Supplements for COPD

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Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a collective term for a group of chronic lung conditions including chronic bronchitis, refractory asthma, and emphysema. However, there are a number of supplements and remedies available that may help ease the symptoms of COPD.

People with COPD find it increasingly difficult to breathe. Among other symptoms, they may experience coughing, wheezing, and a feeling of tightness in the chest.

Nutrition is very important for the 15.7 million people in the United States with a COPD diagnosis.

According to the COPD Foundation, people with COPD may need 430–720 more calories per day than other people, due to the effort they need to exert while breathing. In fact, 25–40% of people with COPD are also dealing with malnutrition, which interferes with their long-term prognosis.

At present, there is no cure for COPD. However, the American Lung Association suggest that eating a high fat, low carbohydrate diet can be helpful for people with breathing problems.

There are also many different supplements and remedies that people with COPD can try to support their medical treatment and help them manage their condition. Keep reading to learn more.

Researchers have identified the following vitamins for COPD treatment and support:

1. Vitamin D

Studies have suggested that many people with COPD have low vitamin D, and that taking vitamin D supplements helps the lungs function better.

Taking vitamin D-3 supplements for COPD can also protect against moderate or severe flare-ups.

2. Vitamin C

Researchers have linked low levels of vitamin C to increases in shortness of breath, mucus, and wheezing.

3. Vitamin E

Studies suggest that people experiencing a flare-up of COPD symptoms tend to have lower levels of vitamin E than people whose COPD is stable.

Other studies suggest that long-term use of vitamin E supplements may help prevent COPD.

4. Vitamin A

According to one study, individuals with the highest intake of vitamin A had a 52% lower risk of COPD.

Researchers have identified the following minerals for COPD treatment and support:

5.

Magnesium

Magnesium supports lung function, but some COPD medications may interfere with the body’s ability to absorb it.

People should also exercise caution when taking magnesium supplements for COPD, because it can interfere with some drugs and cause side effects.

6. Calcium

Calcium can help the lungs function, but some COPD medications may cause people to lose calcium. This makes it even more important for people with COPD to consider increasing calcium-rich foods in their diet.

If a person is not able to reach their calcium needs through the diet, it may be necessary to take a calcium supplement.

Researchers have identified the following additional supplements for COPD treatment and support:

7. Omega-3 fatty acids

Increasing the intake of omega-3 fatty acids may reduce inflammation for people with COPD. Although they occur in fish, seeds, and nuts, some people take fish oil supplements to make sure that they get enough of this nutrient.

8. Dietary fiber

Eating more dietary fiber may lead to a lower risk of COPD.

9. Herbal teas

In some parts of the world, many people with COPD use the following teas to reduce the symptoms:

• green tea
• chamomile tea
• lemon balm tea
• lime tea
• linseed tea
• sage tea
• thyme tea
• mallow tea
• rosehip tea
• mint tea

In fact, some research has shown that drinking green tea at least twice per day may reduce the risk of developing COPD.

10. Curcumin

Present in turmeric, some people call curcumin a natural anti-inflammatory.

Some research suggests that it may help treat the inflammation of the airways that characterizes COPD.

11. Ginseng

Some traditional and alternative health advocates recommend ginseng supplements for COPD, to help build up lung strength.

However, a 2019 study found little difference in the results between those who took ginseng for COPD and those who took a placebo.

Read about some natural remedies for COPD here.

COPD is chronic and progressive, which means that it does not go away and tends to get worse with time. People with COPD need to see their doctor regularly to monitor and manage their condition.

Even though prescription drugs cannot reverse the gradual decline in breathing capacity, they can help people with COPD manage their symptoms.

Also, getting regular flu shots can help people with COPD prevent illnesses that could cause serious complications. For these reasons, people with COPD need regular medical care.

Although taking supplements for COPD can be helpful, people with this condition should speak to a doctor or other healthcare provider about all the supplements they are taking or planning to take.

Vitamins, minerals, herbs, and other products may interact and interfere with COPD medications. They can also cause side effects.

