What are the common causes of swollen lymph nodes. How can you differentiate between normal and abnormal lymph node swelling. When should you be concerned about swollen lymph nodes and seek medical attention. What tests may be used to diagnose the underlying cause of swollen lymph nodes. Which types of cancer are associated with lymph node swelling.

Understanding Lymph Nodes and Their Function

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that play a crucial role in the body’s immune system. These glands are scattered throughout the body, with over 600 lymph nodes clustered in various locations such as the neck, armpits, groin, torso, between the lungs, and around the bowels. As part of the lymphatic system, which also includes the spleen, tonsils, and adenoids, lymph nodes act as powerful defenders against disease and infection.

The primary functions of lymph nodes include:

• Filtering impurities from the blood
• Producing B-cells (lymphocytes) that create antibodies to fight foreign invaders
• Filtering lymph, a clear, watery liquid containing lymphocytes
• Trapping harmful cells like viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells

When the body encounters an infection or other threat, lymph nodes may swell as they work to combat the issue. While this swelling is often a normal response, it can sometimes indicate more serious conditions.

Common Causes of Swollen Lymph Nodes

Swollen lymph nodes are frequently associated with various infections and conditions. Some common causes include:

• Bacterial or viral infections (e.g., common cold, flu, ear infections, strep throat)
• Abscessed teeth
• Mononucleosis
• Shingles
• Sexually transmitted diseases
• Autoimmune conditions (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
• Immunizations, including the COVID-19 vaccine
• Certain medications, such as antimalarial drugs

In most cases, swollen lymph nodes related to these causes will subside once the underlying issue is resolved or treated.

Distinguishing Between Normal and Abnormal Lymph Node Swelling

While swollen lymph nodes are often a sign that your immune system is working to fight off an infection, it’s essential to know how to differentiate between normal and potentially worrisome swelling. Dr. Beomjune B. Kim, Head and Neck and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgeon at Cancer Treatment Centers of America® (CTCA), Atlanta, provides some guidance on this matter.

Characteristics of Normal Lymph Nodes

• Size: Typically no larger than a half-inch
• Texture: Feels similar to pressing on the tip of your nose
• Mobility: Can be moved with your finger

Characteristics of Abnormal Lymph Nodes

• Size: Larger than a half-inch
• Texture: Feels harder, similar to pressing on your chin
• Mobility: Fixed in place, cannot be moved easily
• Firmness: Feels notably firm to the touch

Are there any other physical characteristics that might indicate abnormal lymph node swelling? In addition to size, texture, and mobility, persistent swelling that doesn’t subside after several weeks may be a cause for concern. Additionally, if the skin around the lymph node appears red, irritated, or warm to the touch, it could indicate an infection or more serious condition.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Swollen Lymph Nodes

While swollen lymph nodes are often harmless, there are situations where medical attention is necessary. Consider contacting your doctor if:

• You have any symptoms that concern you
• You feel you may need medical attention for any reason
• You can’t identify a reason for your swollen lymph nodes
• The swelling persists for more than two weeks
• The lymph nodes continue to enlarge or become painful

Additionally, be aware of other persistent symptoms that may accompany swollen lymph nodes, as these could indicate a more serious condition:

• Fever
• Chills
• Night sweats
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Non-healing sores in the mouth
• Ear pain
• Cough that produces blood
• Blood-tinged mucus
• Fatigue
• Trouble swallowing
• Shortness of breath
• Abdominal pain
• Feeling full without eating

Diagnostic Tests for Swollen Lymph Nodes

When you visit your doctor for swollen lymph nodes, they may perform various tests to determine the underlying cause. These tests may include:

1. Physical examination: The doctor will palpate the affected area to assess the size, texture, and mobility of the lymph nodes.
2. Medical history review: Your doctor will ask about recent illnesses, infections, or other potential causes of lymph node swelling.
3. Blood tests: These can help identify infections, autoimmune disorders, or other systemic issues.
4. Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be used to visualize the affected lymph nodes and surrounding tissues.
5. Lymph node biopsy: In some cases, a small sample of tissue may be taken from the swollen lymph node for further analysis.
6. Ultrasound: This non-invasive imaging technique can help assess the size and structure of lymph nodes.

How do these diagnostic tests help doctors determine the cause of swollen lymph nodes? Each test provides specific information that can help pinpoint the underlying issue. For example, blood tests can reveal signs of infection or inflammation, while imaging studies can show structural abnormalities or the presence of tumors. A biopsy offers the most definitive diagnosis by allowing direct examination of the lymph node tissue.

