How a vasectomy operation killed my husband

Jem Abbott, a healthy 37-year-old, had gone into hospital for a vasectomy, the male sterilisation operation performed on more than 100,000 men every year in Britain.

The operation is routine, yet a little over a week later Jem was dead, the victim of septicaemia.

This vicious bacterial infection of the blood claims 37,000 lives a year, yet has been largely side-tracked as public attention focuses on the newer problem of superbugs – which kill 5,300.

In fact, septicaemia is a leading cause of death, after heart disease and cancer, and claims more lives than breast and bowel cancer combined.

It occurs when an infection in the blood stream causes the body’s immune system to go haywire and start attacking the body it is meant to protect.

Among its victims are Superman actor Christopher Reeve, former Bee Gee Maurice Gibb and Pope John Paul II.

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Yet despite the number of lives it claims, its symptoms are often unrecognised by doctors and nurses. As a result the window for effective treatment is missed, with fatal consequences.

Now hospital specialists have launched a campaign to educate medical staff and raise public awareness of the condition – they say that prompt recognition and treatment for all septicaemia cases could halve the death rate at a stroke, saving thousands of lives.

Jem’s widow Karen has joined this campaign. Almost four years after his death, and left alone to bring up their two children, Emily, now 15, and Thomas, 12, she remains shattered by the loss.

She says she would do anything to prevent people going through the trauma experienced by her family.

“We had completed our family, we were totally happy,” she said.

“For Jem a vasectomy was the right thing to do.”

He underwent the operation on a Friday. Doctors advised a couple of days’ rest, but said Jem could return to work after the weekend.

“He was told it was a quick, completely routine procedure, and that there might be a bit of pain and swelling but nothing he couldn’t handle,” Karen said.

Indeed Jem, who was a director of a transport firm in Sutton Coldfield, had returned to work that Monday, but as the week progressed became ill with what the family assumed was gastric flu.

By the Thursday he was vomiting, with diarrhoea and fever, and spent the following day at home in bed. Karen called the family doctor, who recognised a post-surgical infection and prescribed antibiotics.

But it was already too late. The infection was out of control and standard antibiotics were not enough. That Saturday morning, eight days after the operation, Jem woke up delirious, with blue lips and uncontrollable diarrhoea.

Karen called an ambulance, uttering soothing words as her partner of 20 years was taken away, while she followed behind with his nightclothes.

It was to be the last time she spoke to him. By the time she arrived at the hospital she was told her husband had suffered a massive heart attack because of septicaemia.

He had been put on a life-support machine and doctors were battling to save his failing organs.

Karen was warned the circulation was failing in his limbs. She was told to expect amputation of his fingers and toes, which had already been irreversibly damaged.

As her husband’s condition worsened over the following two days, the doctors said they would need to remove all four limbs. Karen was also told Jem would be brain damaged.

“I knew he wouldn’t want to be alive like that,” she said. “He was a proud man, a great water-skier, the life and soul of the party.”

But the decision about whether to switch off the life-support machine was made by the doctors the following Tuesday.

They said his heart and other major organs were so damaged by the bacterial invasion that they would not sustain him. Jem died ten days after the vasectomy in March 2004.

“It was so quick, it was impossible to take in,” said Karen, who is now 42, and has moved back to her parents’ home with the children.

“I had no idea septicaemia could kill young, fit people. I thought only frail hospital patients were at risk.

“We had to wait a year for the inquest. They couldn’t tell what the original bacterial infection was because, by the end, he had been given so many antibiotics they masked which bacteria had killed him.

“The coroner said that while septicaemia was the cause of death, there was no way of knowing where it had come from.”

Her husband’s death was not attributable to any particular wrongdoing. A vasectomy involves making a tiny incision to cut and tie off the ends of the tubes which carry sperm from the testicles.

Jem’s fatal infection had apparently been caused by bacteria getting into the wound site, but there was no explanation for how it had happened.

It could not be argued that the family GP had failed in his duty. Septicaemia kills rapidly.

The condition he had observed in Jem showed no outward sign of being a fatal infection, and he had given antibiotics correctly.

There are thousands of similar tragedies every year. Although the frail and sick are at much greater risk, there have been fatal cases in babies and children, and even in people undergoing minor dental procedures.

It’s thought that some, like Jem, may simply be genetically more susceptible to bacterial infection.

Gene mapping has already identified one common gene variation which means some people may be at greater risk if they are exposed to an infection.

There are fears that a new wave of infections is being caused by the so-called antibiotic-resistant superbugs like MRSA.

However, microbiologists say infections with varieties of streptococcal bacteria can spread much faster and be more lethal than superbugs.

Although septicaemia, or blood poisoning, is recognised as a major cause of death, it often is not mentioned on death certificates.

Instead doctors simply write more general diagnoses such as pneumonia or perforated bowel because patients have not even been tested for bacterial infection.

According to a new pressure group of worried senior doctors and nurses, called Survive Sepsis, it is this lack of attention which has led to the condition being widely unrecognised.

They are launching education campaigns in hospitals to make doctors and nurses aware of the ‘golden hour’ before the infection overwhelms the body, and when treatment can still be effective.

They are being urged to perform six key procedures as soon as the patient arrives in hospital, which research has proved will make the difference between life and death.

These elements of extra care include giving oxygen, antibiotics and fluids; taking blood cultures to identify the specific bacteria involved; monitoring blood characteristics and checking urine output.

Although this extra care is sometimes offered in septicaemia cases, there are fears that too often it is not even considered.

If Jem had been sent straight to hospital before the fatal weekend, he might not have died.

The Survive Sepsis campaigners are hoping that raising awareness among GPs and the wider public will save lives. So far 12 hospital trusts have sent staff to the Survive Sepsis training course and have implemented the new septicaemia treatment guidelines.

Ron Daniels, an intensive care specialist at the Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield, and regional co-ordinator for the prevention of infectious diseases in the West Midlands, is spearheading the UK arm of Survive Sepsis, which is part of a 14-nation effort.

Dr Daniels’ own hospital team has already proved the effectiveness of rigorously using the six-step plan.

In a three-month investigation of the treatment of 101 infected patients, it was found that almost three-quarters of those who received all six treatment elements survived the infection.

Dr Daniels points out that a similarly diligent application of procedures for treating heart attacks has reduced mortality to one in 20.

If a similar approach was taken to septicaemia, there would be an equally dramatic drop in cases.

“We have a target time of one hour to apply the procedure to prevent sepsis. The international target for the campaign is to reduce sepsis deaths by 25 per cent, but I think it should be possible to save many more – perhaps 10,000-20,000 people a year – by doing these straightforward things,” he said.

One of the problems of getting people specialist help in Britain is the lack of intensive care beds.

In terms of population, Britain has only ten per cent of the number of intensive care beds available in America, and half the number available in countries such as Denmark or Germany.

