” and switched to some super light “1 mg” you will receive 10 times less harmful substances and reduce the harm to your health by 10 times. Alas. While the tobacco industry tries to support this belief, research has shown that this is not the case. Switching to lighter cigarettes, smokers increase the number of cigarettes smoked, the volume of puffs, inhale more often and harder, and also block the holes in the filter, which leads to an increase in the received dose of nicotine, and therefore tar.

It is beneficial for tobacco companies to stimulate the transition to “light” cigarettes: they are more expensive and the smoker smokes more of them. More importantly for the tobacco industry, light cigarettes keep many smokers on track. A declassified 1971 document from British American Tobacco Corporation openly states: “This is exactly what management expects from the R&D department: how far the low tar and nicotine cigarettes will be marketed.Whether such cigarettes are actually less dangerous is irrelevant. ”

It is for this reason that in most countries of the European Union, Canada, Israel and Brazil, the use of the words “light” and “moderate” in the names of cigarettes is prohibited. So don’t fall for marketing gimmicks – QUIT SMOKING!

The same applies to menthol cigarettes. Menthol makes it easier for smokers to inhale deeply, allowing them to smoke faster and smoke more cigarettes in a shorter time.Many experts believe that the milder, cooling taste of menthol cigarettes causes smokers to inhale more deeply, getting more harmful substances into their lungs. It is also speculated that menthol can damage cells and allow cigarette toxins to seep through them, causing cancer.

So, let’s take a closer look at how tobacco affects various organs and systems:

Blood:

A large number of chemicals enter the bloodstream through the lungs.Carbon monoxide (exactly the same as in car exhaust!) Replaces some of the oxygen in the blood. This causes a lack of oxygen in all organs, including the brain.

Nervous system:

One of the chemical elements that enter the bloodstream is NIKOTIN. Its regular use leads to nicotine addiction.

Nicotine, an alkaloid contained in tobacco (up to 2%) and some other plants.When smoked, tobacco is absorbed into the body. Strong poison; in small doses it stimulates the nervous system, in large doses it causes paralysis (respiratory arrest, cessation of cardiac activity). Repeated absorption of nicotine in small doses during smoking causes nicotinism. Nicotine sulfate is used to control pests of agricultural plants.

Smoking and lungs:

Cigarette smoke comes into direct contact with the lungs, greatly increasing the risk of cancer, pneumonia, emphysema, chronic bronchitis and other lung diseases that make breathing difficult.Fortunately, many of the changes are reversible.

Smoking and your heart:

The effect of exposure to chemicals in tobacco smoke on the body is a major risk factor for developing myocardial infarction and other heart diseases. Myacardial infarction, a cardiovascular disease characterized by the formation of a heart attack in the heart muscle as a result of impaired coronary circulation (atherosclerosis, thrombosis, spasm of the coronary arteries).The development of myocardial infarction (mostly against the background of angina attacks) is also promoted by smoking. The main manifestations: a prolonged attack of acute squeezing pains in the center or left side of the chest, a feeling of fear, suffocation, collapse, fever, changes in the blood and on the electrocardiogram. The patient needs urgent hospitalization.

Smoking and appearance:

Smoking has a negative effect on your appearance.It causes yellowing of teeth and nails, as well as increases the number of wrinkles and leads to the “Smoker’s Face” syndrome. Many people find that smoking helps them control their weight. But in fact, quitting smoking, on average, people gain no more than 3 kg. Proper diet and exercise will help you control your weight after you quit smoking. From many years of smoking, the muscles of the vessels begin to contract convulsively, as a result of which many small cracks form in the tissue. This damage leads to very unfavorable consequences.Firstly, the blood cells acquire great stickiness, forming blood clots, and secondly, small scars appear, and the smooth inner surface of the vessels itself becomes rough. These roughness contribute to the accumulation of particles of fat and lime, and this accelerates the onset of atherosclerosis.

Smoking and sight: :

Medical research has shown that smoking can cause blindness. This mainly occurs with older smokers from age-related degeneration of the ocular membrane.

Smoking and hearing:

Research has shown: smokers become deaf 1.7 times more often. Among smokers aged 60 to 69, 56.4% began to hear worse. Among nonsmokers, hearing deteriorated in 35.5%. Among those who quit smoking, 47.3% began to suffer from hearing loss.

Smoking and male health:

In men, smoking increases the risk of impotence.

Smoking and women’s health:

Smoking leads to many complications during pregnancy such as premature babies and reduced fertility.Women who smoke may also experience an earlier onset of menopause. 25.10.01 Pregnant smokers are more likely to suffer from depression 11.10.01 “Light” cigarettes shorten the life of women

Smoking and stress:

Every time you are in between smoking, your body does not receive nicotine. Even if you don’t feel like smoking, your body is already accustomed to nicotine and “asks for more”. The constant need for nicotine keeps you at the peak of nervous tension, increasing stress.Fortunately, this effect is reversible.

Smoking and diabetes:

If you have diabetes and you smoke, then you are at great risk of complications, including problems with the eye and limb vessels.

Smoking and cancer:

Smoking can cause cancer in organs that come in contact with smoke, such as the lungs, throat and mouth. As the chemicals from smoke enter the bloodstream, cancer can develop in many other organs.According to scientists in the United States, developed countries of Europe, as well as in large cities of Russia, lung cancer and breast cancer predominate (in Moscow in 1996, 225 thousand people died of all forms of cancer). It is believed to be the result of environmental pollution by industrial waste, car exhaust and tobacco smoking.

Smoking and other diseases:

ULCER DISEASE stomach and duodenum, a chronic disease characterized by the formation of ulcers in the mucous membrane of the stomach and (or) the duodenum, pain in the epigastric region after a certain time after eating or on an empty stomach (“hunger pains”), vomiting (seasonal exacerbations spring, autumn).Complications are possible: bleeding, perforation of the organ wall, narrowing of the pylorus, etc. Smoking also plays an important role in the development of peptic ulcer disease.

BRONCHIT , a disease of the respiratory organs of humans and animals with damage to the bronchial wall. In humans, acute and chronic bronchitis are distinguished. Signs: cough with phlegm, fever, shortness of breath. One of the main reasons for smoking.

OBLITERATING ENDARTERIIS (from endo … and artery), a chronic vascular disease with a predominant lesion of the arteries of the legs: gradual vasoconstriction up to complete closure of their lumen with necrosis of tissues deprived of blood supply (spontaneous gangrene).Manifestations: rapid fatigue of the legs, cramps, later intermittent claudication, excruciating pain. Smoking worsens the course of obliterating endarteritis. In severe cases, surgery (vascular plastics, amputation).

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (from the Greek athera – gruel and sclerosis), a chronic cardiovascular disease of mainly elderly people. It is characterized by compaction of the arterial wall due to the proliferation of connective tissue, narrowing of the vascular lumen and deterioration of the blood supply to organs.Smoking is one of the causes. With atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries of the heart, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiosclerosis are possible; with atherosclerosis of the vessels of the brain – disorders of cerebral circulation, including stroke, mental disorders.

AUTOIMUNE DISEASE . Smokers, according to a recent study (J Rheumatology, 11, 2001), have an increased risk of developing the autoimmune disease of systemic lupus erythematosus. It is an incurable disease characterized by inflammation and damage to tissues and organs throughout the body, including joints, skin, heart, kidneys, and central nervous system.Lupus is an autoimmune disease, meaning it occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. The researchers found that those who continued to smoke were seven times more likely to develop lupus than non-smokers. Those who have already quit smoking are almost four times more likely to quit than those who have never smoked. Not surprisingly, cigarettes affect the propensity for autoimmune reactions, as cigarette smoke contains at least 55 chemicals that affect cell growth or viability, including carbon monoxide, cyanide, hydroquinone, and others.It is also possible that smoking can trigger the autoimmune process in conjunction with other factors.

Passive smoking:

Smoking affects not only you. Tobacco smoke gets into the lungs of others and this can cause any complications that are observed in ordinary smokers. “On the dangers of secondhand smoke or passive smoking and its effect on the body” (Based on materials from the Moscow City Center for the Treatment and Prevention of Tobacco Smoking.)

Many people consider smoking a habit , believing that it is very easy to quit smoking, that it is only a matter of volitional effort. This is incorrect for two reasons. First, habits are sometimes very difficult to change. Secondly, smoking is not just a habit, but also a certain form of drug addiction.

Some statistics:

The average smoker takes about 200 puffs a day. This translates to approximately 6,000 a month, 72,000 a year, and over 2,000,000 puffs for a 45-year-old smoker who started smoking at age 15.

For many smokers, smoking becomes a part of their I, and this inner perception of oneself is sometimes very difficult to change.

Speaking of tobacco smoking, it is preferable to avoid the word addiction. When using this term, people may get the impression that it is impossible to quit smoking altogether. This is not true. There is such an opportunity.

Despite the fact that smoking tobacco is a strong habit and also a form of drug addiction, millions of people have managed to quit smoking.In the UK, the number of smokers has decreased by about 10 million over the past 10-15 years. This means that almost 2,000 people quit smoking every day!

How to quit smoking?

If you ask yourself this question, it is already good. The answer to this question will largely depend on how quickly you will achieve the result. All people are different and there is no universal recipe “HOW TO QUIT SMOKING”.

Often, smokers are concerned about the problem of gaining weight after quitting smoking.Believe me – if you have coped with smoking, you will also solve the problem with weight.

In fact, it is not at all necessary to turn the process of parting with cigarettes into a serious and depressing procedure.

It is sometimes difficult to find support and understanding among friends and family.

Quitting smoking is not easy, but NOT impossible. Millions of people have already done it!

Here are 20 quick tips to help you quit smoking.

1. Believe in yourself. Trust that you can quit. Think back to the hardest things you’ve done and realize that you have the willpower and determination to quit smoking. Everything depends on you.

2. After you have read this list, sit down and write your own, revised according to your character traits and characteristics. Create your own smoking cessation plan.

3. State on paper the reasons why you want to quit smoking (the benefits of a smoke-free life): live longer, feel better for your family, save money, smell better, find a mate easier, etc.e. You know what is wrong with smoking and what you will gain by quitting. Write everything down on paper and read it daily.

4. Ask your family and friends to support you in your decision to quit smoking. Ask them for full support and tolerance. Let them know ahead of time that you may be irritable even annoying when breaking up with this bad habit.

5. Set a smoking end date. Decide on which day you will part with cigarettes forever.Write down this date. Plan it out. Prepare your brain for “the first day of your new life.” You can even have a small ceremony for your last cigarette or the morning of your quit day.

6. Talk to your doctor about quitting smoking. The support and direction you receive from your doctor is a proven way to improve your chances of success.

7. Start exercising. Sports are simply incompatible with smoking. Exercise relieves stress and helps your body recover from the harm caused by cigarettes.If necessary, start gradually, with a short walk once or twice a day. Bring it up to 30-40 minutes of exercise 3 or 4 times a week. Check with your doctor before starting any exercise routine.

8. Do deep breathing exercises every day for 3-5 minutes. Inhale very slowly through your nose, hold your breath for a few seconds, exhale very slowly through your mouth. Try breathing with your eyes closed and go to step 9

9.Imagine clearly how you will stop being a smoker. During breathing exercises, item 8, you can close your eyes and imagine yourself as a non-smoker. You should see yourself enjoying the exercise # 7. Imagine yourself refusing an offered cigarette. See how you throw all your cigarettes away and receive a gold medal for it. Develop your own creative ideas. “Visualization” will work.

