What are the common causes of elevated liver enzymes. How can you recognize the symptoms of high liver enzyme levels. What treatment options are available for managing elevated liver enzymes. How do risk factors contribute to the development of liver enzyme abnormalities. Why is early detection and diagnosis crucial for addressing elevated liver enzymes.

The Role of Liver Enzymes in Body Function

Liver enzymes play a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being. These chemical catalysts facilitate numerous bodily functions, enabling the liver to perform its vital tasks efficiently. But what exactly do these enzymes do?

Liver enzymes are responsible for:

• Aiding in the fight against disease and infection
• Eliminating toxins from the body
• Converting food into energy
• Producing essential proteins
• Regulating blood clotting

When liver enzyme levels become elevated, it often indicates that the liver has sustained some form of damage or inflammation. This elevation can be a warning sign of underlying health issues that require attention.

Common Causes of Elevated Liver Enzymes

Elevated liver enzymes can stem from various sources, ranging from temporary conditions to more serious, chronic health issues. Understanding these causes is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Fatty Liver Disease

Fatty liver disease occurs when excess fat accumulates in liver cells. This condition can be caused by alcohol consumption (alcoholic fatty liver disease) or factors unrelated to alcohol (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). How does fatty liver disease lead to elevated liver enzymes? The accumulation of fat in liver cells can cause inflammation and damage, prompting the release of enzymes into the bloodstream.

Hepatitis

Hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver, can be caused by viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or toxins. The inflammation associated with hepatitis can result in liver cell damage, leading to increased enzyme levels in the blood.

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

Excessive consumption of alcohol or misuse of certain drugs can put significant stress on the liver, causing damage to liver cells and elevating enzyme levels. Can moderate alcohol consumption also affect liver enzyme levels? While moderate drinking is generally considered safe for most people, individual tolerance can vary, and even moderate intake may impact liver function in some cases.

Medication-Induced Liver Enzyme Elevation

Some prescription and over-the-counter medications can cause liver enzyme levels to rise as a side effect. These may include:

• Certain antibiotics
• Statins for cholesterol management
• Some pain relievers, particularly acetaminophen
• Certain antidepressants and antipsychotics

Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol levels, can contribute to liver dysfunction and elevated enzyme levels. How does metabolic syndrome affect the liver? The combination of factors in metabolic syndrome can lead to insulin resistance and fat accumulation in the liver, potentially causing inflammation and damage.

Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis, a late stage of scarring of the liver, can result from various liver diseases and conditions. As healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, liver function declines, and enzyme levels may rise. Is cirrhosis reversible? While early stages of liver damage can often be addressed, advanced cirrhosis is generally irreversible, highlighting the importance of early detection and treatment of liver issues.

Recognizing Symptoms of Elevated Liver Enzymes

Elevated liver enzymes themselves do not typically cause immediate symptoms. However, the underlying conditions responsible for the elevation may manifest various signs and symptoms. Being aware of these indicators can prompt timely medical attention and intervention.

Common Symptoms of Liver Disease

While elevated liver enzymes may be asymptomatic, associated liver conditions can present with various symptoms:

• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
• Dark urine: Changes in urine color can indicate liver issues
• Abdominal discomfort: Pain or swelling in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen
• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or weakness
• Loss of appetite: Reduced interest in food or feeling full quickly
• Joint pain: Unexplained aches in joints
• Muscle soreness: Generalized muscle pain or tenderness
• Itchy skin: Persistent itching without an apparent cause

Do all individuals with elevated liver enzymes experience these symptoms? Not necessarily. Many people with mildly elevated liver enzymes may remain asymptomatic, which is why regular health check-ups and blood tests are crucial for early detection.

Risk Factors Contributing to Elevated Liver Enzymes

Understanding the risk factors associated with elevated liver enzymes can help individuals take proactive steps to maintain liver health. While some risk factors are beyond our control, many are lifestyle-related and can be modified.

Alcohol Consumption

Excessive alcohol intake is a significant risk factor for liver damage and elevated enzyme levels. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines excessive drinking as more than two drinks per day for men and more than one drink per day for women. How does alcohol affect liver enzyme levels? Alcohol can directly damage liver cells, leading to inflammation and the release of enzymes into the bloodstream.

Obesity and Overweight

Carrying excess weight, particularly around the midsection, can increase the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and subsequent elevation of liver enzymes. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 for adults is generally considered overweight, with a BMI over 30 indicating obesity. Can weight loss help normalize liver enzyme levels? In many cases, yes. Losing excess weight through diet and exercise can significantly improve liver health and reduce enzyme levels.

Family History

A family history of liver disease can increase an individual’s risk of developing liver problems and experiencing elevated enzyme levels. This genetic predisposition underscores the importance of regular health screenings for those with a family history of liver issues.

Diabetes and Prediabetes

Individuals with diabetes or prediabetes are at higher risk for developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and experiencing elevated liver enzymes. How does diabetes affect the liver? High blood sugar levels can lead to fat accumulation in the liver and increase inflammation, potentially damaging liver cells.

Diagnosis and Assessment of Elevated Liver Enzymes

Detecting and evaluating elevated liver enzymes typically involves a combination of blood tests, medical history review, and potentially additional diagnostic procedures. Early diagnosis is crucial for identifying underlying causes and implementing appropriate treatment strategies.

Blood Tests for Liver Enzymes

The primary method for detecting elevated liver enzymes is through blood tests. These tests measure the levels of specific enzymes in the bloodstream, including:

• Alanine transaminase (ALT)
• Aspartate transaminase (AST)
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
• Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)

What do these enzyme levels indicate? Elevated levels of these enzymes can suggest liver cell damage or inflammation. However, it’s important to note that slight elevations may not always indicate a serious problem, and follow-up testing is often necessary for a comprehensive evaluation.