Doctors and nurses are regularly forced to carry out heroic life-and-death struggles to save septicaemia patients under the gaze of general patients on open wards.

A study published three years ago in the British Journal of Anaesthesia said that although critical care and high dependency beds had increased since the millennium, the facilities could still not meet the rising demand.

“There is evidence to suggest that many British surgical patients could benefit from access to a critical care area but are denied it,” the report said.

Nor is the problem simply about money. Intensive care doctors say that despite the fact septicaemia is so serious, treatment of it has never been the subject of any NHS target, so hospital managers have no incentive to divert resources to tackle it.

“These are not ‘must-do’ priorities for hospital administrators,” said Richard Beale, the clinical director of perioperative and critical care at Guy’s and St Thomas’ in London.

“Managers don’t know how many of their patients die from sepsis and they are not accountable for it.”

Patrick Nee, an intensive care consultant at Whiston Hospital in Liverpool, agrees that part of the problem is there is no national requirement for doctors to collect statistics on septicaemia deaths.

“A lot of them happen in nursing homes as well as on open wards and are never recorded as sepsis, they just get put down to things like pneumonia,” he said.

“If every single hospital started following these guidelines we would have a chance of starting to improve survival rates.”

This May, the National Patient Safety Congress will hear argument that the Surviving Sepsis guidelines should be applied to all hospitals as a matter of urgency, and that greater funding should be made available for nurses and other staff to attend the training programmes to alert them to the signs.

“There is no question that raising the profile of the problem in this way would make a considerable difference to the way septicaemia is viewed,” said Ron Daniels.

“Let’s hope that as a result of this meeting and the international initiative, things finally start to move.”

“No one wants to see people die needlessly, especially young people,” said Karen Abbott.

“The hospital staff tried everything they could to save Jem. The fact is that it was already too late. If more people were aware, they could act sooner.

“I don’t want him to have died in vain. I want people to know about this so they can save their loved ones.”

The Signs and Symptoms of Infection and Epididymitis after a Vasectomy

Epididymitis is an inflammation or infection of the epididymis—a long coiled tube that is attached to the upper part of the testicle and is used to store sperm. It’s a rare complication that, if it occurs, usually hits during the first year following a vasectomy. Occasionally, however, it can manifest years after the procedure.

Common symptoms of epididymitis include:

• swelling of the testicles
• mild to severe pain in the scrotum
• low-grade fever
• pain when ejaculating
• pain in the groin when lifting
• pain during intercourse

Epididymitis Treatment

Consequently, since epididymitis can be caused by bacteria (and may or may not be a direct complication of vasectomy), treatment often starts with a course of antibiotics to get rid of the infection, combined with conservative therapies of reduced activity and pain management (including non-steroidal anti-inflammatories such as ibuprofen, scrotal support, and applying heat or cold).

If you still experiencing significant discomfort after a few months of conservative pain management, additional treatments for chronic pain may be necessary. These include the use of local steroids, tricyclic antidepressants, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation analgesia.

For the few whose pain is not relieved by non-surgical approaches, surgery can offer relief.

Surgical options include:

Reducing the Risks of Epididymitis

These days, urologists have made some modifications to the vasectomy technique to decrease a man’s risk of developing post-vasectomy epididymitis.

Because one potential cause of inflammation is pressure from sperm building up in the epididymis, an open-ended vasectomy procedure—in which one end of the vas deferens is left uncauterized, thereby relieving pressure and decreasing the likelihood of sperm granulomas, or masses that develop in an immune reaction to sperm that has leaked from the cut vas.

Another technique is preemptive analgesia, in which the urologist floods the vas deferens with a local anesthetic before it is cut. Early evidence suggests that both these procedures can reduce the chances of epididymitis post-vasectomy, but further study is needed for conclusive results.

There is still much researchers and physicians don’t yet understand about epididymitis as a post-vasectomy complication, including what causes it and how to further prevent it. Controlled studies focusing on newer vasectomy techniques, the role of sperm granuloma in the condition and the role of the immune system post-vasectomy will help build a more comprehensive understanding of epididymitis and how best to treat it.

Wound infection following vasectomy – PubMed

doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1983.tb03371.x.

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P E Randall et al.

Br J Urol.

1983 Oct.

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AbstractPubMedPMID

doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1983.tb03371.x.

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Abstract

Ninety-four patients undergoing vasectomy as day cases were studied prospectively. An overall infection rate of 32.9% was recorded and, apart from haematoma formation and the nasal carriage of organisms, no factors were found that increased the risk of infection. A preoperative hibiscrub shower did not affect the infection rate, even though it was responsible for a significant reduction in skin flora. This raises the possibility of infection following vasectomy being secondary, not occurring at the time of surgery.

PIP:

94 patients undergoing vasectomy as day cases were studied prospectively to assess the true wound infection rate for vasectomy in the Hope Hospital in Salford Manchester, England, to assess the subsequent morbidity, and to elucidate any factors that may be responsible for infection. The pilot study had already indicated an unacceptably high infection rate and so it was decided to investigate the value of a preoperative hibiscrub shower in reducing the size of the problem. All patients had nasal, scrotal, and perineal swabs taken, the swabs being taken by rolling the swab several times against the area to be sampled. The patients were then randomly assigned to 3 groups. Group 1 consisted of 32 patients undergoing vasectomy alone with no preoperative shower; Group 2, 32 patients undergoing a single preoperative hibiscrub shower; and group 3, 30 patients undergoing a single preoperative shower with ordinary soap. All patients were assessed 7 days postoperatively for wound infection and hematoma formation. The patients also were questioned as to time off work. An infected wound was considered to be any wound that was open and discharging either purulent or serous fluid. In the context of vasectomy an erythematous wound was not considered to be infected, this being part of the inflammatory reaction caused by the catgut skin closure. If the wound was infected a swab was taken. Of the 94 patients, 83 returned postoperatively. The 10 who were contacted at home reported no problems and only 1 patient was lost to follow-up. There were 31 infections among the 94 patients, an overall infection rate of 32.9%. 4 infections were severe and 3 of these had an associated epididymoorchitis. 21 patients (22%) developed hematomas under the wound. None of these was more than 1.5 cm in diameter. 9 of the infected patients had time off work because of the infection. 3 of these were severe infections but 6 were mild. 9 of the noninfected patients also had time off work, the reasons being given being swelling (4) and pain (5). Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 60% of the infections and in only 1 case was it part of a mixed growth. All of the other infections were mixed. No perineal carriers of Staph. aureus were encountered but 15 patients (16%) were found to be nasal carriers of this organism. Phage typing revealed that only 3 of the staphylococcal wound infections were due to the same organisms as found on the nasal swab. Of the Staph. aureus wound infections, 1 group of 3 cases and a separate group of 4 cases revealed the same phage types. The most common organisms found on the scrotum and perineum preoperatively were Staphylococcus epidermidis and diptheroids. A soap shower exerted no significant effect on the number of organisms.