10. Reduce the number of cigarettes gradually (if you are reducing the number of cigarettes, be sure to set a day of FINAL smoking cessation).Ways to gradually quit smoking include: planning the number of cigarettes you smoke each day until you quit smoking, reducing the number of cigarettes you smoke each day, buying no more than one pack of cigarettes, changing the brand so that you don’t like the smoking process so much. Give your cigarettes to someone else so you have to ask for them every time you want to smoke.

11. Try to “quit” – quit smoking once and for all.Many smokers have tested for themselves that the only way to get rid of cigarettes is to quit abruptly and completely, without trying to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. However, find the method that works best for you: quit gradually or immediately. If one of the methods doesn’t work, try another.

12. Find yourself a partner – another smoker who also wants to quit smoking. Encourage and help each other, turn to a friend when you feel like you can’t stand it.Visit our Forum or chat, there will certainly be help.

13. Brush your teeth thoroughly. Pay attention to how quickly their condition improves and how they turn white. Imagine and enjoy the thought of how they will look in a month, three or a year.

14. After you quit smoking, plan to mark the dates on your journey from smoker to non-smoker. After 2 weeks, go to the movies. After a month – go to a good restaurant or cafe (be sure to sit in the non-smoking section!).After 3 months – spend the weekend in your favorite place. After 6 months – buy yourself something serious. Throw yourself a party after 1 year. Invite your family and friends to the “birthday” of someone who has a chance to live a long and healthy life.

15. Drink plenty of water. Water is good anyway, and most people don’t drink enough of it. Water will help “flush” nicotine and other chemicals from the body, and it will also help relieve cravings for cigarettes by responding to “mouth requests.”

16. Become aware of when you have the urge to smoke, for example: during stress, after eating, on arrival at work, etc. Try to avoid these situations, and if this is not possible, find other patterns of behavior in these moments.

17. Find something you can hold in your hand and mouth to replace cigarettes. Try drinking straws or try cigarette substitutes called “E-Z Quit”.More information can be found here.

18. Write an uplifting song or verse on the topic “Quit Smoking”, about cigarettes, and what it means to you to give up tobacco. Read it every day.

19. Carry a photo of your family or someone you care about. Write on a piece of paper, “I quit for myself and for you (you)” and attach it to the photo. When you have the urge to smoke, look at the photo and read the inscription.

Every time you have the urge to smoke, instead of lighting a cigarette, write down your feelings or whatever is on your mind.Carry this sheet with you at all times. We wish you the best of luck in your quest to quit smoking. It’s worth it!

Remember!

• in 20 minutes – after the last cigarette, the blood pressure will drop to normal, the heart will work again, and the blood supply to the palms and feet will improve.

• after 8 hours – the oxygen content in the blood is normalized

• after 2 days – the ability to taste and smell will increase

• in a week – the complexion will improve, the unpleasant odor from the skin, hair will disappear, when you exhale

• in a month – it will clearly become easier to breathe, fatigue will leave, headache, especially in the morning, cough will cease to bother

• in six months – the heart rate will become less frequent, sports results will improve – you will start to run faster, swim, you will feel the desire for physical activity

• after 1 year – the risk of developing coronary heart disease compared with smokers will be reduced by half

• after 5 years – the likelihood of dying from lung cancer will sharply decrease compared to those who smoke a pack a day.

In conclusion, a few words about tobacco smoking with humor:

Sausage is smoked for several hours, and smokers smoke themselves for years.

Sausage has no choice, do you?

GUZ Medical Prevention Center DZKK

adverse effects. Firstly, the blood cells acquire great stickiness, forming blood clots, and secondly, small scars appear, and the smooth inner surface of the vessels itself becomes rough.These roughness contribute to the accumulation of particles of fat and lime, and this accelerates the onset of atherosclerosis.

Smoking and sight: :

Medical research has shown that smoking can cause blindness. This mainly occurs with older smokers from age-related degeneration of the ocular membrane.

Smoking and hearing:

Research has shown: smokers become deaf 1.7 times more often.Among smokers aged 60 to 69, 56.4% began to hear worse. Among nonsmokers, hearing deteriorated in 35.5%. Among those who quit smoking, 47.3% began to suffer from hearing loss.

Smoking and male health:

In men, smoking increases the risk of impotence.

Smoking and women’s health:

Smoking leads to many complications during pregnancy such as premature babies and reduced fertility.Women who smoke may also experience an earlier onset of menopause. 25.10.01 Pregnant smokers are more likely to suffer from depression 11.10.01 “Light” cigarettes shorten the life of women

Smoking and stress:

Every time you are in between smoking, your body does not receive nicotine. Even if you don’t feel like smoking, your body is already accustomed to nicotine and “asks for more”. The constant need for nicotine keeps you at the peak of nervous tension, increasing stress.Fortunately, this effect is reversible.

Smoking and diabetes:

If you have diabetes and you smoke, then you are at great risk of complications, including problems with the eye and limb vessels.

Smoking and cancer:

Smoking can cause cancer in organs that come in contact with smoke, such as the lungs, throat and mouth. As the chemicals from smoke enter the bloodstream, cancer can develop in many other organs.According to scientists in the United States, developed countries of Europe, as well as in large cities of Russia, lung cancer and breast cancer predominate (in Moscow in 1996, 225 thousand people died of all forms of cancer). It is believed to be the result of environmental pollution by industrial waste, car exhaust and tobacco smoking.

Smoking and other diseases:

ULCER DISEASE stomach and duodenum, a chronic disease characterized by the formation of ulcers in the mucous membrane of the stomach and (or) the duodenum, pain in the epigastric region after a certain time after eating or on an empty stomach (“hunger pains”), vomiting (seasonal exacerbations spring, autumn).Complications are possible: bleeding, perforation of the organ wall, narrowing of the pylorus, etc. Smoking also plays an important role in the development of peptic ulcer disease.

BRONCHIT , a disease of the respiratory organs of humans and animals with damage to the bronchial wall. In humans, acute and chronic bronchitis are distinguished. Signs: cough with phlegm, fever, shortness of breath. One of the main reasons for smoking.

OBLITERATING ENDARTERIIS (from endo … and artery), a chronic vascular disease with a predominant lesion of the arteries of the legs: gradual vasoconstriction up to complete closure of their lumen with necrosis of tissues deprived of blood supply (spontaneous gangrene).Manifestations: rapid fatigue of the legs, cramps, later intermittent claudication, excruciating pain. Smoking worsens the course of obliterating endarteritis. In severe cases, surgery (vascular plastics, amputation).

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (from the Greek athera – gruel and sclerosis), a chronic cardiovascular disease of mainly elderly people. It is characterized by compaction of the arterial wall due to the proliferation of connective tissue, narrowing of the vascular lumen and deterioration of the blood supply to organs.Smoking is one of the causes. With atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries of the heart, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiosclerosis are possible; with atherosclerosis of the vessels of the brain – disorders of cerebral circulation, including stroke, mental disorders.

AUTOIMUNE DISEASE . Smokers, according to a recent study (J Rheumatology, 11, 2001), have an increased risk of developing the autoimmune disease of systemic lupus erythematosus. It is an incurable disease characterized by inflammation and damage to tissues and organs throughout the body, including joints, skin, heart, kidneys, and central nervous system.Lupus is an autoimmune disease, meaning it occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. The researchers found that those who continued to smoke were seven times more likely to develop lupus than non-smokers. Those who have already quit smoking are almost four times more likely to quit than those who have never smoked. Not surprisingly, cigarettes affect the propensity for autoimmune reactions, as cigarette smoke contains at least 55 chemicals that affect cell growth or viability, including carbon monoxide, cyanide, hydroquinone, and others.It is also possible that smoking can trigger the autoimmune process in conjunction with other factors.

Passive smoking:

Smoking affects not only you. Tobacco smoke gets into the lungs of others and this can cause any complications that are observed in ordinary smokers. “On the dangers of secondhand smoke or passive smoking and its effect on the body” (Based on materials from the Moscow City Center for the Treatment and Prevention of Tobacco Smoking.)

Many people consider smoking a habit , believing that it is very easy to quit smoking, that it is only a matter of volitional effort. This is incorrect for two reasons. First, habits are sometimes very difficult to change. Secondly, smoking is not just a habit, but also a certain form of drug addiction.

Some statistics:

The average smoker takes about 200 puffs a day. This translates to approximately 6,000 a month, 72,000 a year, and over 2,000,000 puffs for a 45-year-old smoker who started smoking at age 15.

For many smokers, smoking becomes a part of their I, and this inner perception of oneself is sometimes very difficult to change.

Speaking of tobacco smoking, it is preferable to avoid the word addiction. When using this term, people may get the impression that it is impossible to quit smoking altogether. This is not true. There is such an opportunity.

Despite the fact that smoking tobacco is a strong habit and also a form of drug addiction, millions of people have managed to quit smoking.In the UK, the number of smokers has decreased by about 10 million over the past 10-15 years. This means that almost 2,000 people quit smoking every day!

How to quit smoking?

If you ask yourself this question, it is already good. The answer to this question will largely depend on how quickly you will achieve the result. All people are different and there is no universal recipe “HOW TO QUIT SMOKING”.

Often, smokers are concerned about the problem of gaining weight after quitting smoking.Believe me – if you have coped with smoking, you will also solve the problem with weight.

In fact, it is not at all necessary to turn the process of parting with cigarettes into a serious and depressing procedure.

It is sometimes difficult to find support and understanding among friends and family.

Quitting smoking is not easy, but NOT impossible. Millions of people have already done it!

Here are 20 quick tips to help you quit smoking.

1. Believe in yourself. Trust that you can quit. Think back to the hardest things you’ve done and realize that you have the willpower and determination to quit smoking. Everything depends on you.

2. After you have read this list, sit down and write your own, revised according to your character traits and characteristics. Create your own smoking cessation plan.

3. State on paper the reasons why you want to quit smoking (the benefits of a smoke-free life): live longer, feel better for your family, save money, smell better, find a mate easier, etc.e. You know what is wrong with smoking and what you will gain by quitting. Write everything down on paper and read it daily.

4. Ask your family and friends to support you in your decision to quit smoking. Ask them for full support and tolerance. Let them know ahead of time that you may be irritable even annoying when breaking up with this bad habit.

5. Set a smoking end date. Decide on which day you will part with cigarettes forever.Write down this date. Plan it out. Prepare your brain for “the first day of your new life.” You can even have a small ceremony for your last cigarette or the morning of your quit day.

6. Talk to your doctor about quitting smoking. The support and direction you receive from your doctor is a proven way to improve your chances of success.

7. Start exercising. Sports are simply incompatible with smoking. Exercise relieves stress and helps your body recover from the harm caused by cigarettes.If necessary, start gradually, with a short walk once or twice a day. Bring it up to 30-40 minutes of exercise 3 or 4 times a week. Check with your doctor before starting any exercise routine.

8. Do deep breathing exercises every day for 3-5 minutes. Inhale very slowly through your nose, hold your breath for a few seconds, exhale very slowly through your mouth. Try breathing with your eyes closed and go to step 9

9.Imagine clearly how you will stop being a smoker. During breathing exercises, item 8, you can close your eyes and imagine yourself as a non-smoker. You should see yourself enjoying the exercise # 7. Imagine yourself refusing an offered cigarette. See how you throw all your cigarettes away and receive a gold medal for it. Develop your own creative ideas. “Visualization” will work.

10. Reduce the number of cigarettes gradually (if you are reducing the number of cigarettes, be sure to set a day of FINAL smoking cessation).Ways to gradually quit smoking include: planning the number of cigarettes you smoke each day until you quit smoking, reducing the number of cigarettes you smoke each day, buying no more than one pack of cigarettes, changing the brand so that you don’t like the smoking process so much. Give your cigarettes to someone else so you have to ask for them every time you want to smoke.