Additional Diagnostic Procedures

If blood tests reveal elevated liver enzymes, healthcare providers may recommend further testing to determine the underlying cause. These additional diagnostic procedures may include:

• Ultrasound or CT scan of the liver
• Liver biopsy
• Viral hepatitis tests
• Autoimmune antibody tests
• Genetic testing for hereditary liver conditions

How often should liver enzyme levels be checked? For individuals without known liver issues, liver enzyme tests are often part of routine health screenings. Those with risk factors or existing liver conditions may require more frequent monitoring, as determined by their healthcare provider.

Treatment Approaches for Elevated Liver Enzymes

Managing elevated liver enzymes primarily involves addressing the underlying cause. In many cases, liver enzyme levels can be brought back within normal ranges through targeted interventions and lifestyle modifications.

Lifestyle Modifications

Adopting a healthy lifestyle is often the first line of defense in managing elevated liver enzymes. Key lifestyle modifications include:

• Maintaining a balanced, nutritious diet
• Engaging in regular physical activity
• Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight
• Limiting or avoiding alcohol consumption
• Avoiding unnecessary medications and supplements

How effective are lifestyle changes in reducing liver enzyme levels? For many individuals, especially those with mild to moderate elevations, lifestyle modifications can lead to significant improvements in liver health and enzyme levels.

Medication Management

In some cases, elevated liver enzymes may be related to medications. Healthcare providers may recommend:

• Adjusting dosages of current medications
• Switching to alternative medications with less impact on the liver
• Temporarily discontinuing certain medications under medical supervision

Is it safe to stop medications without consulting a healthcare provider? No, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before making any changes to prescribed medications, as abrupt discontinuation can lead to serious health consequences.

Treatment of Underlying Conditions

When elevated liver enzymes are due to specific medical conditions, treating these underlying issues is essential. Treatment approaches may include:

• Antiviral medications for viral hepatitis
• Immune-suppressing drugs for autoimmune hepatitis
• Blood sugar management for diabetes-related liver issues
• Weight loss interventions for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Can liver enzyme levels return to normal with proper treatment? In many cases, yes. With appropriate treatment of the underlying condition and adherence to recommended lifestyle changes, liver enzyme levels often improve significantly.

Prevention and Long-term Management of Liver Health

Maintaining liver health and preventing elevated enzyme levels involves a combination of proactive lifestyle choices and regular health monitoring. By adopting healthy habits and staying vigilant about potential liver issues, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing liver problems.

Healthy Lifestyle Practices

Implementing and maintaining healthy lifestyle practices is crucial for long-term liver health. Key strategies include:

• Following a balanced, Mediterranean-style diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins
• Engaging in regular physical activity, aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week
• Maintaining a healthy body weight to reduce the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Limiting alcohol consumption to moderate levels or abstaining completely
• Avoiding exposure to toxins and practicing safe handling of chemicals

How do these lifestyle practices contribute to liver health? These habits help reduce inflammation, maintain a healthy weight, support overall metabolic function, and minimize exposure to substances that can damage the liver.

Regular Health Screenings

Routine health check-ups and screenings play a vital role in early detection and management of liver issues. Recommended screenings include:

• Regular blood tests to monitor liver enzyme levels
• Periodic liver function tests, especially for those with risk factors
• Hepatitis screening for individuals in high-risk groups
• Imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound) for those with persistent enzyme elevations or other risk factors

How often should liver health be assessed? For most healthy adults, annual check-ups that include liver function tests are sufficient. However, individuals with known liver conditions or significant risk factors may require more frequent monitoring, as determined by their healthcare provider.

Education and Awareness

Increasing awareness about liver health and the factors that can impact liver function is essential for prevention and early intervention. Key areas of focus include:

• Understanding the signs and symptoms of liver disease
• Recognizing the impact of alcohol and certain medications on liver health
• Being aware of occupational and environmental factors that can affect the liver
• Knowing family history and genetic predispositions to liver conditions

How can individuals stay informed about liver health? Regularly consulting with healthcare providers, staying up-to-date with reputable health information sources, and participating in community health education programs can help individuals maintain awareness and make informed decisions about their liver health.

Stress Management

Chronic stress can have negative impacts on overall health, including liver function. Implementing effective stress management techniques can support liver health and overall well-being. Useful strategies include:

• Practicing mindfulness and meditation
• Engaging in regular physical activity
• Maintaining social connections and support systems
• Pursuing hobbies and leisure activities
• Seeking professional help when needed to manage stress and mental health

How does stress affect liver health? Chronic stress can contribute to inflammation, alter immune function, and potentially exacerbate existing liver conditions. By managing stress effectively, individuals can support their liver’s ability to function optimally and maintain overall health.

Vaccination

Vaccinations play a crucial role in preventing certain types of viral hepatitis, which can lead to liver damage and elevated enzyme levels. Important vaccinations include:

• Hepatitis A vaccine
• Hepatitis B vaccine

Who should consider hepatitis vaccinations? While hepatitis A and B vaccines are now routinely given to children, adults who haven’t been vaccinated, especially those at increased risk due to travel, occupation, or lifestyle factors, should discuss vaccination with their healthcare provider.

Ongoing Medical Management

For individuals with chronic liver conditions or persistent enzyme elevations, ongoing medical management is essential. This may involve:

• Regular follow-up appointments with hepatologists or gastroenterologists
• Periodic liver function tests and imaging studies
• Adjustments to treatment plans based on disease progression or response to therapy
• Monitoring for potential complications of liver disease

How can patients actively participate in their liver health management? By adhering to prescribed treatments, maintaining open communication with healthcare providers, and promptly reporting any new symptoms or concerns, patients can play an active role in managing their liver health and preventing complications.