Cancer and Swollen Lymph Nodes: Understanding the Connection

While most cases of swollen lymph nodes are benign, they can sometimes be a sign of cancer. Several types of cancer are associated with lymph node swelling, including:

• Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s)
• Leukemia
• Breast cancer
• Lung cancer
• Skin cancer (melanoma)
• Head and neck cancers

In cancer cases, lymph nodes may become swollen due to the presence of cancer cells that have spread from the primary tumor site. This process is known as metastasis and can be an important indicator of the cancer’s stage and progression.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

A sentinel lymph node biopsy is a specialized procedure used in cancer diagnosis and staging. But what exactly is a sentinel lymph node? It’s the first lymph node to which cancer cells are likely to spread from the primary tumor. By identifying and examining this node, doctors can determine if cancer has spread beyond its original site.

The procedure involves:

1. Injecting a radioactive tracer or blue dye near the tumor site
2. Using imaging techniques to locate the sentinel lymph node
3. Surgically removing the identified node
4. Examining the node for cancer cells

This minimally invasive technique helps doctors stage cancer accurately and plan appropriate treatment strategies while minimizing the need for more extensive lymph node removal.

Lymphedema: A Potential Complication of Lymph Node Issues

Lymphedema is a condition characterized by swelling in one or more extremities due to a blockage in the lymphatic system. This blockage prevents lymph fluid from draining properly, causing it to build up in the affected area. But what causes lymphedema, and how is it related to lymph node issues?

Common causes of lymphedema include:

• Surgery involving lymph node removal (e.g., cancer treatments)
• Radiation therapy that damages lymph nodes
• Infections that scar lymphatic vessels
• Parasitic infections that block lymph drainage
• Congenital abnormalities in the lymphatic system

Lymphedema can be a chronic condition that requires ongoing management. Treatment options may include:

• Compression garments to help reduce swelling
• Manual lymphatic drainage (a specialized massage technique)
• Exercise and movement to promote lymph flow
• Skin care to prevent infections
• In some cases, surgical interventions to improve lymph drainage

Early recognition and treatment of lymphedema are crucial for managing symptoms and preventing complications. If you notice persistent swelling in your arms or legs, especially after cancer treatment involving lymph node removal, consult your healthcare provider promptly.

Maintaining Lymph Node Health: Prevention and Self-Care

While some causes of swollen lymph nodes are beyond our control, there are steps we can take to maintain overall lymphatic health and potentially reduce the risk of lymph node issues. How can you support your lymphatic system and promote healthy lymph node function?

• Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps flush toxins from your system and supports lymph flow.
• Exercise regularly: Physical activity, especially activities that involve bouncing or jumping, can stimulate lymph circulation.
• Practice good hygiene: Proper hand washing and overall cleanliness can help prevent infections that may lead to swollen lymph nodes.
• Eat a balanced diet: A nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins supports overall immune function.
• Manage stress: Chronic stress can weaken the immune system, so find healthy ways to cope with stress, such as meditation or yoga.
• Avoid tight clothing: Overly tight garments, especially around the groin and armpit areas, can restrict lymph flow.
• Consider dry brushing: This technique involves gently brushing the skin towards the heart to stimulate lymph flow.

By incorporating these practices into your daily routine, you can support your lymphatic system and potentially reduce the frequency of swollen lymph nodes related to common infections and environmental factors.

Remember, while swollen lymph nodes are often a normal immune response, persistent or concerning symptoms should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional. If you’re experiencing unusual or prolonged lymph node swelling, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and treatment.

When should you worry about swollen lymph nodes?

Lymph nodes are no bigger than a baked bean, but they’re powerful weapons in the body’s defense against disease and infection. These ovoid glands are scattered throughout the body, helping filter impurities in the blood. Perhaps their mightiest role, though, is producing B-cells, lymphocytes that make specialized proteins called antibodies to attack foreign invaders.  

Sometimes, you may notice swollen lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin. This is usually a sign that your immune system is producing an abundance of B-cells to help your body fight off infection. But swollen lymph nodes may also signal more serious conditions.

In this article, we’ll explain when swollen lymph nodes may indicate more than a common infection. Topics include:

• How do you know if swollen lymph nodes are caused by a serious condition?
• When should you call a doctor?
• Which tests may be used to determine why they’re swollen?
• Which cancers are associated with swollen lymph nodes?
• What is a sentinel lymph node biopsy?
• What is lymphedema?