11. Try to “quit” – quit smoking once and for all.Many smokers have tested for themselves that the only way to get rid of cigarettes is to quit abruptly and completely, without trying to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. However, find the method that works best for you: quit gradually or immediately. If one of the methods doesn’t work, try another.

12. Find yourself a partner – another smoker who also wants to quit smoking. Encourage and help each other, turn to a friend when you feel like you can’t stand it.Visit our Forum or chat, there will certainly be help.

13. Brush your teeth thoroughly. Pay attention to how quickly their condition improves and how they turn white. Imagine and enjoy the thought of how they will look in a month, three or a year.

14. After you quit smoking, plan to mark the dates on your journey from smoker to non-smoker. After 2 weeks, go to the movies. After a month – go to a good restaurant or cafe (be sure to sit in the non-smoking section!).After 3 months – spend the weekend in your favorite place. After 6 months – buy yourself something serious. Throw yourself a party after 1 year. Invite your family and friends to the “birthday” of someone who has a chance to live a long and healthy life.

15. Drink plenty of water. Water is good anyway, and most people don’t drink enough of it. Water will help “flush” nicotine and other chemicals from the body, and it will also help relieve cravings for cigarettes by responding to “mouth requests.”

16. Become aware of when you have the urge to smoke, for example: during stress, after eating, on arrival at work, etc. Try to avoid these situations, and if this is not possible, find other patterns of behavior in these moments.

17. Find something you can hold in your hand and mouth to replace cigarettes. Try drinking straws or try cigarette substitutes called “E-Z Quit”.More information can be found here.

18. Write an uplifting song or verse on the topic “Quit Smoking”, about cigarettes, and what it means to you to give up tobacco. Read it every day.

19. Carry a photo of your family or someone you care about. Write on a piece of paper, “I quit for myself and for you (you)” and attach it to the photo. When you have the urge to smoke, look at the photo and read the inscription.

Every time you have the urge to smoke, instead of lighting a cigarette, write down your feelings or whatever is on your mind.Carry this sheet with you at all times. We wish you the best of luck in your quest to quit smoking. It’s worth it!

Remember!

• in 20 minutes – after the last cigarette, the blood pressure will drop to normal, the heart will work again, and the blood supply to the palms and feet will improve.

• after 8 hours – the oxygen content in the blood is normalized

• after 2 days – the ability to taste and smell will increase

• in a week – the complexion will improve, the unpleasant odor from the skin, hair will disappear, when you exhale

• in a month – it will clearly become easier to breathe, fatigue will leave, headache, especially in the morning, cough will cease to bother

• in six months – the heart rate will become less frequent, sports results will improve – you will start to run faster, swim, you will feel the desire for physical activity

• after 1 year – the risk of developing coronary heart disease compared with smokers will be reduced by half

• after 5 years – the likelihood of dying from lung cancer will sharply decrease compared to those who smoke a pack a day.

In conclusion, a few words about tobacco smoking with humor:

Sausage is smoked for several hours, and smokers smoke themselves for years.

Sausage has no choice, do you?

GUZ Medical Prevention Center DZKK

stomach cancer and smoking |

When smoking tobacco, carcinogens of tobacco smoke, deposited in the oral cavity, with food and saliva through the esophagus enter the stomach.

Studies of risk factors for stomach cancer, conducted by scientists, have shown that the relative risk of developing this disease is associated with the use of alcoholic beverages, red wine and smoking. The combination of smoking and drinking alcohol increases the relative risk of stomach cancer 10 times in relation to non-drinkers and nonsmokers. Stomach cancer most often occurs against the background of stomach and duodenal ulcers. The aforementioned risk factors for stomach cancer can be exacerbated by other adverse factors (unhealthy diet, food quality, production and environmental factors, and prolonged stress).

Thus, smoking and alcohol, separately and in combination, are very significant risk factors for the formation of stomach cancer. In addition to these factors, others should be noted: unhealthy diet, unbalanced diets, stress, ecology, self-medication (for example, uncontrolled use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), as well as a hereditary factor.

All of the above factors are especially dangerous if a person already has any stomach diseases: chronic gastritis, chronic stomach ulcers, stomach polyps and others.A person with such diseases simply needs to minimize the factors that contribute to the maintenance and development of these diseases, because each of them can “develop” into stomach cancer.
Like most other cancers, stomach cancer can be asymptomatic for quite a long time in the initial stage or manifest itself in the form of symptoms characteristic of chronic gastritis, stomach ulcers, stomach polyps, etc.

Smoking also has a detrimental effect on the gastrointestinal tract.Harmful products of tobacco smoke, especially nicotine, disrupt the process of secretion of gastric juice and its acidity. During smoking, the vessels of the stomach narrow, the mucous membrane is exsanguinated, the amount of gastric juice and its acidity are increased, and even nicotine swallowed with saliva irritates the stomach wall. All this leads to gastritis, and then to gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. During a mass examination of men for the detection of gastric ulcer, it was found that it is 12 times more common in smokers.If, upon detection of this disease, the patient continues to smoke, the disease worsens, bleeding may occur, and the need for surgery. It should be noted that stomach and duodenal ulcers can develop into cancer.

Smoking not only increases the risk of developing stomach ulcers, but also prevents it from healing even with proper and intensive treatment, which contributes to the transition of an acute period into a chronic disease. This position has been confirmed by numerous clinical and experimental studies.As the scientists point out, at least five conclusions can be drawn on the problem of the connection between peptic ulcer disease and smoking:

– there is an increased frequency of smoking in patients with both duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer in comparison with nonsmokers;
– there is a predominance of peptic ulcers (approximately twice) in smokers compared to non-smokers;
– The frequency of peptic ulcers increases with the number of cigarettes smoked.
– Smoking slows down the healing of ulcers;
– People who smoke are 2 times more likely to die from peptic ulcers than non-smokers.

Sensitive to nicotine and intestines. Smoking increases peristalsis (contraction). Intestinal dysfunction is expressed by periodically alternating constipation and diarrhea. In addition, nicotine-induced rectal spasms obstruct blood flow and contribute to the formation of hemorrhoids. Bleeding from hemorrhoids is maintained and even increased by smoking.

90,000 Is it possible to smoke with stomach ulcers: influence, complications from bad habit

Tobacco smoking has a destructive effect on the human body.All organs suffer from it, but most often cigarettes disrupt the stomach. According to official figures, every second inhabitant of the planet is sick with a chronic form of gastritis.

According to gastroenterologists, the main reason for the massiveness of the disease is smoking. Currently, 60% of men and 25% of women use tobacco regularly. Doctors unanimously declare that smoking with gastritis is prohibited.

Doctors recommend everyone who has stomach problems to urgently give up this bad habit.

• causes varicose veins of the stomach and intestines,
• destroys protective mucous tissue,
• promotes the formation of calculus, which can cause gastritis.

Smoking with gastritis

Gastritis – inflammation of the stomach lining. The disease can be primary or chronic. Pain, heartburn, and a feeling of a lump in the chest after eating are common symptoms.

The main reason why you should not use tobacco if you have gastritis is the irritating effect of cigarette smoke.The components of the cigarette inflame the already unhealthy stomach lining. Gastritis in this case only intensifies.

Nicotine is especially harmful to the digestive organs. The element causes severe stomach cramps and interferes with blood circulation. In addition, the substance has a bad effect on the functioning of the central nervous system.

Damage to the central nervous system leads to changes in the motility of the gastrointestinal tract, an incorrect release of juice occurs. Nicotine helps to increase the level of hydrochloric acid.

As a result, acidity rises, and gastritis intensifies.

To some, such an explanation may seem unimpressive, they say, how can smoke even get into the digestive organs.

All substances contained in a cigarette first pass through the upper and lower respiratory tract, and then are transferred by the blood stream to the stomach, liver, and so on. Another route is through the mouth.

Toxic substances settle on the palate, teeth, gums, tongue, then dissolve in saliva and are swallowed.

How does smoking in diabetes affect blood sugar?

Poisoning caused by cigarettes can aggravate or worsen stomach illness. A cigarette contains many toxic elements, such as arsenic, benzene or benzopyrene.

An increased level of gastric juice causes fluid to be released into the esophagus. Inflammation occurs – reflux. A person often vomits, the temperature may rise, pains in the right or left side are noted.Sometimes it seems that the rib hurts. Under the influence of nicotine, the cells of the irritated mucous membrane can mutate into cancerous ones at any time.

The main consequences of smoking in gastritis:

• The disease turns into an acute form, which is characterized by severe pain. They become more intense at night. Heartburn and nausea appear,
• Conversion of acute or chronic gastritis to atrophic type. This condition is considered precancerous,
• Occurrence of erosion,
• Ulcer formation.

As a rule, primary gastritis occurs after 5 years of smoking. But this is provided that the smoker previously had an absolutely healthy stomach. If the problem existed before the start of tobacco use, then chronic gastritis can worsen with an experience of only six months.

The longer a person smokes, the more adverse changes occur. So after 10 years of smoking, the stomach begins to produce less juice. X-rays were taken of people who had just smoked a cigarette.

The device diagnosed that gastric motility is greatly reduced. For some participants in the experiment, it stopped altogether for 12 minutes.

Pain at this moment becomes not as strong as before, but frequent constipation occurs, a constant feeling of heaviness in the upper abdomen. The patient regularly suffers from nausea.

Cigarette essays with button tastes

Measures to be observed while smoking for gastritis

Smoking is addiction, it is difficult to get rid of it.Few people succeed in doing this voluntarily. Here are some tips for those who have gastritis but still have trouble quitting cigarettes:

• stop smoking at night,
• use tobacco only on a full stomach,
• per day it is permissible to smoke no more than 10 cigarettes,
• Do not smoke before and after meals (interval 60 minutes).

Important! With an exacerbation of gastritis, you must completely quit smoking.

Smoking with an ulcer

Tabex: description, instructions, price and reviews of smokers

Cigarettes remove a large amount of vitamin C and B from the human body.These beneficial substances contribute to the restoration of the gastrointestinal mucosa.

With a lack of vitamins, the wounds on the stomach do not heal, but become deeper and wider. Perforation may occur – internal bleeding. This condition is extremely dangerous for humans.

If the patient is not provided with timely assistance, then a lethal outcome is inevitable.

The symptoms of bleeding ulcers are:

• severe weakness,
• pallor of the skin,
• chills,
• bloody spots in feces,
• dark vomit,
• severe abdominal pain.

Cigarettes suppress the immune system. This fact also does not allow the ulcer to heal. Treatment of the disease in a person who smokes is many times longer and more difficult than in a person without bad habits, since nicotine weakens the effect of medications.

The indicator of the transition of the disease to oncology in smokers is 11-13%. This is due to the effect of a number of toxic ingredients in the cigarette on cells. First of all, we are talking about chrome. The element destroys chromosomes and kills cell electrons, which leads to mutations.

A healthy cell becomes cancerous. Thus, a small wound on the stomach turns into an oncological tumor. Chlorine, nicotine and arsenic can also cause cancer mutations. All these elements are found in large quantities in cigarettes.

For this reason, smoking and stomach ulcers are incompatible.

Another common gastrointestinal disease is ulcerative colitis. With this ailment, the rectum and colon become inflamed. Strangely, evidence suggests that smoking prevents this disease from occurring.

The connection is explained by the fact that tobacco reduces the flow of blood into the mucous membrane, therefore, inflammatory agents die from a lack of nutrients and oxygen. But this does not mean at all that one should immediately start smoking as soon as ulcerative colitis occurs. It must be remembered that the regular use of cigarettes harms the entire body.

Perhaps, smoking will really cure inflammation of the rectum, but at the same time it will cause irritation of the gastric mucosa and a number of other organs.