In conclusion, understanding the causes, symptoms, and management of elevated liver enzymes is crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being. By adopting healthy lifestyle practices, staying informed, and working closely with healthcare providers, individuals can take proactive steps to support their liver health and address any issues that may arise. Regular monitoring, early intervention, and comprehensive care are key components of effective liver health management, ensuring that this vital organ continues to perform its many essential functions efficiently.

What Causes Elevated Liver Enzymes?

Your liver is truly a powerhouse of an organ. It helps your body fight disease and infection, removes toxins, creates energy from the foods you eat, and so much more. Behind the scenes, helping the liver perform all of these critical functions are enzymes. These chemicals enable and accelerate the chemical reactions that your liver carries out as it works to keep your body healthy. When these enzyme levels become elevated, however, it means that damage has occurred in your liver. Left unchecked, this can lead to serious — and even fatal — consequences.

Causes of High Liver Enzymes

Elevated liver enzymes is a sign that something has caused damage or inflammation to occur within your liver. The most common causes of high liver enzyme levels are:

• Fatty liver disease
• Hepatitis
• Drug or alcohol abuse
• Certain prescription and over-the-counter medications
• Metabolic syndrome
• Cirrhosis

While some of the causes of elevated liver enzymes can be chronic, severe liver conditions, that’s not always the case. Many times levels are only temporarily elevated and will return to healthy levels once the underlying cause is treated.

Symptoms of Elevated Liver Enzymes

High liver enzyme levels don’t immediately cause any signs or symptoms to develop, but the underlying condition often will. Common symptoms of liver disease include:

• Jaundice – yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes
• Dark urine
• Abdominal swelling/pain
• Fatigue
• Low appetite
• Joint pain
• Muscle soreness
• Itchy skin

Risk Factors for Elevated Liver Enzymes

The risk factors for elevated liver enzymes are really risk factors for liver disease. While some liver conditions may be hereditary or environmental, many are brought on by lifestyle habits. The food and chemicals you put into your body all have an effect on your liver, and can lead to varying levels of liver damage and deterioration. Some of the most common risk factors include:

• Excessive alcohol use – more than two drinks a day for men, or one for women, according to CDC guidelines
• Overweight / Obesity – generally defined as having a BMI of over 25 for adults
• Family history of liver disease
• Have prediabetes or diabetes

Diagnosis & Treatment for High Liver Enzymes

Elevated liver enzymes are detected through regular blood tests. These tests usually check for elevated levels of:

• Alanine transaminase (ALT)
• Aspartate transaminase (AST)
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
• Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)

If your healthcare provider determines that you have elevated liver enzymes, they will probably want to run other tests to get to the root of the underlying issue. Only once that is determined can an effective treatment plan be created.

High Liver Enzymes Treatment

Lowering high liver enzyme levels will depend on the underlying cause, but in most cases these levels can be brought back within healthy limits and are not indicative of a chronic, severe liver condition. Some possible treatment options include:

• Healthy diet and exercise – this not only will help prevent or reduce overweight/obesity, it will boost your overall health, including that of your internal organs
• Reducing or avoiding drug/alcohol intake – since these substances can be especially harmful to your liver, keeping consumption levels to healthy limits (or avoiding them altogether) will certainly improve your liver health
• Adjusting medications – some prescription and over-the-counter medicines can cause inflammation of the liver. If your medication regimen is causing liver inflammation or damage, your doctor will work with you to create a safer treatment plan
• Manage blood sugar – this is especially important for diabetics and those suffering from metabolic syndrome. Keeping blood sugar within healthy levels can prevent the underlying conditions from causing additional liver damage

If You Need Blood Screenings or Help Managing Elevated Liver Enzymes, Nurse Practitioners of Florida Can Help

At Nurse Practitioners of Florida, we have a dedicated team of certified nurse practitioners who have an unwavering commitment to providing you with care and compassion. When you call any of our locations, you will be greeted by a live person who’s ready to offer acute medical care as well as preventive measures — including flu vaccines. And, above everything else, you will be treated like family.

If you need assistance, call us or fill out our online contact form.

Elevated Liver Enzymes in Asymptomatic Patients – What Should I Do?

1. Hultcrantz R, Glaumann H, Lindberg G, Nilsson LH. Liver investigation in 149 asymptomatic patients with moderately elevated activities of serum aminotransferases. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986;21:109–113. 10.3109/00365528609034632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Ioannou GN, Boyko EJ, Lee SP. The prevalence and predictors of elevated serum aminotransferase activity in the United States in 1999–2002. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:76–82. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00341.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Kwo PY, Cohen SM, Lim JK. ACG clinical guideline: evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112:18–35. 10.1038/ajg.2016.517. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Dufour DR, Lott JA, Nolte FS, Gretch DR, Koff RS, Seeff LB. Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. II. Recommendations for use of laboratory tests in screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. Clin Chem. 2000;46:2050–2068. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Dufour DR. Effects of habitual exercise on routine laboratory tests. Clin Chem. 1998;44:A136. [Google Scholar]