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MeSH terms

• Bacteria / isolation & purification
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Procedure, Recovery, Side Effects, Effectiveness & Reversal

Overview

What is a Vasectomy & Understanding the Procedure

What is a vasectomy?

Vasectomy is a simple, safe and effective means of permanent contraception or birth control. Because of the way that male sexual organs are positioned, the procedure is very straight-forward. It is intended to provide a man permanent contraception, or make him unable to father a child in the future by dividing and closing off the ends of the vas deferens (the tubes that carry sperm) – preventing sperm from getting through. A total of about 50 million men have had a vasectomy — approximately 5% of all married men of reproductive age. More than 500,000 men elect to have vasectomies every year in the U.S.

Is a vasectomy 100% effective?

Other than totally avoiding sexual intercourse, no method of birth control is 100% effective. In rare cases after a vasectomy, roughly 1 in 10,000 cases, it is possible for sperm to cross the separated ends of the vas deferens. Overall, the failure rate of vasectomy is exceedingly low. It has been used for many years as a means of birth control and has a long track record as being safe and effective.

Semen samples are routinely checked after vasectomy to confirm a successful procedure. If dead or live sperm continue to appear in the semen samples, a repeat vasectomy may be necessary. Fortunately, this only happens approximately once in every 10,000 cases, a failure rate far less than for any other form of birth control. For instance, condoms fail about 1% of the time, or 1 out of every 100 times one is used.

Procedure Details

Male Anatomy

How do I prepare for a vasectomy?

Your healthcare provider will go over your health history as it relates to vasectomy and will do a brief physical examination. Tell your provider if you have any of the following:

• History of excessive bleeding or blood disorders.
• Allergy or sensitivity to local anesthetics, such as the “caine” (things like benzocaine or lidocaine or novicaine) drugs or antibiotics.
• Skin disease involving the scrotum, especially infected pimples.
• Regular use of aspirin or medicines that contain aspirin or drugs that affect bleeding.
• History of injury or earlier surgery on your genitals or scrotum or groin (like hernias).
• History of recent or repeat urinary tract or genital infections.

Consent form

You will be asked to sign a consent (permission slip) for the procedure. The form will state that you understand vasectomy and its risks. This includes that you understand the procedure isn’t guaranteed (as no medical procedure is or can be). Before you sign this form, make sure that you understand all of these things and that you’re comfortable with your decision. It is important that you resolve any questions or concerns before taking action. Remember that vasectomy is an elective procedure, so you should not proceed with it until you are sure it is the right choice for you.

Blood thinners

Do not take any of these products for seven days before surgery unless you are told to do so by your healthcare provider. Taking these medications increases the risk of bleeding. They are:

• Aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as ibuprofen (Advil®, Motrin®) or naproxen (Aleve®)
• Warfarin (Coumadin®)
• Clopidogrel (Plavix®)
• Ticlopidine (Ticlid®)
• Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants like dabigatran (Pradaxa®), rivaroxaban (Xarelto®), apixaban (Eliquis®) and edoxaban (Savaysa®, Lixiana®)

Shaving and washing

The night before or the morning of the vasectomy, shave away the hair from the entire scrotum. Remove the hair all the way to the top of the penis, including any pubic hair that seems to fall onto the scrotum. Do not use an electric razor on the scrotum. A single blade disposable razor is the best choice.

To reduce the risk of infection, thoroughly wash the scrotum and groin the day before and the morning of the surgery.

Other preparations

• Several hours before surgery, take any specific preoperative medications as directed.
• Bring a clean athletic supporter (jock strap) or tight pair of compression shorts.
• Eat lightly or stick to liquids before a vasectomy. Don’t eat heavily, but don’t avoid food.

How is the vasectomy procedure done?

There are two types of vasectomies. One is called an incision vasectomy, and the other is called a no-scalpel vasectomy. Both are done in doctors’ offices or outpatient surgery centers. Both use local anesthesia to numb the scrotum. The anesthesia is given as a shot.

Both types of vasectomies divide and close off the ends of the vas deferens (the tubes that carry sperm), preventing sperm from getting through. This stops the sperm from mixing with the semen and being released when a man ejaculates during an orgasm.

The surgeon will make an opening in the skin and grasp the vas deferens. The vas deferens is then divided and tied, clipped or cauterized. Cauterizing closes cuts with an electrical current.

There is little discomfort with a vasectomy. The scrotum will be numb, but some men feel a slight “tugging” sensation or a feeling of things moving around. Your surgeon will decide if you need stitches, depending upon how they routinely do the procedure.

What will happen after you have a vasectomy?

• Pain/bruising: Mild discomfort, bruising, and swelling are common after vasectomy. Mild discomfort may be treated with acetaminophen (for example, Tylenol®) every four hours. Ice packs or a bag of frozen vegetables placed over the scrotal supporter and dressing may provide relief, as well. Repeated use of ice packs for the first 36 hours can help keep the swelling down. Always be sure to wrap the ice pack in a towel or put something between it and the skin.
• Dressing: The dressing should be changed when it is stained or soiled. Small sterile gauze squares are available at any drugstore. The dressing can be removed when it is dry or stain-free, usually within a day or so. A small amount of oozing is to be expected. It’s better that this fluid does not build up on the inside, so having it drain out is best.
• Bathing: You can start showering the day after the vasectomy. Avoid baths or swimming for a couple of weeks. To dry the scrotum, pat dry with a towel. Don’t rub.
• Skin separation: Sometimes the skin will separate due to tissue fluid, oozing blood or body fluids. The edges can be pinched together with sterile gauze and your fingers. This will bring the skin together and allow it to heal.

It’s common to have some of these symptoms after a vasectomy. They should go away within 72 hours of surgery. However, if you have an unusual amount of pain, extreme swelling of the scrotum, continued bleeding, or a fever (over 100 degrees Fahrenheit), call your doctor immediately.

What happens to sperm after a vasectomy?

After a vasectomy, the testicles continue to make sperm. When the sperm cells die, they disintegrate and are absorbed by the body. This is the same way the body handles other types of cells that die and are replaced every day.

Risks / Benefits

What are the risks of a vasectomy?

Complications such as inflammation (swelling), bleeding, or infection may occur, but they are relatively uncommon and not serious. Minor risks include:

• Pain: Any procedure can affect nerves and, rarely, there can be residual pain. The testicles are sensitive organs, so pain can occur in men whether they have had vasectomy or not. It is not clear whether vasectomy increases this risk of testicular pain.   Post-vasectomy pain syndrome is complex and occurs in 1 to 2% of men after vasectomy. Exactly why these varied symptoms develop isn’t well understood, but men may experience testicular pain, pain with ejaculation and psychological distress.
• Sperm granuloma: A hard, sometimes painful lump about the size of a pea may form as a result of sperm leaking from the cut vas deferens. The lump is not dangerous and is almost always absorbed by the body. Scrotal support and mild pain relievers (like Acetaminophen) can help relieve symptoms.
• Congestion (in the scrotum): A sense of pressure caused by sperm in the testes, epididymis (the structure that stores sperm), and lower vas deferens may cause discomfort for 2 to 12 weeks after a vasectomy. Like a granuloma, congestion usually resolves itself over time.

