What are the symptoms of rectal cancer? What causes rectal cancer? How is rectal cancer treated? Get a comprehensive overview with facts and expert insights.

Understanding Rectal Cancer

Rectal cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the rectum, the final section of the digestive system located between the sigmoid colon and the anus. Rectal cancer is often grouped together with colon cancer under the term “colorectal cancer.” In the United States, colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and the second deadliest, making early detection and treatment crucial.

Symptoms of Rectal Cancer

In the early stages, rectal cancer may be asymptomatic. As the cancer progresses, the most common symptom is rectal bleeding. Other potential symptoms include changes in bowel habits, unexplained weakness and fatigue, diarrhea or constipation, blood or mucus in the stool, unintentional weight loss, and frequent abdominal discomfort, gas, cramps, or pain. Iron-deficiency anemia may also be a sign of rectal cancer due to blood loss.

Causes and Risk Factors of Rectal Cancer

The exact cause of rectal cancer is unknown, but it is typically caused by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of cancerous cells that can penetrate and destroy healthy tissue. Certain inherited genetic mutations, such as those associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), can increase the risk of developing rectal cancer. Additionally, factors like age (diagnosis usually occurs after age 50), race (Black Americans are at higher risk), family history, radiation therapy, and conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes may also increase the risk of rectal cancer.

Diagnosing Rectal Cancer

Rectal cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical exams, screening tests, and colonoscopy. The doctor will start by taking a medical history and performing a physical exam, which may include a digital rectal exam to feel for any abnormalities. Screening tests like a fecal immunochemical test (FIT) or sigmoidoscopy may be recommended, and if these tests are positive, a colonoscopy is the next step. During a colonoscopy, the doctor can view the inside of the rectum and colon, and collect tissue samples for further examination.

Treating Rectal Cancer

The treatment for rectal cancer can vary depending on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the individual patient’s overall health. Common treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used. The goal of treatment is to remove the cancerous tumor, prevent the cancer from spreading, and improve the patient’s quality of life.

Prognosis and Survival Rates

The prognosis for rectal cancer can vary widely depending on the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Early-stage rectal cancer has a much higher survival rate compared to advanced-stage cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year relative survival rate for rectal cancer is 92% for localized disease, 71% for regional disease, and 16% for distant disease.

Prevention and Screening

While there is no surefire way to prevent rectal cancer, there are several steps individuals can take to reduce their risk. These include maintaining a healthy diet rich in vegetables and fiber, exercising regularly, limiting alcohol consumption, and quitting smoking. Regular screening for colorectal cancer, such as colonoscopies or other recommended tests, can also help detect the disease in its early stages when it is more treatable.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the most common symptom of rectal cancer?
The most common symptom of rectal cancer is rectal bleeding.

What is the leading cause of rectal cancer?
The exact cause of rectal cancer is unknown, but it is typically caused by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of cancerous cells.

How is rectal cancer usually treated?
The treatment for rectal cancer can vary but often includes a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

What is the survival rate for rectal cancer?
The 5-year relative survival rate for rectal cancer ranges from 92% for localized disease to 16% for distant disease.

Can rectal cancer be prevented?
While there is no surefire way to prevent rectal cancer, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, regular screening, and addressing risk factors can help reduce the risk.

Is rectal cancer the same as colon cancer?
Rectal cancer and colon cancer are often grouped together under the term “colorectal cancer,” as they are both cancers of the digestive system. However, they are distinct types of cancer that can have different symptoms, treatments, and prognoses.

How quickly does rectal cancer progress?
The progression of rectal cancer can vary, but it is generally a slow-growing cancer. Symptoms may not appear until the cancer has progressed to a more advanced stage.