If you’ve been diagnosed with a blood cancer, such as lymphoma, leukemia or multiple myeloma, and are interested in a second opinion on your diagnosis or treatment options, call us or chat online with a member of our team.

How do you know if swollen lymph nodes are due to a serious condition?

The body has more than 600 lymph nodes in clusters in the neck, armpits, groin and torso, between the lungs, and in the belly, and around the bowels. They’re part of the body’s lymphatic system, which also includes the spleen, tonsils and adenoids. The lymph nodes scattered throughout the body act to filter out harmful, foreign cells like viruses and bacteria as well as cancer cells.

Lymph nodes are connected by vein-like vessels that carry lymph, a clear, watery liquid made up of cells called lymphocytes that help the lymphatic system protect the body from germs and impurities. The fluid flows through the vessels and the lymph nodes, where it’s filtered and then released back into the bloodstream.

When you have a bacterial or viral infection like a cold, the flu, an ear infection or an abscessed tooth, your lymphatic system kicks into action, producing lymphocytes to fight the infection and causing the lymph nodes to swell. If you’re aware you have an infection like strep throat or an infected cut, for instance, you may recognize that the swollen lymph nodes are related to the infection. The lymph nodes may swell in an area that corresponds to the infection. For instance, an abscessed tooth may cause the lymph nodes in the neck to swell as the lymphatic fluid from the infection site drains through the nodes in that area, just as an infected cut on your leg may make the lymph nodes in your groin swell.

Immunizations, including the COVID-19 vaccine, may cause swollen lymph nodes and usually disappear after a few days. Certain medications, like those to prevent malaria, may also cause lymph nodes to swell.

You may have swollen lymph nodes and not be able to pinpoint the cause or location of the infection without the help of a doctor, such as in the case of mononucleosis, shingles, a sexually transmitted disease or an autoimmune condition, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.

Sometimes, swollen lymph nodes are a sign of a more serious condition—like cancer. Some characteristics may help distinguish worrisome swollen lymph nodes from those just doing their job defending the body against infection.

“If you can feel a lymph node that’s bigger than a half-inch, or if you can’t move it with your finger, that’s more worrisome,” says Beomjune B. Kim, MD, Head and Neck and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgeon at Cancer Treatment Centers of America® (CTCA), Atlanta.

Also, if it feels firm, that may cause concern, he says. Here’s how to tell the difference between a normal and abnormal lymph node:

• A normal lymph node feels like pressing on the tip of your nose.
• An abnormal lymph node feels harder, like pressing on your chin.

When should you call your doctor?

Generally speaking, call your doctor if:

• You have any symptoms that concern you.
• You feel may need medical attention for any reason.
• You can’t think of or discern a reason why your lymph nodes are swollen.

Also be aware of other persistent symptoms you may be experiencing along with the swollen lymph nodes, such as:

• Fever
• Chills
• Night sweats
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Non-healing sores in the mouth
• Ear pain
• Cough that produces blood
• Blood-tinged mucus

Other symptoms that may warrant a trip to your doctor include:

• Skin that’s red, irritated or warm around the lymph node
• Bleeding, non-healing sores
• Fatigue
• Trouble swallowing
• Coughing or shortness of breath
• Abdominal pain
• Feeling full after eating just a small amount of food

“Whenever an adult older than 40 can feel a lymph node in the neck, that’s a worrisome sign,” says Dr. Kim.

Which tests may be used to determine why the lymph nodes are swollen?

To determine the cause of your swollen lymph nodes, your doctor will begin with a physical exam, feeling the lymph nodes, examining you for other signs of infection and evaluating your general health. Most likely, the doctor will order a complete blood count (CBC) to help gather information about your infection-fighting white blood cells. Depending on your symptoms, the doctor may also request imaging tests, such as:

• X-ray
• Ultrasound
• Computed tomography (CT) scan
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
• Fluorodeoxyglucose with positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to help spot (or rule out) lymphoma and other cancers

Tests to rule out an infection like HIV, tuberculosis, syphilis or the Epstein-Barr virus may also be performed.

If these tests don’t reveal a reason for your swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may want to perform a biopsy to take a sample of the lymph node tissue for a pathologist to examine under the microscope.

Several types of biopsy may be performed, including:

Fine needle aspiration biopsy: Similar to donating blood, the doctor uses a fine, hollow needle to extract some fluid and cells from the lymph node.

Core needle biopsy: A larger hollow needle is used to remove a small chunk of tissue. This procedure typically requires local anesthesia.

