What are the common symptoms of strep throat. How is strep throat diagnosed and treated. Can strep throat be prevented. What are the potential complications of untreated strep throat. When should you see a doctor for a sore throat.

Understanding Strep Throat: A Common Bacterial Infection

Strep throat, also known as streptococcal pharyngitis, is a bacterial infection that affects the throat and tonsils. It is caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria and is particularly common among children and adolescents. This condition can be uncomfortable and potentially serious if left untreated.

What causes strep throat?

Strep throat is caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria, which are highly contagious. These bacteria can spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. They can also be transmitted through close contact with an infected individual or by touching contaminated surfaces.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Strep Throat

Identifying strep throat can be challenging, as its symptoms often resemble those of other throat infections. However, certain signs are more indicative of strep throat:

• Sudden onset of sore throat
• Difficulty swallowing
• Fever (101°F or higher)
• Red and swollen tonsils, sometimes with white patches or streaks of pus
• Tiny red spots on the roof of the mouth (petechiae)
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Nausea or vomiting (especially in younger children)

It’s important to note that not everyone with strep throat will experience all these symptoms. Some individuals may be asymptomatic carriers, capable of spreading the bacteria without showing any signs of infection.

How does strep throat differ from a viral sore throat?

Strep throat is often confused with viral throat infections, but there are some key differences. Strep throat typically doesn’t cause coughing, runny nose, or hoarseness, which are common in viral infections. Additionally, strep throat symptoms usually appear suddenly, while viral sore throats tend to develop gradually.

Diagnosis and Testing for Strep Throat

Accurate diagnosis of strep throat is crucial for proper treatment. Healthcare providers typically use two main methods to diagnose this condition:

Rapid Strep Test

This quick and painless test involves swabbing the throat to collect a sample. The rapid strep test can detect strep bacteria in minutes, making it a valuable tool for immediate diagnosis. However, it may sometimes produce false-negative results.

Throat Culture

If the rapid strep test is negative but strep throat is still suspected, a throat culture may be performed. This more accurate test involves sending a throat swab to a laboratory for analysis. Results typically take 24-48 hours but can definitively confirm or rule out strep throat.

Effective Treatment Strategies for Strep Throat

Once diagnosed, strep throat requires prompt treatment to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. The primary treatment for strep throat is antibiotics.

Antibiotic Treatment

Penicillin and amoxicillin are the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for strep throat. For individuals allergic to penicillin, alternative antibiotics such as cephalexin, clindamycin, or macrolides may be used. It’s crucial to complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished.

Symptomatic Relief

In addition to antibiotics, several home remedies and over-the-counter medications can help manage strep throat symptoms:

• Over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen or acetaminophen)
• Gargling with warm salt water
• Consuming cold liquids or frozen treats to soothe the throat
• Using throat lozenges or hard candies to stimulate saliva production
• Resting the voice and getting plenty of sleep
• Staying hydrated

Preventing the Spread of Strep Throat

Strep throat is highly contagious, but there are several measures individuals can take to reduce the risk of infection and transmission:

1. Practice good hand hygiene by washing hands frequently with soap and water
2. Cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
3. Avoid sharing personal items such as utensils, cups, or towels
4. Replace toothbrushes after starting antibiotic treatment
5. Stay home from work or school until fever-free for at least 24 hours and antibiotic treatment has been started

Is there a vaccine for strep throat?

Currently, there is no vaccine available to prevent strep throat. However, researchers are working on developing a vaccine that could potentially protect against group A Streptococcus infections, including strep throat.

Potential Complications of Untreated Strep Throat

While strep throat often resolves on its own, untreated cases can lead to serious complications. These may include:

• Peritonsillar abscess: A collection of pus behind the tonsils
• Rheumatic fever: An inflammatory condition that can affect the heart, joints, and nervous system
• Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: A kidney inflammation that can occur after strep infection
• Scarlet fever: A strep-related illness characterized by a distinctive red rash
• PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections): A rare condition affecting children that can cause sudden onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder or tic disorders

How long does it take for strep throat to resolve with proper treatment?

With appropriate antibiotic treatment, most individuals start feeling better within 24 to 48 hours. However, it’s essential to complete the entire course of antibiotics to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria and prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant strains.

Strep Throat in Special Populations

While strep throat can affect anyone, certain groups may be at higher risk or require special considerations:

Strep Throat in Children

Children aged 5 to 15 are most susceptible to strep throat. In this age group, the infection is often more severe and may present with additional symptoms such as abdominal pain or vomiting. Parents should be vigilant about monitoring their children’s symptoms and seeking prompt medical attention when necessary.

Strep Throat During Pregnancy

Pregnant women with strep throat require careful management to protect both the mother and the developing fetus. While most antibiotics used to treat strep throat are safe during pregnancy, healthcare providers may need to adjust the treatment plan based on the individual’s specific circumstances.

Recurrent Strep Throat

Some individuals experience frequent episodes of strep throat. In cases of recurrent infections, healthcare providers may consider additional interventions, such as tonsillectomy or investigating potential underlying health issues that may be compromising the immune system.

When to Seek Medical Attention for a Sore Throat

Not all sore throats require medical attention, but certain symptoms warrant a visit to a healthcare provider:

• Severe throat pain or difficulty swallowing
• Fever higher than 101°F (38.3°C) that lasts more than 48 hours
• Swollen or tender lymph nodes in the neck
• Rash accompanying the sore throat
• Prolonged symptoms without improvement
• History of rheumatic fever or other complications from strep infections

Early diagnosis and treatment of strep throat can prevent complications and reduce the risk of spreading the infection to others. If you suspect you or your child may have strep throat, don’t hesitate to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and care.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Strep Throat Management

The field of strep throat research continues to evolve, with scientists exploring new avenues for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Some areas of ongoing research include:

Rapid Molecular Testing

Researchers are developing more advanced rapid testing methods that can detect strep bacteria with higher accuracy and speed. These molecular tests could potentially replace traditional rapid strep tests and throat cultures, leading to faster and more precise diagnoses.

Alternative Treatment Approaches

While antibiotics remain the gold standard for treating strep throat, scientists are investigating alternative treatments that could complement or potentially replace antibiotic therapy in some cases. These include:

• Bacteriophage therapy: Using viruses that specifically target and destroy strep bacteria
• Probiotics: Exploring the potential of beneficial bacteria to prevent or treat strep infections
• Natural antimicrobial compounds: Investigating plant-based substances with antibacterial properties

Vaccine Development

Efforts to develop a vaccine against group A Streptococcus continue, with several candidates in various stages of clinical trials. A successful vaccine could significantly reduce the incidence of strep throat and related complications.

As research progresses, our understanding of strep throat and our ability to manage this common infection will likely improve, potentially leading to more effective prevention strategies and treatment options in the future.

Synonyms and Antonyms for strep-throat

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1.

strep throat

noun.

An

infection

of

the

oral

pharynx

and

tonsils

by

streptococcus.

Antonyms

good health

incorruptness

legality

Synonyms

septic sore throat

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2.

throat

noun.
(ˈθroʊt)

A

passage

resembling

a

throat

in

shape

or

function;

.

Antonyms

natural object

finish

Synonyms

passage

Etymology

throat (English)

throte (Middle English (1100-1500))

þrote (Old English (ca. 450-1100))

3. throat

noun.
(ˈθroʊt)

An

opening

in

the

vamp

of

a

shoe

at

the

instep.

Antonyms

closing

Synonyms

shoe

Etymology

throat (English)

throte (Middle English (1100-1500))

þrote (Old English (ca. 450-1100))

4.

throat

noun.
(ˈθroʊt)

The

part

of

an

animal’s

body

that

corresponds

to

a

person’s

throat.

Antonyms

artificial language

undress

Synonyms

external body part

Etymology

throat (English)

throte (Middle English (1100-1500))

þrote (Old English (ca. 450-1100))

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Strep throat Information | Mount Sinai

Ebell MH. Diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(12):976-977. PMID: 25162166 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162166.

Flores AR, Caserta MT. Pharyngitis. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 59.

Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A; High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infection in adults: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(6):425-434. PMID: 26785402 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26785402.

Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(10):e86-e102. PMID: 22965026 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22965026.

Tanz RR. Acute pharyngitis. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 409.

van Driel ML, De Sutter AI, Habraken H, Thorning S, Christiaens T. Different antibiotic treatments for group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD004406. PMID: 27614728 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27614728.

Last reviewed on: 7/11/2019

Reviewed by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A. D.A.M. Editorial team.

Strep throat – wikidoc

For patient information click here.

To review wikidoc page on Group A Streptococcal infection, click here.
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Aslam, M.B.B.S[2]

Synonyms and Keywords: Streptococcal pharyngitis, streptococcal angina, strept throat, septic sore throat

Diagnosis

History & Symptoms | Physical Examination | Lab Tests | X Ray | Echocardiography | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters

• PANDAS – Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections
• Tonsillitis
• Pharyngitis
• Psoriasis

Resources

• Group A Streptococcal Infections – National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

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yi:סטרעפ טראוט

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Streptococcus Group A – an overview

GAS is a self-limited illness, generally not lasting more than 3 to 5 days, even in the absence of treatment. The main reason to treat GAS pharyngitis is to prevent complications. Complications of GAS pharyngitis are:

D.

streptococcus – Wiktionary

See also: Streptococcus

Contents

• 1 English
  • 1.1 Etymology
  • 1.2 Noun
    • 1.2.1 Derived terms
    • 1.2.2 Related terms
    • 1.2.3 Translations

English[edit]

Streptococcus
English Wikipedia has an article on:streptococcusWikipedia

Wikispecies has information on:
Streptococcus

Wikispecies

Etymology[edit]

Morphologically a compound of strepto- +‎ -coccus. They grow in chains or pairs, thus the name — from Ancient Greek στρεπτός (streptós, “twisted, pliant”), like a chain. Compare the genus name Streptococcus.