Causes and treatment of heartburn from smoking and after quitting smoking

Duodenal ulcer and cigarettes

The danger of smoking with duodenal ulcer lies in the fact that under the influence of nicotine resins neighboring organs can be damaged and even through holes in the intestines can appear. This leads to purulent processes and cancerous tumors. Treatment of oncological neoplasms in smokers is difficult. Nicotine stops the aging and death process in cancer cells.

What diseases do smokers have?

Important! Without smoking cessation, surgical removal of a duodenal ulcer does not guarantee that the disease will not return.

Treatment of exacerbation of the gastrointestinal tract against the background of smoking

Having noticed all the symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, it is necessary to urgently consult a doctor. If the patient is feeling very unwell, it is better to call an ambulance.

While the team is traveling, you can take painkillers and try to lower the acidity.However, you cannot use soda for these purposes. The substance will cause further irritation of the mucous membranes.

It is also forbidden to use a heating pad or hot water bottle. Heat in this case will only worsen the patient’s condition.

Drug treatment includes:

• antibacterial drugs,
• means that reduce acidity,
• sedative,
• medicines to help restore mucous membranes.

A diet must be prescribed.Spicy, smoked, salty and fatty foods are banned. But most importantly, the patient must quit smoking. If the recommendations are followed, the restoration of the gastrointestinal tract will take much less time, and peptic ulcer disease will forever remain in the past.

In addition, Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that is the main cause of the disease, multiplies more actively under the influence of toxic substances from cigarettes. This creates favorable conditions for increasing the pathogenicity of the infection. Can I smoke with stomach ulcers?

90% of all residents carry Helicobacter pylori in the gastrointestinal tract, however, the immune system promptly inhibits the activity of bacteria on the stomach tissue.The content of cigarette smoke suppresses the defense mechanisms of the organ, which is why the mucous membrane is damaged and the infection begins to actively multiply, causing gastritis and ulcers.

The effect of nicotine on the gastrointestinal tract

The main physiological mechanism of nicotine is the effect on the body’s nicotinic receptors. Their activity excites the sympathetic part of the nervous system by acting on the adrenal glands. Adrenaline is released into the bloodstream. Further, the whole mechanism rests on the effects of adrenaline as a hormone.

Adrenaline increases blood pressure and reduces the lumen of blood vessels – blood circulation is centralized: blood accumulates in the most important organs (heart, brain, liver, kidneys), which support the vitality of the body. Secondary organs, including the stomach, suffer from a lack of blood flow. Insufficient blood circulation in the organ brings with it insufficient nutrients and little oxygen.

Nutrition of the stomach tissues deteriorates, the mucous membrane suffers from hypotrophy, which leads to cell death.An ulcer is formed. In addition, tobacco smoking affects the work of the vagus nerve – the production of hydrochloric acid increases. An excess of gastric juice is an aggressive factor that contributes to the development of ulcers.

Can I smoke with stomach ulcers after surgery

During this period, the patient’s body is rebuilt to a new mode of functioning: the liver is busy processing drugs, the kidneys remove toxic substances, the heart delivers blood to the affected organs.Smoking means loading the organs even more: the risk of relapse increases and the rehabilitation time is extended.

Ulcer and smoking: complication

A cigarette increases the likelihood of consequences. An ulcer, regardless of the cause, has a severe complication pattern:

1. Stomach bleeding. The ulcerative defect passes to the vessel, the wall of which becomes thinner. The stomach begins to bleed. Clinical presentation: sudden weakness, hypotension, nausea and vomiting of brown or black food debris: blood is mixed with gastric juice.This symptom is called “coffee grounds”. Melena – black feces with blood impurities. Dizziness, fainting, pale skin of the face.
2. Perforation. An opening forms in the wall of the stomach. The contents of the organ – gastric juice and undigested food debris – “fall out” into the peritoneal cavity. Inflammation of the peritoneum develops. The patient feels a sharp dagger pain in the stomach and lower back. An ambulance should be called immediately – otherwise death.
3. Penetration (penetration). An opening is formed in the stomach, which is directed not into the abdominal cavity, but into a neighboring organ.The clinical picture depends on which organ was penetrated. The patient complains of abdominal pain. After taking antacids, the pain syndrome does not alleviate. Treatment is exclusively surgical.
4. Pylorus stenosis. The term means that the sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum is deformed, and food does not pass further – it is stopped by a closed sphincter. It occurs if the ulcer located in this section is scarred. Part of the connective tissue goes to the pylorus.Clinical picture: the patient complains of heaviness after eating. A few hours later, he begins to vomit recently eaten food, belching. Vomiting relieves the patient’s condition.

Can I smoke with stomach ulcers: the effect of smoking on the body

Ulcer is a common disease that does not appear suddenly. Sometimes people, in pursuit of success and building a career, lose sight of the first alarming “bells”, preferring not to notice the malfunction of the body.

Often with pain in the intestines, the appearance of spasms – the first symptoms of the disease, few turn to a doctor for advice, preferring to self-medicate at home.Symptoms are similar to the first signs of gastritis. If you do not take measures for examination and further treatment in time, the likelihood of an ulcer increases daily.

The effect of smoking on the human body

The number of people who smoke is not decreasing. Despite the abundance of advertisements that reveal full information about the dangers of smoking, the number of people who are addicted to tobacco remains unchanged. The number of teenagers trying to smoke is growing every year. Anyone will tell you about the dangers of the habit.But a rare teenager seriously thinks about the effect of smoking on the body.

Nicotine damages human organs. The effect of the poison contained in the smoke of a smoked cigarette hits multiple places. Smoking is the culprit in the inflammatory processes of the human body.

Diseases of stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers are often directly associated with a poisoning habit. The substances contained in the smoke poison, damage the cells of the mucous membrane and the muscle layer.

Smoking is the main culprit in the violation of taste buds – the smoker simply does not feel the taste and aroma of food.

Separately, we add that nicotine has a direct effect on the processes in the gastrointestinal tract: it constricts blood vessels, causes a spasm in the stomach.

As a consequence, the vessels partially perform functions and do not support local immunity. Smoking interferes with blood circulation.

Addiction gradually destroys the body, a smoker has a much higher risk of developing cancer than a person who is not subject to a bad habit.

Smoking with stomach ulcer

The first question that torments smokers as the disease progresses, is smoking allowed in case of stomach ulcers? Thousands of articles have been written about the dangers of smoking for the body, hundreds of facts are given.But the number of dependent people is only increasing. People are not stopped by the awareness of the mortal danger of the habit, it causes serious diseases in the body that cannot be cured.

The effect of smoking on the stomach

If a person has an ulcer, there is no question of smoking! The first thing that needs to be understood by a smoker suffering from stomach ulcers: it is necessary to get rid of the addiction to tobacco as soon as possible, there are indisputable facts:

1. Nicotine eliminates the beneficial properties of the drugs taken, the treatment does not produce a positive effect.
2. Tobacco smoke enters the stomach, irritating the mucous membrane. As a result, inflammation increases.
3. If a smoker cannot quit a cigarette, smokes during therapy, the treatment time will take 2 times longer, there is practically no guarantee of complete recovery.
4. Smoking with stomach ulcers sometimes leads to the discovery of bleeding.

To summarize the conclusions: smoking is a deadly cause of the disease and multiple relapses. Scientists, based on statistics, have found that the number of deaths is five times higher among smokers than among people who do not suffer from a bad habit.

Smoking with duodenal ulcer

The dangers of smoking during illness are written in the article, it is worth pointing out certain differences. Duodenal ulcers are ten times more likely to occur in people who smoke. The reason is simple.

Harmful tar contained in tobacco smoke initially enters the duodenum with saliva.

As a result, in order to neutralize foreign substances in the body, the liver secretes enzymes and, together with bile, directs them into the intestine to neutralize and remove dangerous toxins.

Smoking and duodenum

Some of the enzymes remain inside, continuing to destroy the mucous membrane, at the same time disrupting the blood supply, leading to a strong exacerbation.

If a person continues to smoke, a long and painful treatment is guaranteed, sometimes unsuccessful.

If a person hopes that smoking with a duodenal ulcer is allowed, we list the consequences of such a rash step.

If a person continues to smoke during illness, the consequences are very unpleasant:

• Opening of bleeding, loss of consciousness, rapidly increasing pain;
• Formation of through holes in the intestinal wall;
• Penetration of ulcers into the pancreas;
• Development of a malignant tumor at the site of the ulcer;
• Inflammation of the lining of the duodenum, accompanied by severe excruciating pain.

The choice is up to the person, smoking or quitting. It is necessary to take advantage of the chance to maintain health! It is surprising that people are aware of the negative consequences of the habit, patients understand that they will die from cigarettes, but they cannot or do not want to do anything.

The main task of the smoker

When trouble comes in the form of a rather serious illness, people try to save health and life. If a person has a desire to change his lifestyle, then he is on the right track.Even a heavy smoker has the right to consult a doctor for advice and help.

Often people suffering from peptic ulcer disease turn out to be smokers with “experience”. A person is not always able to cope with addiction on his own. Your doctor can help. Alternatively, prescribe a drug that initially reduces nicotine addiction. In the future, such a technique will serve as an impetus for a person to give up a bad habit.

If addiction manifests itself on a psychological level, the help of a psychologist is needed.A specialist of the above-mentioned profile, in a few steps, will help to overcome the barrier, relieve a person from the desire to smoke. The main thing is to focus on the result of the smoker himself.

Disease prevention

The danger and characteristics of the ulcer are already known. The main thing is the concept and acceptance of information by the smoker. With an ulcer, you can not smoke, it is important to understand that the disease tends to return. If a smoker quit for a while, hoping to return to the addiction after therapy, it is worth recalling that relapses of the disease are caused by smoking.

Quit smoking altogether

It is a well-known fact that after a smoked cigarette a person’s appetite disappears. The explanation is simple: in some people, a feature of the organism was revealed – a low acidity of gastric juice. In such a situation, nicotine acts as the main provocateur to reduce hunger. As a result, food intake is irregular.

The beginning of the appearance of an ulcer is divided into three reasons. The first is improper nutrition. The second is smoking. The third is intense physical activity and constant stress.If a person tries to avoid the listed sources, the ulcer will not bother. Sports, a healthy lifestyle are the key to good health.

In the modern world, there are enough temptations in the form of food, alcoholic beverages, smoking. If a person leads a sedentary lifestyle, abuses alcohol, tobacco, does not monitor the quality of food, the time will come to get sick.

To prevent the onset of the disease, it is enough to love yourself. If a person loves himself, he will not poison the body. At a young age, childhood stupidity and the desire to look older play a cruel joke in the form of addiction for the rest of your life.Under any circumstances, the right to choose to be healthy remains with a person.

Is it possible to smoke with stomach ulcers: the effect of nicotine on the gastrointestinal tract, complications. How smoking affects stomach ulcers: is there a relationship?

The main physiological mechanism of nicotine is the effect on the body’s nicotinic receptors. Their activity excites the sympathetic part of the nervous system by acting on the adrenal glands. Adrenaline is released into the bloodstream. Further, the whole mechanism rests on the effects of adrenaline as a hormone.

Adrenaline increases blood pressure and reduces the lumen of blood vessels – blood circulation is centralized: blood accumulates in the most important organs (heart, brain, liver, kidneys), which support the vitality of the body. Secondary organs, including the stomach, suffer from a lack of blood flow. Insufficient blood circulation in the organ brings with it insufficient nutrients and little oxygen.

Nutrition of the stomach tissues deteriorates, the mucous membrane suffers from hypotrophy, which leads to cell death.An ulcer is formed. In addition, tobacco smoking affects the work of the vagus nerve – the production of hydrochloric acid increases. An excess of gastric juice is an aggressive factor that contributes to the development of ulcers.

