What supplements can help with hypothyroidism. How does iodine affect thyroid function. Which vitamins support thyroid hormone production. Why is selenium important for thyroid health. How does zinc contribute to thyroid function. What role does tyrosine play in thyroid hormone synthesis. How can vitamin D improve TSH levels.

Understanding Hypothyroidism and the Role of Supplements

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone to keep the body functioning normally. While medication is the primary treatment, many individuals explore the use of vitamins and supplements to support thyroid function. However, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen.

Dr. Raphael Kellman, a functional medicine physician, explains, “Vitamins and nutrients can help fight the underlying causes of thyroid disorders, such as autoimmune processes and inflammation, and help improve a dysfunctional thyroid.” But how do these supplements work, and which ones are most beneficial?

The Importance of Iodine in Thyroid Function

Iodine is a critical component in the production of thyroid hormones. The recommended daily intake for most adults is 150 micrograms. Good dietary sources include:

• Milk and dairy products
• Poultry and eggs
• Seafood, especially kelp and seaweeds

Can iodine supplements benefit those with hypothyroidism? While iodine is essential for thyroid function, caution is necessary. Dr. Kellman warns, “You have to be careful with supplementing iodine because too much can be problematic and actually cause hypothyroidism.” A 2014 study in the journal Endocrinology and Metabolism found that excessive iodine intake could lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis.

Vitamin B Complex: A Crucial Player in Thyroid Health

The B-vitamin family plays a significant role in thyroid function and hormone regulation. MaryAnne Metzak, RD, CDN, recommends taking a B-complex supplement, with additional vitamin B12 if blood tests reveal low levels. Rich food sources of B vitamins include:

• Whole grains and legumes
• Nuts and seeds
• Dairy products
• Meat, fish, and eggs
• Dark leafy greens

Selenium: The Thyroid’s Essential Mineral

Selenium is crucial for efficient thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Denise Londergan, RD, MPH, explains, “Selenium supports efficient thyroid synthesis and metabolism.” A 2018 study in the journal Diagnostics found that selenium may reduce levels of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase in people with hypothyroidism.

How can you incorporate more selenium into your diet? Consider these selenium-rich foods:

• Tuna, shrimp, salmon, and sardines
• Lamb, chicken, beef, and turkey
• Eggs
• Shiitake mushrooms

Dr. Kellman suggests, “You can take 100 to 200 micrograms of selenium in supplement form per day.” However, always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.

Zinc: Enhancing Thyroid Hormone Conversion

Zinc works alongside selenium in the conversion of the thyroid hormone T4 to T3. A study published in Hormones: The Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism found that zinc significantly improves T3 levels. The recommended daily intake of zinc is 8 to 11 milligrams for adult women and men, respectively.

Where can you find zinc in your diet? Consider these zinc-rich food sources:

• Shellfish and mollusks
• Meat
• Legumes
• Nuts

Tyrosine: The Building Block of Thyroid Hormones

Tyrosine, an amino acid, is essential in thyroid hormone production and conversion. Dr. Kellman emphasizes its importance, stating, “Tyrosine is a nutrient involved in thyroid hormone production and conversion.” How can you ensure adequate tyrosine intake?

Londergan recommends focusing on protein intake, suggesting that 10 to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from protein sources. This approach not only provides tyrosine but also supports overall thyroid function.

Vitamin D: Improving TSH Levels and Thyroid Function

Research has shown a strong association between vitamin D deficiency and thyroid dysfunction. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in modulating the immune system and may help improve TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) levels in individuals with hypothyroidism.

How can you increase your vitamin D intake? Consider these options:

• Sunlight exposure (with proper skin protection)
• Fatty fish like salmon and mackerel
• Egg yolks
• Fortified foods
• Vitamin D supplements (under medical supervision)

The Synergy of Nutrients in Thyroid Health

While individual nutrients play specific roles in thyroid function, it’s important to recognize the synergistic effect of a balanced diet and supplement regimen. Dr. Kellman emphasizes, “The interplay between various nutrients can significantly impact thyroid health. It’s not just about individual supplements, but how they work together to support overall thyroid function.”

For instance, the combination of selenium and zinc has been shown to be particularly effective in improving thyroid hormone levels. Similarly, ensuring adequate iodine intake while maintaining proper selenium levels can help optimize thyroid function without risking the negative effects of excessive iodine consumption.

The Role of Antioxidants in Thyroid Health

Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting the thyroid gland from oxidative stress, which can contribute to thyroid dysfunction. Some key antioxidants beneficial for thyroid health include:

• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E
• Beta-carotene
• Flavonoids

These antioxidants can be found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Incorporating a rainbow of colorful produce into your diet can help ensure a diverse intake of these protective compounds.

The Impact of Gut Health on Thyroid Function

Emerging research suggests a strong connection between gut health and thyroid function. Dr. Kellman, author of “The Microbiome Diet,” explains, “A healthy gut microbiome is essential for the proper absorption and utilization of nutrients crucial for thyroid health.” How can you support your gut health to benefit your thyroid?

• Consume probiotic-rich foods like yogurt, kefir, and sauerkraut
• Include prebiotic fibers from sources like onions, garlic, and asparagus
• Consider a high-quality probiotic supplement
• Reduce intake of processed foods and sugars

The Importance of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties that may benefit thyroid health. These essential fats can help reduce inflammation associated with autoimmune thyroid conditions and support overall hormone balance.

Where can you find omega-3s in your diet?

• Fatty fish like salmon, sardines, and mackerel
• Flaxseeds and chia seeds
• Walnuts
• Algae-based supplements (for vegetarians and vegans)

The Role of Iron in Thyroid Function

Iron deficiency can impair thyroid hormone synthesis. Ensuring adequate iron intake is crucial, especially for individuals with hypothyroidism. However, it’s important to note that excessive iron supplementation can be harmful. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting iron supplements.