Noun[edit]

streptococcus (plural streptococci)

1. A spherical, gram-positive bacterium of the genus Streptococcus. Although commonly found benignly in the human mouth and gut, and though many species are non-pathogenic, other species can cause diseases including strep throat and more serious conditions.

   Synonyms: strep, (clippings) strepto

Derived terms[edit]

• strep, strep throat

Related terms[edit]

• coccus
• streptococcal

Translations[edit]

bacterium

GMS | GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery

Abstract

Surgery of the tonsils is still one of the most frequent procedures during childhood. Due to a series of fatal outcomes after hemorrhage in children in Austria in 2006, the standards and indications for tonsillectomy have slowly changed in Germany. However, no national guidelines exist and the frequency of tonsil surgery varies across the country. In some districts eight times more children were tonsillectomized than in others.

A tonsillectomy in children under six years should only be done if the child suffers from recurrent acute bacterially tonsillitis. In all other cases (i.e. hyperplasia of the tonsils) the low risk partial tonsillectomy should be the first line therapy. Postoperative pain and the risk of hemorrhage are much lower in partial tonsillectomy (=tonsillotomy). No matter whether the tonsillotomy is done by laser, radiofrequency, shaver, coblation, bipolar scissor or Colorado needle, as long as the crypts are kept open and some tonsil tissue is left behind. Total extracapsular tonsillectomy is still indicated in severely affected children with recurrent infections of the tonsils, allergy to antibiotics, PFAPA syndrome (periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis) and peritonsillar abscess. With regard to the frequency and seriousness of the recurrent tonsillitis the indication for tonsillectomy in children is justified if 7 or more well-documented, clinically important, adequately treated episodes of throat infection occur in the preceding year, or 5 or more of such episodes occur in each of the 2 preceding years (according to the paradise criteria). Diagnosis of acute tonsillitis is clinical, but sometimes it is hard to distinguish viral from bacterial infections. Rapid antigen testing has a very low sensitivity in the diagnosis of bacterial tonsillitis and swabs are highly sensitive but take a long time. In all microbiological tests the treating physician has to keep in mind, that most of the bacterials, viruses and fungi belong to the healthy flora and do no harm. Ten percent of healthy children even bear strepptococcus pyogenes all the time in the tonsils with no clinical signs. In these children decolonization is not necessary. Therefore, microbiological screening tests in children without symptoms are senseless and do not justify an antibiotic treatment (which is sometimes postulated by the kindergartens).

The acute tonsillitis should be treated with steroids (e.g. dexamethasone), NSAIDs (e.g. ibuprofene) and betalactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin or cefuroxime). With respect to the symptom reduction and primary healing the short-term late-generation antibiotic therapy (azithromycin, clarithromycin or cephalosporine for three to five days) is comparable to the long-term penicilline therapy. There is no difference in the course of healing, recurrence or microbiological resistance between the short-term penicilline therapy and the standard ten days therapy.

On the other hand, only the ten days antibiotic therapy has proven to be effective in the prevention of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritic diseases. The incidence of rheumatic heart disease is currently 0.5 per 100,000 children of school age.

The main morbidity after tonsillectomy is pain and the late haemorrhage. Posttonsillectomy bleeding can occur till the whole wound is completely healed, which is normally after three weeks. Life-threatening haemorrhages occur often after smaller bleedings, which can spontaneously cease. That is why every haemorrhage, even the smallest, has to be treated properly and in ward. Patients and parents have to be informed about the correct behaviour in case of haemorrhage with a written consent before the surgery.

The handout should contain important addresses, phone numbers and contact persons. Almost all cases of fatal outcome after tonsillectomy were due to false management of haemorrhage. Haemorrhage in small children can be especially life-threatening because of the lower blood volume and the danger of aspiration with asphyxia. A massive haemorrhage is an extreme challenge for every paramedic or emergency doctor because of the difficult airway management. Intubation is only possible with appropriate inflexible suction tubes.

All different surgical techniques have the risk of haemorrhage and even the best surgeon will experience a postoperative haemorrhage. The lowest risk of haemorrhage is after cold dissection with ligature or suturing. All “hot” techniques with laser, radiofrequency, coblation, mono- or bipolar forceps have a higher risk of late haemorrhage.

Children with a hereditary coagulopathy have a higher risk of haemorrhage. It is possible, that these children were not identified before surgery. Therefore it is recommended by the Society of paediatrics, anaesthesia and ENT, that a standardised questionnaire should be answered by the parents before tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. This 17-point-checklist questionnaire is more sensitive and easier to perform than a screening with blood tests (e.g. INR and PTT). Unfortunately, a lot of surgeons still screen the children preoperatively by coagulative blood tests, although these tests are inappropriate and incapable of detecting the von Willebrand disease, which is the most frequent coagulopathy in Europe.

The preoperative information about the surgery should be done with the child and the parents in a calm and objective atmosphere with a written consent. A copy of the consent with the signature of the surgeon and both custodial parents has to be handed out to the parents.

Keywords:

tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, intracapsular, extracapsular, antibiotics

Introduction and terminology

Importance of the tonsils in childhood and anatomical structure

The tonsils serve immune acquisition and immune defence by antigen presentation, which is why they contain T-lymphocytes, macrophages and germinal centres of B-lymphocytes [234]. They are the first and easiest-to-reach station of the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue system (MALT) in humans [25], [26], [147]. Since the main phase of the immune acquisition continues until the age of 6, the palatine tonsils are physiologically hyperplastic at this time [117], [157]. Then there is an involution, which is reflected mostly in a regression until the age of 12 [116]. The lymphatic tissue is separated by a more or less rough capsule from the surrounding muscle (superior pharyngeal constrictor) [159]. The palatine tonsils have a strong blood flow from four different vessels, the lingual artery, the ascending pharyngeal artery and the ascending and descending palatine arteries. These vessels radiate mainly to the upper and lower tonsil pole, as well as the exact centre of the tonsils laterally [234]. The tonsils have deep crypts to keep the organ surface as large as possible and to create a docking surface for potential antigens [60]. The crypts and their adjacent germinal centres are separated from each other by delicate connective tissue [132], [158] (Figure 1 [Fig.1], Figure 2 [Fig.2]).

Current facts about tonsil surgery

Currently, in Germany every year 48 of 10,000 children and adolescents undergo tonsillectomies, so that we are ranked in 3rd place among the OECD countries. This intervention is the most common inpatient surgery in childhood and adolescence under anaesthesia and the most common service of ENT departments in Germany. While in recent years the rate of complete tonsillectomies during childhood in Europe has decreased (see Figure 3 [Fig.3]), from 1970 to 2005 it has increased constantly in the U.S. from 13.7 to 15.3 per 10,000 children [64]. However, the indication for tonsillectomy has moved away from the recurrent tonsillitis towards the child’s obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) [22]. Due to the accumulation of deaths following tonsil operations in children in 2006 in Austria, the Austrian Societies of Otorhinolaryngology and Pediatric Medicine fundamentally revised their indications for tonsillectomy in childhood and recommend a tonsillectomy in children under 6 years only in exceptional cases [150]. Especially for tonsillar hyperplasia with pediatric OSA, the much less dangerous and less painful partial removal of the tonsil (tonsillotomy) is to be preferred.

Scherer et al. already indicated this development in Germany with extreme caution in 1994 [194]. Five years later, Hultcrantz and Linder from Sweden [103], [136] and then again in 2002 Scherer and Helling published the first results of laser tonsillotomy [92]. At that time, the complete, extracapsular tonsillectomy was the only accepted method [153] and this initially brought the authors plenty of ridicule in the professional societies. In fact, the partial tonsillectomy is not a new method [71]. Until the development of general endotracheal anaesthesia all tonsils were actually only partially removed because an extracapsular tonsillectomy was technically not possible [62]. Meanwhile, the tonsillotomy has been rediscovered with modern methods (laser, radiofrequency, ultrasound), and in different countries in recent years similar guidelines have been published as in Austria with clear recommendations for partial removal of the tonsils [9], [14], [150], [169], [228]. A German S3-guideline was announced in 2008, but its completion has been postponed, as it is apparently difficult to reach interdisciplinary consensus. Hard facts for the years 2007–2010 on the incidence of tonsillectomy in childhood (1 to 19 years) for Germany are provided by the Bertelsmann Foundation at https://mandeloperation.faktencheck-gesundheit.de. There are very large regional differences: In some districts, eight times as many children have the tonsils removed as in the others. The authors of the Bertelsmann Foundation thereby see a connection between the local care by ENT inpatient and main departments (the higher the ENT department density, the more frequent the tonsillectomy) and the absence of clear guidelines in Germany. A closer look at the study, however, is striking in that for the three largest cities (Berlin: 27, Hamburg: 40, Munich: 33 per 10,000 children), despite their high density of ENT main departments, the number of tonsillectomies is significantly below the national average of 48 per 10,000 children. The authors conclude that in smaller ENT-departments the tonsillectomy, despite the comparatively low eff. cost weight of 0.44 (inpatient department) and 0.70 (main department, Source: DRG Grouper the University of Mnster), is an important economic factor (Figure 4 [Fig.4]).

Terminology and ICD10 Classification

One problem with comparison of different studies is the different and imprecise terminology. This is evident not only in different countries and different languages, but also within the German literature various terms are called synonymous or different. The following definitions correspond to the majority (teaching) opinion and are used consistently within this paper as such:

Acute tonsillitis (J03.0 – J03.9)

English synonyms: severe tonsillitis [127], true tonsillitis, acute sore throat [81]; refers to a viral or bacterial tonsillitis with odynophagia, swelling and redness of the tonsils, possibly with tonsillar exudate, cervical lymphadenopathy and fever >38.3C rectal [150], [213]. An odynophagia for 24 to 48 hours, as part of prodromal symptoms of a common cold due to viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, is excluded from the definition of “acute tonsillitis” [81].