6. Green RM, Flamm S. AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1367–1384. 10.1053/gast.2002.36061. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Pratt DS, Kaplan MM. Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1266–1271. 10.1056/NEJM200004273421707. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Gopal DV, Rosen HR. Abnormal findings on liver function tests. Interpreting results to narrow the diagnosis and establish a prognosis. Postgrad Med. 2000;107:100–114. 10.3810/pgm.2000.02.869. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Friedman LS, Dienstag JL, Watkins E, Hinkle CA, Spiers JA, Rieder SV, et al. Evaluation of blood donors with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:137–144. 10.7326/0003-4819-107-2-137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Hay JE, Czaja AJ, Rakela J, Ludwig J. The nature of unexplained chronic aminotransferase elevations of a mild to moderate degree in asymptomatic patients. Hepatology. 1989;9:193–197. 10.1002/hep.1840090205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Daniel S, Ben-Menachem T, Vasudevan G, Ma CK, Blumenkehl M. Prospective evaluation of unexplained chronic liver transaminase abnormalities in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:3010–3014. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01451.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Harrison SA, Kadakia S, Lang KA, Schenker S. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: what we know in the new millennium. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2714–2724. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07069.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Aragon G, Younossi ZM. When and how to evaluate mildly elevated liver enzymes in apparently healthy patients. Cleve Clin J Med. 2010;77:195–204. 10.3949/ccjm.77a.09064. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Rude MK, Kerr T, Lisker-Melman M. Liver diseases. In: Godara H, Hirbe A, Nassif M, Otepka H, Rosenstock A, editors. The washington manual of medical therapeutics. 34th Edition. Washington: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. pp. 664–721. [Google Scholar]

15. Verslype C. Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. Acta Clin Belg. 2004;59:285–289. 10.1179/acb.2004.042. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Das A, Post AB. Should liver biopsy be done in asymptomatic patients with chronically elevated transaminases: A costutility analysis. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:A9. 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)80035-8. [Google Scholar]

17. Sorbi D, McGill DB, Thistle JL, Therneau TM, Henry J, Lindor KD. An assessment of the role of liver biopsies in asymptomatic patients with chronic liver test abnormalities. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:3206–3210. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03293.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Cohen JA, Kaplan MM. The SGOT/SGPT ratio–an indicator of alcoholic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1979;24:835–838. 10.1007/BF01324898. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Diehl AM, Potter J, Boitnott J, Van Duyn MA, Herlong HF, Mezey E. Relationship between pyridoxal 5’-phosphate deficiency and aminotransferase levels in alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1984;86:632–636. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Joint effects of body weight and alcohol on elevated serum alanine aminotransferase in the United States population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:1260–1268. 10.1016/S1542-3565(05)00743-3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Alter HJ. To C or not to C: these are the questions. Blood. 1995;85:1681–1695. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Everhart JE. Digestive diseases in the United States: Epidemiology and impact. Maryland: NIH Publication; 1994. pp. 94–1447. [Google Scholar]

23. Dancygier H, Rogart JN. Approach to the patient with abnormal liver enzymes. In: Dancygier H, editor. Clinical hepatology. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. pp. 533–547. 10.1007/978-3-540-93842-2_49. [Google Scholar]

24. Raimondo G, Navarra G, Mondello S, Costantino L, Colloredo G, Cucinotta E, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus in liver tissue of individuals without hepatic disease. J Hepatol. 2008;48:743–746. 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.01.023. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Schiff ER, de Medina M, Kahn RS. New perspectives in the diagnosis of hepatitis C. Semin Liver Dis. 1999;19(Suppl 1):3–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Halfon P, Bourlière M, Pénaranda G, Khiri H, Ouzan D. Real-time PCR assays for hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA quantitation are adequate for clinical management of patients with chronic HCV infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:2507–2511. 10.1128/JCM.00163-06. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V. Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. CMAJ. 2005;172:367–379. 10.1503/cmaj.1040752. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Williams AL, Hoofnagle JH. Ratio of serum aspartate to alanine aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis. Relationship to cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:734–739. 10.1016/S0016-5085(88)80022-2. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Giannini E, Botta F, Fasoli A, Ceppa P, Risso D, Lantieri PB, et al. Progressive liver functional impairment is associated with an increase in AST/ALT ratio. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44:1249–1253. 10.1023/A:1026609231094. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Giannini E, Risso D, Botta F, Chiarbonello B, Fasoli A, Malfatti F, et al. Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:218–224. 10.1001/archinte.163.2.218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Giannini E, Botta F, Testa E, Romagnoli P, Polegato S, Malfatti F, et al. The 1-year and 3-month prognostic utility of the AST/ALT ratio and model for end-stage liver disease score in patients with viral liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2855–2860. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07053.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Sorbi D, Boynton J, Lindor KD. The ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase: potential value in differentiating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1018–1022. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01006.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:1103–1109. 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90235-6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis. 2004;24:3–20. 10.1055/s-2004-823098. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. Alcohollike liver disease in nonalcoholics. A clinical and histologic comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:1056–1062. 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90183-7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 1999;30:1356–1362. 10.1002/hep.510300604. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Mofrad P, Contos MJ, Haque M, Sargeant C, Fisher RA, Luketic VA, et al. Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values. Hepatology. 2003;37:1286–1292. 10.1053/jhep.2003.50229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, McCullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1413–1419. 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70506-8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Eriksson S, Eriksson KF, Bondesson L. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity: a reversible condition. Acta Med Scand. 1986;220:83–88. 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1986.tb02733.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Lavine JE. Treatment of obesity-induced steatohepatitis with vitamin E. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:A1284–A1285. 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)85214-1. [Google Scholar]