Good dietary sources of iron include:

• Lean meats
• Lentils and beans
• Spinach and other dark leafy greens
• Fortified cereals

Herbal Supplements and Thyroid Health

Some herbal supplements have been traditionally used to support thyroid function. These include:

• Ashwagandha
• Guggul
• Coleus forskohlii
• Bladderwrack

While these herbs may offer potential benefits, it’s crucial to approach their use with caution. Dr. Kellman advises, “Herbal supplements can interact with thyroid medications and affect thyroid function. Always consult with a healthcare provider before incorporating any herbal supplements into your regimen.”

The Importance of Individualized Approach

When it comes to supplements and nutrients for thyroid health, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution. Metzak emphasizes, “You want to first know your individual levels of these vitamins and minerals, which you can find out with a blood test.” This personalized approach ensures that you’re addressing your specific nutritional needs without risking overconsumption of certain nutrients.

Factors that may influence your individual needs include:

• The severity of your hypothyroidism
• Any underlying autoimmune conditions
• Your current diet and lifestyle
• Other medications you may be taking
• Your overall health status

Monitoring and Adjusting Your Supplement Regimen

Once you’ve established a supplement routine under medical supervision, it’s important to regularly monitor its effectiveness. This may involve:

• Regular blood tests to check thyroid hormone levels
• Tracking symptoms and improvements
• Adjusting dosages as needed
• Reassessing the need for certain supplements over time

Remember, your nutritional needs may change over time, and what works well at one point may need adjustment later. Maintaining open communication with your healthcare provider is key to ensuring your supplement regimen continues to support your thyroid health effectively.

The Role of Lifestyle Factors in Thyroid Health

While supplements can play a significant role in supporting thyroid function, it’s important not to overlook the impact of lifestyle factors. Integrating the following practices can complement your supplement regimen and enhance overall thyroid health:

• Regular exercise to boost metabolism and support hormone balance
• Stress management techniques like meditation or yoga
• Adequate sleep to support hormone regulation
• Avoiding environmental toxins that can disrupt thyroid function
• Maintaining a healthy weight

Dr. Kellman notes, “A holistic approach that combines appropriate supplementation with lifestyle modifications often yields the best results for managing hypothyroidism.”

The Future of Thyroid Health Management

As research in the field of thyroid health continues to evolve, new insights into the role of nutrients and supplements are emerging. Ongoing studies are exploring:

• The potential of personalized nutrition based on genetic profiles
• The role of the gut-thyroid axis in thyroid function
• Novel compounds that may enhance thyroid hormone production or conversion
• The impact of environmental factors on thyroid health and how supplementation might mitigate these effects

Staying informed about these developments can help you make more educated decisions about your thyroid health management in consultation with your healthcare provider.

In conclusion, while supplements and nutrients can play a significant role in supporting thyroid health, it’s crucial to approach their use thoughtfully and under medical supervision. By combining a balanced diet, appropriate supplementation, and healthy lifestyle practices, individuals with hypothyroidism can take proactive steps towards optimizing their thyroid function and overall well-being.

Can Vitamins and Supplements Help?

If your body doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone, certain vitamins and minerals may help. Learn about enhancing hypothyroid treatment with dietary supplements.

By Elizabeth Shimer BowersMedically Reviewed by Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, MD

Reviewed: February 25, 2019

Medically Reviewed

Certain vitamins and supplements can help boost thyroid function.Masterfile

For some people, managing hypothyroidism isn’t just about taking medications. They also turn to vitamins and other nutrients for help in managing the condition, which occurs when the thyroid doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally.

“Vitamins and nutrients can help fight the underlying causes of thyroid disorders, such as autoimmune processes and inflammation, and help improve a dysfunctional thyroid,” says Raphael Kellman, MD, a functional medicine physician in New York City and author of The Microbiome Diet.

However, it’s important to understand that no one should supplement with vitamins and minerals without talking to their doctor first. “You want to first know your individual levels of these vitamins and minerals, which you can find out with a blood test,” Dr. Kellman says. Results may reveal you have a nutrient deficiency that requires you to get a higher amount of a certain vitamin or supplement.

“You also want to make sure you have all the facts on the vitamins and minerals you’d like to supplement with,” says MaryAnne Metzak, RD, CDN, a registered dietitian based in New York. And it’s important to keep the lines of communication open between you and your doctor. “Your doctor needs to know exactly how much of each vitamin and supplement you’re taking in case you have a negative reaction,” Metzak says.

Here are specific nutrients that may be beneficial for hypothyroidism.

Iodine Is Needed to Make Thyroid Hormone

You need an adequate supply of iodine to make thyroid hormone. The recommended minimum iodine intake for most adults is 150 micrograms a day, according to the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Good food sources include milk, cheese, poultry, eggs, kelp, and other seaweeds, Kellman says. “But you have to be careful with supplementing iodine because too much can be problematic and actually cause hypothyroidism,” he says.

It’s important to speak with your physicians before consuming any iodine supplements due to the adverse effects it can have on hypothyroidism. A review published in September 2014 study in the journal Endocrinology and Metabolism found that excessive levels of iodine are unsafe and could result in hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Vitamin B Is Important for Thyroid Function

“Vitamin B is important for people with hypothyroidism because the B vitamins have many interactions with thyroid function and hormone regulation,” Metzak says. It’s best to take a nutritional supplement that includes the entire vitamin B complex, and you may need additional vitamin B12 if a blood test reveals your levels are low, she says. Good food sources of vitamin B include whole grains, legumes, nuts, milk, yogurt, meat, fish, eggs, seeds, and dark leafy greens.