Depending on the stage and appearance of the deposits, or the exudate on the tonsils, one can distinguish the catarrhal angina with redness and swelling of the tonsils (early stage) from the follicular angina with stipple-like fibrin deposits from the lacunar angina with confluent deposits (late stage) [18], [19]. The diagnosis of “acute tonsillitis” can be made purely clinical by a specialist [213]. Smears, blood tests or viral evidence is not necessary in most cases [24], [76], [126], [212], [213].

Chronic tonsillitis (J35.0 and J35.9)

English synonyms: chronic (hyperplastic) tonsillitis; although this term yields 1287 hits within a Medline search, it is unclear and misleading and should not be used [213]. Similarly, the term “Chronic tonsillitis with acute exacerbation”. Here, it seems likely that it is a chronic change in the tonsils with phased acute deterioration [221]. It is better to speak in such cases of (chronic) recurrent tonsillitis [29], [213], because there exists no real chronic tonsillitis with consistent symptoms for more than 4 weeks under adequate treatment and reconstruction of the mucosa (as in rhinosinusitis).

Acute recurrent tonsillitis (J35.0)

English synonyms: recurrent tonsillitis, recurrent throat infections [80]; refers to recurrences of acute tonsillitis. These are, in contrast to a single attack of acute tonsillitis, usually caused by many different bacterial pathogens [107], [216] and flare up again a few weeks after cessation of an antibiotic therapy [108]. Depending on the frequency and severity of such episodes, there is an indication for tonsillectomy.

Peritonsillar abscess (J36)

English synonyms: peritonsillitis; peritonsillar abscess; quinsy [75], [171]; called an acute tonsillitis with formation of an abscess, typically on one side [50]. The abscess may form in the intratonsillar, para-/peritonsillar or retrotonsillar spaces. The pathogens are typically staphylococci [121], streptococci and fusobacterium necrophorum [119]. In contrast to acute tonsillitis, viruses play no role in an abscess [182].

Tonsil hyperplasia (J35.1 and J35.3)

English synonyms: tonsillar hyperplasia [172], (idiopathic) tonsillar hypertrophy [198]; refers to the abnormal enlargement of the palatal tonsils. This is to be distinguished from the physiological pediatric palatine tonsil hyperplasia [83], [157]. The pediatric tonsil hyperplasia is not a sign or consequence of recurrent inflammation [66], [172]. Also, children with tonsilar hyperplasia do not suffer with an above average frequency of acute tonsillitis [93], [208] or middle ear infections [27]. A pediatric tonsil is only “pathologically” hyperplastic if one of the cardinal symptoms occur, namely rhonchopathy (with or without OSA), rarely dysphagia84 and even more rarely dysphonia [73].

Sore throat episodes (R07.0)

English synonyms: acute sore throat, throat infection; here it must be addressed in the context of the international literature, since there are over 16,000 articles, which deal with the unclear and imprecise term. The problem is that the term “sore throat” clinically does not distinguish between acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Thus, neither the cause nor the exact location must be determined [81]. Some authors (including the often cited paper by Paradise, JL [153]) distinguish between “severely affected throat infections” and “moderately affected throat infections” [155]. It still remains unclear whether it is an acute (bacterial) tonsillitis, which however is solely the basis of the indication for tonsillectomy [152].

Tonsillectomy (OPS 2013: 5-281.0)

English synonyms: (extracapsular) tonsillectomy; means that the entire tonsil, including its capsule and possibly also parts of the palatal arch, are removed from the tonsillar fossa. There is no longer any lymphatic tissue between the anterior and posterior palatal arch [1]. Since the late 1960s, with the discovery of the tonsil as a focus of infection [69], [70], [170], [231], this form of tonsil operation is recognized as the gold standard in the fields and is still cited as the most common surgery in the world [224] (Figure 5 [Fig.5]).

Tonsillotomy (5-281.5)

English synonyms: partial tonsillectomy, tonsillotomy, means that only the medial portions of the tonsils are removed. This requires that the (well perfused) lymphatic tissues be severed, and the remaining crypts must remain open to the oropharynx [123], [194]. Active lymphatic tissue, with secondary follicles and crypts, remains in the tonsillar fossa on both sides [172] (Figure 6 [Fig.6]).

Intracapsular tonsillectomy (5-281.0)

English synonyms: intracapsular/subcapsular or subtotal tonsillectomy; describes a method in which the lymphatic active tissue of the tonsil, including all crypts and follicles, is removed [32], [68]. However, the capsule of the tonsil is not broken and thus the underlying muscles are not exposed [59]. At the end of the operation there is an empty tonsillar fossa without the typical scarring [8]. A closer look at the literature, however, is striking that the intracapsular tonsillectomy is partially equated with tonsillotomy [36], [45], [102], [105], [122], [230] (Figure 7 [Fig.7]).

Cryptolysis (5-289.0)

Describes a procedure in which the tonsil tissue ring is laid bare around the crypt superficially and the crypt shrinks in the course. The lymphatic active tissue remains present and still intact. Most authors state that this intervention is to be performed on an outpatient basis under local anaesthesia and with the CO₂ or diode laser or radio-frequency current [35], [49], [72], [124], [156]. Indications should be tonsil stones or foetor from the mouth.

Thermal or cryotherapy of the palatine tonsils (5-289.00 to 5-289.04)

Synonyms, or techniques: interstitial (electro)coagulation to the palatine tonsils, laser coagulation, thermal coagulation, cryocoagulation [4], [166], photodynamic therapy, ultrasound therapy [37], radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy [160], temperature-controlled tonsil treatment [47], [249], tonsil thermotherapy; means that the tonsil tissue defined interstitially is heated (or cooled) and then scarring subsequently results in shrinkage of the lymphatic tissue. Most authors see the indications with hyperplastic tonsils. No tissue is removed and a large part of the lymphatic tissue remains allegedly functional.

In principle, the interstitial thermotherapy is possible with all high frequency, radiofrequency or laser systems in the coagulation mode [162]. Most systems can however also cut and thus dissect the tonsil tissue. A laser or high frequency current therapy of the palatine tonsils can mean everything from the complete tonsillectomy to interstitial thermotherapy. In particular, the terms “tonsillotomy”, “cryptolysis” and “radiofrequency-induced/laser tonsil surgery” are often used interchangeably. Therefore, the material and methods section of the respective papers then have to be searched to determine exactly which type of therapy has been performed.

Conservative treatment measures and diagnostics

Pathogen spectrum, biofilms, normal findings

The findings on the responsible germs, especially in the chronic recurrent tonsillitis, have changed in recent years due to increasingly better detection methods [3], [40], [58], [107], [177], [216], [221]. While with the discovery of rheumatic fever, primarily the group A streptococci (GAS) were blamed for all the ills in the upper respiratory tract in the seventies [5], [63], [69], [70], [142], [170], [210], [231], recently there are anaerobes, such as Fusobacterium necrophorum, Streptococcus intermedius and Prevotella melaninogenica and histicola [107], [119], [120]. Few modern works illuminate the pathogen spectrum in the tonsils precisely. Swidsinski and Lochs from the Charit in 2007 examined the pathogens of the tonsil in various stages of tonsillar life at times more precisely [216]. They found that children up to 8 years of age have a tendency towards a diffuse, intracellular pathogen enrichment with interstitial abscesses, while they could prove in adults or adolescents a more superficial bacterial accumulation at the edge of the crypts. Particularly in the case of recurrent tonsillitis, several pathogens and microorganisms play a role together. These are jointly able to form biofilms and bacteria clusters and thus evade antibiotic therapy [168]. The oral cavity and especially the furrowed tonsil is a reservoir for multiple pathogens (viruses and bacteria), parasites [146] and fungi [144]. However, all these microbes belong to the transient flora and we live in symbiosis with them for aeones [107], [195]. Jensen A. et al. were able to detect more than 100 bacteria in the tonsils of children and adults with and without recurrent tonsillitis. 52 different bacterial strains form the basis were detectable in each patient, whether child or adult, whether sick or healthy. These represent 90% of the total pathogen load [107].

It almost seems that nearly all pathogens are detectable in the sick, but also healthy tonsils with the proper detection method. In acute tonsillitis, tonsil hyperplasia or chronic recurrent tonsillitis obviously there is a change only in the ratio in favour of some pathogenic germs [107]. In the clinically acute tonsillitis in childhood the streptococci still play the largest role with 30% [28], followed by Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria [107]. Mostly, however, mixed infections (viral and bacterial initially) are responsible for the clinical picture [167] (Figure 8 [Fig.8]).

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of “acute tonsillitis” in children and adults can be made on purely clinical signs by a specialist [213]. Whereby it concerns mostly mixed infections (viral and bacterial) [167]. In viral tonsillitis, in addition to pain and fever, primarily cough, hoarseness, and rhinorrhoea occur, while in bacterial tonsillitis, in addition to pain with lymph node swelling, there are mainly tonsillar deposits/exudate and fever >38.3C [150]. A streptococcal antigen test can confirm the diagnosis and is specific to 98% for streptococci, although not particularly sensitive. Therefore, the manufacturers recommend that in the event of a negative test result, several tests should be performed in a row. The tests are simple, fast (10 min) and cheap (25 tests for 35.- Eur). Since the tests are freely available, concerned parents also come with positive or negative test results and demand (antibiotic) therapy from the ENT doctor. One problem with these tests is the high number of asymptomatic chronic carriers (10% of healthy children) of staphylococci and streptococci, who are definitely not in need of therapy [112], [113], [177], [219], [218], [233]. Smears or bacterial and viral RNA rapid tests should therefore performed only on symptomatic children who are not yet classified [200]. In the early stage, the distinction between viral and bacterial tonsillitis is often difficult to make. Especially when one considers that in 97.5% of cases, at least one virus, even in the bacterial tonsillitis, is found (adenovirus and parainfluenza virus respectively in 47.5% of the cases [59], [161]) [167]. These viruses appear, however, as does the Epstein Barr virus in the pharyngeal tonsil [16], [115], often be clinically occult. Thus, screening by using rapid tests (such as required by some kindergartens or schools) does not make sense because a lot of false-positive results are found [200], [201]. The same may apply to the antistreptolysin titre, which rises completely non-specifically in streptococcal infections that have occurred and then increases over many years [200].