COPD is a serious and chronic health condition.

Although there is currently no cure for this condition, medical treatment can help people manage their symptoms. Using herbal and nutritional supplements for COPD can also help with symptom management.

Before taking any supplements, however, a person should discuss their use with a doctor or other healthcare provider.

SHOP FOR VITAMINS AND SUPPLEMENTS

Some of the supplements listed in this article are available for purchase in stores and online.

• vitamin D
• vitamin C
• vitamin E
• vitamin A
• magnesium
• calcium
• omega-3 fatty acids
• turmeric
• dietary fiber

Supplements for COPD

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Here’s our process.

Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a collective term for a group of chronic lung conditions including chronic bronchitis, refractory asthma, and emphysema. However, there are a number of supplements and remedies available that may help ease the symptoms of COPD.

People with COPD find it increasingly difficult to breathe. Among other symptoms, they may experience coughing, wheezing, and a feeling of tightness in the chest.

Nutrition is very important for the 15.7 million people in the United States with a COPD diagnosis.

According to the COPD Foundation, people with COPD may need 430–720 more calories per day than other people, due to the effort they need to exert while breathing. In fact, 25–40% of people with COPD are also dealing with malnutrition, which interferes with their long-term prognosis.

At present, there is no cure for COPD. However, the American Lung Association suggest that eating a high fat, low carbohydrate diet can be helpful for people with breathing problems.

There are also many different supplements and remedies that people with COPD can try to support their medical treatment and help them manage their condition. Keep reading to learn more.

Researchers have identified the following vitamins for COPD treatment and support:

1. Vitamin D

Studies have suggested that many people with COPD have low vitamin D, and that taking vitamin D supplements helps the lungs function better.

Taking vitamin D-3 supplements for COPD can also protect against moderate or severe flare-ups.

2. Vitamin C

Researchers have linked low levels of vitamin C to increases in shortness of breath, mucus, and wheezing.

3. Vitamin E

Studies suggest that people experiencing a flare-up of COPD symptoms tend to have lower levels of vitamin E than people whose COPD is stable.

Other studies suggest that long-term use of vitamin E supplements may help prevent COPD.

4. Vitamin A

According to one study, individuals with the highest intake of vitamin A had a 52% lower risk of COPD.

Researchers have identified the following minerals for COPD treatment and support:

5. Magnesium

Magnesium supports lung function, but some COPD medications may interfere with the body’s ability to absorb it.

People should also exercise caution when taking magnesium supplements for COPD, because it can interfere with some drugs and cause side effects.

6. Calcium

Calcium can help the lungs function, but some COPD medications may cause people to lose calcium. This makes it even more important for people with COPD to consider increasing calcium-rich foods in their diet.

If a person is not able to reach their calcium needs through the diet, it may be necessary to take a calcium supplement.

Researchers have identified the following additional supplements for COPD treatment and support:

7. Omega-3 fatty acids

Increasing the intake of omega-3 fatty acids may reduce inflammation for people with COPD. Although they occur in fish, seeds, and nuts, some people take fish oil supplements to make sure that they get enough of this nutrient.

8. Dietary fiber

Eating more dietary fiber may lead to a lower risk of COPD.

9. Herbal teas

In some parts of the world, many people with COPD use the following teas to reduce the symptoms:

• green tea
• chamomile tea
• lemon balm tea
• lime tea
• linseed tea
• sage tea
• thyme tea
• mallow tea
• rosehip tea
• mint tea

In fact, some research has shown that drinking green tea at least twice per day may reduce the risk of developing COPD.

10. Curcumin

Present in turmeric, some people call curcumin a natural anti-inflammatory.

Some research suggests that it may help treat the inflammation of the airways that characterizes COPD.

11. Ginseng

Some traditional and alternative health advocates recommend ginseng supplements for COPD, to help build up lung strength.

However, a 2019 study found little difference in the results between those who took ginseng for COPD and those who took a placebo.

Read about some natural remedies for COPD here.