Can I smoke with stomach ulcers after surgery

Smoking with an ulcer is prohibited at all, regardless of the patient’s condition. Smoking in any case provokes hypoxia of the tissues of the stomach and stimulates the production of gastric juice. The postoperative state is an absolute contraindication.

During this period, the patient’s body is rebuilt to a new mode of functioning: the liver is busy processing drugs, the kidneys remove toxic substances, the heart delivers blood to the affected organs. Smoking means loading the organs even more: the risk of relapse increases and the rehabilitation time is extended.

Electronic cigarettes for ulcers

Recently, many devices have appeared, the purpose of which is to help the heavy smoker to say goodbye to the addiction.One of these modern developments is the electronic cigarette. This device has several advantages:

• does not contain nicotine;
• does not release toxic tar;
• does not provoke the development of a peptic ulcer.

The vapor of an electronic cigarette does not have a negative effect. One thing to remember, the vapor content has not been fully studied. Therefore, it cannot be argued that such funds are completely safe.

If the smoker nevertheless decided to switch to electronic cigarettes, in this case the following points should be considered:

• when purchasing dressings for such products, you need to pay attention to the nicotine content;
• for ulcerative pathology, it is better to give preference to dressings without a toxic substance;
• If it is difficult to give up nicotine right away, it is recommended to gradually reduce its amount.

It is recommended to follow these rules when using a hookah. Thus, it will be possible to completely exclude the influence of the most dangerous provocateur.

Treatment of exacerbation of the gastrointestinal tract against the background of smoking

Having noticed all the symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, it is necessary to urgently consult a doctor. If the patient is feeling very unwell, it is better to call an ambulance.

While the team is traveling, you can take painkillers and try to lower the acidity. However, you cannot use soda for these purposes.The substance will cause further irritation of the mucous membranes.

It is also forbidden to use a heating pad or hot water bottle. Heat in this case will only worsen the patient’s condition.

Drug treatment includes:

• antibacterial drugs,
• means that reduce acidity,
• sedative,
• medicines to help restore mucous membranes.

A diet must be prescribed. Spicy, smoked, salty and fatty foods are banned.But most importantly, the patient must quit smoking. If the recommendations are followed, the restoration of the gastrointestinal tract will take much less time, and peptic ulcer disease will forever remain in the past.

The influence of a bad habit

Drinking alcohol, as well as smoking with stomach ulcers is strictly prohibited, for the following reasons:

• Substances contained in tobacco products weaken the effect of medications, therefore, the duration of treatment significantly increases or does not give a positive effect;
• when smoking, the risk of exacerbation of the disease increases by 70%;
• under the influence of nicotine resins, the formation of ulcerative inflammation increases several times.

Nicotine addiction entails serious consequences that require urgent surgical intervention:

1. Bleeding. An increase in the acidity level of the stomach leads to erosion of its walls, which is fraught with bleeding in the abdominal cavity. Symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding: vomiting of scarlet color, mixed with blood; blood in the feces.
2. The poisons in the cigarette gradually destroy the walls of the stomach, which leads to perforation of the stomach.
3. Attacks of spasms and severe pain that lead to loss of consciousness or may cause painful shock.
4. The possibility of developing a cancerous tumor at the site of an ulcer increases by 50%.
5. It is possible to move the ulcer to other organs of the gastrointestinal tract, which can have a catastrophic outcome.

Removal of ulcerative inflammation in smokers does not guarantee that the exacerbation will not recur. To maintain health, it is necessary to adhere to a proper diet and a healthy lifestyle.

The harm of smoking with an ulcer is colossal, therefore, an ulcer and smoking are incompatible. Upon detection of this disease of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to abandon the addiction in favor of a healthy life.

Does smoking affect duodenal ulcer?

Nicotine provokes an increase in the level of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, while the acid enhances the effect of toxins, as a result of the mucous membrane of the organ – becomes inflamed, after a while wounds are formed on it.

Further, nicotine metabolites enter the duodenum. To neutralize the toxin, the liver expels an additional stream of bile. An additional portion of it is involved in the further erosion of the mucous membrane.

The danger of smoking with duodenal ulcer lies in the fact that under the influence of nicotine tar, neighboring organs can be damaged. This can lead to purulent processes and the risk of cancer detection increases.

The main task of the smoker

When trouble comes in the form of a rather serious illness, people try to save health and life.If a person has a desire to change his lifestyle, then he is on the right track. Even a heavy smoker has the right to consult a doctor for advice and help.

Often people suffering from peptic ulcer disease turn out to be smokers with “experience”. A person is not always able to cope with addiction on his own. Your doctor can help. Alternatively, prescribe a drug that initially reduces nicotine addiction. In the future, such a technique will serve as an impetus for a person to give up a bad habit.

If addiction manifests itself on a psychological level, the help of a psychologist is needed. A specialist of the above-mentioned profile, in a few steps, will help to overcome the barrier, relieve a person from the desire to smoke. The main thing is to focus on the result of the smoker himself.

Expert opinion

Smoking is a bad habit. To ease withdrawal, you should consult your doctor. Sometimes this habit is based on physical attachment and psychological. The smoker’s attitude to this habit will become the basis for therapy.Medication can help reduce addiction to nicotine addiction.

Psychological problems are removed through conversations, consultations and psychotherapy. Home remedies are less effective than treatment prescribed by a specialist.

Awareness of the harm of smoking can make a person more resistant to the development of internal diseases. A healthy lifestyle promotes longevity and activity, good physical shape.

Addictions wear out the body and make it susceptible to diseases that can cause disability.

Contraindications

Smoking with stomach ulcers and other peptic ulcer diseases is strictly prohibited. This is due to the following reasons:

• drugs in combination with tobacco tar lose their medicinal properties and do not give an effect, so the course of treatment lasts longer;
• Nicotine enhances ulcer inflammation;
• bleeding is possible, its signs: black, mushy consistency, sharp pains, loss of consciousness;
• frequent relapses.

If a person found out about his illness and did not quit smoking, this leads to negative consequences:

1. Nicotine gums erode the walls of the intestine, this leads to the formation of penetrating holes on it.
2. Over time, the ulcer penetrates the pancreas, stomach.
3. A cancerous tumor develops at the site of the ulcer.
4. Bright flashes of pain accompany the inflammatory processes of the duodenum.

Timely surgery to remove ulcers does not guarantee that the disease will not recur.The abuse of nicotine and alcoholic beverages causes a relapse.

Despite the negative consequences, heavy smokers ask themselves the question: “Is it possible to smoke with a duodenal ulcer?” The answer is categorical. Cigarettes with this disease are incompatible.

After surgery, patients are warned: smoking is prohibited. But this does not stop addicts.

Complications

Smoking is one of the most dangerous habits that steal health and shorten life.Moreover, such a habit contributes to the development of a number of dangerous complications in peptic ulcer pathology:

1. Stomach bleeding. A similar phenomenon develops as a result of the transition of erosion to the vessel. Gradually, the vascular wall becomes thinner and begins to bleed. This state is expressed in sudden weakness, hypotension, nausea and vomiting, in which the vomit is brown in color;
2. Melena. The patient’s feces become black, blood impurities are present. In addition, the patient is worried about dizziness, frequent fainting may occur, the skin becomes pale;
3. Perforation.With such a complication, an opening forms in the organ, as a result of which gastric secretions and food debris fall out into the abdominal cavity. This causes inflammation of the peritoneum. At the same time, a person feels severe pain of a stabbing nature in the lumbar and stomach area. With such symptoms, you need to urgently call an emergency or death;
4. Penetration. A hole is formed in the organ, heading to the adjacent organ. Symptoms in this case directly depend on which organ was affected by penetration.In this case, the patient will be disturbed by pain in the abdominal area, which go away after using Antacids. With this type of complication, the elimination of pathology occurs exclusively by surgery;
5. Pylorus stenosis. With this type of pathology, the sphincter located between the intestine and the stomach is deformed. As a result, food does not pass further. More often, the deformation of the sphincter is formed due to scarring of the ulcer in this section. Pyloric stenosis can be suspected by the severity that appears after eating.As a rule, after a couple of hours, the patient begins to vomit, which relieves the condition.

It is important to understand it is quite difficult to cure an ulcer without giving up a destructive habit. Pathology will regularly make itself felt, with periods of exacerbation. Therefore, it is worth forever quitting smoking smoking. The person who quit smoking will feel relief in a day, and such an act will speed up the healing process.

Potential consequences

Smoking with stomach and duodenal ulcers have multiple contraindications.

Among them:

• Weakening of the effectiveness of treatment and loss of benefit from drugs and enzymes.
• Strengthening of inflammatory processes, which occurs due to the ingress of nicotine into an existing ulcer.
• Decrease in the quality of treatment. It will take longer to recover from the diagnosis.
• Opened bleeding is an extreme factor that has arisen during smoking.

How to keep love: advice and help from experienced psychologists

One of the main signs of bleeding that has opened is a dark-colored stool in the form of gruel.Addiction to nicotine during the presence of a duodenal ulcer does not cause severe complications when compared with gastric ulcer disease. As complications, bleeding appears, causing pain with loss of consciousness.

Nicotine gum, deposited on the ulcer walls, destroys them, provoking a developing perforation in nearby organs or through intestinal openings. Such pathologies pass by developing peritonitis and pain. Smoking and stomach ulcers may indicate the imminent manifestation of malignant neoplasms.The peculiarity of this terrible diagnosis is its asymptomatic course.

During an operation to eliminate lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and duodenum, there is no 100% certainty that a relapse will not occur. Smoking, if not the main, then a side factor. An ulcer cannot be combined with smoking: after surgical treatment, every smoker should be aware of the possible complications.

Ulcer symptoms

The symptomatic picture of an ulcer and the same disease in combination with smoking has certain differences, so they need to be considered.Of the most common symptoms, it is necessary to highlight:

• regular heartburn, even with strict adherence to the diet;
• sour belching;
• unstable appetite;
• sharp aching pain in the abdominal cavity;

90,055 bloating;

• frequent vomiting, vomiting on an empty stomach is possible;
• diarrhea or constipation.

Smoking in case of duodenal ulcer

As shown by numerous studies, duodenal ulcer is much more often formed in smokers.The reason for this is the harmful tar contained in the smoke. These toxic substances enter the digestive tract along with saliva. As a result, the following negative process occurs:

• to neutralize toxic components, the liver activates the production of enzymes;
• , together with bile, enzymes are sent to the intestines in order to neutralize toxic substances;
• Part of the enzymes secreted by the liver remains in the intestine, continuing to irritate and subsequently destroy the mucous membrane.

Due to this atypical process, a full blood supply is disrupted, which causes a strong exacerbation. Moreover, if the patient continues to smoke, therapy will not bring a positive result and alleviate negative symptoms.

Continuing to smoke with duodenal ulcer, the consequences for the patient will be as follows:

• increasing pain sensations;
• loss of consciousness and discovery of bleeding;
• high probability of the formation of through holes in the walls of the organ;
• transformation of an ulcer into a malignant tumor;
• often the duodenal ulcer becomes inflamed, which causes excruciating discomfort.

Important: Smoking with the pathology under consideration can provoke the penetration of pathology into the pancreas. In this condition, the likelihood of death increases several times. And these are not all the negative consequences of an addiction.

Of course, the choice always remains with the smoker: give up a deadly habit or continue poisoning his own body. But it is important to understand that cigarettes subdue a person’s will, destroy his health and life.Moreover, for all these terrible consequences, people daily lay out the money earned by their own labor. So is this dangerous habit worth such sacrifices?