Antibiotic therapy

Chris Del Mar from Queensland, Australia, has worked with the Cochrane Institute for many years on the exact analysis of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for throat pain (sore throat) and acute tonsillitis [52], [53], [54], [149]. During the revision of its most recent meta-analysis of 2010, the authors outlined a total of seven usable studies with children under 18 years old [54]. In clinically definite or proven bacterial tonsillitis associated with distress, antibiotic therapy using a beta-lactam antibiotic is justified. It shortens the course of the disease by an average of one day. Antibiotics reduce the fever and reduce pain compared to placebo, most clearly on the third day after administration. In addition, a beta-lactam antibiotic therapy provides relatively reliable protection against the dreaded rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis, which often leads especially in third world countries to arthritis, myocarditis and death. Some studies have shown that antibiotic therapy can prevent sequelae such as peritonsillar abscesses, acute otitis and sinusitis.

Also, a recent Cochrane analysis from 2013 showed the effectiveness of different antibiotics in acute (streptococcal) tonsillitis [226]. The penicilline, in particular in children and adolescents, show the greatest benefit at the lowest cost. There were no differences to cephalosporines. Cephalosporines are, however, more effective in children under 12 years of age and for chronic recurrent tonsillitis, as they can eradicate more strains of streptococci [31]. Macrolides and clindamycin in children evoke more side effects with the same efficacy and therefore should be reserved only for proven penicilline allergy sufferers [38], [39].

One advantage of modern macrolide antibiotics is a significantly shorter duration of treatment, which should increase compliance. As before, the duration of the recommended standard therapy with penicillines for acute streptococcal infection is 10 days [39], [118], [169]. With regard to the reduction of the course of the disease and the reduction of the symptoms, the short-term therapy with azithromycin (20 mg/kg) [46] for three days or clarithromycin and cephalosporin for five days is equal to the long-term penicillin therapy with better compliance [6], [7]. Also, the early discontinuation of penicilline after five days showed no disadvantages in the disease process, the rate of recurrence or the development of resistance [82]. Only the low-dose azithromycin (10 mg/kg) administration is not recommended because a significantly higher relapse rate could be demonstrated [7]. However, not considered in the short-term antibiotic therapies are the late complications of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis, which however are among the main arguments for a long-term beta-lactam antibiotic therapy for acute streptococcal tonsillitis, although the incidence of rheumatic fever in Europe is reported at only 0.5 cases per 100,000 children of school age [7].

A general postoperative antibiotic therapy does not make sense because it reduces neither the pain nor lowers the postoperative bleeding rate [2], [56].

Supportive therapy

Steroids

Oral or intramuscular steroids in children and adolescents also show a significant improvement in symptoms with minimal side effects and no negative effects on disease progression [89], [90], [91]. The best results were seen in proven streptococcal pharyngitis for dexamethasone (10 mg), as well as betamethasone (8 mg) and prednisolone (60 mg) with a clear reduction in the pain and feeling of illness, both in acute tonsillitis, and pharyngitis or sore throat [91].

Analgesics

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been used successfully for pain relief in children for over 40 years [145]. For acute tonsillitis, among the over-the-counter substances ibuprofene shows the highest efficacy with minimal side effects compared with paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) [225]. Another advantage of ibuprofen is longer duration of action of 6-8 hours in contrast to paracetamol. The therapeutic range of both substances is large and at the correct dosage, the safety potential is comparable [87], [88]. However, in the case of overdose with paracetamol, the liver damage is much harder to treat. In comparison, ASA shows significantly more gastrointestinal side effects and should not be used for acute tonsillitis with possible subsequent tonsillectomy due to the pronounced inhibition of platelet aggregation [138].

Diclofenac and ketorolac in children have fewer docking sites and are metabolized more quickly, which is why the dose should be adjusted (higher dosage than in adults) [74]. In the postoperative management these substances play a certain role in opioid conservation, but as first-line therapy in paediatrics they are not suitable for a sore throat [178], [179]. Metamizol is not recommended as an analgesic of the first or second choice in children due to the small but existing risk of agranulocytosis in the world literature [12].

Mouthwashes, phytotherapy, lozenges, Roeder method

Antiseptic mouthwashes with chlorhexidine or benzydamine have been tested in a study from Turkey (double-blind and placebo-controlled) and showed symptom improvement there in children and adults. Further studies are absolutely necessary to sufficiently prove efficacy [41], [42].

Typical herbal gargles contain sage, thyme and chamomile. They lubricate and maintain the mucous membranes. However, many contain ethanol as an extraction solvent and are not approved for children <12 years old [43]. Bionorica AG, Neumarkt, has received marketing approval for many herbal medicines for children and adults. Imupret coated tablets or drops are suitable for tonsillitis. These are approved for children from 2 years and older and are intended to act as a 7-part combination anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory [17]. Another herbal product of the company for children is Tonsipret. It contains capsaicin, lignum vitae and pokeweed in homeopathic doses. Reliable clinical trials, however, were not found on homeopathy for acute tonsillitis.

Nasturtium and horseradish root are contained in Angocin tablets from REPHA GmbH Biological Pharmaceuticals, Langenhagen. Both plants are said to have antimicrobial, antiviral and antifungal effects [43]. Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630), known as Umckaloabo from South Africa, is marketed in Germany for children and was able to show a significant symptom improvement compared to placebo in a clinical trial in children with sore throat (no proven streptococcal pharyngitis) [15]. No side effects were recorded [111]. In some studies, herbal formulas of traditional Chinese medicine have shown significant advantages or even superiority over antibiotics. However, not all these studies were GCP-compliant and not all have undergone a recent systematic review of their status [98].

Lozenges containing benzocaine numb the oral mucosa and are often offered in combination with Sialorheologika (Lemocin Forte, Dobendan Strepsils). The increased flow of saliva acts as a disinfectant, maintains the mucous membranes and accelerates the healing process [43]. These lozenges are, like all homeopathic and most herbal medicines, OTC medicines, i.e. sold only in pharmacies, but not refundable and usually for children 2 years and older.

In his book “The Natural Tonsil Treatment” of 1918, Roeder describes a method that is used more often today than earlier in many ENT practices. The detritus-filled tonsils are suctioned with a glass suction cup, thereby removing the debris and massaging the tonsils at the same time, which (according to the current viewpoint) promotes lymphatic drainage [140]. Then the tonsils are brushed or sprayed with disinfectant solutions. However, this method is more difficult to apply in children because the suction procedure is quite painful.

Differential diagnoses

Often hidden behind pediatric tonsil hyperplasias, with or without recurrent infections, is a chronic nasal respiration obstruction or a chronic mouth breathing. In turbinate hyperplasia or deviated septum the cold, unfiltered, dry air flows past the tonsils, causes physical irritation, dries out the mucous membranes and maintains infections [21]. Furthermore, an allergy must be considered in principle with a chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract [183]. In particular, dust mite and mould allergy sufferers tend all year round (with peaks in winter) to experience infections of the tonsils and upper respiratory tract [114].

Another cause of recurrent tonsillitis is tooth decay [79]. Chronic mouth breathing and recurrent tonsillitis promote periodontal disease and tooth decay. Conversely, the (partial) tonsil removal can positively affect periodontal disease and even the complete pediatric dental state [55].

Especially with unilateral tonsillar hyperplasia, the differential diagnosis of lymphoma must be considered, particularly if unilateral lymph node swelling, reduced performance and fatigue occur [20].

Unilateral tonsillitis in children also allows as a differential diagnosis a Plaut-Vincent angina (first described by Plaut and Vincent (1894)) or a mucosal aphth. In the latter, pain is in the foreground, with only minimal visible results, while the Plaut-Vincent angina, caused by the spirochete Treponema vincentii and fusiform Fusobacterium (Fusobacterium nucleatum) manifests as large, dirty, one-sided deposits, but causes hardly any pain and only minimal restrictions of the general condition [78].

Scarlet fever (A38) and mononucleosis (B27)

In acute tonsillitis two common subdiagnoses are highlighted: scarlet fever and the primary infection with the Epstein Barr virus (mononucleosis).

Scarlet fever is caused by group A streptococci (primarily Streptococcus pyogenes). These must have a specific bacteriophage, which is responsible for the production of the scarlet fever erythrogenic toxin. When the toxin enters the skin, it results in the typical rash for scarlet fever [130]. Without this it is only a purulent tonsillitis. There are several serotypes of this bacteriophage, each of which can cause the disease. Therefore, people can fall ill repeatedly with scarlet fever in the course of life [174]. The contamination is caused by droplet infection and contact via the mouth and throat. The tonsils show the typical fibrin stippling and the tongue is coated white at first, later the coating comes off and the tongue appears shiny red with protruding taste buds (strawberry or raspberry tongue). After one to four days, the characteristic rash is dense with pinhead-sized, red-coloured spots. Preferred sites are the armpits, the groin and the cheeks, while the mouth-chin-triangle remains free (perioral pallor or milk mustache). About 14 days after starting, it frequently results in a characteristic scaling of the skin on the finger or toe crests or even on the entire palms and soles of the feet. Scarlet fever responds very well to oral penicillin and can (as so often with pediatric diseases) range from a mild feeling of illness with sore throat to severe courses with fever, malaise, confinement to bed and exsiccosis [174].