COPD is chronic and progressive, which means that it does not go away and tends to get worse with time. People with COPD need to see their doctor regularly to monitor and manage their condition.

Even though prescription drugs cannot reverse the gradual decline in breathing capacity, they can help people with COPD manage their symptoms.

Also, getting regular flu shots can help people with COPD prevent illnesses that could cause serious complications. For these reasons, people with COPD need regular medical care.

Although taking supplements for COPD can be helpful, people with this condition should speak to a doctor or other healthcare provider about all the supplements they are taking or planning to take.

Vitamins, minerals, herbs, and other products may interact and interfere with COPD medications. They can also cause side effects.

COPD is a serious and chronic health condition.

Although there is currently no cure for this condition, medical treatment can help people manage their symptoms. Using herbal and nutritional supplements for COPD can also help with symptom management.

Before taking any supplements, however, a person should discuss their use with a doctor or other healthcare provider.

SHOP FOR VITAMINS AND SUPPLEMENTS

Some of the supplements listed in this article are available for purchase in stores and online.

• vitamin D
• vitamin C
• vitamin E
• vitamin A
• magnesium
• calcium
• omega-3 fatty acids
• turmeric
• dietary fiber

Three Lung Health Supplements｜ iHerb Blog

The information in this blog has not been verified by your country’s public health authority and is not intended as a diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice.
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Almost all of us take for granted the ability to breathe freely. However, for people with chronic sinusitis, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory diseases, trouble-free breathing is of great value.

‌‌Causes of breathing difficulties

If you have respiratory or lung problems, breathing problems are often aggravated in winter or with increased exposure to air pollution or smoke. In winter, we not only encounter viruses attacking the respiratory tract more often, but we also breathe more dry and warm air that is repeatedly recirculated indoors. Such air dries out the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Because of this, the mucus loses water, becomes thicker and worse removed from the respiratory tract.

This thick and less functional mucus becomes a fertile environment for harmful microorganisms, thereby increasing the risk of sinusitis, congestion in the bronchi or lungs, infection. Humidifiers can help keep the airways hydrated, but drinking plenty of fluids is most important to maintain proper water content in the airways.

Accordingly, to moisten the respiratory tract, you need to drink enough water. In addition, there are safe and effective natural products for additional moistening of the respiratory tract. Keeping the airways watered from the inside will support a healthier mucus flow and, as a result, make breathing easier.

‌‌Important nutrients for healthy breathing

The airways and lungs are lined with special cells and protected by a mucus barrier. In order for these cells to perform their important function, they require an uninterrupted supply of essential nutrients. They not only protect us from pollution and infections, but also play a creative role. These cells produce mucin and other protective substances that line the airways and suppress viruses and other harmful organisms.

To ensure you are getting enough of all the essential micronutrients to support these cells, try taking a multivitamin and mineral. Choose a product that contains at least the recommended daily intake of key nutrients needed for the proper functioning of the epithelium of the respiratory tract and lungs.

Specifically look for a formula with vitamins A, C and D, beta-carotene, B vitamins, selenium and zinc. All are important for respiratory and lung health.

‌‌Three Respiratory System Supplements

Three of the most beneficial and effective natural products for promoting lung and respiratory health: N-acetylcysteine, ivy extract and protease enzymes.

They can be used alone or together for an even greater effect.

• N-acetylcysteine ​​should be taken if you have difficulty breathing or exposure to polluted air or tobacco smoke.
• Ivy extract will be useful for breathing problems caused by irritation of the airways.
• Protease enzymes (bromelain and serrapeptase) are useful for thick but insufficient mucus.

You should also consider taking a multivitamin and mineral supplement that contains the right amount of nutrients.

N-acetylcysteine ​​and respiratory health

N-acetylcysteine ​​(NAC) is a derivative of the natural amino acid cysteine. NAC is widely used in official medicine to support the functioning of the respiratory tract and lungs in their acute and chronic diseases, including emphysema, bronchitis, asthma and cystic fibrosis.