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Can I smoke with stomach ulcers: influence, complications from bad habit

During periods of damage to the alimentary tract, bad habits can additionally damage organs.Smoking is considered especially dangerous for stomach ulcers.

Nicotine and tar irritate the affected organs, which aggravates the patient’s condition and contributes to the development of the disease.

It is recommended to give up the habit not only during an exacerbation, but also in later life, so as not to lead to a second relapse.

Proper nutrition for stomach ulcers

• A few decades ago, stomach ulcers were found mainly in the elderly, but recently, the diagnosis is more and more often that a pre-ulcer condition is made even to school-age children.
• It is especially important for parents of such children to know what can be eaten with stomach ulcers; a list of prohibited foods should always be at their fingertips, since a fragile child’s body can be greatly affected by an improper diet.
• An ulcer occurs under the influence of two main factors: infection of the body with the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori and the increased acidity of the juice secreted by the stomach.
• Despite the different causes of the disease, the symptoms will be the same: heartburn, belching with a sour taste, flatulence, nausea, vomiting.
• From time to time, the patient experiences pain, which is felt in different parts of the digestive tract, depending on the localization of the inflammatory process.
• Stomach ulcer has a chronic course, it takes a long time to heal, and only timely, when the first symptoms appear, seeking medical help can guarantee a complete cure.
• Diet plays an important role in the successful treatment of the disease, since the affected stomach walls can no longer cope with certain types of food.
• In case of stomach ulcers, the mucous membrane of the organ is corroded by hydrochloric acid in one or several places, therefore, many foods and drinks, getting on the affected areas, will cause severe pain and intensification of the symptoms of the ulcer.
• Since chronic stomach ulcers experience periods of exacerbation and remission, the diet will vary depending on the patient’s condition.
• Next, there will be a list of dishes and products that are strictly prohibited for stomach ulcers in any period:

• smoked and fried foods;
• fatty meat and lard;
• pickled and canned vegetables;
• canned meat and fish;
• beans, peas, lentils, beans;
• concentrated meat and mushroom broths;
• Certain vegetables: cabbage, onion, celery, radish, cucumber, sorrel and spinach;
• mayonnaise, adjika, ketchup, both industrial and homemade;
• hot spices: mustard, horseradish, black pepper and chili, ginger, nutmeg and others;
• buns, biscuits, pastries and cakes, sweets, ice cream, chocolate;
• cocoa, coffee, strong tea;
• spirits and beer;
• food with added preservatives and various flavor enhancers.

The first symptoms of an ulcer may appear after eating foods from this list, and if the diet is not revised, the disease will progress.

The use of medicines will help relieve pain, eliminate the manifestations of dyspepsia, but by using prohibited products, a person will make the treatment meaningless.

Symptoms of the disease

The onset of the disease is asymptomatic, beginning with gastritis. The main culprit for the appearance of gastritis & # 8212, infection with the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori.Pathogenic microorganisms increase the concentration of ammonia and ph, and tobacco smoke toxins only accelerate the growth of bacteria .

Symptoms of the disease and its course are individual and varied . When remission occurs, almost all uncomfortable manifestations disappear. With an exacerbation of the disease, the following symptoms appear:

1. Pain discomfort . The main symptom of a stomach ulcer. All painful sensations are determined by patients above the navel.Sometimes it gives to the scapula and heart, so the patient does not suspect that this pain is directly related to the ulcer. Discomfort is inconsistent, usually occurring in the evening and at night. The time of manifestation is after 2-3 hours after the meal. The pain becomes more intense with the use of drugs, alcohol, violation of the diet and diet.
2. Heartburn . A symptom common with an ulcer is felt after a meal. Heartburn is often a signal that a person is starting to have problems with the functioning of the gastric tract.Subsequently, this sensation is accompanied by pain. With a suppressed ulcer, heartburn disappears, but in some cases it is the only symptom felt by the patient.
3. Belching . A popular symptom. Belching is the release of excess gas associated with food processing. The appearance of excess gases and the presence of an aftertaste indicates the presence of abnormalities in the work of the gastrointestinal tract: a failure in the removal of stomach contents due to frequent spasms and inflammation of the pylorus of the duodenum.Belching also occurs with diaphragmatic hernia.
4. Abdominal distension and nausea . The ulcer also affects processes such as the production of enzymes. An insufficient amount of enzymes contributes to poor digestion of food, excess gas throughout the digestive system. From here and a feeling of heaviness in the stomach and bloating. It is accompanied by nausea that appears after eating.
5. Vomiting . Vomiting immediately results in significant pain relief and abdominal distension.Some people vomit on purpose to achieve relief.
6. Disruptions in digestion . Undigested food thickens, leading to constipation. The duration of the absence of an act of defecation can be 7 days. Often, blood and mucus are found in stool analyzes.
7. Weight loss . Always accompanies the presence of an ulcer. Despite a good appetite, weight loss occurs, often significant.

Depending on the level of acidity, patients experience diametrically opposite feelings: if the acidity is increased, the patient loses his appetite, if it is low, the feeling of hunger appears sharply.

What can be done with an exacerbation and during remission

1. What can you eat during exacerbations of stomach ulcers?
2. Although a lot is excluded from the patient’s diet at this time of illness, the list of foods allowed for consumption is diverse enough to choose from it those from which you can cook your favorite dishes.
3. In case of stomach ulcers, all dishes should be subjected to gentle heat treatment: cooking, baking, cooking in a double boiler or multicooker.
4. Allowed meals and products:

• low-fat meat and fish soufflés and pates;
• soups-puree in vegetable broth;
• viscous porridge in water or diluted milk;
• pureed low-fat cottage cheese with various additives from fruits and berries permitted for stomach ulcers;
• boiled mashed vegetables: potatoes, carrots, beets, zucchini, pumpkin;
• low fat milk and dairy products;
• milk and fruit jelly;
• white toasted bread or croutons from it;
• You can drink weak herbal tea, dried fruit compote, alkaline water without gas.

It is better to refrain from eating fruits and berries with an exacerbation of an ulcer until the condition improves, since even sweet fruits contain acid, which, when it gets on the affected parts of the stomach, will cause burning pain.

It is imperative to eat a little, but often, with equal breaks between meals. Food should not be taken with cold water.

• This bad habit is also bad for healthy people, and in case of stomach ulcers, it will lead to a sharp deterioration in the condition, cause heaviness and pain in the stomach.
• It is also necessary to limit the amount of salt and sugar in the preparation of dietary meals.
• Products must be fresh and preferably homemade, because in the industrial cultivation of fruits and vegetables, substances are used that accumulate in fruits in the form of nitrates.
• Nitrates are very dangerous in case of stomach ulcers, since in the gastrointestinal tract they are converted into nitrites, which have a carcinogenic effect.

When raising animals and poultry, some manufacturers also use drugs that negatively affect the functioning of the human body – hormones and growth stimulants, antibiotics and other harmful additives.

Therefore, you need to buy meat or poultry from a trusted seller, and it is better to buy vegetables and fruits according to the season, and, if possible, you can grow them in your garden and in your garden.

When the period of exacerbation has passed, after a while, you can gradually add variety to the patient’s menu, minced meat dishes (cutlets, meatballs and steamed meatballs), barley, wheat and pearl barley, biscuit biscuits are added to the diet.

You can cook soups with diluted chicken broth with potatoes and vegetables.Instead of potatoes, you can use chicken, rabbit or turkey meat.

1. Meat along with potatoes and bread is undesirable to eat in one meal, since such combinations are poorly digested by a sick stomach.
2. For ulcers, as with any disease, a varied, balanced diet is essential.
3. In order for the body to receive all the necessary nutrients, you can arrange a fish day once a week.
4. Ordinary fried fish is not suitable for this purpose, but delicious and healthy dietary dishes can be prepared from minced fish and some seafood – steam cutlets, fish paste with additions of eggs, herbs and cereals, fish soufflé.

Low-fat marine and freshwater fish varieties – hake, pollock, pike perch, pike are perfect for such dishes. A healthy dietary product is squid meat.

It can be boiled, stewed with vegetables and herbs, added to salads.

It is not recommended for stomach ulcers to eat sea mollusks – mussels, rapans and oysters, as they are capable of accumulating toxic substances, which are abundant in sea and ocean water.

Advice from gastroenterologists

Doctors with many years of experience in treating such diseases note that in case of duodenal ulcers, it is important to quit smoking in order to avoid undesirable consequences, including death.It is necessary to treat this process with caution and precisely follow all the instructions of specialists.

1. To get rid of nicotine addiction should be gradual. Abrupt refusal can cause withdrawal symptoms, against the background of which overeating can occur, which will entail indigestion.
2. It is necessary to cleanse the body of tobacco and its tar with the help of medicines, and also to introduce drugs that block the opioid receptors in the brain.
3. Remove residues of carcinogenic substances with the help of herbal preparations (with such treatment, the risk of complications is zero).
4. A psychotherapist will help you cope with experiences during treatment, with the help of cognitive-behavioral therapy, will change your attitude towards bad habits.

Smoking with ulcers should be excluded. If you are not planning to quit smoking, there are some rules to follow to reduce your risk of disease progression:

• stop smoking on an empty stomach, in the first hour after meals and at night;
• Eliminate sour, spicy, fatty foods from your diet: the use of such foods in tandem with smoking will lead to heartburn or intestinal spasm in smokers;
• Refuse to drink for half an hour after smoking: any drinks contribute to the production of gastric juice, the excess of which is the cause of the formation of obvious inflammation.

Diet after illness

• If all recommendations for drug therapy and medical nutrition are followed correctly, a complete recovery from the disease is possible.
• In this case, the diet becomes even more varied, but if a person is used to eating spicy, fried and excessively fatty foods before the disease, a return to them will provoke a relapse and a stomach ulcer will again remind of itself.
• List of foods that can be added to the diet for those who have had stomach ulcers:

1. yesterday’s buns made from plain dough;

90,055 sweet berries and fruits;

2. dry biscuits;
3. pies baked in the oven no more than 2-3 times a week;
4. mild hard cheese;
5. dietary cooked sausage, boiled tongue and heart;
6. in small quantities, you can eat sweet tomatoes, cucumbers, bell peppers, cauliflower, eggplant, greens;
7. is allowed once or twice a week a portion of ice cream or several sweets.

1. As during remission and exacerbation of stomach ulcers, you should not eat rye bread, buns, chocolate, cakes and pastries, fried pies and donuts, legumes, strong mushroom, fish and meat broths, millet.
2. Under no circumstances should you eat fast street food – shawarma, pies and whites, hot dogs, hamburgers and other fast food.
3. At any stage of the disease, you need to drink a sufficient amount of water or other liquid – compote, weak tea, alkaline mineral water without gas.
4. Is it possible to drink alcoholic beverages with an ulcer?
5. Contrary to the popular belief that alcohol dulls pain and therefore is allowed in case of stomach diseases as an anesthetic, intoxicating drinks should not be used for ulcers.

Ethanol, which is found in alcohol, provokes an increased release of hydrochloric acid, which corrodes the walls of the stomach. According to some studies, dry red wine has a positive effect on the digestive organs.

• This is true for the prevention of gastritis and ulcers, but when the disease has already developed, you should not drink red wine for the same reason as other alcoholic beverages.
• In case of stomach ulcers, it is undesirable to use even medicinal alcoholic tinctures, because even minimal doses of alcohol will have a negative effect on the mucous membrane.
• After the end of treatment, if the doctor permits, you can drink red wine and cognac, but these drinks must be of very good quality and taken in small doses only on a full stomach.
• You can not drink alcohol on an empty stomach, along with fatty and spicy foods and more than 40-50 grams.