Selenium Is Essential for Thyroid Hormone Metabolism

“Selenium supports efficient thyroid synthesis and metabolism,” says Denise Londergan, RD, MPH, a registered dietitian in Ohio. Selenium may also reduce levels of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase — an enzyme that plays an important role in the production of thyroid hormones — in people with hypothyroidism, according to a study published in 2018 in the journal Diagnostics. Foods that provide selenium include tuna, shrimp, salmon, sardines, scallops, lamb, chicken, beef, turkey, eggs, and shitake mushrooms. “Or you can take 100 to 200 micrograms of selenium in supplement form per day,” Kellman says.

Zinc Helps Synthesize Thyroid Hormone

In addition to selenium, zinc plays a role in the conversion of the thyroid hormone T4 to T3. Selenium and zinc are beneficial in improving thyroid function and hormone levels. According to a study in Hormones: The Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, zinc improves T3 levels significantly. Food sources of zinc include shellfish, mollusks, meat, legumes, and nuts. The recommended daily intake of zinc is 8 to 11 milligrams for adult women and men, respectively, according to the Office of Dietary Supplements.

Tyrosine, in Combination With Iodine, Produces Thyroid Hormone

“Tyrosine is a nutrient involved in thyroid hormone production and conversion,” Kellman says. One of the best ways to get more tyrosine, an amino acid, is to make sure you’re getting enough protein, Londergan says. Aim for 10 to 35 percent of your calories from protein each day.

Vitamin D Improves TSH Levels

“Research has shown a strong association with vitamin D deficiency and people with hypothyroidism,” Metzak says. In a study published in the November 2013 issue of the International Journal of Health Sciences, researchers looked at the vitamin D levels of 30 people with hypothyroidism and 30 who didn’t have the condition and found that the vitamin D levels were significantly lower in those with hypothyroidism. A study published in 2018 in the Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism found that vitamin D supplements improved TSH levels in subjects with hypothyroidism as well as thyroid antibodies in people with autoimmune thyroiditis. You can get vitamin D from fortified milk, yogurt, and orange juice. “Food sources of vitamin D are often not adequate, however,” Kellman says. He recommends supplements for those who are vitamin D deficient. Your doctor can let you know if that’s necessary, and which dosage is best for you.

As with any chronic condition, a healthy diet can go a long way with hypothyroidism. “Eat an anti-inflammatory diet full of lots of fruits and vegetables and unprocessed foods, and limit sugar,” Londergan says.

Some Supplements Can Affect Thyroid Medication

While there are plenty of vitamins and supplements that can help people with hypothyroidism, there are also some that may interfere with thyroid hormone absorption. According to the Mayo Clinic, supplements such as calcium, iron, multivitamins containing iron, and antacids containing magnesium or aluminum can potentially have interactions with thyroid medications. They should be taken several hours before or after your thyroid medication to avoid an interaction. Talk to your doctor before taking any of these supplements.

Additional reporting by Blake Miller

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Supplements and Thyroid Health: What to Know

Thyroid conditions, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid cancer, are common. For example, up to 7% of the U.S. population has hypothyroidism, a condition in which your thyroid doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones (1).

Depending on the type of disease, thyroid conditions are typically treated with medications like thyroid hormone replacement, surgery, and other procedures, such as radiation therapy for thyroid cancer.

In addition to conventional treatments for thyroid conditions, research shows that dietary interventions, including supplements, may help treat certain thyroid diseases.

However, certain supplements may do more harm than good when it comes to thyroid health.

This article explains how supplements may help certain people with thyroid-related health conditions.

If you walk down the supplement aisle of your favorite health food store, you’ll likely see a section dedicated to thyroid health.

Due to the prevalence of thyroid conditions, many supplement companies have started making supplements that are designed to “support thyroid health.”

Although some of these products are harmless, certain thyroid supplements may lead to negative side effects and can even harm your thyroid.

Before addressing why thyroid-specific supplements may not be the best choice for everyone, it’s important to explain what nutrients the thyroid needs for optimal functioning. Here are some of the most important nutrients for thyroid health:

• Selenium. Selenium, a mineral needed for thyroid hormone production, helps protect the thyroid from damage caused by oxidative stress. The thyroid contains high amounts of selenium, and a deficiency can lead to thyroid dysfunction (2).
• Iodine. Iodine is critical for thyroid function. In fact, currently, the only known role of iodine is to support thyroid hormone production. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are thyroid hormones that contain iodine. Iodine deficiency causes thyroid disease (3, 4).
• Zinc. The mineral zinc is required for thyroid hormone production. An optimal concentration of zinc is needed for healthy levels of T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (5).
• Iron. The thyroid needs iron to convert T4 into T3, the active form of thyroid hormone. Iron deficiency is associated with thyroid dysfunction (6).

Other nutrients, including B vitamins and vitamins A and E, are also needed for optimal thyroid function. Being deficient in one or more nutrients can negatively affect thyroid health and increase your risk of thyroid disease (7, 8, 9, 10).

For most people, following a nutrient-dense diet rich in whole foods is enough to maintain optimal thyroid function.

However, certain populations may need to supplement their diet with vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients to maintain overall health, including the health of the thyroid.

These populations include people on restrictive diets, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, and those who have a thyroid condition or other health issues.

Should you take thyroid-specific supplements?

There’s no doubt that a nutritious diet that provides optimal nutrient levels is important for maintaining thyroid health, nor that nutrient deficiencies can lead to thyroid issues.

Still, for people who don’t have thyroid issues and follow a well-balanced, nutrient-dense diet, there’s typically no need to take thyroid-specific supplements.

In fact, certain supplements marketed toward those looking to promote thyroid health may be dangerous to take.