41. Powell LW, George DK, McDonnell SM, Kowdley KV. Diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:925–931. 10.7326/0003-4819-129-11_Part_2-199812011-00002. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Tavill AS, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. American College of Gastroenterology. American Gastroenterological Association Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis. Hepatology. 2001;33:1321–1328. 10.1053/jhep.2001.24783. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Guyader D, Jacquelinet C, Moirand R, Turlin B, Mendler MH, Chaperon J, et al. Noninvasive prediction of fibrosis in C282Y homozygous hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology. 1998;115:929–936. 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70265-3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Morrison ED, Kowdley KV. Genetic liver disease in adults. Early recognition of the three most common causes. Postgrad Med. 2000;107:147–159. 10.3810/pgm.2000.02.872. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Krawitt EL. Autoimmune hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:897–903. 10.1056/NEJM199604043341406. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Manns MP, Bahr MJ. Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation-when non-self becomes self. Hepatology. 2000;32:868–870. 10.1053/jhep.2000.19149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Czaja AJ. Natural history, clinical features, and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis. 1984;4:1–12. 10.1055/s-2008-1040641. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Alvarez F, Berg PA, Bianchi FB, Bianchi L, Burroughs AK, Cancado EL, et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1999;31:929–938. 10.1016/S0168-8278(99)80297-9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Limdi JK, Hyde GM. Evaluation of abnormal liver function tests. Postgrad Med J. 2003;79:307–312. 10.1136/pmj.79.932.307. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Bardella MT, Vecchi M, Conte D, Del Ninno E, Fraquelli M, Pacchetti S, et al. Chronic unexplained hypertransaminasemia may be caused by occult celiac disease. Hepatology. 1999;29:654–657. 10.1002/hep.510290318. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Lo Iacono O, Petta S, Venezia G, Di Marco V, Tarantino G, Barbaria F, et al. Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in patients with abnormal liver tests: is it always coeliac disease? Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2472–2477. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00244.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Volta U, De Franceschi L, Lari F, Molinaro N, Zoli M, Bianchi FB. Coeliac disease hidden by cryptogenic hypertransaminasaemia. Lancet. 1998;352:26–29. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11222-3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Farrell RJ, Kelly CP. Diagnosis of celiac sprue. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:3237–3246. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05320.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Lee WM. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:474–485. 10.1056/NEJMra021844. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Fogden E, Neuberger J. Alternative medicines and the liver. Liver Int. 2003;23:213–220. 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2003.00843.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Shad JA, Chinn CG, Brann OS. Acute hepatitis after ingestion of herbs. South Med J. 1999;92:1095–1097. 10.1097/00007611-199911000-00011. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Kessler WR, Cummings OW, Eckert G, Chalasani N, Lumeng L, Kwo PY. Fulminant hepatic failure as the initial presentation of acute autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:625–631. 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00246-0. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Whitehead MW, Hawkes ND, Hainsworth I, Kingham JG. A prospective study of the causes of notably raised aspartate aminotransferase of liver origin. Gut. 1999;45:129–133. 10.1136/gut.45.1.129. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Seeto RK, Fenn B, Rockey DC. Ischemic hepatitis: clinical presentation and pathogenesis. Am J Med. 2000;109:109–113. 10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00461-7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Fuchs S, Bogomolski-Yahalom V, Paltiel O, Ackerman Z. Ischemic hepatitis: clinical and laboratory observations of 34 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;26:183–186. 10.1097/00004836-199804000-00007. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Singer AJ, Carracio TR, Mofenson HC. The temporal profile of increased transaminase levels in patients with acetaminophen-induced liver dysfunction. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;26:49–53. 10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70237-7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Sellers EM, Freedman F. Treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. Can Med Assoc J. 1981;125:827–829. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Marcellin P. Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of the disease. J Hepatol. 1999;31(Suppl 1):9–16. 10.1016/S0168-8278(99)80368-7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Wedemeyer H, Jäckel E, Wiegand J, Cornberg M, Manns MP. Whom? When? How? Another piece of evidence for early treatment of acute hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2004;39:1201–1203. 10.1002/hep.20221. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Roberts EA, Schilsky ML. Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. A practice guideline on Wilson disease. Hepatology. 2003;37:1475–1492. 10.1053/jhep.2003.50252. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Fortson WC, Tedesco FJ, Starnes EC, Shaw CT. Marked elevation of serum transaminase activity associated with extrahepatic biliary tract disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1985;7:502–505. 10.1097/00004836-198512000-00012. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Anciaux ML, Pelletier G, Attali P, Meduri B, Liguory C, Etienne JP. Prospective study of clinical and biochemical features of symptomatic choledocholithiasis. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31:449–453. 10.1007/BF01320306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Ferenci P, Caca K, Loudianos G, Mieli-Vergani G, Tanner S, Sternlieb I, et al. Diagnosis and phenotypic classification of Wilson disease. Liver Int. 2003;23:139–142. 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2003.00824.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Lindor KD, Gershwin ME, Poupon R, Kaplan M, Bergasa NV, Heathcote EJ, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2009;50:291–308. 10.1002/hep.22906. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Lee YM, Kaplan MM. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:924–933. 10.1056/NEJM199504063321406. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Angulo P, Lindor KD. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 1999;30:325–332. 10.1002/hep.510300101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Chapman R, Fevery J, Kalloo A, Nagorney DM, Boberg KM, Shneider B, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:660–678. 10.1002/hep.23294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

how to recognize and what to do?

Contents

• 1 Symptoms of liver and pancreas disease in men: how to recognize and treat in a timely manner?
  • 1.1 General information about diseases of the liver and pancreas
    • 1.1.1 Liver
    • 1.1.2 Pancreas
  • 1.2 Jaundice: symptoms and causes
    • 1.2.1 What is jaundice?
    • 1.2.2 Causes of jaundice
    • 1.2.3 Symptoms of jaundice
    • 1.2.4 How to diagnose jaundice?
  • 1.3 Enlargement of the abdomen in diseases of the liver and pancreas in men
  • 1.4 Abdominal pain in diseases of the liver and pancreas in men
  • 1.5 Symptoms of liver and pancreas disease in men: Decreased appetite