The risks of vasectomy must be weighed against other options, including the chance of another pregnancy if you do not have the vasectomy.

What are the benefits of a vasectomy?

Vasectomy offers many advantages as a method of birth control. The main benefit is effectiveness. A vasectomy is over 99.99% effective in preventing pregnancies. Like female tubal ligation, vasectomy is a one-time procedure that provides permanent contraception. If you compare female contraception procedures (like tubal ligation) to vasectomy, you will see that vasectomy:

• Is simpler.
• Is more effective.
• Can be performed on an outpatient basis.
• Has fewer complications (is safer for the patient!).
• Is much less expensive.

So, if you are asking which is better, tubal ligation or vasectomy, vasectomy is better in many ways.

Will I have any unwanted “side effects” after a vasectomy?

This usually means:

• Will I produce less testosterone?
• Will I still want to have sex?
• Will I produce (and ejaculate) less semen?
• Will my semen be different?
• Will my partner be able to tell the difference after a vasectomy?

Basically, the answer to these questions is no! Vasectomy does not affect testosterone production or release. (Testosterone is the male hormone that is responsible for a man’s sex drive, facial hair, deep voice and other masculine traits.)

Vasectomy does not affect sexuality in a negative way. Erections, climaxes, and the amount of ejaculate remain the same. The only difference is that your semen will no longer contain sperm. Often, men who have had the procedure find that sex with their partners is more spontaneous and enjoyable because they no longer have to worry about pregnancy or interrupting things to apply contraception.

Does vasectomy pose long-term health risks?

Many studies have looked at the long-term health effects of vasectomy. The evidence suggests that no significant risks exist. Men who have had a vasectomy are no more likely than other men to develop cancer, heart disease, or other health problems. This is spelled out in the Vasectomy Guideline of the American Urological Association.

Recovery and Outlook

How long does it take to recover after a vasectomy?

Most men are able to go back to work in less than a week. You may need to be out for a full week if your work is strenuous and physical.

Everyday activities can be resumed a few days (usually 48 to 72 hours) after the procedure unless the activities are unusually vigorous. Men surveyed after vasectomy report full recovery in an average of eight to nine days.

When is it safe to have sex after a vasectomy?

Sexual activity can be resumed seven days after a vasectomy, but precautions (another form of contraception) should be taken against pregnancy until sperm counts show that the semen is free of sperm. In general, a semen analysis is completed about two to three months after a vasectomy.

After a vasectomy, can I stop using other birth control methods right away?

No. Sperm can remain in the vas deferens above the area of the procedure for weeks or even months after a vasectomy. A semen test is done two to three months after the procedure. If the result meets American Urological Association guidelines, you are considered sterile. If sperm is seen, the semen test is repeated, usually a month later. Until then, you must continue using other birth control to prevent pregnancy.

It’s very important to go back to your doctor and do the semen test. This is the only way to make sure that there is no sperm in the semen. Frequent ejaculation, starting a week after vasectomy, can help clear the sperm and increase the chances of having a semen analysis return clear.

Can I have a vasectomy reversed later if I choose?

While vasectomy reversal is an option if you decide you want another child, it may also be expensive and is generally not covered by insurance. You should consider vasectomy if you are confident you do not want to father more children.

Some men might consider storing sperm in a sperm bank before you have a vasectomy. Most requests for reversals come from men in newer relationships who want children with their new partners.

You should consider vasectomy a permanent means of birth control. Men who are married or in a serious relationship should discuss this issue with their partners. If you’re thinking about a reversal now, perhaps you should take more time to decide if a vasectomy is right for you.

What Should I Expect If I Get a Vasectomy?

A vasectomy is an easy surgical procedure. It’s really quick, and you can go home right after. You’ll need to rest for a couple of days after the vasectomy.

Does getting a vasectomy hurt?

Probably not. Your doctor will help make your vasectomy as comfortable as possible. You’ll get local anesthesia to numb your testicles, so you shouldn’t feel much during the procedure. You may also get medicine to help you relax.

You may have a little discomfort when you get the numbing shot or when the vas deferens tubes are handled during the procedure. But overall, you shouldn’t feel too much pain.

There are two types of vasectomies: one that requires an incision (a cut in your skin), and one that’s incision-free (no-scalpel or no-cut).

What happens during an incision vasectomy?

The doctor makes one or two small cuts in the skin of your scrotum. Through these cuts, the tubes that carry sperm (vas deferens) are blocked off. Sometimes, a tiny part of each tube is removed. The tubes may be tied, blocked with surgical clips, or closed with an electrical current (this is called cauterizing). The whole thing takes about 20 minutes, and then the cut is stitched up.

What happens during a no-scalpel vasectomy?

The doctor makes one tiny puncture (hole) to reach both vas deferens tubes — the skin of your scrotum isn’t cut with a scalpel. Your tubes are then tied off, cauterized, or blocked. The small puncture heals quickly. You won’t need stitches, and there’s no scarring.

No-scalpel methods — also called no-cut or no-incision — reduce bleeding and lower the risk of infection, bruising, and other complications.

How will I feel after my vasectomy?

You can go home and rest right after your vasectomy. You may feel some discomfort or pain after your vasectomy, but you shouldn’t be in terrible pain. You may also have some bruising and/or swelling for a few days. Wearing snug underwear that doesn’t let your testicles move too much, taking over-the-counter pain medication, and icing your genitals can help ease any pain. And don’t do any hard physical work or exercise for a week after your vasectomy.

Call your doctor if you have:

These signs could mean you have an infection and need antibiotics.

How long will it take me to recover after my vasectomy?

Most people only need to rest for a few days after their vasectomy. If your job is physically demanding, you’ll have to take about a week off from work. You shouldn’t exercise or do any hard physical work for about a week after your vasectomy.

How soon can I have sex after my vasectomy?

Usually, you can start having sex again about a few days to a week after your vasectomy. Some people wait longer. If having sex is uncomfortable, wait a few more days. Just remember that the vasectomy WON’T prevent pregnancy right away.

It takes about 3 months after your vasectomy for your semen to be sperm-free. Your doctor will test your semen and tell you when the sperm are gone and the vasectomy is working as birth control.

To collect a semen sample, you’ll masturbate into a cup or use a special condom when you have sex. Until your doctor says there’s no sperm in your semen, you should use condoms or another form of birth control during vaginal sex.

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Urology | Scrotal And Testicular Conditions Types

There are quite a few types of testicular and scrotal conditions. Testicular cancer is likely the most well-known condition, but there are many other benign conditions of the testes and scrotum that range from minor to life-threatening.