For example, many thyroid supplements contain high amounts of iodine and may contain thyroid hormones. Taking these supplements can lead to dangerous side effects and create thyroid issues in people with healthy thyroid function (11).

One study that analyzed 10 thyroid supplements found that the majority of them contained detectable amounts of T3 and T4. Some of the products tested contained more T3 and T4 than healthcare providers typically prescribe to people with hypothyroidism (11).

Taking these supplements may lead to elevated thyroid hormone levels in the blood and cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism, which can lead to dangerous complications (12, 13, 14).

What’s more, excessive iodine intake from supplements may cause hypothyroidism in susceptible individuals (12, 13, 14).

Thyroid supplements may be unsafe for people who have thyroid conditions, too.

This is because people with thyroid issues have specific needs, and taking supplements marketed to enhance thyroid health may negatively affect thyroid function, causing their health and symptoms to worsen.

As such, people with and without thyroid conditions should avoid taking supplements marketed to promote thyroid health. Instead, work with a practitioner to come up with a healthy and safe plan that’s based on your specific needs and health status.

Summary

It’s a smart idea to stay away from dietary supplements marketed to improve thyroid health. These products can cause health issues in people with and without thyroid disease.

Hashimoto’s disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States. It’s an autoimmune disease in which the immune system produces antibodies that attack the thyroid, causing fibrosis or scarring of the thyroid tissue (15).

Hashimoto’s disease is associated with a variety of symptoms, including weight gain, fatigue, hair loss, anemia, constipation, cold intolerance, joint pain, dry skin, mood changes, difficulty concentrating, and more (15).

In addition to medication, diet and lifestyle modification can help reduce thyroid damage and improve symptoms and overall quality of life in people with Hashimoto’s.

Plus, people with Hashimoto’s disease are more likely to be deficient in certain nutrients, which can worsen Hashimoto’s-related symptoms.

Studies show that the following supplements can be beneficial for those with Hashimoto’s disease:

• Selenium. Studies have shown that supplementing with 200 mcg of selenium per day may help decrease thyroid antibodies and improve mood in people with Hashimoto’s (16, 17).
• Myo-Inositol. Inositol is a type of sugar that plays an important role in thyroid function. Some evidence suggests that daily treatment with 600 mg of Myo-Inositol and 83 mcg of selenium may help improve thyroid function in people with Hashimoto’s (18, 19).
• Zinc. Zinc is needed for thyroid hormone production, and a deficiency can result in hypothyroidism. When used alone or in combination with selenium, 30 mg of zinc per day may help enhance thyroid function in people with Hashimoto’s disease (20, 21).
• Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in people with Hashimoto’s disease. Taking a B12 or B complex supplement can help prevent and treat deficiency, as well as maintain optimal B12 levels (22, 23).
• Magnesium. A magnesium deficiency may increase your risk of developing Hashimoto’s disease and is associated with elevated thyroid antibody levels. Correcting magnesium deficiency may improve Hashimoto’s symptoms (24, 25).
• Iron. Many women with Hashimoto’s disease have low iron levels or iron deficiency anemia. Anemia negatively affects thyroid function. An iron supplement may be necessary to restore iron to optimal levels (26).
• Vitamin D. People with Hashimoto’s disease are more likely to be deficient in vitamin D than the general population, and vitamin D deficiency can have an adverse effect on thyroid function (22, 27).
• Curcumin. Curcumin may help protect your thyroid against oxidative damage. Plus, taking curcumin alongside other anti-inflammatory compounds may help reduce the size of thyroid nodules, which are common in Hashimoto’s disease (28, 29).
• Vitamin C. Research suggests that taking a vitamin C supplement may help reduce thyroid antibodies in people with Hashimoto’s disease (30).

Other supplements may help people with Hashimoto’s as well. However, the supplements above have the most research to support their use in the management of Hashimoto’s disease.

Summary

Research suggests that certain supplements, including selenium, zinc, iron, and vitamins D and B12, may be beneficial for people with Hashimoto’s disease.

Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Like Hashimoto’s disease, it’s considered an autoimmune condition.

In Graves’ disease, the immune system attacks your thyroid, causing it to overproduce thyroid hormones. Graves’ disease can also lead to thyromegaly or an enlarged thyroid (31).

Symptoms associated with Graves’ disease include weight loss, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, diarrhea, eye pain and irritation, fatigue, weakness, menstrual irregularities, insomnia, nervousness, and more (32).

Current treatment of Graves’ disease includes surgery, medication, and radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) (32).

Like Hashimoto’s disease, some research shows that dietary modifications may help improve symptoms and quality of life in people with Graves’ disease (33).

The following supplements may help people with Graves’ disease:

• Selenium. Selenium deficiency can raise your risk of Graves’ disease. A review found selenium supplements in daily dosages of 100–300 mcg led to improved thyroid function at 6 months in people with Graves’ disease, but this effect was lost at 9 months (34).
• Vitamin D. Research shows that people with Graves’ disease are more likely to be deficient in vitamin D than the general population. Correcting deficiency by taking a supplement may improve thyroid function (35, 36, 37).
• L-carnitine. Research has found that hyperthyroidism depletes your body’s stores of carnitine, which plays a critical role in energy production. Taking L-carnitine may help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life in people with hyperthyroidism (38, 39).
• Vitamin B12. People with Graves’ disease are at a greater risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency. Taking a high quality B12 or B complex supplement can help maintain healthy B12 levels (40, 41, 42).

Other supplements may help people with Graves’ disease. Work with a knowledgeable healthcare practitioner to develop a supplement regimen that’s right for you.

Summary

According to research, vitamin D, selenium, L-carnitine, and vitamin B12 may help people with Graves’ disease.

Thyroid cancer is considered a rare type of cancer, accounting for just 1–4% of all cancers in the United States. Cancers that stem from follicular cells in the thyroid account for up to 95% of all thyroid cancers (43).

