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Trade name for ampicillin. Ampicillin: Comprehensive Guide to Uses, Dosages, and Side Effects

What are the primary uses of ampicillin. How is ampicillin administered. What are the common side effects of ampicillin. What are the recommended dosages for ampicillin. How does ampicillin interact with other medications. What precautions should be taken when using ampicillin. Who should avoid taking ampicillin.

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Understanding Ampicillin: A Versatile Antibiotic

Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the penicillin group of drugs. It’s widely used to treat various bacterial infections in both humans and animals. This medication works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, ultimately leading to the death of susceptible bacteria.

Available under various trade names such as Omni-Pen®, Principen®, and Polyflex®, ampicillin comes in multiple formulations to suit different medical needs. These include oral capsules, tablets, suspensions, and injectable solutions for intramuscular or intravenous administration.

Key Features of Ampicillin

  • Broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  • Available in various formulations for flexible administration
  • Used in both human and veterinary medicine
  • Requires a prescription from a healthcare professional

Primary Uses and Indications for Ampicillin

Ampicillin is prescribed for a wide range of bacterial infections affecting different parts of the body. Its versatility makes it a valuable tool in combating various infectious diseases.

Common Infections Treated with Ampicillin

  • Respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis)
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Gastrointestinal infections
  • Skin and soft tissue infections
  • Meningitis
  • Septicemia
  • Endocarditis

In veterinary medicine, ampicillin is used to treat similar infections in animals, including dogs, cats, and livestock.

Ampicillin Dosage Forms and Administration Routes

Ampicillin is available in various dosage forms to accommodate different patient needs and treatment requirements. The choice of formulation depends on factors such as the severity of the infection, patient age, and overall health status.

Oral Formulations

  • Capsules: 250 mg, 500 mg
  • Tablets: 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g
  • Powder for oral suspension: 125 mg/5mL, 250 mg/5mL

Injectable Formulations

  • Powder for solution: 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g, 10 g vials
  • Solution for injection: Various concentrations

The route of administration is determined by the healthcare provider based on the patient’s condition and the type of infection being treated. Oral administration is often preferred for mild to moderate infections, while injectable forms are used for more severe cases or when oral administration is not feasible.

Mechanism of Action: How Ampicillin Fights Bacteria

Ampicillin’s effectiveness against bacteria lies in its unique mechanism of action. Understanding how this antibiotic works helps appreciate its role in combating infections.

The Cell Wall Target

Ampicillin targets the bacterial cell wall, a structure essential for bacterial survival. By interfering with cell wall synthesis, ampicillin weakens the bacteria’s defenses, making them vulnerable to osmotic pressure and ultimately leading to their destruction.

Step-by-Step Process

  1. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the bacterial cell membrane.
  2. This binding inhibits the final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis, a crucial component of the bacterial cell wall.
  3. The weakened cell wall cannot withstand the internal osmotic pressure of the bacterium.
  4. As a result, the bacterial cell lyses or bursts, causing cell death.

This bactericidal action makes ampicillin effective against a wide range of susceptible bacteria, including both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

Dosage Guidelines and Administration Protocols

Proper dosing of ampicillin is crucial for its effectiveness and safety. Dosages vary depending on factors such as the type and severity of infection, patient age, weight, and renal function.

General Dosage Guidelines for Adults

  • Oral: 250-500 mg every 6 hours
  • Intramuscular/Intravenous: 500 mg to 2 g every 4-6 hours

Pediatric Dosing

For children, dosages are typically calculated based on body weight:

  • Oral: 50-100 mg/kg/day divided into 4 doses
  • Intramuscular/Intravenous: 100-200 mg/kg/day divided into 4 doses

It’s important to note that these are general guidelines, and the prescribing healthcare provider will determine the appropriate dosage based on individual patient factors and the specific infection being treated.

Potential Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

While ampicillin is generally well-tolerated, like all medications, it can cause side effects in some individuals. Understanding these potential reactions is crucial for patients and healthcare providers alike.

Common Side Effects

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Rash
  • Abdominal discomfort
  • Headache

Serious but Rare Side Effects

  • Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
  • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
  • Blood disorders (e.g., anemia, thrombocytopenia)
  • Liver dysfunction
  • Kidney problems

Patients should be advised to seek medical attention if they experience severe or persistent side effects, especially signs of an allergic reaction such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, or severe skin reactions.

Drug Interactions and Precautions

Ampicillin can interact with various medications and substances, potentially affecting its efficacy or increasing the risk of side effects. Healthcare providers must consider these interactions when prescribing ampicillin.