Not recommended champagne, beer, fortified wines, low alcohol cocktails, homemade fruit and berry liqueurs. Energy drinks based on caffeine and guarana are especially dangerous.

Does smoking affect duodenal ulcer?

Nicotine provokes an increase in the level of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, while the acid enhances the effect of toxins, as a result of the mucous membrane of the organ – becomes inflamed, after a while wounds are formed on it.

Further, nicotine metabolites enter the duodenum. To neutralize the toxin, the liver expels an additional stream of bile. An additional portion of it is involved in the further erosion of the mucous membrane.

The danger of smoking with duodenal ulcer lies in the fact that under the influence of nicotine tar, neighboring organs can be damaged. This can lead to purulent processes and the risk of cancer detection increases.

Allowed products before and after operation

Sometimes an ulcer requires surgery.It may be needed if a malignant tumor appears, an ulcer perforates, or if there is severe stomach bleeding.

Before surgery and in the postoperative period, you need to follow an even more strict diet. Before surgery, it is necessary not to eat for 24 hours; only some foods are included in the postoperative diet.

1. Immediately after the operation, they do not give anything to eat, on the second day you can drink water, eat a slimy grated soup in water from vegetables and cereals, preferably rice or oatmeal.
2. After 3-4 days, a soft-boiled egg, viscous porridge (oatmeal, buckwheat) in water, vegetable puree from zucchini, pumpkin, carrots, you can add a little potatoes, are introduced.
3. After one and a half to two weeks, you can switch to the usual diet for the disease.
4. What foods are prohibited after an ulcer for the rest of their lives?
5. These are industrial confectionery, chips, breakfast cereals, French fries, meat and fish with a golden crust, fatty pork and lamb, goose and duck meat, coffee, most alcohol, sweet carbonated waters.
6. By adhering to these recommendations, it is possible to avoid ulcer recurrence.

Treatment of gastrointestinal exacerbation due to smoking

Having noticed all the symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, it is necessary to urgently consult a doctor. If the patient is feeling very unwell, it is better to call an ambulance.

While the team is traveling, you can take painkillers and try to lower the acidity. However, you cannot use soda for these purposes. The substance will cause further irritation of the mucous membranes.

It is also forbidden to use a heating pad or hot water bottle. Heat in this case will only worsen the patient’s condition.

Drug treatment includes:

• antibacterial drugs,
• means that reduce acidity,
• sedative,
• medicines to help restore mucous membranes.

A diet must be prescribed. Spicy, smoked, salty and fatty foods are banned. But most importantly, the patient must quit smoking.If the recommendations are followed, the restoration of the gastrointestinal tract will take much less time, and peptic ulcer disease will forever remain in the past.

90,000 is it possible to smoke with stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers

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Cigarette smoking – The reason for the development and deposition of gastric and duodenal ulcers.Smoking cigarettes on a hungry stomach increases the likelihood of ulcers at times.

It is impossible to achieve a complete cure. It is possible to stop the development of the disease with complex and timely treatment, following the doctor’s recommendation.

Ignoring unpleasant sensations, the patient risks both health and life. Internal bleeding may open, associated with the appearance of a perforated ulcer and damage to the walls of the stomach.

Symptoms of the disease

The onset of the disease is asymptomatic, beginning with gastritis.The main culprit for the appearance of gastritis is infection with the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori. Pathogenic microorganisms increase the concentration of ammonia and ph, and tobacco smoke toxins only accelerate the growth of bacteria .

Symptoms of the disease and its course are individual and varied . When remission occurs, almost all uncomfortable manifestations disappear.

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With an exacerbation of the disease, the following symptoms appear:

1. Pain discomfort . The main symptom of a stomach ulcer. All painful sensations are determined by patients above the navel. Sometimes it gives to the scapula and heart, so the patient does not suspect that this pain is directly related to the ulcer. Discomfort is inconsistent, usually occurring in the evening and at night. The time of manifestation is after 2-3 hours after the meal.The pain becomes more intense with the use of drugs, alcohol, violation of the diet and diet.
2. Heartburn . A symptom common with an ulcer is felt after a meal. Heartburn is often a signal that a person is starting to have problems with the functioning of the gastric tract. Subsequently, this sensation is accompanied by pain. With a suppressed ulcer, heartburn disappears, but in some cases it is the only symptom felt by the patient.
3. Belching . A popular symptom.Belching is the release of excess gas associated with food processing. The appearance of excess gases and the presence of an aftertaste indicates the presence of abnormalities in the work of the gastrointestinal tract: a failure in the removal of stomach contents due to frequent spasms and inflammation of the pylorus of the duodenum. Belching also occurs with diaphragmatic hernia.
4. Abdominal distension and nausea . The ulcer also affects processes such as the production of enzymes. An insufficient amount of enzymes contributes to poor digestion of food, excess gas throughout the digestive system.From here and a feeling of heaviness in the stomach and bloating. It is accompanied by nausea that appears after eating.
5. Vomiting . Vomiting immediately results in significant pain relief and abdominal distension. Some people vomit on purpose to achieve relief.
6. Disruptions in digestion . Undigested food thickens, leading to constipation. The duration of the absence of an act of defecation can be 7 days. Often, blood and mucus are found in stool analyzes.
7. Weight loss . Always accompanies the presence of an ulcer. Despite a good appetite, weight loss occurs, often significant.

Depending on the level of acidity, patients experience diametrically opposite feelings: if the acidity is increased, the patient loses his appetite, if it is low, the feeling of hunger appears sharply.

How to give up a bad habit

As mentioned above, smoking is one of the most dangerous habits of mankind.It is necessary to get rid of it as soon as possible. However, in reality it is not so simple. If the ulcer is having difficulty with refusal, it is recommended to see a doctor.

Generally, the reason for this habit is physical and psychological attachment. Therefore, the following measures are proposed for elimination:

• drugs are prescribed to reduce nicotine addiction;
• Psychological attachment is eliminated by a psychotherapy session.

It should be noted that the method of independent smoking cessation is less effective in comparison with the treatment by a specialist.Therefore, this type of therapy should not be neglected.

In conclusion, in order to become more resistant to the development of internal pathologies, a person only needs to realize what harm smoking causes to the body.

Can I smoke with stomach ulcers?

No! The effect of smoking on stomach ulcers is fatal. A bad habit aggravates the disease, greatly complicates the treatment of .Pathogenic bacteria are actively multiplying, the destruction of which is aimed at treatment.
Smoking has a negative effect on all systems, including the immune and endocrine systems.

Toxins from tobacco smoke affect the normal functioning of the central nervous system, disrupting the control of acid level enzyme production. Entering with saliva into the stomach, toxins constantly cause an inflammatory process, prevent tissue regeneration .

The main task of the smoker

When trouble comes in the form of a rather serious illness, people try to save their health and lives.If a person has a desire to change his lifestyle, then he is on the right track. Even a heavy smoker has the right to consult a doctor for advice and help.

Often people suffering from peptic ulcer disease turn out to be smokers with “experience”. A person is not always able to cope with addiction on his own. Your doctor can help. Alternatively, prescribe a drug that initially reduces nicotine addiction. In the future, such a technique will serve as an impetus for a person to give up a bad habit.

If addiction manifests itself on a psychological level, the help of a psychologist is needed. A specialist of the above-mentioned profile, in a few steps, will help to overcome the barrier, relieve a person from the desire to smoke. The main thing is to focus on the result of the smoker himself.

Does smoking affect duodenal ulcer?

Nicotine provokes an increase in the level of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, while the acid enhances the effect of toxins, as a result the mucous membrane of the organ – becomes inflamed, after a while wounds are formed on it.

Further, nicotine metabolites enter the duodenum. To neutralize the toxin, the liver expels an additional stream of bile. An additional portion of it is involved in the further erosion of the mucous membrane.

The danger of smoking with duodenal ulcer lies in the fact that under the influence of nicotine tar, neighboring organs can be damaged. This can lead to purulent processes and the risk of cancer detection increases.

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The effect of nicotine on the body

Can I smoke with stomach ulcers? Nicotine contained in tobacco has a negative effect not only on lung tissue, but also on the body as a whole, in particular, on the intestinal region. After the ingress of toxins contained in tobacco smoke, a mechanism of intensive production of gastric secretion is triggered in the organ, which, acting on the mucous membrane of the organ, contributes to the activation of the destruction process.

If a person has a stomach ulcer, accompanied by high acidity, smoking contributes to loss of appetite.In the case when the disease proceeds with low acidity, the patient feels constant hunger. In addition, tobacco smoking has a negative effect on the endocrine department. After nicotine enters the body, there is an active production of hormones that affect:

• digestive tract;
• pancreas;
• liver.

Important: When identifying ulcerative intestinal pathology, the patient is advised to immediately get rid of the destructive habit.Otherwise, there is a risk of transforming the pathology into perforation or opening of internal bleeding.

Due to excessive production of hydrochloric acid, the course of the ulcer is aggravated. As a result, the treatment of the defect takes longer compared to those patients who do not smoke.

Consequences of smoking for the ulcer

Ulcer has a number of severe cases:

1. Gastric blood flow . The ulcer wound, expanding, passes to a vessel passing nearby.The vessel bursts and bleeding begins. Vomit, colored red or brown, opens. The feces are also stained dark with blood impurities. The following symptoms are accompanied by: headache, weakness, faintness, pale skin of the face.
2. Live . A breakthrough is formed in the stomach wall. The contents of the organ (gastric juice with food debris) fall into the cloth. The combustion of the bryus is developing. The patient experiences severe, burning pain. Each movement increases the pain.Emergency care is needed to avoid death.
3. Penetration . The ulcer grows and penetrates into neighboring organs. The localization of pain depends on the organ where the ulcer has penetrated. It is not possible to relieve the pain syndrome on its own. she will undergo surgical treatment.
4. Gentleman’s Stenose . Narrowing of the passage between the stomach and duodenum, making it difficult for food to pass further into the intestine. Causes:

Accompanied by heaviness in the stomach.After a while, vomiting begins. In this case, vomiting relieves the state of the patient.

Studies have shown:

• ulcers are diagnosed more often in people who smoke for more than 5 years;
• according to statistics, mortality due to ulcers among smokers is 5 times higher than among nonsmokers, due to the increased risk of breakthrough bleeding;
• in 11-13% of smokers, the ulcer turns into cancer.

Complications

Smoking is one of the most dangerous habits that steal health and shorten life.Moreover, such a habit contributes to the development of a number of dangerous complications in ulcer pathology:

1. Gastric bleeding. A similar phenomenon develops as a result of the transition of erosion to the vessel. Gradually, the vascular wall becomes thinner and begins to bleed. This state is expressed in sudden weakness, hypotension, nausea and vomiting, in which the vomit is brown in color;
2. Melena. The patient’s feces become black, blood impurities are present. In addition, the patient is worried about dizziness, frequent fainting may occur, the skin becomes pale;
3. Perforation.With such a complication, an opening forms in the organ, as a result of which gastric secretions and food debris fall out into the abdominal cavity. This causes inflammation of the peritoneum. At the same time, a person feels severe pain of a stabbing nature in the lumbar and stomach area. With such symptoms, you need to urgently call an emergency or death;
4. Penetration. A hole is formed in the organ, heading to the adjacent organ. Symptoms in this case directly depend on which organ was affected by penetration.In this case, the patient will be disturbed by pain in the abdominal area, which go away after using Antacids. With this type of complication, the elimination of pathology occurs exclusively by surgery;
5. Pylorus stenosis. With this type of pathology, the sphincter located between the intestine and the stomach is deformed. As a result, food does not pass further. More often, the deformation of the sphincter is formed due to scarring of the ulcer in this section. Pyloric stenosis can be suspected by the severity that appears after eating.As a rule, after a couple of hours, the patient begins to vomit, which relieves the condition.