  9000 5 1.6 Fatigue and weakness in diseases of the liver and pancreas

  • 1.7 Digestive disorders in diseases of the liver and pancreas in men
    • 1. 7.1 Abdominal pain
    • 1.7.2 Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
    • 1.7.3 Changes in the color and consistency of feces
    • 1.7.4 Lack of appetite
  • 1.8 Symptoms of liver and pancreas disease in men 900 04
  • 1.8.1 Flatulence
• 1.9 Symptoms of liver and pancreas disease in men
  • 1.9.1 Weight loss
• 1.10 Memory and concentration disorders
• 1.11 Metabolic problems in liver and pancreas disease in men
  • 1.11.1 Protein metabolism disorders
  • 1.11.2 Fat metabolism disorders
  • 1.11.3 Pancreatic cell destruction
• 1.12 Related videos:
• 1 .13 Q&A:
  • • 1.13.0.1 What are the symptoms indicate problems with the liver and pancreas in men?
    • 1.13.0.2 Which male specimens are at risk for liver and pancreatic disease?
    • 1.13.0.3 What methods of medical diagnostics help to identify diseases of the liver and pancreas in men?
    • 1. 13.0.4 How can liver and pancreas problems in men be avoided?
    • 1.13.0.5 What role does nutrition play in the prevention of liver and pancreatic disease in men?
    • 1.13.0.6 What should I do if a man has liver and pancreas problems?

Learn about the symptoms of liver and pancreas diseases in men: jaundice, abdominal enlargement and other signs. Early detection helps prevent the development of serious complications.

The liver and pancreas are two of the most important organs in the human body. They process food, produce the necessary enzymes and hormones, and remove toxins from our body. However, these organs can be subject to various diseases that manifest themselves with different symptoms.
One of the most common diseases of the liver is cirrhosis, which occurs as a result of permanent damage to the organ. With cirrhosis of the liver cells, they are destroyed and replaced by a solid tissue, which leads to a disruption in the proper functioning of the organ. Symptoms of liver cirrhosis in men are expressed in loss of appetite, severe weight loss, lack of energy and strength, as well as pain in the stomach.
Diseases of the pancreas are also associated with indigestion and inflammation of these organs. The most common disease is chronic pancreatitis, which is accompanied by pain in the abdomen, indigestion, severe heartburn, nausea and metabolic disorders.

General information about diseases of the liver and pancreas

Liver

The liver is an important organ that performs many functions, including blood purification, hormone and bile synthesis, metabolism, etc. Many diseases can affect its functioning, causing symptoms that are important not to ignore.

• Jaundice – characterized by yellowness of the eye sclera, skin and nails;
• Itching of the skin – may be accompanied by rashes, swelling and dehydration;
• Liver enlargement – may not present with symptoms but may cause abdominal discomfort or pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen;
• Worse general condition – feeling tired, insomnia, weight loss, muscle and joint pain;
• Other signs – indigestion, swelling of the abdomen, cuts and bruises on the skin, tendency to bleed, etc.

Pancreas

The pancreas produces insulin and other substances necessary for proper digestion, so diseases can seriously affect a person’s health.

• Pancreatitis – may present with acute or chronic abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea;
• Diabetes – expressed by elevated blood sugar levels, increased urine production, itching, wounds, dry skin;
• Cancer – can be manifested by pain, indigestion, weight loss, jaundice, diabetes;
• Other diseases – indigestion, jaundice, acute reaction to alcohol, etc.

Jaundice: symptoms and causes

What is jaundice?

Jaundice is a pathological condition in which the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes become yellow due to a violation of the metabolism of bilirubin, a yellow pigment formed during the breakdown of red blood cells.

Causes of jaundice

Jaundice can result from diseases of various organs, including the liver and pancreas. Violation of the process of removing bilirubin can be caused by bile stasis and damage to the biliary tract, as well as inflammation, tumors or injuries of the liver and pancreas.

Symptoms of jaundice

• Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes
• Dark urine and discoloration of the stool
• General weakness, fatigue and increased nervousness
• Fever, nausea and vomiting
• Pain in the right hypochondrium, enlargement of the liver and gallbladder

How to diagnose jaundice?

To diagnose jaundice, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive examination, including blood for the content of bilirubin and other indicators, ultrasound, X-ray and biopsy of the above organs.

Enlargement of the abdomen in diseases of the liver and pancreas in men

One of the most common symptoms of liver and pancreas damage in men is an increase in the size of the abdomen. This can be caused by a buildup of fluid in the abdomen called ascites, which is often accompanied by excess weight and swelling in the lower body.

Tumors or cysts in these organs or their surrounding tissues may be other factors that cause enlargement of the abdomen with damage to the liver and pancreas. It should also be noted that abdominal enlargement may be due to other problems not related to the digestive system, so it is necessary to consult a doctor to clarify the diagnosis and determine the correct treatment.

Abdominal pain in liver and pancreas diseases in men

Abdominal pain is one of the most common symptoms of liver and pancreas diseases in men. An unpleasant sensation can have different intensity and be located in different areas of the abdomen.

In diseases of the liver, pain may occur in the right hypochondrium, often accompanied by heaviness and discomfort. There may also be sensations of fullness, burning pain or a stabbing character.

If the pancreas is affected, pain may be localized in the epigastrium, left or right iliac region. Pain can be caused by inflammation or swelling of the pancreas, dysfunction, and others.

Symptoms of liver and pancreas disease in men: Loss of appetite

Loss of appetite may be one of the first signs of liver or pancreas disease in men. This symptom can manifest itself in different ways: from frequent desires to snack to a complete lack of taste for food.

Decreased appetite can be explained by several reasons:

• Metabolic disorders in the main vital organs;
• Formation of fluid in the body that causes swelling of the internal organs and disrupts their functioning;
• Toxic effect due to liver and pancreas disorders;
• Acute inflammatory disease of the liver or pancreas;
• Chronic hepatitis requiring mandatory treatment;

If loss of appetite persists for several days, seek medical attention. Doctors will conduct the necessary tests and studies to identify the cause of this symptom and prescribe the appropriate treatment. Doctors recommend following a healthy lifestyle, eating right and giving up bad habits in order to maintain a healthy liver and pancreas.