Notable Drug Interactions

  • Oral contraceptives: Ampicillin may reduce their effectiveness
  • Allopurinol: Increased risk of skin rash
  • Probenecid: May increase ampicillin blood levels
  • Methotrexate: Ampicillin may increase its toxicity
  • Warfarin: Potential for increased anticoagulant effect

Precautions and Contraindications

Certain individuals may need to avoid ampicillin or use it with caution:

  • Patients with a history of penicillin allergy
  • Individuals with mononucleosis (increased risk of rash)
  • Patients with severe renal impairment (dosage adjustment may be necessary)
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women (use only if clearly needed)

Healthcare providers should conduct a thorough medical history and consider potential interactions before prescribing ampicillin.

Ampicillin in Veterinary Medicine

Ampicillin’s use extends beyond human medicine, playing a significant role in veterinary practice. Its broad-spectrum activity makes it valuable for treating various bacterial infections in animals.

Common Veterinary Applications

  • Respiratory infections in livestock and companion animals
  • Urinary tract infections in dogs and cats
  • Skin and soft tissue infections in various species
  • Gastrointestinal infections in farm animals

Dosage Forms for Veterinary Use

Ampicillin for veterinary use is available in various formulations:

  • Injectable solutions
  • Oral suspensions
  • Tablets and capsules
  • Intramammary infusions for dairy cattle

Veterinarians determine the appropriate dosage based on the animal’s species, weight, and the specific condition being treated. It’s crucial to follow veterinary guidance and complete the full course of treatment to ensure effectiveness and minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic Resistance and Ampicillin

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a global health concern, and ampicillin is not immune to this issue. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance and strategies to combat it is crucial for preserving ampicillin’s effectiveness.

Mechanisms of Ampicillin Resistance

  • Production of beta-lactamase enzymes that break down the antibiotic
  • Alterations in penicillin-binding proteins, reducing ampicillin’s ability to bind
  • Changes in bacterial cell membrane permeability, limiting ampicillin’s entry into the cell

Strategies to Combat Resistance

  1. Appropriate prescribing practices: Using ampicillin only when necessary and at the correct dosage
  2. Complete treatment courses: Ensuring patients finish the entire prescribed regimen
  3. Combination therapy: Using ampicillin with other antibiotics in certain cases
  4. Surveillance and monitoring: Tracking resistance patterns in different geographic regions
  5. Research and development: Exploring new antibiotic formulations and alternatives

Healthcare providers and patients alike play a role in preserving the effectiveness of ampicillin and other antibiotics by using them responsibly and following prescribed treatment protocols.

Special Considerations for Ampicillin Use

While ampicillin is a versatile antibiotic, certain situations require special attention to ensure safe and effective use. Healthcare providers must consider these factors when prescribing ampicillin.

Renal Impairment

Patients with kidney problems may require dosage adjustments:
– Mild to moderate impairment: Extend dosing interval or reduce dose
– Severe impairment: Significantly reduce dose and monitor drug levels

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Ampicillin is generally considered safe during pregnancy (Category B) but should be used only when clearly needed. It can pass into breast milk, so caution is advised for nursing mothers.

Elderly Patients

Older adults may be more susceptible to side effects and may require dose adjustments, especially if they have reduced kidney function.

Patients with Allergies

Individuals with a history of penicillin allergy should be carefully evaluated before receiving ampicillin. Cross-reactivity with other beta-lactam antibiotics is possible.

Long-term Use

Prolonged use of ampicillin may lead to superinfections with non-susceptible organisms. Regular monitoring is essential during extended treatment courses.

Ampicillin in Clinical Practice: Case Studies and Applications

Examining real-world applications of ampicillin helps illustrate its versatility and effectiveness in various clinical scenarios. The following case studies highlight different uses of this antibiotic in medical practice.

Case Study 1: Pediatric Pneumonia

A 5-year-old child presents with fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. Chest X-ray confirms pneumonia. Ampicillin is prescribed at 100 mg/kg/day in four divided doses. After 48 hours, the child shows significant improvement, demonstrating ampicillin’s efficacy in treating respiratory infections in children.

Case Study 2: Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy

A pregnant woman in her second trimester is diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. Given ampicillin’s safety profile during pregnancy, it is prescribed at 500 mg every 6 hours for 7 days. The infection resolves without complications, showcasing ampicillin’s role in managing infections during pregnancy.