NAC thins mucus by breaking the sulfur bonds that bind proteins in thick mucus. By eliminating these bonds, NAC reduces both the density and the “stickiness” (viscosity) of overly thick and sticky mucus. NAC helps clear the airways and thereby promote respiratory health and improve lung function. This is expressed in a weakening of the cough and an increase in the level of oxygen in the blood. ^1.2

NAC may be useful in diseases of the lungs and respiratory tract through its role in improving the structure and function of the mucous membranes. This property is especially important for supporting the functioning of the respiratory system in diseases of the respiratory tract, such as chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

A detailed analysis of 39 studies concluded that oral NAC reduced the risk of serious complications and improved symptoms of chronic bronchitis compared with placebo. ²

In addition to its mucolytic effect, NAC can increase the production of glutathione, a major antioxidant in the airways and lungs. ³ Glutathione is essential for protecting the respiratory system from contamination. When you inhale dirty air, smoke and other harmful compounds, glutathione does the main job of neutralizing damage and irritation to the lungs and airways.

The standard dosage of NAC for mucus thinning is 200–400 mg three times a day.

‌‌Ivy extract and respiratory irritation

Ivy extract has long been used to support the respiratory system in asthma and COPD. Many clinical studies have confirmed its benefits for the lungs and respiratory tract. It is noted that ivy is able to weaken bronchial spasms and improve the condition of mucus. ^4-7

Several double-blind studies have shown that ivy extract can improve lung and airway function. For example, one double-blind study noted an increase in lung capacity in 25 children with asthma aged 10 to 15 when taking ivy extract. The clinical and statistical significance of this effect was confirmed three hours after ingestion of ivy extract. By the tenth day of treatment, the effect was even more noticeable. ⁴

A more recent study examined the effect of ivy extract in reducing nasal mucus production during recovery from nasal surgery. After such operations, the mucus often becomes thick and profuse, which can cause infections. The study involved 70 patients who underwent surgery on the nasal cavity. They were divided into two equal groups. In the group treated with syrup with a standardized extract of dried ivy leaves, there was a significantly weaker nasal mucus secretion and no local infections. In the control group, local infection clearly developed in five patients (14.29%), which required antibiotic treatment. ⁷ The benefits of ivy extract are not limited to recovery from nasal surgery. It is useful in all cases where an excessive amount of mucus is secreted in the nasal passages.

Standard dosage of dry extract: 100 mg twice a day.

‌‌Protease Enzymes & Mucus

Protease Enzymes are often used in digestive support products to help break down dietary protein. At the same time, these enzymes also contribute to the thinning of thick or excessive mucus. A protease breaks bonds between certain amino acids. In simple words, it adds water to these bonds, i.e., it hydrolyzes them.

When taken on an empty stomach, protease enters the bloodstream and has a systemic effect on the body, including mucus production. Some proteases, such as bromelain and serrapeptase, have been shown to improve the structure, properties, and function of mucus. They are very helpful in thickening mucus.

Bromelain and serrapeptase thin mucus while increasing mucus production and greatly speeding up its clearance from the respiratory tract. A severe increase in mucus production is effective in protecting the airways from irritation and obstruction. Bromelain and serrapeptase are useful in all cases of mucus thickening or excessive mucus production. ^8-12

Bromelain

Bromelain belongs to the group of sulfur-containing enzymes involved in protein digestion (proteolytic enzymes or proteases) and contained in pineapple. Standard dose of bromelain for respiratory support: 250–750 mg three times daily between meals.

Serrapeptase

Serrapeptase is an enzyme produced by the beneficial bacteria Serratia marcescens that lives in the silkworm intestine. The silkworm uses this enzyme to break the cocoon and transform itself into an adult butterfly. When taken as a dietary supplement, serrapeptase dosage is based on enzyme activity and is measured in serrapeptase activity units (SPUs). Dosage for airway and lung support is 40,000 – 100,000 SPU up to three times per day.