Both types of biopsies take about 15 to 30 minutes, after which you’ll be able to return to your regular activities.

An open biopsy is more like surgery since the doctor makes an incision in the skin to remove part or all of the lymph node, then sutures the wound closed. This procedure may be performed under local or general anesthesia.

What cancers are associated with swollen lymph nodes?

If the pathology report detects cancer in the lymph nodes, it either started there or spread from another cancerous tumor in the body.

Cancer of the lymph nodes is call lymphoma, which is a type of blood cancer. Lymphoma is categorized by a number of types, but the most common are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, differentiated by the type of lymphocyte cells involved. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is more common, is found in lymph nodes anywhere in the body. Most cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are diagnosed in advanced stages.

Hodgkin lymphoma usually forms the lymph nodes in the chest, armpits or neck and, because it’s likely to be diagnosed early, patients generally have positive outcomes.

Cancer cells found in lymph nodes may also have broken away from another cancer elsewhere in the body and traveled there through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Most of these stray cancer cells die before they can start growing somewhere else. But if the cells spread to a new organ or lymph node, the cancer is considered metastatic. Metastatic cancers often cause swollen lymph nodes near the tumor, as the body tries to do its job fighting off the disease.

What is a sentinel lymph node biopsy?

If the pathology report analysis suspects metastasis, the doctor may perform a sentinel lymph node biopsy to confirm it. The sentinel lymph node is the first node cancer cells are likely to spread to from the primary tumor. If the sentinel lymph node shows no signs of cancer, it’s likely that the cancer has not metastasized—a conclusion that may help the patient avoid more extensive lymph node surgery.

This procedure is regularly used for melanomas and breast cancers to help determine whether and to where the cancer has spread, Dr. Kim says. To locate the sentinel lymph node, the doctor will inject a dye or radioactive tracer into the tumor, then observe which node, or nodes, the dye travels. to.

“We surgically remove that lymph node and evaluate it to see whether there’s any cancer there,” Dr. Kim says. “If it’s positive, we know the cancer has spread to the lymph node. At that point, we can proceed to remove the entire lymph node basin in a lymph node dissection. Or we can decide to give radiation therapy or systemic chemotherapy to treat the metastasis, depending on which cancer it is.”

What is lymphedema?

When many lymph nodes are removed, as in a sentinel lymph node biopsy or lymph node dissection, that area of the body no longer has a way to drain lymphatic fluid. The resulting buildup of fluid is called lymphedema. The more lymph nodes removed, the more likely the patient will experience lymphedema.

“Usually, people can regenerate lymphatic vessels within one or three years,” Dr. Kim says. “Lymphedema improves over time.”

But the condition is bothersome for lots of patients, he says, causing discomfort and, in some cases, difficulty swallowing and even numbness if nerves were damaged during the lymph node removal. Some patients who have lymph nodes removed in the neck or armpit area experience shoulder weakness that may require intensive physical therapy, Dr. Kim says.

“Most of these complications or side effects are temporary,” he says.

If you’ve been diagnosed with a blood cancer, such as lymphoma, leukemia or multiple myeloma, and are interested in a second opinion on your diagnosis or treatment options, call us or chat online with a member of our team.

Swollen lymph nodes Information | Mount Sinai

Swollen glands; Glands – swollen; Lymph nodes – swollen; Lymphadenopathy

Lymph nodes are present throughout your body. They are an important part of your immune system. Lymph nodes help your body recognize and fight germs, infections, and other foreign substances.

The term “swollen glands” refers to enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. The medical name for swollen lymph nodes is lymphadenopathy.

In a child, a node is considered enlarged if it is more than 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) wide.

The lymphatic system has two main functions. Its network of vessels, valves, ducts, nodes, and organs helps balance the body’s fluid by draining excess fluid, known as lymph, from the body’s tissue and returning it to the blood after filtering it. Some types of blood cells are also made in the lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system also plays an important role in the body’s immune system.
Infection, even a trivial infection is, the most common cause of swollen lymph nodes.
Let’s look at a cut section of a lymph node to see what happens.
Afferent means towards. Afferent lymph vessels bring unfiltered fluids from the body into the lymph node where they are filtered.
Efferent vessels, meaning away from, carry the clean fluid away and back to the bloodstream where it helps form plasma.
When the body is invaded by foreign organisms, the swelling sometimes felt in the neck, armpits, groin, or tonsils comes from the microorganisms trapped inside the lymph nodes.
Eventually, these organisms are destroyed and eliminated by cells that line the node walls. Then the swelling and pain subside.