Case Study 3: Bacterial Endocarditis

A 50-year-old man with a prosthetic heart valve develops bacterial endocarditis. High-dose intravenous ampicillin (2 g every 4 hours) is administered as part of a combination therapy regimen. After four weeks of treatment, blood cultures are negative, and the patient recovers, illustrating ampicillin’s use in serious systemic infections.

Future Perspectives: Ampicillin in the Era of Antibiotic Innovation

As the medical community continues to grapple with antibiotic resistance, the role of established antibiotics like ampicillin is evolving. Understanding current research and future directions is crucial for healthcare professionals.

Ongoing Research

  • Combination therapies: Exploring synergistic effects of ampicillin with other antibiotics or adjuvants
  • Novel delivery methods: Investigating nanoparticle-based delivery to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects
  • Genetic studies: Identifying bacterial resistance mechanisms to develop targeted approaches

Potential Future Applications

Researchers are exploring new uses for ampicillin beyond its traditional applications:
– Biofilm disruption in chronic infections
– Targeted delivery systems for localized infections
– Combination with immunomodulators for enhanced bacterial clearance

Challenges and Opportunities

While antibiotic resistance remains a significant challenge, ampicillin’s well-established safety profile and broad spectrum of activity make it a valuable tool in ongoing antibiotic stewardship efforts. Future research may focus on:
– Developing rapid diagnostic tools to guide appropriate ampicillin use
– Creating personalized treatment protocols based on patient genetics and microbiome profiles
– Exploring ampicillin’s potential in non-traditional applications, such as cancer therapy adjuvants

As we look to the future, ampicillin continues to play a crucial role in antimicrobial therapy. Ongoing research and innovative approaches promise to extend its utility and effectiveness in the face of evolving bacterial resistance.

Ampicillin: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action

Injection, solutionIntravenous1 g/3mL
Tablet, film coatedOral500 mg
Capsule, coatedOral500 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous1.5 g
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral1 g
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous1 g
SuspensionOral2.5 g
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral1000 mg
Powder, for suspensionOral5 g
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous500 mg
Injection, powder, for suspensionParenteral500 mg
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral500 mg
Capsule, coatedOral250 mg
TabletOral250 mg
TabletOral1 g
Powder, for suspensionOral2. 5 g
CapsuleOral250 mg/1
CapsuleOral500 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous1 g/1
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous1 g/1mL
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous125 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous2 g/1
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous250 mg/1mL
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous250 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous500 mg/1mL
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous500 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous1 g/1
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous10 g/1
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous10 g/100mL
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous2 g/1mL
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous2 g/1
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous250 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous500 mg/1
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous1 g/1g
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous2 g/2g
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous250 mg/250mg
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous500 mg/500mg
SuspensionOral125 mg/5mL
SuspensionOral25 mg/1mL
SuspensionOral250 mg/5mL
SuspensionOral50 mg/1mL
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous
Injection, powder, for suspensionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous10 g / vial
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous2 g / vial
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous1000 mg / vial
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous2000 mg / vial
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous500 mg / vial
SuspensionOral
TabletOral
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral
Injection, powder, for solution1 G
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous500 MG/2. 5ML
PowderIntramuscular; Intravenous1000 MG
PowderIntramuscular; Intravenous250 MG
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular
Powder, for solutionIntravenous2 g / vial
OintmentOphthalmic
Solution / dropsOral
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous250 mg
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous2 g
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral1 G/4mL
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral500 MG/2.5mL
Powder, for suspensionOral250 MG
Powder, for suspensionOral250 MG/5ML
Solution / dropsOral2 g/20ml
SuspensionOral3 g
Granule
Tablet, solubleOral250 mg
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
LiquidOral125 mg / 5 mL
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous
TabletOral
InjectionIntramuscular
Injection, powder, for solution
Powder, for suspensionOral5000 mg
TabletOral1000 mg
Injection, solutionIntramuscular
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous
TabletOral1 gr
TabletOral500 mg
Powder, for solutionOral500 mg / 5 mL
Powder, for solutionOral125 mg / 5 mL
Powder, for solutionOral250 mg / 5 mL
SuspensionOral125 mg / 5 mL
SuspensionOral250 mg / 5 mL
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous1 g
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous500 mg
Injection, powder, for solution
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous250 mg
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous1 g / vial
LiquidIntramuscular; Intravenous2 g / vial
Powder, for solutionIntravenous1 g / vial
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous125 mg / vial
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous250 mg / vial
Syrup
SuspensionOral80 ml
Solution / dropsOral30 ml
SuspensionOral8 ml
Powder, for suspensionOral
Capsule; tabletOral
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral
CapsuleOral
CapsuleOral250 mg / cap
CapsuleOral500 mg / cap
Powder
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous1 g
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous2 g
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous500 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solution1 g/vial
Injection, powder, for solution250 mg
Injection, powder, for solution500 mg
CapsuleOral250 mg
CapsuleOral500 mg
Powder, for suspensionOral125 mg/5ml
TabletOral125 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral125 mg

Ampicillin | VCA Animal Hospitals

What is ampicillin?