Some of the more common disorders and conditions that affect the testicles and scrotum are:

Epididymitis

Epididymitis is inflammation or infection of the epididymis, which is the long tube that rests along the testicles. Epididymitis can be caused by sexually transmitted diseases, injury, a side effect from a vasectomy, and other problems. The symptoms of epididymitis may include pain (from mild to severe), swelling of the testicles or scrotum, nausea and vomiting, and fever.

Hydrocele

Hydrocele is a buildup of fluid around the testicles. It can affect one or both testicles, and it can cause swelling in the scrotum and groin area. Hydrocele is not usually painful or harmful, and it may not need treatment. However, any swelling in the scrotum should be evaluated by a doctor. Once in a while, hydrocele can cause symptoms other than swelling, such as mild pain, tenderness, or redness of the scrotum. Hydrocele most often occurs in infants who have an opening between the abdomen and the scrotum, but sometimes they occur later in life. When men have hydrocele, it is usually caused by injury, inflammation, infection of the testicles, or epididymitis.

Testicular torsion

Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord gets twisted and cuts off blood supply to the testicle. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment in order to save the testicle. Although surgery doesn’t guarantee that the testicle will be saved, not having treatment within six hours almost always results in permanent damage that requires testicle removal. Symptoms of testicular torsion include sudden onset of severe pain in the testicle that may be accompanied by swelling and tenderness of the testicles and scrotum, fever, and nausea and vomiting, among other symptoms.

Varicocele

A varicocele is enlarged or dilated veins in the scrotum. It is normally a painless and harmless condition; however, it can cause low sperm production and reduced sperm quality that can lead to male infertility. Sometimes, varicocele can produce symptoms, such as pain and swelling. Although most varicoceles don’t need to be treated, some will need to be corrected with surgery.

Hypogonadism

Hypogonadism is a condition that results when the testicles don’t produce enough of the hormone testosterone. A lack of testosterone in men can cause problems like erectile dysfunction, reduced sex drive, infertility, osteoporosis, increased breast tissue, decreased body and beard hair, depression, fatigue, and hot flashes. It can often be treated with testosterone replacement therapy. If there is an underlying cause of hypogonadism, such a pituitary condition, treating that problem may resolve the symptoms of hypogonadism.

Orchitis

Orchitis is inflammation of one or both testicles. Most of the time, it is caused by bacterial or viral infection. The mumps is a common cause of orchitis. Sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, can both lead to orchitis when they cause epididymitis (an infection of the epididymis), which in turn can lead to orchitis. This type of orchitis is called epididymo-orchitis. Signs and symptoms of orchitis include testicular and scrotal pain and tenderness and infertility. Most of the time, it can be treated with medication and home remedies.

Spermatocele

Spermatocele, otherwise known as spermatic cyst, is a fluid filled cyst that forms in the epididymis. Small cysts do not normally cause pain. Large cysts can cause pain or a heavy feeling in the affected testicle and swelling above and behind the testicle. If you have a large spermatocele and have pain or other symptoms, surgery may be an option.

Testicular pain

Many testicular and scrotal conditions can cause testicular pain. Other conditions, like kidney and ureteral stones, infections, and inguinal hernias can also cause pain that can be felt in or around the testicles and scrotum. If you have testicular pain, you should contact your doctor right away. And if you experience a sudden onset of testicular pain, you should seek emergency medical care to rule out serious conditions like testicular torsion.

Testicular swelling 

Most conditions of the scrotum and testicles can cause swelling, including varicocele, testicular torsion, orchitis, epididymitis and hydrocele, to name a few. If you notice any swelling of your testicles or scrotum, contact your doctor to make an appointment.

Other scrotal conditions

There are many conditions that can affect the scrotum. Not all of them will require treatment, but all scrotal conditions should be evaluated by a doctor. Some scrotal conditions are scrotal wall cellulites, scrotal abscess (infection of the scrotum), Fournier’s gangrene (also known as fasciitis of the scrotum and groin) and Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP).

If you have any symptoms of scrotal or testicular conditions, including pain, swelling, tenderness or a lump, call your doctor. Some conditions may be severe and can even be life threatening if not treated promptly.

Learn more about scrotal and testicular conditions

Risks, Success Rate, & Results

So you’ve changed your mind about having that vasectomy and want to know if you can have it reversed. The truth is, you often can have it reversed, but the surgery is more complicated than a vasectomy.

During a vasectomy, your doctor cuts or blocks the tubes, called the vas deferens, which carry sperm from your testes to your penis. In a vasectomy reversal, your doctor has to rejoin these tubes back together so that sperm can reach the semen you ejaculate during orgasm.

How Is a Vasectomy Reversed?

This can be done using one of two methods. The first is through vasovasostomy, where your doctor sews the ends of the vas deferens from the testes to the penis back together.

The second method is vasoepididymostomy. Here, the doctor attaches the vas deferens to the small organ at the back of each testicle that holds sperm. It’s far more difficult than a vasovasostomy. Your doctor may only choose this method if you can’t have a vasovasostomy or if they don’t think it will work.

Vasectomy reversals are performed in a hospital or clinic. You’ll be given anesthesia so you’re not awake and don’t feel anything during the procedure. It usually takes about 2 to 4 hours, and you usually go home the same day. Recovery takes about 2 weeks.

Vasectomies can be reversed a number of times. But the success rate may decrease with each reversal.

Who Should Have It Done?

If you’ve had a change of heart and want to start a family or add to yours, you might consider having your vasectomy reversed. Some men who have lost a child may consider this an option as well.

For a small number of men, the procedure may be helpful to relieve the pain in your testicles caused by a previous vasectomy.

What Are the Side Effects?

They’re rare. But when they do occur, they may include:

Bleeding in your scrotum. This can lead to painful swelling. To avoid it, be sure to follow your doctor’s orders before and after surgery.

Infection. This is always a possibility with any procedure. If you get one, your doctor will most likely treat it with antibiotics.

Severe or persistent pain. Call your doctor right away if you have pain that doesn’t ease up with over-the-counter medicines.

How Can I Tell If It Worked?

You’ll know your vasectomy reversal was successful if sperm appear in your semen after a few months. Your doctor will collect samples and examine them for 4 to 6 months — enough time for your counts to stabilize.

If you have a vasovasostomy, it could take 6 to 12 months before sperm return. And if you had a vasoepididymostomy, it may take even longer than a year for sperm to appear in your semen.

Once your sperm comes back, your chances to conceive could go up, too. But the success of your vasectomy reversal surgery will depend on many things, including the type of surgery you originally had, and if there are any other factors keeping you and your partner from getting pregnant.

Will It Affect My Sex Life?

It shouldn’t. But don’t have sex or ejaculate until your doctor gives you the “all clear.” Most doctors recommend that you wait 2 to 3 weeks to have sex.