Fatigue and weakness due to diseases of the liver and pancreas

Chronic diseases of the liver and pancreas often present with fatigue and weakness. First of all, this is due to the fact that damaged organs do not perform their function correctly, which leads to metabolic disorders and a lack of elements important for the body. This, in turn, leads to a deterioration in overall well-being and a feeling of fatigue.

Liver and pancreas are responsible for the processing and breakdown of nutrients, as well as for the production of bile and insulin. In diseases of these organs, their functioning is disrupted, and this leads to the fact that the body does not receive the necessary energy, which leads to a feeling of weakness and fatigue.

Are fatigue and weakness symptoms of liver and pancreas diseases? Yes, this is one of the first symptoms of diseases of these organs. But do not forget that these symptoms can occur with many other diseases. Also, fatigue and weakness can be caused by ordinary fatigue or lack of sleep. Therefore, if these symptoms appear regularly, you should consult a doctor to diagnose and rule out serious diseases of the liver or pancreas.

• Feeling weak and tired may be accompanied by other symptoms such as:
  1. nausea;
  2. vomiting;
  3. elevated body temperature;
  4. pain in the right hypochondrium;
  5. stool disorders (often constipation).

Digestive disorders in diseases of the liver and pancreas in men

Abdominal pain

One of the most striking manifestations of liver and pancreas diseases in men is abdominal pain. These pains can manifest as either acute or dull pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, which is aggravated by eating, especially fatty food, and can last for several hours.

Gastrointestinal disorders

Liver and pancreas disorders in men may also cause gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea or constipation. It is also possible the appearance of frequent and profuse vomiting, which is accompanied by an unpleasant odor and bitterness in the mouth.

Changes in the color and consistency of feces

In diseases of the liver and pancreas in men, there are also changes in the color and consistency of feces, which is associated with inadequate digestion. The stool may become light, clayey, or yellowish. Digestive disorders can also lead to gas and bloating.

Lack of appetite

Lack of appetite is also a characteristic symptom of diseases of the liver and pancreas in men. The body does not receive enough nutrients, which can adversely affect overall health. In this regard, at the first manifestations of these symptoms, it is necessary to consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the liver and pancreas.

Symptoms of liver and pancreas disease in men

Flatulence

Flatulence is the presence of excess gas in the intestines, which can be one of the symptoms of diseases of the liver and pancreas in men. In patients with these diseases, there is an increase in gas formation and frequent problems with the stomach and intestines.

This may be due to the poor functioning of these organs and the difficulty in processing food, which in turn can lead to a lack of synthesis of the necessary enzymes.

In the presence of such symptoms, it is necessary to consult a gastroenterologist for a full examination and treatment. Do not self-medicate, as this can aggravate the situation and lead to serious complications.

Symptoms of liver and pancreas disease in men

Weight loss

One of the most common symptoms of liver and pancreas disease in men is weight loss. Most often, this manifests itself in people who have not previously had problems with being overweight, but suddenly begin to quickly lose kilograms even without changing their diet or exercise regimen.

If you are losing weight, you should consult a doctor and conduct a comprehensive examination to identify possible causes of this symptom. Your doctor may test your hormone levels, check your liver and pancreas, and order additional tests, such as an ultrasound.

Memory and concentration disorders

The liver and pancreas often play an important role in the processes of memory and concentration in men. Violations of the work of these organs can cause various problems in this area.

A possible sign of impaired memory and concentration in men is weakness, fatigue and drowsiness during the day. These symptoms may be related to toxins that build up in the body when the liver and pancreas are not working properly.

Another common symptom is difficulty concentrating and remembering information. It can be associated with excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and unhealthy diet. It is important to ensure that you eat foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals, which are essential for liver and pancreas health.

• To avoid impaired memory and concentration, it is useful:
• Avoid malnutrition,
• Monitor alcohol and nicotine intake,
• Promote liver and pancreas health,
• Get regular health checks with specialists,
• Listen to your body and immediately ask for help if necessary.

All of these measures will help maintain the health of the liver and pancreas, as well as prevent possible memory and concentration problems. Following these tips will also improve the quality of life and help prevent problems associated with these two organs in men.

Metabolic problems in liver and pancreas disease in men

Protein metabolism disorders

The liver plays an important role in protein metabolism in the body. With her illness, deviations from the norm of the content of a protein compound in the blood can be observed. Tissue edema, ascites, and damage to the heart muscle are possible. Protein can be excreted in the urine, which can lead to amino acid deficiency and chronic glomerulonephritis.

Fat metabolism disorders

The liver also metabolizes fats in the body. With her disease, a violation of the function of the gallbladder can occur, which can lead to a violation of food digestion and a violation of dysbacteriosis of the gastrointestinal tract. In some cases, men can develop the effects of fatty degeneration, which can lead to obesity and an increased risk of developing diabetes.

Destruction of pancreatic cells

The pancreas is an important organ for carbohydrate metabolism in the body. With her illness, the effects of a lack of insulin and sucrose in the blood may occur. This can lead to the development of diabetes, hypoglycemia and metabolic disturbance. In some cases, pancreatic diseases can occur with excessive stress on the body, for example, when drinking alcohol and some other harmful substances.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What are the symptoms of liver and pancreas problems in men?

Men may experience the following symptoms: jaundice, itching, abdominal enlargement, nausea, vomiting, pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, digestive problems, frequent urination, weight loss, increased fatigue, changes in the color and consistency of feces, increased body temperature.

Which male specimens are at risk of developing liver and pancreatic diseases?