Ampicillin (brand names: Omni-Pen®, Teva-ampicillin®, Polyflex, Aminopenicillin®, Principen®, Princillin®, Totacillin®) is an antibacterial medication used to treat certain bacterial infections in small and large animals.

Its use in cats, dogs, and other small animals to treat certain conditions is ‘off label’ or ‘extra-label’. Many drugs are commonly prescribed for off label use in veterinary medicine. In these instances, follow your veterinarian’s directions and cautions very carefully as their direction may be significantly different from those on the label.

How is ampicillin given?

Ampicillin trihydrate injection is given under the skin or into the muscle, but should NOT be given into the vein, as this can cause sudden death. If giving subcutaneous injections at home, use a new needle and syringe for each injection, and dispose of the needle and syringe into a proper sharps disposal container. Ampicillin sodium is given in the hospital by injection into the vein (IV).

Ampicillin is also available as a liquid oral solution, tablet, or capsule and is given by mouth. If given by mouth, give on an empty stomach at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after feeding. If vomiting occurs after dosing on an empty stomach, try giving future doses with food or a small treat.

This medication will take effect quickly, in about 1 to 2 hours, but effects may not be visibly obvious for a few days.

What if I miss giving my pet the medication?

If you miss a dose, give it when you remember, but if it is close to the time for the next dose, skip the dose you missed and give it at the next scheduled time, and return to the regular dosing schedule. Never give your pet two doses at once or give extra doses.

Are there any potential side effects?

Side effects are not common, but may include allergic reaction, lack of appetite, pain at the injection site, vomiting, and diarrhea. In dogs, incoordination is associated with very high doses. Increased breathing rate, breathing problems, swelling, increased heart rate, and elevated liver values on bloodwork have been reported. In cats, if there is a complete loss of appetite, contact your veterinarian immediately.

This short-acting medication should stop working within 24 hours, although effects can be longer in pets with liver or kidney disease.

Ampicillin can cause false positives with certain urine glucose tests.

Are there any risk factors for this medication?

Ampicillin should not be used in patients that are hypersensitive to penicillin-type antibiotics and should be used with caution in patients that are hypersensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics. Avoid use of this medication in rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, or hamsters.

Using ampicillin during pregnancy and lactation has not been shown to be problematic, but it has not been clearly established as safe. Therefore, ampicillin should be used with caution in pregnant or lactating pets, and only used when the benefits will outweigh the risks.

Are there any drug interactions I should be aware of?

The following medications should be used with caution when given with ampicillin: allopurinol, aminoglycosides, atenolol, bacteriostatic antimicrobials, dichlorphenamide, lanthanum, methotrexate, mycophenolate, pantoprazole, probenecid, and warfarin.

Be sure to tell your veterinarian about any medications (including vitamins, supplements, or herbal therapies) that your pet is taking.

Is there any monitoring that needs to be done with this medication?

There is no specific monitoring that needs to be done while your pet is taking this medication. Your veterinarian may monitor your pet to be sure that the medication is working.

How do I store ampicillin?

Ampicillin trihydrate powder should be stored below 25°C (77°F) with trips permitted up to 30°C (86°F), and the reconstituted suspension should be stored for up to 3 months in the refrigerator between 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Tablets, capsules, and powder for oral use should be stored at room temperature between 15°C and 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Once reconstituted, the oral suspension should be stored in the refrigerator and discarded after 14 days. It may be stored at room temperature, but in these cases, it should be discarded after 7 days.

What should I do in case of emergency?

If you suspect an overdose or an adverse reaction to the medication, call your veterinary office immediately. If they are not available, follow their directions in contacting an emergency facility.