Treatment for thyroid cancer includes surgical resection, radiation therapy, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression, radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, total thyroidectomy, and palliative care management for untreatable thyroid cancer.

In addition to traditional treatment, diet, supplements, and lifestyle modifications may enhance treatment outcomes and improve quality of life in people with thyroid cancer.

Some animal and test-tube research suggests that omega-3 fats, curcumin, L-carnitine, quercetin, melatonin, resveratrol, selenium, inositol, zinc, and vitamins C, E, A, and D may benefit those with thyroid cancer (44, 45, 46).

Additionally, low iodine intake is linked to an increased risk of thyroid cancer, and research suggests that correcting iodine deficiency can help protect against the development of more aggressive forms of thyroid cancer (47).

However, although many of these nutrients, including vitamin D and selenium, are known to have anticancer effects, there’s currently a lack of human studies investigating the effects of these dietary supplements in people with thyroid cancer (47, 48).

Therefore, more studies are needed before these supplements can be routinely recommended for people with thyroid cancer (47, 49).

The best way to determine the best supplement regimen for your specific needs is to consult your healthcare provider.

Oftentimes, either your healthcare provider or a registered dietitian that specializes in oncology nutrition will recommend supplements depending on your diet, overall health, and what treatments you’re currently undergoing for thyroid cancer.

Summary

Although research suggests that some supplements may benefit people with thyroid cancer, human research is lacking. To ensure your safety, it’s best to check with your medical provider before taking any supplements.

As mentioned above, it’s best to avoid thyroid-specific supplement blends unless they’re specifically recommended by your healthcare provider.

Taking these supplements can harm your thyroid and lead to a thyroid condition (11, 12, 13, 14).

Still, there are many vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplements that have been shown to improve thyroid function, reduce disease symptoms, and improve overall quality of life in people with thyroid disease.

For people who have Hashimoto’s disease, Graves’ disease, thyroid cancer, or other condition that affects the thyroid gland, it’s best to work with a qualified healthcare provider who specializes in thyroid conditions.

This is especially important if you’re currently taking medications. Many supplements, especially herbal products, have the potential to interact with commonly prescribed medications and may lead to dangerous side effects.

Lastly, it’s important to always purchase supplements from trusted brands that independently test their products for quality and purity using organizations like USP and NSF International.

Summary

If you’re interested in taking supplements to treat a thyroid condition, it’s important to work with a qualified healthcare provider. They can help you choose supplements based on your specific needs and health status.

Research shows that some vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients may benefit people with certain thyroid conditions.

However, it’s important to develop a supplement regimen based on your specific needs and health issues.

If you’re interested in treating a thyroid condition with supplements, it’s important to work with a qualified healthcare provider to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Useful supplement shopping guides

Check out these two articles to help make supplement shopping a breeze:

• How to Choose High Quality Vitamins and Supplements
• How to Read Supplement Labels Like a Pro

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Article content:

• Consequences of micronutrient deficiency
• Thyroid vitamins
• Thyroid minerals
• Diet for hypothyroidism

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, functions of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Insufficient secretory activity of the thyroid gland is called hypothyroidism. This pathological condition negatively affects human health. Its treatment requires an integrated approach.

Doctors often prescribe minerals and vitamins for hypothyroidism: they help improve the general condition of the patient, normalize thyroid function. Source:
Endocrinology. National leadership. Dedova I.I., Melnichenko G.A. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media. 2012..

Consequences of micronutrient deficiency

Thyroid hormones are iodinated derivatives of tyrosine. For their synthesis, the thyroid gland needs a sufficient amount of iodine in the human body.

Most of the population of Russia lives in regions where the content of this microelement is low in soil, water and food. Because of this, the intake of iodine in the body is reduced and does not cover the physiological needs. Especially often iodine deficiency occurs in children and adolescents during periods of rapid growth, in pregnant women Source:
Hypothyroidism syndrome. Troshina E.A., Yukina M.Yu. Clinician. 2008. No. 1. pp.45-49.

Iodine deficiency, which persists for a long time, is associated with a high risk of developing a number of diseases:

• nodular or diffuse goiter;
• hypothyroidism;
• endemic cretinism.

Iodine deficiency is one of the causes of spontaneous miscarriages, high perinatal mortality, delayed psychomotor development in young children.

Vitamins for the thyroid gland

The most commonly prescribed vitamins for the thyroid gland in hypothyroidism:

1. Vitamin A (retinol). Normalizes the synthesis of thyroid-stimulating hormone, the level of which depends on the functional activity of the thyroid gland. Vitamin A promotes the absorption of iodine from food and its absorption.
2. Vitamin B ₁ (thiamine). Reduces increased fatigue, which often occurs in patients with insufficient thyroid function.
3. Vitamin B ₂ (riboflavin). One of the symptoms of hypothyroidism is anemia. Riboflavin is involved in the metabolism of iron, thereby increasing the level of hemoglobin.
4. Vitamin B ₆ (pyridoxine). Regulates many metabolic processes, normalizes the work of the endocrine system, stops neurological disorders.
5. Vitamin B ₉ (folic acid). Responsible for cell growth, prevents damage to their genetic material during division. Folic acid also improves mood, increases efficiency.
6. Vitamin B ₁₂ (cyanocobalamin). One of the symptoms of hypothyroidism is depression. Cyanocobalamin increases the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is also called the hormone of happiness.
7. Vitamin E (tocopherol). Enhances the formation of thyroid-stimulating hormone, improves the exchange of selenium and iodine.
8. Vitamin D (calciferol). Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most pressing medical problems. Many patients ask endocrinologists the question: “Is vitamin D in hypothyroidism good or bad for the body?”. Calciferol is included in the complex therapy of Hashimoto’s disease, especially in cases where this autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland occurs with a decrease in its secretory function. Vitamin D is not prescribed for people with diffuse toxic goiter. This is due to the fact that it further enhances the formation of thyroid hormones, as a result of which the human condition worsens. Source:
   The content of vitamin D3 and some adipokines in hypothyroidism. Kapralova I.Yu., Verbovoi A.F., Sharonova L.A. MVK. 2014. №3. pp.42-45.