The risk of developing diseases of the liver and pancreas increases in men who abuse alcohol, smoke, eat junk food, are obese, have diabetes, are in stressful situations, and take medications.

What methods of medical diagnostics help to identify diseases of the liver and pancreas in men?

Medical diagnosis of diseases of the liver and pancreas in men is carried out using various methods: blood tests, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, liver biopsy and others.

How can liver and pancreas problems in men be avoided?

Men can avoid liver and pancreas problems by giving up bad habits, limiting the use of drugs, leading a healthy lifestyle, undergoing annual medical examinations and not ignoring their health problems.

What role does nutrition play in the prevention of liver and pancreatic disease in men?

Proper nutrition plays an important role in the prevention of liver and pancreas diseases in men. It is recommended to eat more fruits and vegetables, low-fat foods, fish, serve less salt, drink alcohol and nicotine moderately, drink water often, do not abuse coffee and sweets.

What to do if a man has liver and pancreas problems?

If a man has problems with the liver and pancreas, then you need to see a doctor and prescribe treatment. The doctor may recommend lifestyle changes, diets, and medications. In more severe cases, surgery may be required.

Liver diseases – symptoms and treatment

The liver is a unique chemical laboratory, every minute millions of toxic substances are destroyed in it. Another feature of the liver is the absence of pain receptors, as a result of which it practically does not give signals about the disease, literally “suffering in silence.” When symptoms appear, the situation with the liver is close to critical. What our liver suffers from, and how not to miss serious diseases of the “silent organ”, says the head of the EMC hepatological center, gastroenterologist-hepatologist, doctor of medical sciences, professor at Moscow State Medical University Tatiana Evgenievna Polunina.

Tatyana Evgenievna, what threats exist for the health of the liver?

There is a group of liver diseases with the collective name hepatitis. All of them are characterized by the presence of an inflammatory process in the liver. Depending on the cause of hepatitis, they are classified into: infectious viral and bacterial, toxic (drug, alcohol, etc.), autoimmune hepatitis. The infectious form of hepatitis is most often caused by hepatitis A, B and C viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus.

The main cause of liver toxicity is alcohol. According to the literature, alcohol consumption in terms of ethanol is considered to be abuse – more than 140 grams per week for men and more than 70 grams for men. per week for women.

Recently, one of the leading places among liver diseases is drug-induced injury. According to American studies, the side effects of drugs cause 40% of hepatitis among patients over 40 years of age and 25% of cases of acute liver failure.

This is a serious problem for practical medicine. It is due to the fact that a lot of over-the-counter drugs have appeared on sale, and information about their possible side effects is not communicated to a wide audience in the proper amount. Conventional paracetamol, which is an ingredient in popular and heavily advertised cold and flu remedies, is toxic and can cause drug-induced liver injury if taken frequently and unchecked. If even a small amount of alcohol is consumed simultaneously with paracetamol, the risk of drug-induced liver injury increases many times over.

Does diet affect the risk of liver disease?

There is such a thing as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (fatty liver, steatosis, “fatty” liver). The main reason for the development of the disease is the accumulation of triglycerides and other fats in the liver cells – hepatocytes. At the same time, changes occur in the organ, similar to those in alcoholic liver damage. As a rule, this is a problem for overweight people.

The prevalence of the disease in Western countries is 20-40%, which is primarily associated with physical inactivity and eating habits: eating high-calorie foods, fast carbohydrates. In recent years, Russia has come close to similar indicators. Unfortunately, fatty degeneration of the liver occurs even among children.

It is important to remember that patients with fatty liver in the presence of certain criteria, or so-called predictors, fall into a group with a high risk of disease progression, that is, the transition to the next stage – steatohepatitis with fibrosis. These predictors include: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the presence of arterial hypertension. By the way, the high incidence of fatty liver and these factors, which are known to be components of the metabolic syndrome (MS), led to the conclusion that fatty liver itself is its component.

Lifestyle modification of weight loss through a balanced diet and exercise is critical to the successful management of these patients.

How to suspect liver problems?

Many liver lesions are subclinical – that is, without visible manifestations, and the problem can only be detected by laboratory tests. Unfortunately, most patients come to us with already expressed symptoms of jaundice: yellowing of the sclera, dark urine, light-colored stools, severe malaise. In this case, the functions of the liver, as a rule, are already seriously impaired.

Should I check the liver if nothing bothers me?

Mandatory if there are risk factors for liver damage. In men, this is mainly alcohol intake in combination with physical and emotional stress, sexual contact with unverified partners – the risk of viral hepatitis. In young women, this is a long-term use of hormonal contraceptives that cause peliosis or hemangiomas of the liver, taking paracetamol or aspirin-containing headache drugs that can have a toxic effect on the liver, as we have already mentioned. In these cases, it is necessary to periodically take a biochemical blood test for liver enzymes – (markers of autoimmune and viral hepatitis A, B and C, ALT, AST, HTG, total and direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase).

With viral hepatitis, the only symptom for a long time may be asthenic syndrome – increased fatigue, weakness. If this condition has been bothering you for a long time, and there is no certainty that there is no infection, you need to be tested for markers of viral hepatitis.

Can hepatoprotectors protect the liver?

Medicines that improve liver function include preparations containing ademetionine, essential phospholipids, L-ornithine-L-aspartate, ursodeoxycholic acid, various plant components. A separate group are antiviral drugs. Ademetionine, L-ornithine-L-aspartate, ursodeoxycholic acid are used in therapeutic practice to treat certain conditions of the hepatobiliary system. Essential phospholipids and herbal remedies are effective in cases where there is a moderate increase in liver enzymes. In any case, treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a physician, and its effectiveness should be determined by the control of laboratory parameters.