‌‌Respiratory health supplements

If your sinuses are blocked, try rinsing your nose with salt water using special irrigators. When used correctly, salt water will cleanse the sinuses and relieve congestion. In acute congestion, it is recommended to wash the nose every day, in chronic congestion – every two days.

Nasal sprays with natural ingredients such as xylitol or homeopathic remedies can help keep the nasal mucosa moist.

For bronchial and lung congestion, and deeper sinus infections, try postural drainage. This is a simple, old and effective technique. Place a heating pad or hot water bottle on your chest for up to 20 minutes. Then perform postural drainage – lie on your stomach with your upper body hanging off the bed and resting on your elbows. Maintain this position for 5-15 minutes, coughing up phlegm into a container or newspaper on the floor. Perform this drainage twice a day or whenever there is severe airway congestion.

Sources:

1. Pei Y, Liu H, Yang Y, et al. Biological Activities and Potential Oral Applications of N-Acetylcysteine: Progress and Prospects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:2835787.
2. Elbini Dhouib I, Jallouli M, Annabi A, et al. A minireview on N-acetylcysteine: An old drug with new approaches. life sci. 2016;151:359-363.
3. Santus P, Corsico A, Solidoro P, Braido F, Di Marco F, Scichilone N. Oxidative stress and respiratory system: pharmacological and clinical reappraisal of N-acetylcysteine. COPD. 2014 Dec;11(6):705-1.
4. Hofmann D, Hecker M, Völp A. Efficacy of dry extract of ivy leaves in children with bronchial asthma–a review of randomized controlled trials. Phytomedicine. 2003 Mar;10(2-3):213-220.
5. Hecker M, Runkel F, Voelp A. Treatment of chronic bronchitis with ivy leaf special extract–multicenter post-marketing surveillance study in 1,350 patients. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2002 Apr;9(2):77-84.
6. Kemmerich B, Eberhardt R, Stammer H. Efficacy and tolerability of a fluid extract combination of thyme herb and ivy leaves and matched placebo in adults suffering from acute bronchitis with productive cough. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(9):652-60.
7. Savović S, Paut Kusturica M, Kljajić V, Buljčik Čupić M, Jovančević L, Pavlović V, Rašković A. The influence of standardized dry ivy leaf extract on the proportion of nasal secretion after post-septoplasty nasal packing removal. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Nov-Dec;85(6):685-689.
8. Maurer HR. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001 Aug;58(9):1234-45.
9. Ryan RE. A double-blind clinical evaluation of bromelains in the treatment of acute sinusitis. Headache 1967;7:13-17.12. Majima Y, Inagaki M, Hirata K, et al. The effect of an orally administered proteolytic enzyme on the elasticity and viscosity of nasal mucus. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1988;244:355-359.
10. Bhagat S, Agarwal M, Roy V. Serratiopeptidase: a systematic review of the existing evidence. Int J Surg. 2013;11(3):209-217.
11. Nakamura S, Hashimoto Y, Mikami M, et al. Effect of the proteolytic enzyme serrapeptase in patients with chronic airway disease. Respirology 2003;8:316-320.
12. Mazzone A, Catalani M, Costanzo M, et al. Evaluation of Serratia peptidase in acute or chronic inflammation of otorhinolaryngology pathology: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial versus placebo. J Int Med Res 1990;18:379-388.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, chronic obstructive bronchitis)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, chronic obstructive bronchitis) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the small bronchi and lungs, in which, along with narrowing of the bronchial lumen, emphysema develops (sleep ing lung elasticity and destruction of their respiratory units – alveoli). With COPD, the lungs are constantly in a state of inhalation (there is always a lot of air in them, even during exhalation), as a result of which gas exchange is disturbed and little oxygen enters the blood.

Main cause COPD – smoking. Among other factors that can cause COPD , occupational hazards (smoke, dust), car exhaust should be noted.

COPD is a steadily progressive disease that eventually leads to a reduction in the area of ​​the alveoli and, consequently, to a decrease in the supply of oxygen to the blood (respiratory failure). To ensure sufficient oxygen supply to the blood, the load on the vessels of the lungs will increase, which will ultimately lead to disruption of the heart (chronic cor pulmonale).