A German invented and tested an implant with a switch for sperm / Habr

A carpenter from Germany announced a revolution in contraception. Clemens Bimek believes that his invention will be in demand and popular: he patented and developed valves with switches, surgically implanted into the vas deferens of men. Closing the valve stops sperm from escaping.

Vasectomy, ligation or removal of a fragment of the vas deferens in order to achieve sterility, has been performed for a very long time.The first experiments have been known since the 18th century, and in a regular mode this operation was first carried out in 1899. After the operation, with full preservation of sexual functions, due to the blockage of sperm output in men, the ability to conceive is lost.

In principle, this operation is not considered 100% reversible, and therefore it is recommended for people of a fairly old age, or who already have children. The legislation of some countries officially restricts the possibility of this operation. For example, in Russia, in connection with the campaign to end the demographic crisis and to increase the conscription plan in the RF Armed Forces, Russian citizens are allowed vasectomy (and, in addition, sterilization of women) only at the age of over 35 years or if there are 2 or more children, or for medical indications.

However, it happens that life circumstances and priorities change over time. Therefore, since 1971, successful operations have been carried out that reverse the vasectomy and return the normal functioning of the reproductive system.

Bimek’s invention, in fact, does not fall under the definition of sterilization, but only gives control over the process of conception. It is possible that in case of successful tests, the implant will indeed be in demand among the male population.

Bimek said that the idea of ​​such a device came to him 20 years ago, while watching a popular science program.After making sure that no one had registered such a patent, he set about developing the device. “Many doctors didn’t take my idea seriously. But there were also those who inspired me to research and helped with their knowledge, ”he admits.

This year, the first tests of the devices on 25 volunteers will already begin. The switch valve weighs about 3 grams and is about 2 cm long. The implantation operation is carried out within half an hour. The switch is accessed through the skin of the scrotum.

Bimek himself has already undergone the implantation procedure – it was carried out under local anesthesia so that he could direct the actions of the surgeons. The urologist who assisted during the operation said that in his opinion, such an implant is preferable to a standard vasectomy. According to him, almost a third of patients after vasectomy want to return everything back, but this, unfortunately, is not always possible.

Possible problems with valve implantation, according to experts, may be associated with the appearance of scars at the junction with the ducts.In addition, if the valves are left closed for a long time, they can become clogged.

In case of successful implementation of the invention, all that remains is to integrate the remote control from a smartphone into the switches.

Vasoresection – Medical Center “Paracelsus”

Vasoresection

Vasoresection

Vasoresection – male contraception (sterilization), during which spermatozoa stop entering the ejaculate.

The Scientific and Practical Surgery Center is equipped with the most modern medical equipment, and vasoresection is performed only by professional urologists.

Indications for sterilization:

• Genital Tuberculosis
• Prostatectomy
• Unwillingness of a man to have children

Contraindications for sterilization:

• Presence of sexually transmitted infections
• Diseases of the genitourinary system
• Blood clotting disorder
• Diabetes mellitus

Analyzes before vasoresection :

General analysis of blood and urine

• Tests for syphilis, HIV and hepatitis
• Coagulogram
• Genital ultrasound
• Electrocardiogram

VASORESECTION TECHNIQUE :

Vasoresection in the SPCKh is carried out under local anesthesia.Incisions are made in the groin area through which the vas deferens are tied and cut. Then the incisions are sutured with self-absorbable material.

Postoperative period:

Full recovery occurs in a week. Since sperm cells completely disappear from the ejaculate after about 3 months, contraception should be used for this period.

Utero-tubal Embryo Transfer and Vasectomy in the Mouse Model

Vasectomy is a relatively straightforward surgical technique that does not include major difficulties.When disinfecting with povidone iodine and ethanol, be sure to wash (ethanol) in the past to remove the povidone iodine, as this can irritate the peritoneum. Access to the vas deferens can also be achieved by the scrotum or performing a transverse abdominal incision ^8. Scrotal incision A transversal abdominal incision was recommended due to the relatively smaller incision required and slightly better postoperative behavior ^11. However We prefer the abdominal incision over the scrotum because it allows easier and clearer access to vas deferens from both testicles, preventing novice surgeons from cauterizing twice the same vas deferens and leaving functional vas deferens. Between both abdominal methods, we advocate a longitudinal incision at of the white line over the transversality, since it does not cut any abdominal muscle fibers, avoiding the development of abdominal hernias. However, both vasectomy and uterotubal embryo transfer protocols can be adapted to the existing equipment or personal likes of the investigator. For example, a glass bead sterilizer can be used to heat the forceps used to cauterize vas deferens. In any case, it is very important to follow asepsis to ensure proper anesthesia and pain relief in order to maximize animal welfare, and in accordance with local regulations.

Another aspect susceptible to modification is the anesthesia protocol. If inhalation anesthesia (IF) is available, we encourage its use instead of parenteral (injection) anesthesia, as it provides a very stable plane of anesthesia and rapid recovery.However, it is important to state that inhalation anesthesia still requires the use of anesthetic for intra- and post-operatory pain, which must be administered prior to surgery as premedication. Buprenorphine is an opioid that provides long-term pain relief in mice ^12. Parenteral anesthesia also provides a good analgesic plane for short procedures such as vasectomy and embryo transfer. Ketamine-Xylazine is a very reliable combination for mouse surgery ^13, and we have never observed any complications of anesthesia using this combination in combination with premedication with buprenorphine.Other parenteral combinations can be used ^12, but we do not recommend using the narcotic mixture AVERTIN (tribromoethanol), since only one dose can be administered and several articles have reported a variety of complications associated with its use, such as local irritation, poor pain relief, intestinal obstruction, fibrous adhesions in the abdominal cavity, necrosis of the subperitoneal muscle fibers and abdominal organs on the surface and even mortality 90 105 14-18.

Embryo transfer requires good management of both embryos in the recipient. Typically for mammalian embryo transfer, the embryo developmental stage may be more advanced than the recipient’s pseudopregnancy stage, but not vice versa. In other words, embryos can wait for the mother, but the mother cannot wait for the embryos, so this method can be used to transfer morula or blastocyst, but not earlier stages. Uterine tube embryo transfer can be performed two days after the vaginal plug is detected from noon (2.5 DPC) to evening night (3 DPC), when the tubal junction is open to allow natural transit of embryos from the oviduct to the uterine horn.Given that the transferred embryos may have already suffered from some kind of manipulation, processing of the embryos should minimize further damage. An excellent guide to mouse embryonic manipulation can be found in Nagy et al. ⁸ The two most commonly used mouse embryo media manipulations that keep physiological pH at regular intervals in its atmosphere are CZBH ¹⁹ and M2 ^20. While is naturally produced mouse embryos can overcome exposure to cold temperatures or abnormal pH for a long time ^21, manipulation of the media must be preheated.If the media is preheated in the culture dish, avoid warming for a long time (more than 40 minutes), and the osmolarity of the media will increase due to the evaporation of water, and that may be more harmful than cold media manipulation. In addition, the time embryos spent inside the pipette manipulation should be minimized due to the small volume present in the pipette.