The lymphatic system filters fluid from around cells. It is an important part of the immune system. When people refer to swollen glands in the neck, they are usually referring to swollen lymph nodes. Common areas where lymph nodes can be easily felt, especially if they are enlarged, are the groin, armpits (axilla), above the clavicle (supraclavicular), in the neck (cervical), and the back of the head just above hairline (occipital).

Swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue and headache are some of the symptoms of mononucleosis, which is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. It is generally self-limiting and most patients can recover in 4 to 6 weeks without medicines.

The lymphatic system is a complex system of fluid drainage and transport, and immune response and disease resistance. Fluid that is forced out of the bloodstream during normal circulation is filtered through lymph nodes to remove bacteria, abnormal cells and other matter. This fluid is then transported back into the bloodstream via the lymph vessels. Lymph only moves in one direction, toward the heart.

Lymph nodes produce immune cells to help fight infection. They also filter the lymph fluid and remove foreign material, such as bacteria and cancer cells. They can become swollen from inflammatory conditions, an abscess, cancer, and most commonly from infection. Common areas where lymph nodes can be felt include the groin, armpit, behind the ears, back of the head, sides of the neck and under the jaw and chin.

Lymph nodes play an important part in the body’s defense against infection. Swelling might occur even if the infection is trivial or not apparent. Swelling of lymph nodes generally results from localized or systemic infection, abscess formation, or malignancy.

Considerations

Common areas where the lymph nodes can be felt (with the fingers) include:

• Groin
• Armpit
• Neck (there is a chain of lymph nodes on either side of the front of the neck, both sides of the neck, and down each side of the back of the neck)
• Under the jaw and chin
• Behind the ears
• On the back of the head

Causes

Infections are the most common cause of swollen lymph nodes. Infections that can cause them include:

• Abscessed or impacted tooth
• Ear infection
• Colds, flu, and other infections
• Swelling (inflammation) of gums (gingivitis)
• Mononucleosis
• Mouth sores
• Sexually transmitted illness (STI)
• Tonsillitis
• Tuberculosis
• Skin infections

Immune or autoimmune disorders that can cause swollen lymph nodes are:

• HIV
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Cancers that can cause swollen lymph nodes include:

• Leukemia
• Hodgkin disease
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Many other cancers may also cause this problem.

Certain medicines can cause swollen lymph nodes, including:

• Seizure medicines, such as phenytoin
• Typhoid immunization

Which lymph nodes are swollen depends on the cause and the body parts involved. Swollen lymph nodes that appear suddenly and are painful are usually due to injury or infection. Slow, painless swelling may be due to cancer or a tumor.

Home Care

Painful lymph nodes are generally a sign that your body is fighting an infection. The soreness usually goes away in a couple of days without treatment. The lymph node may not return to its normal size for several weeks.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your health care provider if:

• Your lymph nodes do not get smaller after several weeks or they continue to get larger.
• They are red and tender.
• They feel hard, irregular, or fixed in place.
• You have fever, night sweats, or unexplained weight loss.
• Any node in a child is larger than 1 centimeter (a little less than half inch) in diameter.

What to Expect at Your Office Visit

Your provider will perform a physical examination and ask about your medical history and symptoms. Examples of questions that may be asked include:

• When the swelling began
• If the swelling came on suddenly
• Whether any nodes are painful when pressed

The following tests may be done:

• Blood tests, including liver function tests, kidney function tests, and CBC with differential
• Lymph node biopsy
• Chest x-ray
• Liver-spleen scan

Treatment depends on the cause of the swollen nodes.

Tower RL, Camitta BM. Lymphadenopathy. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 517.

Winter JN. Approach to the patient with lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 159.

Last reviewed on: 1/29/2022

Reviewed by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Enlargement of lymph nodes – causes, in what diseases it occurs, diagnosis and methods of treatment

Enlargement of lymph nodes – the causes of the appearance, in which diseases it occurs, diagnosis and methods of treatment.

Lymph nodes are small biological filters related to the lymphatic system. Their main function is to protect the body. Lymph nodes allow the flow of lymph through themselves and in their structures trap pathogens that are destroyed by protective cells – lymphocytes.

Under the sight of the lymph nodes are bacteria, tumor cells and toxic substances.

What are lymph nodes? These are small accumulations of lymphoid tissue located on the connective tissue frame.

Lymphoid tissue is a pool of cells that are involved in the destruction of damaged and tumor cells and microorganisms.