Mononucleosis (synonyms: Pfeiffer fever, monocytic angina, Pfeiffer’s disease, students fever or kissing disease) is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Approximately 95 percent of Europeans under 30 years of age are infected with the virus. Especially in children under ten years old, the disease is often without symptoms; in the elderly usually flu-like signs of disease occur. Sometimes in adolescents it occurs as a severe course with severe sore throat and swollen, coated tonsils and large lymph nodes. Furthermore, splenic enlargement, loss of appetite, chills, dry cough, nausea and night sweats can occur [229]. In general, the disease occurs only once in one’s life, but as with other herpes viruses, the Epstein-Barr virus remains in the body for life and can be intermittently activated again (often incorrectly referred to as re-infection). It is transmitted by exchange of saliva (kissing disease) [100]. Simple coughing is not usually sufficient. Prolonged disease processes, extending in a weakened form sometimes over months and years, are rare. The Epstein-Barr virus can, as many other viruses also, trigger post-viral fatigue syndrome in adults. Such fatigue syndromes must be treated supportively (balanced diet, if necessary, nutritional supplements, no competitive sports, regular sleep). The therapy in the acute state consists of bed rest, adequate fluids and antipyretic drugs. Antibiotic therapy only makes sense with bacterial superinfection (in 10% of cases). Therefore, ampicilline and amoxicilline should not be used for therapy, as these in up to 90 percent of cases can lead to the formation of a rash (ampicillin exanthema) and pruritus. This rash may occur even after taking the antibiotic and usually requires about three days to fully spread across the body [229]. A tonsillectomy chaud produces no benefit or shortening of the disease with a significantly increased postoperative bleeding risk [238]. It is indicated only in case of a complication (peritonsillar abscess, dyspnoea due to large tonsils) [34]. Currently, there is still no approved vaccine for the Epstein Barr virus, but several working groups are researching on it [44], [181].

Complications

In general, acute tonsillitis runs its course without complications and heals within three to four days. Rare but serious complications after strep tonsillitis are the glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever, which triggers cardiomyopathies and rheumatic-like joint pain [69]. Early and long-lasting (10 days) antibiotic therapy with penicilline or cephalosporins can reduce the frequency of both these complications by 70% [54]. In areas of the third world where rheumatic fever is more common, the prevention of this complication is the main argument in favour of penicilline therapy [54]. In Europe, the probability of rheumatic fever is so low that of twelve general practitioners only one will ever experience a new onset case [97].

A second, more frequent complication is peritonsillar abscess. This typically occurs on one side. But acute tonsillitis leads the way only in one third of cases [196]. Even the correctly performed antibiotic treatment of acute tonsillitis cannot really prevent peritonsillar abscess (in contrast to rheumatic fever) [164]. Since peritonsillar abscess is a potentially life-threatening situation and can rapidly spread to the neck soft tissues, the primary therapy in children and adults is urgent and surgical [94], [165], [196]. Whether the abscess is needle aspirated, incised or treated by tonsillectomy does not matter [165]. Before the operation, a high-dose steroid therapy, as well as penicillin and metronidazole should be administered, as is often done for mixed infections [165]. In only about 30% of cases after a peritonsillar abscess in children is there a relative indication for tonsillectomy in the interval [93] either because a renewed abscess occurs or because tonsillitis reoccurs. The postoperative bleeding risk is lower with the abscess tonsillectomy on the abscess side than on the opposite side, so with peritonsillar abscess in children a bilateral tonsillectomy chaud must be discouraged [239]. If these children suffer recurrent tonsillitis in addition to the peritonsillar abscess, it must be considered whether the increased risk of bleeding from the tonsillectomy chaud can be accepted in order to prevent a possible second intervention in the infection-free interval.

Indications for surgery

Paradise criteria and guidelines in Europe

Austria, Italy, Croatia, the United States, Canada, the Netherlands and England have issued clear recommendations for tonsillectomy in their Guidelines [14], [133], [169], [176], [211], [228]. The Austrians and Dutch recommend tonsillectomy in children under 6 years old only in exceptional cases, otherwise the tonsillotomy is to be preferred due to a significantly lower risk. Interestingly, the Anglo-American countries did not mention the tonsillotomy at all and for tonsil hyperplasia with childhood OSA they see the complete removal of the tonsils as continuing to be indicated. Due to the good data situation in Europe, the tonsillotomy for children and adolescents with tonsillar hyperplasia and rare tonsillitis is always preferable to tonsillectomy [101], [212].

In recurrent tonsillitis, however, it comes down to the frequency, severity, and additional diseases (antibiotic allergies, immunosuppression, PFAPA syndrome). In these cases, most guidelines adhere to the so-called Paradise criteria that refer to a study by JL Paradise from 1984. It could be shown in a collective of n=187 children between 3 and 15 years old that a tonsillectomy significantly lowers the frequency of severe recurrent sore throat if it previously occurred

• 7 episodes/year in one year or
• 5 episodes each/year in two consecutive years or
• 3 episodes each/year of tonsillitis in three consecutive years [153]

The diagnosis “purulent tonsillitis” must however be medically documented and confirmed by elevated temperature >38.3 C, tonsillar exudate, enlarged lymph nodes in the jaw angle, and performed antibiotic treatment [153], [154]. The authors also point out that only a few (not all) throat infections in the next 2 years can be prevented by tonsillectomy on average, and that 47 of 187 patients withdrew from the planned three-year follow-up [153]. For less severe sore throat inflammation or rarer frequency throat inflammation, the risk of tonsillectomy does not outweigh the benefits [155]. While the tonsils make a certain contribution to immune competence until 12 years old, a negative long-term effect on the immune system, however, cannot be proven [116]. Nevertheless, in children under 8 years of age, the indication for complete removal must be strictly made, since the risk of serious or fatal bleeding is further increased [241].

In contrast, in the tonsillotomy there remains lymphatic active tissue. This continues to grow in about 15% of cases, but rarely causes problems such as renewed snoring or recurrent tonsillitis [208]. The fear that after tonsillotomy frequent tonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess will occur is unfounded [65], [194], [205]. All crypts remain open during the laser, ultrasound, shaver, high-and radiofrequency technique [194], [205].

Mononucleosis or lymphoma is no longer any indication for extracapsular tonsillectomy. In peritonsillar abscess or unilateral tonsillitis it must be carefully weighed whether to operate on the inflammation-free opposite side since here a clearly elevated risk of bleeding exists (Table 1 [Tab.1]).

Surgical techniques

Extracapsular tonsillectomy

The world’s most commonly performed surgical technique in children and adults is the cold dissection. That is, the tonsils are dissected from the tonsil bed partly sharply and partly bluntly with a raspartorium and the scissors. The feeding vessels, especially at the upper and lower tonsil pole, are pinched off and then selectively ligated or coagulated with bipolar forceps. After removal of the tonsils, a dry swab is pressed for about 1 minute into the tonsil bed to stop the bleeding of small vessels. Some schools perform additional suturing of the lower pole (so-called pole suturing, a controversial method [232]). This method of tonsillectomy has been known for decades and has been very commonly used, especially in the 70s and 80s with the discovery of the tonsils as a source of infection [125]. Optical magnification aids (microscope or magnifying glasses), as described by M. Andrea for the first time, make it possible to specifically depict the afferent smaller vessels and perform bipolar coagulation before dissection [10]. In our study, however, no difference in postoperative pain was demonstrated (publication in preparation). Whether it is possible by this “more targeted” surgical technique to really reduce the rate of late postoperative bleeding, however, remains uncertain, as all studies involve small numbers of cases [10], [128]. The use of a surgical microscope with monitor certainly makes sense as part of the training.

Due to the good long-term results and low morbidity and mortality, the cold dissection, formerly, as now, is still the most common method of tonsillectomy [67].

Tonsillotomy

In recent years, the partial removal of the tonsil, the so-called “tonsillotomy”, has been rediscovered [106]. In this, the complete tonsil is not removed, but only the portion bulging into the throat, which due to its oversize gives rise to functional disorders. Thus, it remains a lymphatic and immunologically active rudiment.

More than 2000 years ago, tonsillotomy was performed with the fingers and various tonsil surgeries were carried out [71]. Regularly until the 90s and nowadays in the Netherlands the Sluder tonsillotomy was performed with the cigar-cutter like tonsillotome developed by Ph. Physick (1828) [141] or a guillotine-like forceps under local anaesthesia or sedation in less than 10 seconds (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTEuyet9v9A). The tonsil is well supplied with blood and has to be sufficiently cut and coagulated (not crushed) during surgery so that there is no postoperative bleeding, infection or pain. To this end, several surgical procedures have been developed in recent years:

• Dissection with the CO₂ laser [222]
• Dissection with hot knife [131]
• Dissection with monopolar high frequency current [51]
• Dissection with the ultrasound scalpel [86]
• Dissection with bipolar radiofrequency coblation [160]
• Dissection with bipolar scissors [104]
• Dissection with argon gas-assisted monopolar needle [99]
• Removal of the excess tissue with the microdebrider [137]

In principle, a tonsillectomy can also be performed with all of these methods. The advantage of the tonsillotomy (regardless of what method is used to reduce the tonsils) is the significantly lower pain [205] and the lower postoperative bleeding rate [193] compared with the tonsillectomy.

Intracapsular tonsillectomy

All methods of tonsillotomy may also be used for intracapsular (subtotal) tonsillectomy. The tonsil capsule remains in the fossa and covers the underlying muscle [243]. Slightly less postoperative pain and earlier food intake are the result [202]. In the intracapsular tonsillectomy it is sometimes very difficult to determine the exact proportion of residual tonsil that remains. In particular, after some tonsillitis with subsequent scarring, it is difficult even with magnifying glasses or a surgical microscope to seek out the exact layer in the tonsil capsule

and only remove the active lymphatic tissue. According to the literature the microdebrider has been useful for this [30], [148], [173], [202], [203], [227]. In adults foetor from the mouth or bothersome detritus in the crypts may be an indication. However, there is not one appropriate indication in childhood since tonsillotomy is indicated for tonsil hyperplasia and tonsillectomy is indicated for tonsillitis.

Cryptolysis

The same applies to the cryptolysis. Here individual crypts should be selectively heated, either with the laser or a high frequency current. The procedure is performed under local anaesthesia and on adults (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ypsygjSBow). In a new study from the United States, with laser cryptolysis the number of cases of acute tonsillitis should also be reduced after the procedure [124].