Active substance AMPICILLIN (AMPICILLINUM) | Compendium – drug reference book

  • Pharmacological properties
  • Indications AMPICILLIN
  • Application of AMPICILLIN
  • Contraindications
  • Side effects
  • Special instructions
  • Interactions
  • Overdose
  • Diagnosis
  • Recommended alternatives
  • Trade names

Medicinal preparations containing the active substance AMPICILLIN

Prices in pharmacies

Prices in pharmacies

Prices in pharmacies

Semi-synthetic antibiotic of the penicillin group. It has a bactericidal effect by competitive blocking of transpeptidases involved in the synthesis of the mucopeptide, which is part of the cell membrane. Active against proliferating bacteria. Effective against gram-positive and some gram-negative microorganisms, including E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis. Ampicillin is also active against gram-positive anaerobic cocci and bacteria (Peptococcus spp., Pertosteptococcus spp., Clostridium spp., Corynebacterium spp.). Penicillinase-forming staphylococci are resistant to ampicillin.

When taken orally, ampicillin is not destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach and is well absorbed in the digestive tract. Simultaneous ingestion of food reduces the absorption of the antibiotic. C max in the blood is achieved 1-2 hours after administration and slowly decreases over 6 hours.

Cmax max in blood plasma after i / m administration is reached after 1 hour. About 28% of ampicillin binds to plasma proteins. T ½ from blood plasma is 1-2 hours, in newborns, the elderly and patients with impaired renal function may be lengthened.

Ampicillin is well distributed in tissues and body fluids. Weakly penetrates through the BBB, with meningitis its concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid increases. Penetrates through the placental barrier. Small amounts are found in breast milk. It is excreted unchanged by the kidneys by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion, about 20% of the antibiotic is excreted in the bile. Partially removed during hemodialysis.

infections caused by ampicillin-susceptible organisms, including bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, pyelonephritis, cystitis, otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis, gynecological infections, biliary tract infections, digestive tract infections caused by shigella or salmonella (ampicillin is also used for sanitation of carriers), infections of the skin and soft tissues, sepsis, meningitis, endocarditis, prevention of postoperative complications.

orally, IM, IV. The dose of ampicillin is set individually depending on the localization of the process and the severity of the disease.

Adults usually take 250-500 mg 4 times a day. In severe infections, the dose of ampicillin may be increased.

Children are prescribed at a dose of 50-100 mg/kg of body weight per day in 4 divided doses. Children weighing >20 kg – at the adult dose. In severe infections, the dose of ampicillin may be increased.

Duration of treatment – 7-14 days or more. Treatment with ampicillin should be continued for at least 48-72 hours after normalization of body temperature and the disappearance of symptoms of the disease. For infections caused by hemolytic streptococcus, the duration of treatment should be at least 10 days.

In renal insufficiency, the dose and interval between injections must be adjusted according to the plasma creatinine concentration.

hypersensitivity to penicillin antibiotics.

possible allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, candidiasis of the oral mucosa, pseudomembranous colitis (both during treatment and a few weeks after its termination), reversible disorders of hematopoiesis and, in some cases, interstitial nephritis are rarely noted.

During treatment with ampicillin, transient increases in plasma aminotransferases, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, and creatinine, a false-positive glucosuric test, and a false-positive Coombs reaction may occur.

An antibiotic susceptibility test should be performed before using ampicillin. With extreme caution prescribed to patients with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins, griseofulvin or penicillamine. With long-term treatment with ampicillin, it is recommended to periodically monitor the function of the kidneys, liver and hematopoietic organs.

The possibility of superinfection caused by pathogenic fungi or resistant bacteria should be considered. With the development of superinfection, adequate therapy is prescribed.

If combined parenteral treatment with ampicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics is required, they should be administered at different sites with an interval of 1 hour due to the risk of inactivation. Ampicillin may cause a decrease in the effectiveness of oral hormonal contraceptives. Ampicillin in high doses reduces the level of atenolol in the blood plasma, so it is recommended to use these drugs separately, with atenolol taken before the use of ampicillin. Simultaneous use with allopurinol significantly increases the likelihood of skin rashes. Probenecid may reduce the excretion of ampicillin by the kidneys and lead to an increase in plasma concentrations.

During treatment with ampicillin, false-positive results of non-enzymatic glucosuric tests may be determined.

symptomatic treatment. In patients with impaired renal function, antibiotics such as ampicillin can be removed by hemodialysis, but not by peritoneal dialysis.

MR Ampicillin sodium salt powder for injection – Merrymed farm

Pharmacological properties

Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic from the group of semi-synthetic penicillins. It acts bactericidal, inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall of microorganisms. Destroyed by penicillinase.