Swollen lymph nodes can be a symptom of both a mild infectious disease and a serious pathology that can lead to a severe outcome. Therefore, in all cases of enlarged lymph nodes, you should consult a doctor to diagnose and find out the cause.

Classification

Depending on the localization, the following groups of lymph nodes are distinguished:

• occipital;
• neck;
• submandibular;
• chin;
• supraclavicular and subclavian;
• axillary;
• elbow;
• inguinal;
• popliteal.

During the examination, the doctor palpates (feels) the lymph nodes and determines their size, structure, soreness, skin changes over the lymph node.

Causes of swollen lymph nodes

An increase in lymph nodes indicates a pathological process. An isolated enlargement of the lymph node, or generalized lymphadenopathy, directly depends on the underlying cause of the disease.

Most cases of enlarged lymph nodes are temporary.

The reasons for the enlargement of the lymph nodes are:

• infectious processes;
• autoimmune diseases;
• tumor pathologies;
• storage diseases (a group of diseases accompanied by metabolic disorders).

Lymph nodes are involved in the formation of immunity, and with any infectious process, cell division is activated in them, protecting the body.

So, with brucellosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, diphtheria, bacteria can settle in the lymph nodes, causing inflammation. In this case, the lymph nodes increase in size due to the increased flow of lymph and blood.

Most often, lymph nodes enlarge with acute infections of the upper respiratory tract. Among them, the lymph nodes acquire the largest size with tonsillitis (tonsillitis).

Painful swollen lymph nodes can be a sign cat scratch disease (from the name it is clear that the disease occurs in persons scratched by a cat). The cause of the inflammatory process is the bacterium Bartonella henselae.

One of the clearest examples of a viral disease accompanied by a significant increase in lymph nodes is infectious mononucleosis . The disease is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus.

Infectious mononucleosis is more common in children and young adults. In addition to an increase in lymph nodes, it is characterized by an increase in body temperature, weakness and sore throat.

In children, generalized lymphadenopathy occurs with childhood infectious diseases , such as measles, rubella, parotitis, chicken pox.

Among other viral diseases accompanied by lymphadenopathy, it is worth noting HIV infection .

Lymphadenopathy in HIV infection is accompanied by a number of symptoms: weight loss, unexplained fever, night sweats, fatigue, and later infectious diseases (herpes, cytomegalovirus infection, candidiasis).

Systemic (autoimmune) connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus may be accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes. Under these conditions, there is a violation of the recognition of “foreign” and “own” proteins, as a result of which the body begins to attack its own cells. If the process is active, then the lymph nodes increase in size due to the increasing load.

Often, autoimmune diseases are accompanied by an enlarged spleen and additional symptoms.

With systemic lupus erythematosus, the skin, kidneys and serous membranes of internal organs are affected (lupus pleurisy, serositis occur). In rheumatoid arthritis, articular cartilage is predominantly affected.

Swollen lymph nodes may be a symptom of the progression of the tumor process in the body. Atypical (tumor) cells migrate to the lymph nodes, get stuck in them, multiply and stretch the node with their mass.

Separately, it is worth highlighting a group of malignant neoplasms that directly affect the lymphatic system.

• Hodgkin’s lymphoma , or lymphogranulomatosis occurs with the formation of conglomerates of affected immature lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen.
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas – a group of lymphoproliferative diseases.

Enlargement of lymph nodes can be a symptom of storage disease : some substance accumulates in organs and tissues, including lymph nodes, as a result of metabolic disorders. Among these diseases: hemochromatosis (iron accumulation), Wilson-Konovalov disease (copper accumulation) and other hereditary metabolic disorders.

Allergic reactions sometimes lead to enlarged lymph nodes. Hypersensitivity to certain drugs leads to generalized lymphadenopathy.

Among endocrinological diseases , hyperthyroidism may be characterized by lymphadenopathy, enlargement of the spleen, and an increase in the content of lymphocytes in the blood. With treatment, all indicators return to normal.

It is worth remembering that all the lymph flowing from the organs passes through the lymph nodes, and if a person is engaged in heavy physical labor, then the elbow and popliteal lymph nodes can be enlarged due to heavy load .

Also lymph nodes in rare cases increase after vaccination with on the respective side.

Which doctors should I contact with enlarged lymph nodes?

The adult should contact

general practitioner

, and examines the child and adolescent

pediatrician

. Depending on associated symptoms, the following specialists may need to be consulted:

• oncologists;
• surgeon;
• TB doctors;
• infectious diseases doctors;
• endocrinologist;
• rheumatologists.