Take vitamin complexes only on prescription, which takes into account all indications and contraindications.

Minerals for the thyroid gland

For the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, it is important that the human body receives minerals in sufficient quantities. The main ones are:

1. Iodine. The need for this trace element depends on age. For children of the first year of life, it ranges from 25 to 50 mcg, for preschoolers – 90 mcg, for younger students – 120 mcg per day. At the age of 12 to 35 years, in accordance with WHO recommendations, the body should receive 150 micrograms of iodine daily, and after 35 years – 100 micrograms. The highest requirement is in pregnant women: 200-250 mcg per day. For the functions of the thyroid gland, both excess and lack of iodine are harmful. Source:
   Hypothyroidism syndrome: a lecture. Verbovoy A.F., Sharonova L.A. Endocrinology: News. Opinions. Education. 2015. No. 4. pp.71-75.
2. Selenium. It has a pronounced antioxidant effect, protects cell membranes and cellular structures from damage by free radicals. The selenium-containing enzyme deiodinase regulates the production of thyroid hormones.
3. Copper. Its deficiency has a negative impact on the entire endocrine system, including the thyroid gland.
4. Zinc. A deficiency of this mineral suppresses the production of thyroid hormones, and a hypothyroid state impairs zinc metabolism.
5. Iron. This mineral is needed for the normal absorption of iodine from the digestive tract. In addition, iron is necessary for the synthesis of a number of enzymes and hemoglobin.
6. Magnesium. The exact mechanisms of changes in magnesium metabolism in thyroid diseases have not been fully established. It is known that an excess of the mineral is noted in patients with hypothyroidism, and a deficiency in hyperthyroidism.

In thyroid pathologies, both excess and deficiency of minerals are harmful. Therefore, they should be taken only on the recommendations of specialists.

Diet for hypothyroidism

Minerals and vitamins for the thyroid gland in hypothyroidism should be supplied to the human body not only with pharmaceutical preparations, but also with food. Therefore, fresh fruits and vegetables, greens must be included in the diet. Source:
Guide to Dietary Supplements and Thyroid Diseases. Chaumont M. Verywellhealth. 2022.. Since many patients with hypothyroidism are overweight, they are advised to exclude light carbohydrates from the diet:

• confectionery;
• white bread;
• potatoes;
• rice;
• alcoholic beverages;
• sweet sodas;
• bananas;
• instant soups.

As a source of healthy carbohydrates, preference should be given to wild and brown rice, oatmeal, whole grain bread.

In the diet of people with hypothyroidism, meat, fish, low-fat cheeses, sour-milk products must be present in sufficient quantities. They provide the body with proteins that are needed for the synthesis and delivery of thyroxine and triiodothyronine to cells.

Protein food has another advantage: it does not contribute to weight gain. The body spends much more energy on its breakdown than on the breakdown of a similar amount of fats and carbohydrates, so a person is full longer.

Taking hormonal preparations and vitamin-mineral complexes prescribed by a doctor, proper nutrition will help to quickly improve the condition of people who suffer from low thyroid function.

Article sources:

1. The content of vitamin D3 and some adipokines in hypothyroidism. Kapralova I.Yu., Verbovoi A.F., Sharonova L. A. MVK. 2014. №3. p.42-45
2. Endocrinology. National leadership. Dedova I.I., Melnichenko G.A. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media. 2012.
3. Hypothyroidism syndrome. Troshina E.A., Yukina M.Yu. Clinician. 2008. No. 1. p.45-49
4. Hypothyroidism syndrome: lecture. Verbovoy A.F., Sharonova L.A. Endocrinology: News. Opinions. Education. 2015. No. 4. pp.71-75
5. Guidelines for Dietary Supplements and Thyroid Diseases. Chaumont M. Verywellhealth. 2022.

Author of the article

Vostrikova Ekaterina Borisovna

Specialty: Gastroenterologist

Experience: 17 years

Article published : 3/30/2023
Last updated : 3/30/2023

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Natural Approaches to Thyroid Health｜ iHerb Blog

The information in this blog has not been verified by your country’s public health authority and is not intended as a diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice.
Read more

The thyroid gland is one of the most misunderstood glands in the human body. Located in the front of the neck, this little butterfly-shaped gland produces hormones that communicate with every cell in the human body. Thyroid hormones also affect metabolic rate, which has a critical impact on body weight. There are various health problems that result from abnormal thyroid activity, but regular physical activity, combined with an adequate intake of vitamin A and zinc, helps the body’s cells respond to these hormones.

What can go wrong with the thyroid gland?

Thyroid abnormalities are estimated to affect millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Two common hormone-related problems are hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. If the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, the person is considered to have an overactive thyroid gland or hyperthyroidism (accounting for less than 10 percent of thyroid hormone abnormalities). If the thyroid gland produces too little hormone, it is considered that the person has an underactive thyroid gland – hypothyroidism. This article will focus on the prevention and treatment of people with an underactive thyroid, which affects up to 10 percent of the world’s population.

Causes of an underactive thyroid

Worldwide, the leading cause of an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) is iodine deficiency. It is estimated that one in three people in the world does not consume enough iodine. As a result, many of them develop a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) or nodules on the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency is common in Africa and South Asia, but 50 percent of Europeans also have some deficiency, according to a study published in Endocrine Reviews.