The following microorganisms are constantly sensitive to the drug: Streptococci A, B, C, F, G, Str. pneumoniae that do not produce penicillinase; L. monocytogernes, Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae, Erysipelotrixrhusopathiae, Eikenella, N. Meningitides, Bordetellapertussis, Clostridiumspp., Propioniobacteriumacnes, Peptostreptococcusspp., Actinomycesspp., Leptospiraspp., Treponema; not always sensitive: Enterococcusfaecalis, E.Coli, Proteusmirabilis, Salmonellaspp., Vibriocholerae, H.Influenzae, N.gonorrhoeae, Fusobacteriumspp., Prevotella.

Resistant to the drug: Staphylococcusspp., B.catarrhalis, Klebsiellaspp., Enterobacterspp., C.diversus, C.freundii, Proteusvulgaris, Providenciarettgeri, Morganellamoranii, Y.enterocolitica.,Pseudomonasspp., Acinetbacterspp., Xanthomonasspp., Flavob acterium spp., Alcaligenesspp., Nocardiaspp., Campylobacterspp., Legionellapneumophila, Mycobacteriumspp., Bacteriodesspp., Mycoplasmaspp., Chlamydiaspp.

Pharmacokinetics

After parenteral administration, it penetrates into tissues and body fluids, is found in therapeutic concentrations in pleural, peritoneal and synovial fluids, in bile. The drug crosses the placental barrier, is excreted in breast milk. The elimination half-life is approximately 1 hour, with anuria it increases to 12-20 hours. The main part is excreted from the body by the kidneys, and a very high concentration of the antibiotic is created in the urine. The drug does not accumulate during repeated injections, which makes it possible to use it in large doses and for a long time.

Indications for use

Bacterial infections: bronchitis, pneumonia, dysentery, salmonellosis, long-term carriage of salmonella, cholecystitis, whooping cough, pyelonephritis, urethritis, endocarditis, infections of the skin and soft tissues, gynecological infections, infections of the ear, throat, nose, odontogenic infections, meningitis, sepsis and other infections caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug.

Methods of administration and doses

Parenterally: intramuscularly (IM) and intravenously (IV) (stream or drip). With both methods of administration for adults, 250-500 mg 4-6 times a day; in severe infections, the daily dose may be increased to 10 g or more; children, depending on age in a daily dose: newborns 100 mg / kg, under the age of 1 year 50 mg / kg, from 1 year to 4 years 50-75 mg / kg, over 4 years 50 mg / kg.

The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of therapy (from 5-10 days to 2-3 weeks or more).

Solution for intramuscular injection is prepared extempore by adding 2 ml of water for injection or 0.5% solution of novocaine for injection to the contents of the vial (with the exception of patients with hypersensitivity to novocaine). For intravenous jet administration, a single dose of the drug (not more than 2 g) is dissolved in 5-10 ml of sterile water for injection or isotonic sodium chloride solution, injected slowly.

Side effects

Allergic reactions (urticaria, erythema, Quincke’s edema, rhinitis, conjunctivitis; rarely – fever, joint pain, eosinophilia; extremely rarely – anaphylactic shock). Perhaps a toxic effect on the central nervous system (when using high doses in patients with renal insufficiency), dyspeptic symptoms (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting), candidiasis, intestinal dysbacteriosis.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity (including to other penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems), severe hepatic impairment, breastfeeding (must be stopped during treatment).

Drug interactions

Simultaneous administration with bacteriostatic antibiotics (tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and others) causes mutual antagonism. With aminoglycoside antibiotics, there is synergism in antimicrobial efficacy. Co-administration of probenecid reduces the excretion of the drug in the urine and leads to an increase in its content in the blood serum, and with allopurinol it slows down the metabolism of the drug and increases the incidence of skin rashes. The drug in rare cases weakens the effect of oral contraceptives.

Special instructions

In case of allergic reactions it is necessary to stop taking the drug and carry out desensitizing therapy. When using the drug in patients with sepsis, a bacteriolysis reaction (the Jarisch-Gerksgeimer reaction) is possible. In debilitated patients with long-term treatment, it is possible to develop superinfection caused by drug-resistant microorganisms (yeast-like fungi, gram-negative microorganisms). It is advisable for these patients to prescribe vitamins of group B and vitamin C during treatment with the drug, if necessary, give nystatin or levorin. With bronchial asthma, hay fever and other allergic diseases, if necessary, the drug is used with the simultaneous appointment of desensitizing agents.

Systematic monitoring of kidney function, liver function and blood count is required. Caution should be exercised when prescribing the drug to patients with renal insufficiency.

Keep out of the reach of children and should not be used after the expiration date.