Diagnosis and examination of swollen lymph nodes

• CBC;

Treatment of enlarged lymph nodes

In most cases, lymphadenopathy resolves on its own and does not require specific treatment.

If the lymph nodes increase rapidly, are painful to the touch, the process is accompanied by other symptoms, including fever and weakness, you should consult a specialist.

The doctor will conduct the necessary examination and determine a set of therapeutic measures.

In case of bacterial inflammation, antibiotic therapy and the necessary symptomatic treatment (antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs) will be prescribed. With infectious mononucleosis, usually no specific therapy is required, mainly symptomatic treatment is carried out. If HIV infection is suspected, a thorough laboratory and instrumental examination is carried out and antiretroviral therapy is prescribed, as well as treatment of concomitant infections.

Various immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat autoimmune diseases. Depending on the indications, pulse therapy and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy can be used.

In case of tumor processes, the issue of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical treatment, as well as bone marrow transplantation is being decided.

What to do if the lymph nodes are enlarged?

First of all, the treatment of enlarged lymph nodes is aimed at treating the underlying disease that led to the development of this symptom. It is important to follow the rules of personal hygiene, organize the daily routine and balance the diet. Any treatment is prescribed by a doctor.

It is unacceptable to rub and warm the enlarged lymph node, lubricate it with ointments, try to crush it and treat it with any folk methods without consulting a specialist.

Sources:

1. Clinical guidelines “Acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis (Acute tonsillopharyngitis)”. Developed by: National Medical Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Alliance of Clinical Chemotherapists and Microbiologists, Union of Pediatricians of Russia, Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Euro-Asian Society for Infectious Diseases. – 2021.
2. Clinical guidelines “HIV infection in adults”. Developed by: National Association of HIV Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment Specialists, National Virological Association. – 2020.
3. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Clinical Guidelines. Developed by: National Society of Pediatric Hematologists, Oncologists, Association of Oncologists of Russia, Russian Professional Society of Oncohematologists, National Hematological Society. – 2020.

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.
For a correct assessment of the results of your analyzes in dynamics, it is preferable to do studies in the same laboratory, since different laboratories may use different research methods and units of measurement to perform the same analyzes.

Cancer of the lymph nodes – the first signs and symptoms of cancer of the lymphatic system in Moscow

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Appointment (examination, consultation) with an oncologist, specialist of the Institute of Oncology (consultation with preparation of a treatment plan) , primary	7 500 ₽
Appointment (examination, consultation) of an oncologist, specialist of the Institute of Oncology (consultation with preparation of a treatment plan), repeated	6 ​​500 ₽
Appointment (examination, consultation) of an oncologist, Professor of the Institute of Oncology (consultation with preparation of a treatment plan), primary	11,000 ₽
Appointment (examination, consultation) of an oncologist, professor of the Institute of Oncology (consultation with preparation of a treatment plan), repeated	10 000 ₽

9023 5 Remote consultation of an oncologist, specialist of the Institute of Oncology (consultation with preparation of a treatment plan), primary

Primary remote consultation with an oncologist	6 ​​500 ₽
Repeated remote oncologist consultation	5 500 ₽
Remote oncologist consultation , PhD, primary	9 000 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, PhD, repeated	7 500 ₽
7 500 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, specialist of the Oncology Institute (consultation with preparation of a treatment plan), repeated	6 ​​500 ₽
Remote consultation of a doctor- oncologist, professor of the Institute of Oncology (consultation with drawing up a plan treatment), primary	11,000 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, professor of the Institute of Oncology (consultation with preparation of a treatment plan), repeated	10 000 ₽

9023 4

902 39

902 35 Remote consultation of an oncologist, oncosurgeon, professor, head of the oncosurgery department of the Israeli clinic Rambam Health Care Campus Eli Kakiashvili