Symptoms

For COPD , as well as for chronic bronchitis, a cough with a small amount of light or yellowish sputum is characteristic, mainly in the morning. Over time, as structural changes in the bronchi and lungs increase, shortness of breath appears with difficulty exhaling, which first occurs during intense physical exertion, then gradually increases and significantly limits daily activity. Gradually, general weakness, increased fatigue join, at advanced stages of the disease (when the work of the heart is disturbed), swelling of the legs, heaviness and discomfort in the right side may occur.

COPD is characterized by a progressive course with exacerbations that usually occur during the cold season, most often after acute respiratory viral infections. With an exacerbation, all manifestations of the disease intensify.

Diagnosis

To clarify the diagnosis and determine the tactics of treatment, it is obligatory to conduct a study of the function of external respiration ( spirometry ). This study helps determine how deeply and quickly the patient can exhale and inhale.

In case of exacerbations COPD complete blood count with evaluation of leukocyte formula, ESR, C-reactive protein level, general sputum analysis, bacteriological examination of sputum with determination of sensitivity to antibiotics, and to rule out pneumonia – chest X-ray.

Other studies (chest computed tomography, bronchoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy) are performed only in cases where there is doubt about the diagnosis.

Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Smoking cessation is of fundamental importance – the leading factor in the progression of structural changes in the bronchi. Cessation of smoking, unfortunately, does not lead to a complete restoration of the bronchial tree, however, it helps to prevent further deterioration of the condition.

Depending on the stage COPD (i.e. the degree of bronchial constriction) as determined by spirometry , prescribe the regular use of bronchodilators that eliminate spasm of the muscles of the bronchi and facilitate breathing. There are many drugs in this group. In most cases, they are produced in the form of metered-dose aerosol inhalers, as well as powder inhalers. Bronchodilator drugs can be short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting drugs are taken as needed (with increased dyspnea) or regularly 3-4 times a day in order to prevent increased dyspnea. Long-acting drugs are taken 1-2 times a day, their effect lasts for 12-24 hours. In severe cases of the disease, inhaled glucocorticoids are used, which effectively suppress inflammation in the bronchi and reduce the frequency of exacerbations COPD . Since glucocorticoids are used in the form of inhalations, only a small part of the drug enters the blood, therefore, adverse drug reactions rarely occur.

“Immunity boosting” should not be done with drugs or numerous advertised nutritional supplements. Patients with COPD are shown to be vaccinated with influenza and pneumococcal vaccines.
Physical exercise is indicated to improve exercise tolerance and reduce breathlessness. Self-study can start with a daily walk for 20 minutes, gymnastics with light dumbbells. The intensity of the loads should be increased gradually, in no case should you bring yourself to severe shortness of breath. To reduce shortness of breath during exercise, you can use inhaled bronchodilators before it starts. In all cases, before starting physical training, you should consult a doctor.

Treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A slightly different treatment is necessary for exacerbations of COPD , in which shortness of breath, cough increase significantly, sputum discharge increases, body temperature rises.

In this case, it is necessary to drink plenty of fluids (unless there are serious contraindications – a significant increase in blood pressure, severe heart or kidney failure), which contributes to an increase in the amount of sputum and its dilution. On the recommendation of a doctor, expectorants can be used. The basis of the treatment of exacerbations COPD also constitutes bronchodilatory therapy, with a pronounced exacerbation, the use of a nebulizer is justified – an apparatus that creates the smallest particles of drugs (in the form of steam), due to which they enter the smaller bronchi. In severe exacerbations, the doctor may also prescribe glucocorticoid tablets in a short course (10 days). The decision to prescribe an antibiotic is made only by the attending physician on an individual basis (for example, if the exacerbation is caused by inhalation of an irritant, antibiotics are not indicated).

• It is necessary to observe the home regimen, in no case should you endure an exacerbation “on your feet”.