Using correct embryo pipetting is critical to the success of the protocol.Pipette manipulation can be made from glass capillaries with a thin glass wall. Also can be used Pasteur pipettes, often used for processing large animal embryos, but due to its short distance from handle to tip, manipulation of a pipette made of glass capillaries is more comfortable to maneuver. Exposure to flame and pulling speed determine the wall thickness and inner diameter of the pipette. Although the manipulation of the pipette can be easily done by hand after it, some practice, a puller and a micro-forge can also be used.It is important to invest time in producing some optimal pipette manipulation. Manipulation of the pipette opening should be wider than that of the embryo in order to allow unobstructed flow, but small enough to easily penetrate and progress through the tubal junction. If the zone of pellucide has been removed prior to transmission, the blastocysts usually expand to a larger diameter. In this case, it is advisable to use a wider pipette with a wider bore (130-180 µm) to avoid damage to the trophectoderm cells.Polish advice is important not to damage the oviduct, uterine wall and embryo – especially if zone has been removed, and to avoid pipettes from blocking debris. However, after polishing, the bore should not be too small compared to the inner diameter of the pipette, and a sharp decrease in diameter will cause dramatic changes in flow rate. An aspirated horn provides more precise flow control as well as a more comfortable hand position compared to manual devices.However, a manually operated device can be used when needed (for example, when manipulating lentivirus-treated embryos). For optimal flow and to avoid oil transfer, it is also advisable to use a new embryo transfer pipette rather than that used to transfer embryos from the culture medium to media manipulation. Finally, when introducing the pipette through the oviduct, the capillary should be handled directly, ie gripping the glass and non-plastic handle from the aspirator to obtain a secure grip.The magnification used for embryo transfer is a personal matter, which depends on the surgeon’s visual acuity. We prefer to use low power to have a wide field of view, so we use 10X end magnification (10X ocular and 1X objective).

Recipients must be at least 8 weeks old and weigh between 27-40 g. Outbred mice such as CD1 or Swiss Webster display good maternal behavior and excellent recipients. It is advisable to set up the breeding for additional recipients, and not used will restore its normal cycling activity within two weeks.Although mating, some women may not have corpus luteum (Fig. 3G) and therefore will not be susceptible to transferred embryos. For this reason, the ovaries should be checked for corpus luteum, which at 2.5 centimeters can be clearly identified as bright red structures in ovary (Figure 3F). During surgery, it is important to minimize contact with the reproductive tract by capturing the ovarian fat pad instead; excessive manipulation of the ovary and uterus can lead to luteolysis.Inserting the manipulation of the pipette into the oviduct is the most difficult step in the protocol. In some recipients, the oviduct is very twisted and there is no 2 mm straight section from the intersection with the uterus. In this case, organize the oviduct and perform a puncture in the first turn. As detailed above, good pipetting really does matter. Once the pipette has passed through the uterine-tube junction, it slides off easily. If it does not, the pipette may have deviated from the oviduct and has not reached the uterine lumen.Once inside the uterus, if no media is flowing, move the pipette slightly or slightly and try again. If it still does not flow, the pipette is clogged, remove it from the uterus, release the contents in the dish from the manipulation media, and reload the same or another pipette. Delivery usually takes place 17 days after embryo transfer. To prevent cannibalism, provide the chick with material 2 days before and do not change the cage in the first days after birth.

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Only abstinence or vasectomy can save from female deceit – Kazakhstani who sterilized himself at 21 – News

As a rule, men come across the term “vasectomy” in old age and because of serious illnesses, but when someone of their own free will, and even at a very young age, decides to once and for all refuse to reproduce, then in our area it sounds, at least, unusual.

CARAVAN reference:

Vasectomy – A surgical operation that involves bandaging or removing a fragment of the vas deferens in men. This operation results in the inability to have offspring while maintaining sexual functions. Vasectomy is used as a radical contraceptive.

In the West, it has long been the norm for young people with childfree views to have themselves vasectomized and thereby deprive themselves of the opportunity to ever have children.In Kazakhstan, a similar trend has not yet gained momentum, and this is primarily due to the fact that we have a ban that does not allow vasectomy if a man is not 35 years old and does not have two children . Moreover, as far as we know, both points must be fulfilled simultaneously.

But, despite the fact that such an operation is not very popular among Kazakh young people, the Caravan.kz correspondent managed to find a person who did it.

24-year-old Mukhtar, currently studying in Austria ( name and place of study changed at the request of the respondent. – Approx. Auth. ), grew up in an ordinary Kazakh family, where the concept of “childfree” is more likely everything, never even heard. But the life and beliefs of our hero developed in such a way that he decided to irrevocably refuse the opportunity to have children. And that’s why.

– How and why did you decide to take such a step?

– It cannot be said that I had to “decide”, because it was a balanced decision that had been hatched for several years.Even at the age of 16-17, I finally realized that I did not want to have children, and in subsequent years I was already trying to understand how I could 100 percent protect myself from this.

In this regard, many will not understand me and will say that there are traditional methods of contraception that work quite well. And, in principle, they will be right. But all this works until the moment when in fact these methods have to face human insidiousness or stupidity . If a woman wants to fly in from you, then she will find a way, no matter how you protect yourself.Personally, I had a couple of cases when girls tried to pierce condoms with needles or, during the process, tried to quietly tear them open with their nails. But I noticed it in time.

And this applies not only to women. I personally know a case when a young man specially inseminated his girlfriend so that she would not leave him. And at that time they were in the 10th grade. Now they still live with their parents, and have not been able to get a normal education, they work as consultants. And this despite the fact that that girl was then quite promising.In short, he ruined her life .

So only abstinence or sterilization can save from human stupidity, but since I love sex, I chose the latter.

– Was there any doubt? Did you ever think that your opinion might change in a few years?

– There were doubts. But they were not as strong as the reluctance to have children. But I can admit that I came up with a plan “B”, and only after that all my doubts disappeared. I did not rule out that the opinion about children may change.Therefore, I got the idea to donate my semen to a sperm bank, where it will be safely stored . And to be faithful, I passed it in Kazakhstan and Austria, where I am currently studying. Reinsured, so to speak.

But I’m not sure if I have to take advantage of all these things. If in 20 years I finally lose my mind, then I will take the child from the orphanage. Still, at least someone should take and educate them.

– Where and how did the operation take place? Were there any complications?

– I did the operation in India about three years ago, I was 21 then, and I had not yet studied in Europe.I 90,031 could do it not in India, I could go to Kyrgyzstan there, where they are being held since the age of 18, or to Ukraine , there are sea options, and they are cheaper. I was just on vacation and decided to combine business with pleasure.