A 2018 study of pregnant women in Norway, published in the journal Nutrients, found that up to 55 percent of women have suboptimal dietary iodine intake. According to the Australian Thyroid Foundation, “More than 50% of children and pregnant or lactating women living in Australia have been shown to be iodine deficient. ”

In addition, a 2011 Thyroid study found that nearly 10 percent of people in the United States are moderately or severely deficient in iodine. Based on the data, I believe that another 5 to 10 percent suffer from this deficiency to a mild degree. Thus, one in five people in the United States is iodine deficient.

In general, Japanese people have a higher iodine intake than other countries due to regular consumption of wakame (undaria), norms (porphyry) and kombu (kelp), seaweed species with protective properties.

The second leading cause of an underactive thyroid is due to an autoimmune attack on the thyroid. In this situation, certain antibodies (called anti-TPO and antithyroglobulin) attack the thyroid, causing the thyroid to fail to produce enough T4 thyroid hormone. At 19In 12, the most common autoimmune disease was named Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in honor of Dr. Hakaru Hashimoto from Japan.

According to Dr. Dan Lukaczer of the Institute of Functional Medicine, other factors that can interfere with adequate thyroid activity include stress, injury, infection, exposure to pesticides and fluoride, and celiac disease.

Most physicians diagnose an underactive thyroid gland when a TSH lab test (0.4 -4.0 mIU/L ) increased. This increase indicates that the brain is producing additional amounts of the TSH hormone in an attempt to stimulate the production of the T4 hormone by the thyroid gland. Many physicians who follow an integrative approach believe that the optimal blood TSH range is 0.4 to 2.0 mIU/L.

Signs and symptoms of a hypoactive (hypothyroid) state

• Increased injury
• Constipation
• Symptoms of depression
• Dry skin
• High cholesterol
• Thinning or falling out of the eyebrows (outer third)
• Fatigue
• Nails become more brittle and brittle than before
• Goiter
• Thinning and hair loss
• Low libido
• Memory problems and cognitive impairment
• Menstrual disorders
• Puffiness around the eyes
• Slow reflexes
• Thyroid nodules
• Weight gain

Risk factors for thyroid dysfunction

• Women are more at risk of thyroid dysfunction than men.
• Iodine deficiency
• Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Gluten intolerance without celiac disease
• Leaky gut syndrome

9 0023

How to prevent thyroid dysfunction

First of all, ensure adequate intake of iodine in the diet. According to the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, “The median dietary intake of iodine in the United States is 240 to 300 micrograms (mcg) per day for men and 190 to 210 mcg/day for women.” In 2001, the Institute of Medicine recommended “an intake of 150 micrograms of iodine per day for non-pregnant adult women, 220 micrograms per day for pregnant women, and 290 micrograms per day for lactating women.” Low iodine levels are also associated with learning difficulties in children.

List of foods rich in iodine (per serving):

• Common beans (32 mcg)
• Cod (99 mcg of iodine per 3 g of fish)
• Eggs (24 mcg of iodine per 1 egg)
• Iodized salt (71 mcg)
• Lobster (100 mcg)
• Milk (56 mcg)
• Pineapple (45 mcg)
• Potato (60 mcg)
• g prunes)
• Seaweed ( 16 to 2900 mcg)
• Shrimp (35 mcg iodine per 3 oz/85 g)
• Strawberry (13 mcg)
• Turkey breast (34 mcg)
• Yoghurt (75 mcg iodine)

Optimizing gut health is also critical to thyroid health. Patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome should focus on correcting increased intestinal permeability, which will help ensure adequate absorption of vitamins and minerals. Studies show that individuals who are sensitive to gluten are at an increased risk of developing thyroid disease. In addition, a healthy digestive system and a balanced microbiome are important to ensure an adequate immune system response that helps prevent autoimmune thyroid disease. Few people realize that 80 percent of our immune system is located in our gut.

Conventional Therapy

Over the past century, modern medicine has made great progress. However, the term “goiter” has been used to describe the enlargement of the thyroid gland for thousands of years.

In 40 BC, the best minds of Rome Pliny, Vitruvius and Juvenal described the treatment of goiter using burnt algae, which we now know to contain large amounts of iodine. In 1500 A.D. Leonardo da Vinci was the first person to draw the thyroid gland in the shape of a butterfly, in addition to depicting the rest of the human body in great detail.

In 1656, Thomas Wharton first named the gland “thyroid gland”, a word that comes from the Greek word thureoeidēs, or shield. In 1820, almost 200 years later, Frenchman Jean François Coinde used the newly discovered iodine to treat goiter.

In the late 1890s, dry formulas containing both T4 and T3 hormones were first used to treat an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). According to studies, four out of five thyroid prescriptions in 19In the 1960s, products with a natural complex (T4/T3) were included, while in 1988, drugs of natural origin were contained in one in four prescriptions. Since then, the trend of most doctors has been to prescribe synthetic levothyroxine, the formula of which contains only T4. In 1955, the Synthroid brand (levothyroxine) entered the market.

Traditional medicine is currently doing little to treat people with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Most physicians are trained to simply let the thyroid “burn out”. When this happens and the lab tests show an abnormally high TSH, they prescribe thyroid medication as above. Many integrative physicians advise treating Hashimoto’s thyroiditis by treating its underlying cause, leaky gut, to control Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Thyroid drug therapy

Levothyroxine (T4 hormone, synthroid) – taken once daily

Liothyronine (T3 hormone, cytomel) – taken once daily

T4/T hormone combination 3 – one is accepted or twice a day

Nutrition and supplements for thyroid health

A 2017 study found that people with a higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and seeds were less likely to develop autoimmune thyroid disease. This diet also helps to optimize the gut microbiome and maintain balance.