9023 5 100 000 ₽

9 0234

Remote consultation with an oncologist at the Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical (including the choice of a doctor)	27 5 00 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, head of the department, Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical	38 500 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist at the Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical Professor Alex Lossos	49500 ₽
Appointment (examination, consultation) with an oncologist, head of the bone marrow transplantation department, curator of Hadassah Medical Moscow, Polina Stepensky	43 000 ₽
Remote consultation with a specialist in internal medicine, endocrinology and neuroendocrine tumors of Israel Hadassah Medical clinic Glasberg Simona	71 500 ₽
Remote consultation of the oncologist-radiologist of the Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical Meirovich Amirkhay	71 500 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist at the Israeli clinic Assuta Hospital Zhivelyuk Irina	90 000 ₽
Remote consultation oncologist at the Israeli Medical Center named after Yitzhak Rabin (Beilinson Hospital) Lukman Yehudit	73 500 ₽
Remote consultation of a radiologist, professor, head of the PET / CT department, Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical Orevi Marina	88 000 ₽
Reception (examination, consultation) of a hematologist, professor, head of the hematology department, Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical Vladimir Weinstein	44 000 ₽
Remote consultation of a hematologist, professor, head of the hematology department , Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical Weinstein Vladimir	55 000 ₽
Reception (examination, consultation) of an oncologist, professor, director of the Institute of Oncology named after Sharett of the Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical Aharon Popovitzer	88 000 ₽
Remote consultation of a pediatric oncologist, MD, leading specialist of the Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology of the Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical Cohen Odai	73 500 ₽
Doctor’s appointment (examination, consultation) -oncologist, oncourologist, head of the department of outpatient oncology at the Yitzhak Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Hospital) Neiman Vita	s	Rs. 34	Remote consultation of a pediatric oncologist, hematologist, Dror Levin	89 000 ₽
Reception (examination, consultation) of an oncologist, oncosurgeon, professor, head of the department of oncosurgery clinic Rambam Health Care Campus Eli Kakiashvili	Rs.
Remote consultation of an oncologist, senior physician of the Research Institute and treatment of melanoma and skin cancer “Ella” of Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer) Netanel Asher		87 000 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, professor, head of the oncogynecology department of the Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical Tamar Perry	55 000 ₽
Remote consultation of a neurosurgeon, specialist in brain surgery, deputy head of the department neurosurgery of the Israeli clinic Assuta Hospital Margalita Nevo	67 000 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, onco-pulmonologist, head of the department of lung tumors at the Institute of Oncology of the Israeli clinic Assuta Hospital Elisabeth Dudnik	81 500 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, oncourologist, head of the outpatient oncology department of the Yitzhak Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Hospital) Neumann Vita	90 000 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, d. m. n., Leading specialist of the Israeli Oncology Department of the Israeli Hadassah Medical Clinic, Mark Tempe	47 500 ₽
Remote consultation of the Gastroenterologist oncologist, Head of the Department of malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract of the Israeli clinic a Ssuta Hospital Esther Tahover	66 000 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, leading specialist of the Oncology Institute of the Israeli clinic Assuta Hospital Yulia Grinberg	65 000 ₽
40 500 ₽
Correspondence consultation of an oncologist according to primary documents	6 ​​500 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist according to documents repeated	5 500 ₽
Correspondence consultation of an oncologist, candidate of medical sciences, according to documents primary 9 0236
Correspondence consultation of an oncologist, PhD, repeated according to documents	7 500 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, neurooncologist, leading specialist of the oncological department of the Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov) Felix Bokshtein	60 500 ₽
Oncological consultation	24 000 ₽
Interdisciplinary consultation with the participation of foreign specialists
Remote consultation of an oncologist, pulmonologist, head of the Institute of Oncology of the University Medical Center ” Meir, Kfar Saba, Professor Mai Gottfried	90,000 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, professor, head of the department of bone and soft tissue oncology of the Yitzhak Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Hospital) Alona Zer-Koch	79 000 ₽
Remote consultation of the oncologist of the Israeli clinic Hadassah Medical Yakir Rotenberg	28 500 ₽
Remote consultation neurologist, neurooncologist, head of the neurooncological service of the medical center Ichilov Rabin (Beilinson hospital) Felix Bukshtein	54 000 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, head of the radiotherapy and radiosurgery department at the Yitzhak Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Hospital), leading oncologist Herzliya Medical Center Fenig Eyal	82 500 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, director of the neuro-oncological unit of the Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer) Helen Toledano	90 000 ₽
Remote consultation of an oncologist, professor, head of the oncology center Davidov as part of the Yitzhak Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Hospital) Gal Merkel	0235 Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid or parathyroid gland	6,900 RUB
34	Care of the venous port (port flushing)	aseptic dressing	880 ₽
Applying a large aseptic dressing	1 700 ₽
Trepan biopsy of the bone marrow of the iliac wing	22,000 RUB
Bone marrow aspiration biopsy	11,000 RUB
Phlebotomy	5 500 ₽

7 Installation of radio tags under the control of computed tomography (without the cost of radio tags) 1-3 pcs. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Comment * Name * Email * Website