The operation is very simple: under local anesthesia, you are made a couple of incisions, the canals are clamped. It lasts about 20-30 minutes. You recover in about a day or two. Sexual life can be resumed in 10 days. And there is no sperm left in exactly one month.

There were no complications, everything was a little swollen, but the swelling subsided after a couple of days.

– How did your friends and family react?

– Only two of my friends know about it. They believe that this is my business, although they themselves would never have done such an operation.

I didn’t tell my parents. I think this will be a big blow for them, I don’t want to upset them . Better in 20 years I will report that it was allegedly found out that I have been sterile all my life.

– Do you have a girlfriend? What was her reaction?

– Now there is, at that time it was not.So I did the operation with peace of mind and without condemnation or excuses.

And so the girl understands my position . We have been meeting for over a year now, and no problems have arisen on this basis.

– Has your sex life changed in any way, or does the operation have no effect on it?

– No, it hasn’t changed. Although, perhaps, only for the better. Just when you have no thoughts that your partner can “fly in”, then you can calmly have fun and not think about anything.Therefore, psychologically became calmer and more pleasant .

– In Kazakhstan, up to 35 years old, or without two children, such an operation is impossible, how do you look at it?

– I don’t look at all. If the state thinks that this is necessary, then okay, so be it. I’m not one of those childfree fools who will shout that we are being restricted in our rights . It’s just that the demand for this operation in our country is small, after all, the mentality is not the same, and the level of awareness is low.So there might not have been a ban, but little would have changed.

– Does such a ban help to increase fertility?

– As I say, not much would have changed. Look at the birth rate statistics for yourself, somehow it is not growing very much. Apparently, it’s not about the ban .

Alternative opinion

We managed to find another young man who knows firsthand about male sterilization. A 21-year-old Almaty student named Dinmukhamed had been seriously thinking about getting himself a vasectomy for a long time.But, unfortunately or fortunately (it’s up to him to decide), he changed his mind.

– At what age and why did you get the idea to have a vasectomy?

– The first thoughts about this appeared at the age of 17, and this happened after watching one foreign film, now I don’t exactly remember its name, but the point was that in it a married couple decided to give the man a vasectomy, it was shown how they got there and how happy they were after that.

I was interested in what it is and decided to find out more. Googled, found out and realized that in certain situations, such an operation can be beneficial. So I decided that maybe in the future, when I have children, I will have myself a vasectomy .

– How do you look at a vasectomy now, after 4 years?

– I changed my mind and realized that all this is not worth it. There are relatively safe methods of contraception, so I see no need.Yes, and I am very afraid of operations, injections, doctors and all the more I would not allow surgeons to access my precious genital organ . It terrifies me.

Plus, this is an expensive operation, as far as I know, and finding a good doctor who will do everything right, I think, is also a problem. Teenage maximalism has passed, and I saw too many factors and cons that stop me.

– Do you think that the ban on sterilization under 35 helps to raise the birth rate?

– Prohibitions never help, even those that seem reasonable at first glance.See for yourself, the prohibition of drugs from drug addicts did not rid us at all, right? So here, in spite of the ban, young men and women still find ways to sterilize themselves , they do it underground or go abroad, for example, in Kyrgyzstan it can be done calmly.

– How do you look at people who go to sterilization at such an early age?

– I believe that this is their private matter, private life, and we have no right to judge them for these decisions.So they can do whatever they want, because, as the saying goes, “everyone masturbates as he pleases.”

Sterilization of cats in the veterinary clinic | 24-hour veterinary clinic

Neutering cats

Many people in Rostov-on-Don have their favorite pets, which amuse and do not let them get bored. In many cases, these are cats. But often one problem arises that makes life difficult for everyone – this is the natural craving for reproduction. If you do not plan to breed kittens, then you need to solve this problem.The best and simplest solution is the sterilization of cats, which can be carried out in clinics in Rostov-on-don.

The term “sterilization” refers to two types of operations. The first is feline tubal ligation and vasectomy (vas deferens are ligated) in cats. After such operations, the animal cannot reproduce. But the hormonal background of the pets remains the same, and he is attracted to the opposite sex. Therefore, the problem with the “wailing” and all the time meowing pet will remain. The second is the complete removal of the genital glands.It is this method that will relieve the desire for sexual intercourse.

Sterilization of cats by ovariectomy (removal of the ovaries) is suitable for young cats. It is better to perform the operation before the first heat begins. The pet’s uterus will eventually decrease to a scanty size, and may completely disappear. Sterilization of cats by ovariohysterectomy (removal of the ovaries together with the uterus) is performed in adults.

Medication or operational solution to the problem

Today, there are two options to resolve the issue of termination of the reproductive function of the animal.The first is with the help of medicines, the second is by surgery. In a medical case, hormonal preparations are given. The method seems to be simple, but it is not entirely safe for the health of the pet, since contraceptives are used for a long time and disrupt the hormonal balance. Because of this, various diseases arise (hyperplasia cysts, swollen uterus, and many others). In such situations, prompt assistance is needed. And if pets have never brought offspring in their lives, then after 10 years they develop a disease of the reproductive organs.Experts have proven that medical neutering of cats at a young age significantly reduces the risk of hormone-dependent diseases of the mammary glands, uterus and ovaries.

Surgical neutering of cats is less problematic because the animal does not have organs where disease can occur. One drawback in this method, you need to take hormonal drugs for some time in order to alleviate the condition of the animal. Of course, don’t forget about the risks of anesthesia. Be sure to go through a veterinarian examination before the operation so that there are no contraindications.

Sterilization of the All Inclusive kitty. Sterilization services for cats in Moscow at a low price

Surgical department

If the pet is not planned to be used in breeding and the pet’s sexual behavior creates certain difficulties (crying cats), the owner is faced with a reasonable question about how to solve the problem.

The term “sterilization” itself is not entirely accurate, as it means giving the animal fertility (inability to reproduce).An example of such operations is ligation of the vas deferens (vasectomy) in males, and, accordingly, ligation of the fallopian tubes in females. In practice, such operations are meaningless, since the sex glands are not removed and the hormonal background remains unchanged. But many people understand the term “sterilization” directly to the removal of the sex glands. Such an operation already has a specific practical value – to save the animal and the owner from the undesirable consequences of sexual behavior.

There are two main options: ovariectomy (removal of the ovaries) and ovariohysterectomy (removal of the ovaries with the uterus).The first option is carried out in young animals, ideally before the first estrus, in which case the uterus is reduced. In older animals, surgery to remove the uterus is best.

Medicines or surgery?

At the moment there are two ways to solve the problem: medication and surgical. At first glance, the use of hormonal contraceptives is simpler and more affordable, but giving these drugs for a long period violates the hormonal status of the animal, which subsequently is fraught with the development of such pathologies as: ovarian cysts, glandular hyperplasia of the uterus, uterine tumors, and there are also frequent cases of hydrometers or pyometra .