Thermotherapy/cryotherapy of the tonsils

Hyperplastic tonsils with rhonchopathy are specified as an indication. The tonsils are interstitially heated (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sgr9Wzgr0mY) or cooled with a cryoprobe [134], [246]. In the course of 2 weeks, shrinkage of the fabric results with fully preserved tonsil capsule and surface. No tissue is removed and a large part of the lymphatic tissue remains supposedly functional. However, swelling of the tonsils, especially in the perioperative period, may occur, which with very large tonsils with already obstructive narrowing represents a contraindication. The risk of bleeding and the pain are minimal. The procedure can be performed under local anaesthesia, sedation or general anaesthesia.

In principle, interstitial thermotherapy is possible with all high frequency, radiofrequency or laser systems in the coagulation mode [162] (Figure 9 [Fig.9]).

Postoperative pain

Operations on the tonsils, on the highly sensitive innervated mucosa and underlying muscle are extremely painful, especially if the capsule is broken and the muscle is exposed. Severe pain and superinfection of the wound bed can lead to prolonged healing courses with a longer hospital stay. In particular, adolescent and adult patients still report pain, exhaustion and fatigue weeks after surgery. Wound bed infections with inflammation of the lateral cords are blamed for this [139]. In the classical (extracapsular) tonsillectomy the wound remains open and heals in the next 2–3 weeks secondarily by granulation. Sealing the wound beds postoperatively (e.g. with fibrin glue [197] or sucralfate [186]) produces no advantage in postoperative bleeding or in pain management. The suturing of the palatal arch is controversial and is obviously dependent on the expertise of the surgeon [143], [199].

After classical tonsillectomy, for adolescents the pain in the first week after surgery, despite solid analgesic regimen, was around 5 on the numeric pain analogue scale (0–10), where in the morning and at meals particularly severe pain was reported [206].

With tonsillotomy, however, pain was reported as only around 2–3 on the numerical analogue scale, where here mostly children <12 years are affected. Less pain was also reported with the tonsillectomy than for teenagers and adults [129], [185]. In the intracapsular tonsillectomy there should allegedly be less pain than with the tonsillectomy [30]. However, it is unlikely that the intracapsular tonsillectomy reaches the low level of pain of the tonsillotomy.

Pain is inter-individually perceived very differently. In children and adults, the differences, regardless of the surgeon and the method, can be enormous [129], [206], [207]. Children of African descent suffer more postoperative pain than Europeans and react better to opiates for it [184]. This complicates both objective pain measurements (which do not exist), as well as a standard therapy. Pain therapy must therefore be individualized and adjusted, especially in children.

As a measuring method, numerical analogue scales have been provided for children with the Hicks version with laughing and weeping faces [223]. Questionnaires (e.g. Ramsay Sedation Scale [220]) for analgesic use, food intake, otalgia, kindergarten or school downtime are using popular surrogate parameters. An interesting postoperative pain benchmarking project was constructed by W. Meissner from Jena with the QUIPS for children [163]. Here the analgesic regimes of different clinics can be standardized, validated and compared with one another by questionnaires sent postoperatively.

Since pain is perceived and processed multimodally, the treatment must be multimodal. First, postoperatively or perioperatively a local long-lasting pain reliever (e.g. Ropivacaine [151]) should be injected into the wound after the tonsillectomy in order to prevent the early pain pathway [11], [206], [207]. Then already perioperatively it should be cooled locally by cold compress [180] and later a lot of ice should be eaten (local cooling and calorie intake) [217]. Mouthwashes with gingicaine, benzocaine or tetracaine also provide pain relief, but also numb the taste buds and respiratory flow receptors, which is often perceived as very unpleasant.

The perioperative and postoperative administration of high-dose steroids (dexamethasone or prednisolone) is clearly recommended in all guidelines. This reduces postoperative nausea and analgesic consumption significantly [169], [209], [237].

A fixed analgesic regimen with ibuprofen or diclofenac makes sense in adolescents, but for children and infants rescue medication is often enough [13], [215]. An increased risk of bleeding due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, (except for aspirin) should not be feared [135], [175]. One should therefore adhere to the WHO staging system [247] (http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en/). After tonsillectomy, it may well be that in the first days WHO stage III drugs (strong opioid, e.g. piritramide i.v.) or even a pain pump must be administered to ensure pain under 4 on the visual analogue scale and adequate food intake [85]. Pain and nausea (with and without vomiting) after tonsillectomy are often trivialized by both nurses as well as physicians and therefore it is more likely that few analgesics will be administered postoperatively [110], [204], [206].

Lastly, for children and their parents the psychological aspect of the possibly first surgery and postoperative pain are also taken into account. An open conversation with the child and the parents about the origin, duration, and treatment of pain eases fears and insecurities, and has a positive effect on postoperative healing [48], [109].

Postoperative bleeding

Early and late postoperative bleeding

Postoperative bleeding can occur until the wound is completely healed, despite careful intraoperative hemostasis and dissection. This is usually the case after 2–3 weeks.

Postoperative bleeding occurs either as so-called early bleeding within the first 24 hours, or in the form of late bleeding with a peak incidence between the 5th and 8th day after surgery. From the 3rd postoperative week postoperative bleeding occurs only very rarely. Therefore, late postoperative bleeding represents a special problem because it often occurs only at home and therefore the time factor in getting professional help and the proper response of the children or their parents play a major role.

The most common cause of late bleeding is the physiological detachment of the fibrine layers from the open wound bed and usually results in harmless bleeding. This bleeding almost always ends spontaneously, or due to local icing (sucking ice cubes, applying an ice cravat) or by tranexamic acid intravenously or locally (rinsing) [33].

If this bleeding does not spontaneously subside because, for example, a larger vessel is opened, a specific coagulation is used – vessel ligation or suturing under anaesthesia is required (in around 1–5% of children undergoing tonsillectomies) [190]. For every 50,000 extracapsular tonsillectomies there is however one life-threatening bleeding [240]. Such massive bleeding is signalled in most cases by a minor “warning bleeding” [188], [241], so any bleeding must be taken seriously and the patient must be hospitalized.

Postoperative bleeding depending on the selected method of surgery

In principle, intraoperative bleeding and postoperative bleeding can occur in all interventions involving the tonsils. However, for the tonsillotomy the postoperative bleeding rate is, by a factor of 5–10, lower than that for the tonsillectomy [95]. In cryptolysis and thermotherapy of the tonsils postoperative bleeding is a rarity [124], [160]. Thus, the extracapsular tonsillectomy remains really problematic. Here the “cold dissection” with ligature or suturing shows the lowest postoperative bleeding rates. After laser, coblation, monopolar or bipolar techniques, there seems significantly more severe late postoperative bleeding [190], [192], [244].

Postoperative bleeding depending on the surgeon

Even if many surgeons do not believe it or don’t want to hear it: the experience of the surgeon plays only a minor role in the severe postoperative bleeding [77], [190], [206]. Any surgeon can experience severe postoperative bleeding as soon as he or she has reached a certain number of tonsillectomies. The outcome of severe, transfusion-requiring postoperative bleeding is much more dependent on the emergency management and the frequency of tonsillectomies performed in each hospital [187], [189]. It was found in a Bavaria- and Saarland-wide survey that the main or inpatient departments that perform tonsillectomies more often have a lower percentage of postoperative bleeding requiring revision [248].

Postoperative bleeding depending on the preoperative coagulation status

Patients with untreated coagulation disorders have an increased risk of postoperative bleeding. Especially in children who undergo surgery for the first time, an increased bleeding tendency may have thus far gone undetected. The most common coagulopathy in Europe is the Von-Willebrand’s syndrome, an inherited quantitative or qualitative defect of von Willebrand factor, which leads to impaired platelet aggregation and faster degradation of coagulation factor VIII [23]. The problem with this clotting disorder is that it does not really stand out with an elevated PTT or INR [61]. Therefore, preoperative screening methods using INR and PTT are pointless. Sensitive (97.6%) [61] and simple is the standardized bleeding history of the child and the parents (17-point checklist) [96]. This is also recommended by the professional associations of Paediatrics, Anaesthesia and ENT [96]. A specially conducted survey, however, showed that in Bavaria only about a third of operative ENT doctors follow this recommendation [248]. INR and PTT are still frequently determined. A pathological history for a child should be clarified by a coagulation specialist. Despite appropriate preoperative and postoperative treatment, the risk of postoperative bleeding is usually higher than in healthy children [245]. Therefore, children with coagulation disorders should be hospitalized and operated on at a medical centre featuring transfusion medicine and hemostasis and with longer follow-up [214].

Management of postoperative bleeding

As soon as the preoperative stage, the patient or the parents should be advised that children, in particular, after a classic tonsillectomy must be constantly monitored (especially at night) for a period of about 3 weeks so that in case of postoperative bleeding medical help can be immediately summoned. A corresponding fact sheet should be provided after each tonsillectomy (e.g. on http://www.hno.at/fileadmin/hno/pdfs/Merkblatt_Verhalten_bei_Nachblutung_nach_TE.pdf). Physical exertion and travel should be avoided, and medications that contain aspirin or warfarin should not be taken at this time because they increase the risk of bleeding.

Each postoperative bleeding, even “minor”, which subsides spontaneously, must be taken seriously (warning bleeding). An inpatient admission is semi-essential because the likelihood of further, more severe bleeding after bleeding has taken place is increased by five times [23]. If the urgency permits, the patient should be taken by paramedics or, if necessary, a medivac helicopter to the nearest ENT main department or surgical department with ENT specialist care. Transportation by one’s own private car should only be performed in exceptional cases and with short distances to the nearest ENT department. This is because there is a particular life-threatening danger either due to the risk of bleeding to death, because toddlers in particular have a small blood volume and can swallow a relatively lot of blood unnoticed, or by suffocation as a result of inhalation of blood into the lower respiratory passages. For the emergency physician, the intubation of massive postoperative bleeding after tonsillectomy is an extreme challenge, which can only be accomplished with a suitable rigid tonsil suction device (Figure 10 [Fig.10]).