The following nutrients are important and help in the production of thyroid hormones. They can be present in a well-balanced diet or taken as a high quality multivitamin or personal supplement when needed. There are also various thyroid supplement formulas that contain many of the following compounds in one capsule.

Selenium

Cofactor for two enzymes that help produce thyroid hormones. According to a 2014 study published in the International Journal of Endocrinology, selenium can reduce the production of TPO antibodies during an autoimmune attack. In addition, selenium is required for the conversion of the T4 hormone into the active T3 hormone. Recommended dose: 200 micrograms per day.

Iodine

Worldwide, iodine deficiency is the leading cause of goiter, thyroid nodules and an underactive thyroid. A diet high in iodine is recommended (see food list above). The preferred method of testing for iodine deficiency, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is to collect a random sample of urine (best in the morning).

According to WHO standards, less than 100 µg/L of iodine is considered insufficient. Suggested Dose: Take a multivitamin and mineral supplement containing at least 150 micrograms of iodine. Some take iodine or kelp supplements to help maintain healthy iodine levels. The intake of iodine should not exceed 500 micrograms per day. Excess iodine can worsen the condition of the thyroid gland.

Iron

Iron deficiency is common among menstruating women. According to a 2016 study published in Thyroid, iron deficiency impairs thyroid metabolism. The authors recommended that clinicians check iron levels to compensate for deficiency. The target iron level is 50–75 ng/mL and above. Suggested Dose: As directed by your doctor or as directed on the label.

Vitamin D

Eighty percent of people worldwide are deficient in vitamin D. Studies have shown that people with low levels of this vitamin are at an increased risk of various types of cancer and autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease. A 2018 study of obese adults found that those with lower levels of vitamin D had an increased risk of developing Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Recommended dose: 1000-5000 IU per day.

Zinc

According to the Journal of Nutrition, nearly 45 percent of Americans have insufficient zinc in their diets. Worldwide, more than 15 percent of people are deficient in zinc. This problem is very common in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Absorption of important minerals such as zinc is impaired with age. In addition, a diet low in zinc-containing foods, as well as regular alcohol consumption, can also lead to chronically low zinc levels. Zinc deficiency is associated with thyroid, skin, and blood disorders, as well as an increased risk of infection. Zinc also plays an important role in brain health, where levels are 10 times higher than in the blood.

Zinc is essential for enzymes in the brain and throughout the body. It is involved in over 300 biochemical reactions and is an essential component of over 2000 proteins.

Suggested dose: 15–50 mg per day. Zinc is present in most quality multivitamins.

In addition to the key thyroid nutrients above, you should also include the following in your diet:

• Tyrosine
• Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
• Vitamin B3 (niacin)
• Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
• Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
• Vitamin E (tocopherol)

B vitamins can also be consumed by supplementation with B-complex. 90 003

Conclusion:

A well-balanced diet is critical to thyroid health. Paying attention to the gut microbiome is more important than most people realize. It is important to exclude foods that cause digestive problems from the diet. Additionally, taking a high-quality probiotic should also be considered to optimize thyroid health. Focusing on nutrition and providing the body with all the vitamins and minerals it needs through diet and supplementation can help optimize thyroid health. Before making any changes to your current thyroid treatments, please consult with your healthcare professional.

Reference:

1. Endocrine Reviews. 2009 Jun;30(4):376-408. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0011. Epub 2009 May 21.
2. Nutrients. 2018 Feb 28;10(3). pii: E280. doi: 10.3390/nu10030280.
3. Site accessed March 3, 2018 regarding iodine deficiency in Australia. https://www.thyroidfoundation.org.au/page/13/iodine-nutrition-iodine-deficiency
4. Thyroid. 2011 Apr;21(4):419-27. doi: 10.1089/thy.2010.0077. (Note: Iodine deficiency in the United States is higher than 10% of the population. I suspect upwards towards 20% using the WHO urinary value of 100 mg/L or less being deficient)
5. Accessed July 14, 2018 https://www.cdc.gov/nutritionreport/99-02/pdf/nr_ch5a.pdf
6. Accessed July 14, 2018 https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine -HealthProfessional/
7. Losurdo G, Principi M, Iannone A, et al. Extra-intestinal manifestations of non-celiac gluten sensitivity: An expanding paradigm. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2018;24(14):1521-1530. doi:10.3748/wjg.v24.i14.1521.
8. McAninch EA, Bianco AC. The History and Future of Treatment of Hypothyroidism. Annals of internal medicine. 2016;164(1):50-56. doi:10.7326/M15-1799.
9. McAninch EA, Bianco AC. The History and Future of Treatment of Hypothyroidism. Annals of internal medicine. 2016;164(1):50-56. doi:10.7326/M15-1799.
10. Accessed July 17th, 2018 https://www. nytimes.com/2001/07/24/science/after-46-years-of-sales-thyroid-drug-needs-fda-approval.html , Torlak V, Brdar D, et al. Dietary Factors Associated with Plasma Thyroid Peroxidase and Thyroglobulin Antibodies. Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1186. doi:10.3390/nu9111186.
11. Meta Analysis Data on Selenium Supplementation on Thyroid Antibodies Fan, Yaofu, et al. “Selenium Supplementation for Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.” International Journal of Endocrinology, 2014; Dec 11;2014
12. Thyroid. 2017 May;27(5):597-610. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0635. Epub 2017 Apr 6.
13. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2018 Apr 6. doi:10.2174/1871530318666180406163426.
14. Ciubotariu D, Ghiciuc CM, Lupușoru CE. Zinc involvement in opioid addiction and analgesia – should zinc supplementation be recommended for opioid-treated persons? Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 2015;10:29. doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0025-2.
15. Wessells KR, Brown KH.