It is important to understand it is quite difficult to cure an ulcer without giving up a destructive habit. Pathology will regularly make itself felt, with periods of exacerbation. Therefore, it is worth forever quitting smoking smoking. The person who quit smoking will feel relief in a day, and such an act will speed up the healing process.

Is it harmful to smoke electronic cigarettes?

The issue of harmlessness or danger to the body of electronic cigarettes is only being studied.All the moments of their pernicious influence have not yet been named.

But it is absolutely necessary to give up vaping for people with stomach ulcers, despite the fact that nicotine-free liquid is used to refuel them.

The steam inhales a mixture of flavors that stimulate the taste buds. A signal is given about the arrival of food, which is not present, and the stomach is already producing juice. This results in an excess amount of acid in the stomach. It’s the same with another popular alternative, the hookah.

What to do for a smoker

When a peptic ulcer is confirmed in the process of diagnosis, many smokers have a natural question of how to get rid of their addiction. Admittedly, this is not always easy to do. Long-term smoking experience is always a serious obstacle. A narcologist will be able to help in such a situation.

At the first stage of getting rid of addiction, a person should use a drug that reduces nicotine addiction. Usually, this is enough for a strong person to quit smoking on their own in the future.

If addiction to nicotine is formed at the psychological level, then you need the help of a psychotherapist. As a rule, a couple of sessions with a specialist are enough to quit smoking forever.

If there is a hereditary predisposition to the development of stomach ulcers, then it must be remembered that smoking can become the initial provoking factor. That is why you should give up this addiction, and it is best just not to start smoking.

You may also be

How does smoking affect the human digestive system?

When tobacco smoke is inhaled, harmful tar comes in contact not only with the lungs, but also with the digestive tract.

Poisonous substances contained in a cigarette burn the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, then the stomach and intestines.

Smoking has an extremely negative effect on the digestive system

Nicotine enters the liver and pancreas with the blood stream. All this provokes the onset of severe irritation of the mucous membrane and gradually leads to the development of various pathological processes.

Smoking leads to vasospasm, blood circulation worsens, oxygen concentration in the blood decreases – these processes significantly hamper the normal functioning of the digestive and other internal organs, the production of enzymes decreases and regeneration processes deteriorate.

In addition, poisonous substances, penetrating into the blood system, have a negative effect on the central nervous system, in particular on the hypothalamic-pituitary system, which regulates functions such as hunger and thirst.

This leads to a decrease in appetite, as a result of which a person begins to rapidly lose weight, unhealthy thinness appears.

Smoking has a particular effect on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which regulates the functioning of internal organs, glands of internal and external secretion, and blood vessels.

As a result, the motor, secretory and absorption activity of the gastrointestinal tract deteriorates: the insufficiency of gastric juice leads to the fact that the normal digestion of food is disrupted, as a result, its stagnation occurs in the stomach and intestines.

When smoking, salivation increases and the innervation of the digestive organs worsens, which leads to the development of peptic ulcer and gastritis, a fetid odor appears from the mouth, pain and heaviness appear in the stomach, and after eating, nausea is felt, which often ends with vomiting.

Smoking with ulcers

What is the relationship between smoking and stomach ulcers? In fact, nicotine has a direct effect on disease progression and treatment.

Smoking contributes to the development of gastric ulcer

The main reasons why you should give up a bad habit are:

• decreases the effectiveness of drugs, their effect, in particular anesthetic, is practically absent;
• , together with saliva, toxic substances penetrate the stomach, corrode the mucous membrane, as a result, the inflammatory process is aggravated, and the regeneration processes are significantly slowed down;
• development of gastric bleeding is possible.

There is only one conclusion – smoking with stomach ulcers worsens the situation, increases painful manifestations and interferes with treatment.

Development of ulcers from smoking

Stomach ulcer is a pathological process characterized by the appearance of trophic ulcers on the mucous membrane as a result of increased production of hydrochloric acid, pepsin and bile. You cannot develop an ulcer from smoking, but nicotine is one of the main factors of increased risk.

Cigarettes affect the motility of the gastrointestinal tract, suppress the immune system and disrupt the work of the organs of the endocrine system.

According to research, scientists have come to a unanimous conclusion – several times more often a stomach ulcer occurs in people with a long smoking history (for more than 10 years).

In addition, almost 10% of ulcerative changes lead to dangerous bleeding and tumor neoplasms.

Conclusion

Under the harmful effects of nicotine, not only the gastrointestinal tract suffers, ulcerative processes on the mucous membrane are aggravated, but other vital organs and systems also suffer, and the risk of developing cancerous processes increases.

Video: The effect of smoking on the brain, nervous system, stomach, vision, liver, teeth. Diabetes mellitus and smoking

The relationship between illness and smoking

Gastroenterologists give sad statistics: in 50% of the adult population, an inflammatory process occurs in the gastrointestinal tract.

Chronic gastritis is diagnosed very often. And this is not surprising, because one of the factors provoking its appearance is the inhalation of tobacco smoke.

Speaking about whether it is possible to smoke with gastritis of the stomach, one cannot fail to note the detrimental effect of this bad habit on the body.

Perhaps everyone knows that tobacco smoke settling in the lungs has a negative effect on the respiratory system. This is especially true for those who smoke from an early age.

The harmful effects of cigarettes can be easily noted in practice. Just look at heavy smokers over 40.

They have regular heart rhythm disturbances, headaches and dizziness. Also, the condition of their teeth and bad breath deserves special attention.

Yes, the health of smokers leaves much to be desired.Gastritis and smoking are incompatible concepts.

This bad habit is the reason for the excretion of a large amount of vitamin C from the body, which is necessary to maintain normal life.

Also, tobacco smoke contributes to poor absorption of vitamin B by the body, the presence of which is very important for gastritis.

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The fact is that this substance is required for the regeneration of the gastric mucosa, and when smoking, this process stops.As a result, the smoker patient recovers slowly.

Smoking with gastritis with high acidity can cause a deterioration in the patient’s well-being, as well as the occurrence of complications.

For this reason, gastroenterologists insist on the need to get rid of this addiction, at least for the duration of gastritis treatment.

Two factors lead to an exacerbation of the chronic form of the disease: smoking and non-compliance with the diet.

The patient of a gastroenterologist must follow all medical prescriptions, otherwise it will be difficult to get rid of gastritis.

What experts think about this

Smoking is one of the longest negative habits. To ease withdrawal, they turn to specialists. Sometimes the basis of addiction is physical attachment to psychology. Drugs and rehabilitation centers reduce cigarette addiction.

The psychological problem is removed through conversations, consultations and psychological therapy. In home mode, it is almost impossible to get out of the habit if you do not seek an appointment from a specialist.

Treatment of exacerbation of the gastrointestinal tract against the background of smoking

If you notice all the symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, you should immediately consult a doctor. If the patient is feeling very unwell, it is better to call an ambulance. While the team is traveling, you can take pain relievers and try to reduce the acidity. However, you cannot use soda for these purposes. The substance will cause further irritation of the mucous membranes. It is also forbidden to use a heating pad or hot water bottle. Heat in this case will only worsen the patient’s condition.

Drug treatment includes:

• antibacterial drugs,
• drugs that lower acidity,
• sedatives,
• drugs that will help restore mucous membranes.

A diet must be prescribed. Spicy, smoked, salty and fatty foods are banned. But most importantly, the patient must quit smoking. If the recommendations are followed, the restoration of the gastrointestinal tract will take much less time, and peptic ulcer disease will forever remain in the past.

Smoking cigarettes containing nicotine is one of the causes of gastric and duodenal ulcers, and smoking on an empty stomach increases the likelihood of ulceration.

In addition, Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that is the main cause of the disease, multiplies more actively under the influence of toxic substances from cigarettes. This creates favorable conditions for increasing the pathogenicity of the infection. Can I smoke with stomach ulcers?

When a person smokes more than 6 cigarettes a day, the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract is disrupted.Also, its intestinal walls are rapidly contracting.

Can I smoke with stomach and duodenal ulcers

The harm of smoking is one of the most frequently discussed topics that ruins the lives of millions of people. People almost immediately get used to nicotine, which is a prerequisite for various pathologies and diseases. Smoking with stomach ulcers is a common cause of digestive tract damage. Oncology may develop, which systematically disrupts the immune system.Cigarette smoke, after entering through the esophagus during salivation in the gastrointestinal tract, irritates the mucous membrane, therefore, the question of whether it is possible to smoke with a stomach ulcer was considered and clarified by specialists.

How smoking affects

Smoking with ulcers is fraught with more serious disorders. Physiologically, this habit actively affects the body due to the fact that resins, as well as components that are formed during smoking, come with poisons and metabolites, after which they cannot be removed from the body for several months.After the ingestion of cigarette poisons, the tongue taste buds become weak or numb for the duration of the nicotine effect. Intestinal peristalsis, taking into account the individual characteristics, increases or decreases.

During the use of cigarettes, weakening of the gastrointestinal tract innervation is noted. This indicates a violation of the regulation of the action of nerve endings and further weakening. After this, a mature ulcer appears. The first erosions formed in the gastric walls have no effect on the smoker.

Due to increased gastric acidity, the effect of the cigarette metabolite and resins increases, which will be in the gastric system and then in the duodenum, and will cause consecutive damage to the gastric mucosa. After entering the duodenum, these metabolites, deactivated by the liver with a bile residue secreted in parallel, have a negative effect on the mucous membrane, as well as on the organs.

Potential consequences

Smoking with stomach and duodenal ulcers has multiple contraindications.

Among them:

• Weakening of the effectiveness of treatment and loss of benefit from drugs and enzymes.
• Strengthening of inflammatory processes, which occurs due to the ingress of nicotine into an existing ulcer.
• Decrease in the quality of treatment. It will take longer to recover from the diagnosis.
• Opened bleeding is an extreme factor that has arisen during smoking.

One of the main signs of bleeding that has opened is a dark-colored stool in the form of gruel.
Nicotine addiction during the presence of a duodenal ulcer does not cause severe complications when compared with gastric ulcer disease. As complications, bleeding appears, causing pain with loss of consciousness.

Nicotine gum, deposited on the ulcer walls, destroys them, provoking a developing perforation in nearby organs or through intestinal openings. Such pathologies pass by developing peritonitis and pain. Smoking and stomach ulcers may indicate the imminent manifestation of malignant neoplasms.The peculiarity of this terrible diagnosis is its asymptomatic course.

During an operation to eliminate lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and duodenum, there is no 100% certainty that a relapse will not occur. Smoking, if not the main, then a side factor. An ulcer cannot be combined with smoking: after surgical treatment, every smoker should be aware of the possible complications.

Effect on duodenal ulcer

Smoking with duodenal ulcer occurs almost twice as often as in other cases.This happens due to the fact that the tar in the tobacco smoke passes with salivation into the intestines. To neutralize foreign substances, the liver secretes enzymes that are sent with bile to the duodenum, thus removing dangerous toxins.

Certain enzymes continue to remain inside, disrupting the mucous membrane, blood flow, which leads to serious exacerbations. If the smoker does not give up the addiction, there is a risk of remaining on long-term and painful treatment that does not bring results.

If you continue to smoke with this diagnosis, the following aggravations can be overtaken:

• Bleeding opens, consciousness is lost, pain begins.
• Through holes are formed in the intestinal walls.
• An ulcer penetrates the pancreas.
• A malignant formation develops where there was an ulcer.
• Integument of the intestine becomes inflamed, which guarantees severe excruciating pain.

What do experts think on this subject

Smoking is one of the longest-lasting negative habits.