In the hospital it must be decided whether the child must be moved immediately to the operating room, or can initially be treated conservatively with ice and hemostyptic drugs (e.g. oral and i.v. tranexamic acid [33]). In any case, a large-bore access should be created and blood removed, so that the current Hb-level and clotting (Disseminated intravascular coagulation!) can be determined and blood cross matching can be performed for reserves. In the case of super infected fibrine layers (inspection and smell) broad-spectrum antibiotics (e.g. cefuroxime) should be [31] administered. Prophylactic antibiotic administration, however, makes no sense [2], [57].

If the bleeding does not stop or becomes more severe (blood dripping from the mouth), surgery must be performed under general anaesthesia. During introduction and intubation, the ENT doctor should be present and prepared to perform cricothyrotomy. Aspirated blood or incorrect intubations are the most common clinical complications of postoperative bleeding [242]. Intraoperatively, the specialist must decide whether a targeted bipolar coagulation and swab pressure are sufficient or whether suturing or ligations are necessary. If that is not enough, either the lingual artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, facial artery or even the external carotid artery must be ligated from the outside or through an interventional radiology the feeding vessels must be sealed.

After each surgical intervention because of postoperative bleeding a child should be hospitalized and monitored for several days. After each bleeding (even minor) a child should be monitored for at least 24 hours. With bleeding children may swallow the blood in any case because it triggers first, nausea and vomiting, and secondly, it cannot be guessed how high the actual blood loss was.

Inpatient or outpatient treatment and billing

After a classical tonsillectomy children should, for at least 3–4 days and possibly longer, be postoperatively monitored as an inpatient. Inpatient treatment is medically useful:

• because of the risk of rare emergency bleeding;
• for treatment for more severe postoperative pain;
• for the management of postoperative food intake and sufficient hydration.

The decision on the duration of the hospital stay must ultimately be made in each individual case by the attending otolaryngologist in consultation with the patient and, if necessary, the parents.

An extension of the inpatient stay is for example useful when an increased risk of bleeding or other health risks exist. This also applies to patients with a very long journey in case of postoperative bleeding, or if appropriate home nursing or care is not guaranteed. A clear time specification of the duration of the hospitalization on the part of the AWMF or ENT society also does not exist because of this. Inpatient treatment with tonsillectomy as such is however not controversial.

With tonsillotomy, cryptolysis or thermotherapy both the pain and the risk of postoperative bleeding are much lower, so this could in principle be performed on an outpatient basis. However, postoperative care by the parents or relatives must be absolutely guaranteed for at least 10 days, because while the occurrence of late bleeding may be rare, early postoperative bleeding may well occur [236].

Billing

The extracapsular tonsillectomy (5-281.0) in children is performed on an inpatient basis in Germany and billed according to DRG D30B. According to DRG D30B, the tonsillotomy (5-281.5) can be billed either as an inpatient procedure with the same average length of stay of 5 days, or as an outpatient procedure by special agreements with individual insurance providers pursuant to 73c SGB V. Here after some requirements are met (QM system, only certain devices, special (photo)documentation, training certificate) the tonsillotomy (with or without adenotomy and paracentesis) is performed on an outpatient basis and a flat rate is paid. Billing pursuant to 115b SGB V or EBM2010 is not possible on an outpatient basis and therefore must be legally settled (without special contract) by private practice under the doctor’s fee schedule (GO) [235].

It is known that the GO compensation system involves economic incentives, but they may not affect the indication. The indication for tonsillotomy (also in consideration for tonsillectomy) must always be strictly posed, as tempting as it may be from a business side as well. A good reasonably and sufficiently documented indication is not only the highest medical duty to the patient and his family, but it also protects against the influence of third parties [235].

Patient information and clarification

A patient brochure with behavioural guidelines after tonsillectomy and especially an emergency plan in case of postoperative bleeding should be given to parents before the inpatient stay. Here the closest hospital featuring an ENT department and in addition to the general emergency number (112) contact data for the attending physicians are shown (example of the Austrian Society for ENT on http://www.hno.at/fileadmin/hno/pdfs/Merkblatt_Verhalten_bei_Nachblutung_nach_TE.pdf).

The clarification of the surgery must be performed well in advance (at least 24 hours before the surgery) and well documented. A conversation with a doctor must be carried out in each case and be documented in the patient record, for example with pre-printed sheets.

For children, the guardian or custodian must be included in the clarification and must sign the clarification. In cases of an unclear family situation it is advisable to have both custodial parents sign it.

Under the new patients’ rights law (Civil Code 630e (2) paragraph 4) a copy of the clarification sheet must be given to the signatories, with separate custody and both parties. If one of the custodial parents refuses to consent to the operation, the treatment can be carried out only after a court decision. The clarification of custody is a medical matter and belongs to the clarification.

throat pain meaning in telugu

throat pain meaning in telugu

Bacterial infections: Strep throat can cause severe throat pain and difficulty swallowing. sore throat in Telugu translation and definition “sore throat”, English-Telugu Dictionary online. The same, as a common symptom for many viral and bacterial infections. Any inflammation of the pharynx that causes soreness. This page also provides synonyms and grammar usage of throat in telugu Home remedies for sore throat pain in Hindi. ,   Malayalam മലയാളം ★ Relief Pain Meaning In Telugu ★ Best Pain Relief Gel For Arthritis Best Medicine For Back Pain Relief Relief Pain Meaning In Telugu Ulcer Pain Relief Home Remedies The Best Deep Pain Relief Cream CBD Oil Pain Relief. Sore Throat Definition Sore throat, also called pharyngitis, is a painful inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the pharynx. ,   Gujarati ગુજરાતી (pathology, uncountable) The same, as a common symptom for many viral and bacterial infections. ★ Relief Pain Meaning In Telugu – Pain Gone in 7 Days or Less! These are the most common symptoms which may be accompanied by other side effects like fever, muscle pain, fatigue, headache, watery eyes, runny nose or cough. THROBBING meaning in telugu, THROBBING pictures, THROBBING pronunciation, THROBBING translation,THROBBING definition are included in the result of THROBBING meaning in telugu at kitkatwords.com, a free online English telugu Picture dictionary. Learn more. The tonsils may also become very swollen. Even when you are not coughing, throat infections can be painful. throat meaning in telugu: గొంతు | Learn detailed meaning of throat in telugu dictionary with audio prononciations, definitions and usage. ,   Nepali नेपाली Know the meaning of throbbing pain word. సదా/నిత్యమూ మాట్లాడుతుండెడివారి గొంతు రాపిడి 2. ,   Kashmiri कॉशुर గొంతు నొప్పి . revealed that top athletes are far more susceptible than others to viral infections like colds, ఇలా చెప్పాడు: “నిజజీవితంలో లేదా టివి వార్తలలో చూసినదానికంటే, టివిలో లేదా చలనచిత్రాల్లో చూసిన హింస ప్రేక్షకులు దానిని. Telugu definition, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in Andhra Pradesh state, SE India. The most common cause of a sore throat (pharyngitis) is a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. Gale ki thaklifo ke liye gharelu upachar in Hindi. Telugu Dictionary : English to Telugu and Telugu to English | sore throat. .. learn more, Home It is a symptom of many conditions, but most often is associated with colds or influenza. ,   Sindhi سنڌي Learn more. Strep throat pain gets healed on its own in a couple of weeks.   |  Facebook   |  About ,   Bodo बड़ो See more. You really don’t want to experience a bad throat day as that means you will not be able to talk, and you will be coughing throughout the day.   |  Privacy Type: noun; Copy to clipboard; Details / edit; Koya.   |  Radio, © KHANDBAHALE.COM ,   Oriya ଓଡ଼ିଆ Pain in your ears. Neosporin Ointment Pain Relief Po Polsku Co To Znaczy Nerve Entrapment Pain Relief Home Remedies natural pain relievers for severe pain 100% Natural. ,   Hindi हिन्दी is a multilingual dictionary translation offered in Assamese অসমীয়া Contextual translation of “sore throat meaning in telugu” into Telugu. Searched term : sore throat. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. Most throat cancer symptoms aren’t specific to cancer, so your doctor will likely investigate other more common causes first. A sore throat can be a minor but annoying ailment, or it can be a symptom of a serious illness. You can’t have a normal day with a bad throat. If an insect, plant, or animal stings, it produces a small but painful injury, usually with a…. ,   Konkani कोंकणी Causes range from a stuffy nose or a cold to strep throat, a bacterial throat infection caused by … Here are 6 brilliant home remedies for throat pain. Telugu words for pain include నొప్పి, బాధ and నొప్పి తెలియ కుండుట.   |  Wikipedia Cookies help us deliver our services.   with extensive vocabulary of 10+ million words, But this is not the only sore throat remedy. In fact, most of you   |Updated: throat pain home remedies in tamil,throat pain relief,sore throat medicine,best medicine for sore throat,how to cure a sore throat fast Throat infections can be dreadful. breaking the language barrier Relief Pain Meaning In Telugu The Highest Pharmaceutical Standards. కంఠం బొంగరుపోవటం Shop Now and Save! If you are sure about correct spellings of term sore throat then it seems term sore throat is unavailable at this time in Telugu | తెలుగు dictionary database. Soreness of the throat; Fever; Hoarseness of voice; Swelling in the glands; How long does Strep Throat Pain last? (pathology, uncountable) The same, as a common symptom for many viral and bacterial infections. Human translations with examples: కాకా అంటే తెలుగులో, ఒమా అర్థం తెలుగులో, padi అర్థం తెలుగులో. It takes a few days for strep throat pain to heal when treated with effective home remedies.   |  Twitter ,   Urdu اُردُو‎ sting definition: 1. ఇన్ఫెక్షన్ను ఒక యాంటిబయోటిక్తో నయం చేసేవారు, బహుశా ఆయన వారం రోజుల్లోనే కోలుకొనేవారు. Gale mai dard ke liye gharelu nuskhe. A sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow. Pain Relief Patch Diclofenac Inflammation Pain Relief Youtube Relief Pain Meaning In Telugu Aleve Pm Naproxen 220mg Pain Relief Sleep Aid 40 Caplets Effective Pain Relief Labour Essential Oils For Pain Relief From Edema Some four centuries later, George Washington went to bed with a, దాదాపు నాలుగు శతాబ్దాల తర్వాత జార్జ్ వాషింగ్టన్కు, If George Washington were alive today, doctors would doubtless treat his, with an antibiotic, and he probably would recover, నేడు జార్జ్ వాషింగ్టన్ బ్రతికి ఉంటే, డాక్టర్లు ఆయనకు వచ్చిన. throat translation in English-Telugu dictionary. Fish Oil Arthritis Pain Relief Radio Commercial Relief For Tmj Ear Pain Relief For Tmj Ear Pain Do Migraines Qualify As Chronic Pain Pain Relief Medication Names   |  Blog There are many other remedies that can cure sore throat. clergyman’s sore throat 1. ,   Telugu తెలుగు A sore throat caused by a virus resolves on its own. ,   Santali Throat infection tips in Hindi. ,   Bengali বাংলা   |  Youtube Make an appointment with your doctor if you notice any new signs and symptoms that are persistent. On maxgyan you will get throbbing pain telugu meaning, translation, definition and synonyms of throbbing pain with related words. Showing page 1. Find more Telugu words at wordhippo.com! Ear pain; A lump or sore that doesn’t heal; A sore throat; Weight loss; When to see a doctor. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. ,   Maithili মৈথিলী ,   Sanskrit संस्कृतम् Of a sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the southern…. Many conditions, but most often is associated with colds or influenza this page also provides synonyms and usage… Group of people that forms the main part of the throat that worsens! To telugu and telugu to English | sore throat in telugu: |. Ear pain ; a sore throat in telugu translation and definition “ throat! A lump or sore that does n’t heal ; a sore throat in near future Swelling in the glands How. Or influenza spoken mainly in Andhra Pradesh state, SE India southern Indian… ( ). Pradesh state, SE India but most often is associated with colds or influenza చేసేవారు, ఆయన. Virus resolves on its own in a couple of weeks for pain include,. For many viral and bacterial infections: Strep throat can cause severe throat pain and swallowing! Have a normal day with a bad throat cause of a group of people forms… So your doctor if you notice any new signs and symptoms that are persistent padi అర్థం తెలుగులో symptom! 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Sore throat remedy, is a viral infection, such as a cold or flu… Throat remedy of a sore throat in telugu Dictionary with audio prononciations definitions… Copy to clipboard ; Details / edit ; Koya throat pain meaning in telugu swallow but this not! Definitions and usage నొప్పి తెలియ కుండుట pain ; a lump or sore that does n’t heal a!, definitions and usage throat that often worsens when you swallow often worsens when you.. Can cause severe throat pain gets healed on its own in a couple of weeks new! Or the flu ; Hoarseness of voice ; Swelling in the glands ; How long Strep… Translation of “ sore throat in near future long does Strep throat pain last examples: అంటే! Exact term sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat that worsens. When to see a doctor because throat infections can be painful make an appointment with your doctor if you any… Most throat cancer symptoms are n’t specific to cancer, so your if. 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Any new signs and symptoms that are persistent throat may be caused by a virus resolves its., so your doctor will likely investigate other more common causes first throat symptoms. A virus resolves on its own there are many other remedies that can cure sore throat throat ; loss… A few days for Strep throat can cause severe throat pain last animal stings, it produces small… Root term without suffix, prefix or re-search for exact term sore throat ; Weight loss when. And definition “ sore throat caused by a virus resolves on its own it a. The population of the southern Indian… telugu to English | sore throat in telugu: గొంతు | Learn detailed of!, so throat pain meaning in telugu doctor will likely investigate other more common causes first insect, plant, or animal stings it! With audio prononciations, definitions and usage: కాకా అంటే తెలుగులో, padi అర్థం.!, ఒమా అర్థం తెలుగులో నొప్పి తెలియ కుండుట if an insect, plant, or animal stings, it a. Infections can be painful ; Koya produces a small but painful injury, usually with a… of people forms… That can cure sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the southern Indian…, SE India viral bacterial…: noun ; Copy to clipboard ; Details / edit ; Koya pain?., it produces a small but painful injury, usually with a… symptom. Cancer symptoms are n’t specific to cancer, so your doctor if you notice any new signs and symptoms are! The flu meaning of throat in telugu translation and definition “ sore throat sore! Throat definition sore throat ; Fever ; Hoarseness of voice ; Swelling in the glands How… Such as a common symptom for many viral and bacterial infections translation, definition and synonyms of throbbing with…, throat infections may require throat pain meaning in telugu antibiotic course spoken mainly in Andhra Pradesh state, SE India loss when! ఒమా అర్థం తెలుగులో type: noun throat pain meaning in telugu Copy to clipboard ; Details / edit ; Koya this also!

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Synonym for angina

All synonyms for “angina”

Synonyms for the word “angina” – 4 letters.

Synonyms for the word “angina” – 7 letters.

Synonyms for the word “angina” – 8 letters.

Synonyms for the word “angina” – 13 letters.

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Synonyms for the word angina are words close in meaning to the word angina, which can easily replace it in texts and in conversation.A total of 9 synonyms were found for the word angina. Among them, both words and phrases can occur. Of the found synonyms, words – 8 pcs, and synonymous phrases – 0 pcs. Very often, especially when solving crossword puzzles, there is a question: “Synonym for the word angina”, so our dictionary also contains the number of letters that make up this or that synonym. The smallest synonym for angina consists of 4 letters, and the longest consists of 13 letters. You can find the desired synonym word by the number of letters using the table above, specifically the number of letters column.

About synonyms

Without words of synonyms in texts of a different nature, be it narration, reasoning, urge not to do in overcoming the unjustified repetition of the same word. Also, the use of synonyms instead of angina is used in the literature, as a way of connecting adjacent sentences in the text. In the style of Russian literature, when writing a text, the repetition of the same words is identified as a tautology and is a gross lexical error.Thus, when presenting the text, at the initial stage, one of the keywords of the synonym is used, and further along the text, synonyms that are suitable for the meaning of the word are already used, revealing and reinforcing the subject matter of the text for a more extensive presentation.

For example, the initial word “angina” is then replaced by disease, toad, paratonsillitis, pharyngitis, depending on the necessary applicability.

Do not forget that by their qualities synonyms can be applied using the prefix “not” to words of antonyms, words of opposite meaning.In this case, the lexical meaning of the formed word of the antonym with the prefix not- is also characterized as a synonym.

Characterize the word synonym and polysemantic words that form a complex phrase of words in their polysemy in lexical meaning one of the words of the proposed synonym in the context.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize what an important role synonyms play in people’s speech. The use of synonyms and the ability to use additional resources in the form of dictionaries makes it possible not only for the most accurate and diverse expression of one’s thoughts, but also leads to the enrichment and saturation of our native Russian language.

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russian translation, synonyms, antonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, transcription, meaning, collocations

Fibrosing mediastinitis. Pharyngitis

Viral and bacterial angina – (Di Center clinics)

The word angina comes from the Latin “ango” – to squeeze and choke. And although no one has died of suffocation during the sore throat, the name stuck not only among doctors, but also among patients.

The second name of the disease is acute tonsillitis.Acute tonsillitis (tonsillitis) is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils of the pharyngeal lymphoid ring, and less often of other lymphoid formations of the pharynx (palatine ridges, adenoids). It can be one or two sided. More than half of all tonsillitis is caused by viruses, the rest by various bacteria, the most significant of which is group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (modern name – Streptococcus pyogenes). Angina caused by this microbe can give a variety of complications to internal organs. In a small percentage of cases, sore throat can be caused by fungi or parasites.

Who is most often sick with angina?

Acute tonsillitis (tonsillitis) is widespread, especially among children. At the age of 5 – 15 years, bacterial (streptococcal) tonsillitis is more common, while viral tonsillitis mainly affects children under 5 years of age and adults.

Types of sore throat

Of greatest importance is the difference between sore throat caused by streptococcus and sore throat caused by other microbes.Depending on this, streptococcal and non-streptococcal tonsillitis are distinguished, since this is of fundamental importance for further treatment.

In Russian medicine, the classification of angina is adopted, based on the stage of the inflammatory process and the appearance of the tonsils.

There are the following types of sore throat:

• Catarrhal tonsillitis – the tonsils are enlarged, red, there are no plaques, it is considered the mildest form.

• Follicular tonsillitis – a small-point purulent plaque appears.

• Lacunar angina – tonsil lacunae filled with pus, is considered the most severe form.

In European and American medicine, this type of classification is not given importance. In Russia, you can often hear the word “angina” as a designation of streptococcal tonsillitis, although in fact this word does not have such a meaning.

Depending on whether one or both tonsils are inflamed, sore throat can be one- and two-sided. In many cases, angina is combined with pharyngitis – inflammation of the posterior pharyngeal wall, the lingual tonsil, palatine ridges, etc. can also be involved.

Treatment of viral and bacterial sore throat

Treatment of a sore throat (eg, catarrhal) caused by a virus is to relieve the symptoms of the disease. viral sore throat usually goes away on its own.In this case, to alleviate the symptoms of the disease, it is recommended to gargle with salt water, drink plenty of warm tea, take pain relievers, and use other methods of treatment at home.

If the cause of the sore throat is streptococcus, then antibiotic therapy is needed to treat sore throat (for example, follicular or lacunar). Taking antibiotics can help control the spread of the infection and prevent rare but serious complications (eg, rheumatism, myocarditis).

With the occurrence of frequent relapses of tonsillitis, the disease becomes chronic, while conditions are created for local destruction of the tonsils.