How do you recognize MRSA symptoms in the nose. What causes nasal MRSA infections. How are nasal MRSA infections diagnosed and treated. What complications can arise from untreated nasal MRSA infections.

Understanding MRSA and Staph Infections in the Nose

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of staph bacteria that has developed resistance to many common antibiotics. While staph bacteria are commonly found in the nasal passages without causing harm, they can lead to infections when they enter the body through breaks in the skin. The nose is a particularly vulnerable area for staph and MRSA infections due to its moist environment and frequent exposure to bacteria.

Common Types of Nasal Staph Infections

• Nasal vestibulitis: An infection of the front area of the nasal cavity
• Folliculitis: An infection of one or more hair follicles
• Boils (furuncles): A deeper infection around a hair follicle or oil gland

Recognizing MRSA Symptoms in the Nose

Identifying MRSA symptoms early is crucial for prompt treatment and preventing the spread of infection. Here are the key symptoms to watch for:

• Swelling and redness in the nasal area
• Crusting and light bleeding
• Lesions that ooze pus or fluid
• Pain or soreness in the nose
• Fever (in more severe cases)

Can MRSA symptoms in the nose be mistaken for other conditions? While MRSA symptoms can resemble those of other nasal infections, the presence of pus-filled lesions and the infection’s resistance to standard treatments often distinguish MRSA from other conditions. If you suspect a MRSA infection, it’s essential to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Causes and Risk Factors for Nasal MRSA Infections

Understanding the causes and risk factors for nasal MRSA infections can help in prevention and early detection. MRSA typically enters the body through breaks in the skin, which can occur in the nose due to various factors:

• Excessive nose blowing
• Nose picking
• Plucking or tweezing nose hairs
• Nasal piercings
• Cuts or abrasions inside the nose

Why are some people more susceptible to nasal MRSA infections? Certain factors can increase the risk of developing a MRSA infection in the nose:

• Weakened immune system
• Recent hospitalization or surgery
• Living in crowded conditions
• Frequent antibiotic use
• Close contact with MRSA-positive individuals

Diagnosis of Nasal MRSA Infections

Proper diagnosis of a nasal MRSA infection is crucial for effective treatment. The diagnostic process typically involves:

1. Physical examination of the nose
2. Discussion of symptoms and medical history
3. Collection of tissue or nasal secretion samples
4. Laboratory testing to identify the specific bacteria and its antibiotic resistance

How long does it take to diagnose a nasal MRSA infection? While a physical examination can provide initial indications, definitive diagnosis through laboratory testing usually takes 24 to 48 hours. In some cases, rapid diagnostic tests can provide results in a few hours, allowing for faster treatment initiation.

Treatment Options for Nasal MRSA Infections

Treating nasal MRSA infections requires a targeted approach due to the bacteria’s antibiotic resistance. Common treatment options include:

• Stronger antibiotics effective against MRSA (e.g., vancomycin, daptomycin)
• Topical antibiotic ointments for mild cases
• Drainage of large boils or abscesses (performed by a healthcare professional)
• Nasal decolonization treatments to eliminate MRSA from the nasal passages

What is the typical duration of treatment for a nasal MRSA infection? Treatment duration can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the patient’s response. Generally, antibiotic courses for MRSA infections last 7 to 14 days. However, some cases may require longer treatment periods, and follow-up cultures may be necessary to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria.

Preventing the Spread of Nasal MRSA Infections

Preventing the spread of MRSA is crucial for both individual and public health. Here are some effective prevention strategies:

• Practice good hand hygiene by washing hands frequently with soap and water
• Avoid touching or picking your nose
• Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered
• Avoid sharing personal items like towels or razors
• Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces
• Complete the full course of prescribed antibiotics

How effective are these prevention methods in reducing MRSA transmission? Studies have shown that implementing proper hand hygiene and environmental cleaning practices can significantly reduce MRSA transmission rates in healthcare settings and communities. Consistent adherence to these preventive measures is key to their effectiveness.

Potential Complications of Untreated Nasal MRSA Infections

If left untreated, nasal MRSA infections can lead to serious complications:

• Cellulitis: Infection of deeper skin layers
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis: A rare but severe complication involving blood clot formation at the brain’s base
• Sepsis: A life-threatening systemic response to infection
• Spread of infection to other body parts

When should you seek immediate medical attention for a suspected nasal MRSA infection? If you experience high fever, severe pain, rapid spread of redness or swelling, or signs of systemic illness, seek emergency medical care. These symptoms may indicate a severe infection or the onset of complications.

Living with MRSA: Long-term Management and Considerations

For individuals who have experienced a nasal MRSA infection, long-term management is crucial to prevent recurrence and maintain overall health:

• Regular follow-up appointments with healthcare providers
• Adherence to prescribed decolonization protocols
• Vigilant personal hygiene practices
• Informing healthcare providers of MRSA history before procedures
• Monitoring for signs of recurrence

Can MRSA be completely eradicated from the body? While MRSA can be successfully treated, some individuals may become carriers, harboring the bacteria without active infection. Proper management and hygiene practices can help prevent active infections in carriers and reduce the risk of transmission to others.

Emerging Research and Future Directions

The field of MRSA research is continually evolving, with scientists exploring new treatment options and prevention strategies:

• Development of new antibiotics effective against MRSA
• Research into bacteriophage therapy as an alternative treatment
• Investigation of natural compounds with antimicrobial properties
• Advancements in rapid diagnostic techniques
• Studies on MRSA colonization and transmission dynamics

What promising developments are on the horizon for MRSA treatment and prevention? Recent research has shown potential in using CRISPR gene-editing technology to target and eliminate MRSA bacteria. Additionally, studies on nasal microbiome manipulation to prevent MRSA colonization are yielding promising results, potentially leading to new preventive strategies in the future.

The Impact of MRSA on Public Health

MRSA infections, including those in the nasal area, have significant implications for public health:

• Increased healthcare costs associated with treatment and prevention
• Strain on healthcare resources, particularly in managing severe cases
• Challenges in infection control in healthcare settings and communities
• Need for ongoing surveillance and monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns

How has the prevalence of MRSA infections changed over time? While aggressive infection control measures have led to a decrease in healthcare-associated MRSA infections in many countries, community-acquired MRSA infections remain a concern. Continued vigilance and adherence to prevention strategies are crucial in managing this public health challenge.

Supporting Patients with Nasal MRSA Infections

Coping with a MRSA infection can be challenging for patients. Healthcare providers and support systems play a crucial role in patient care and recovery:

• Providing clear information about the infection and its management
• Offering emotional support and addressing concerns about stigma
• Ensuring proper follow-up care and monitoring
• Educating patients about prevention strategies to avoid recurrence
• Connecting patients with support groups or resources if needed

What resources are available for patients dealing with MRSA infections? Many healthcare organizations and patient advocacy groups offer educational materials, support hotlines, and online communities for individuals affected by MRSA. These resources can provide valuable information and emotional support throughout the treatment and recovery process.

The Role of Healthcare Professionals in MRSA Management

Healthcare professionals play a critical role in managing and preventing MRSA infections:

• Implementing proper infection control practices
• Educating patients and families about MRSA prevention
• Conducting surveillance and monitoring for MRSA in healthcare settings
• Practicing appropriate antibiotic stewardship
• Staying updated on the latest MRSA research and treatment guidelines

How can healthcare systems improve their approach to MRSA management? Implementing comprehensive MRSA prevention programs, including screening protocols, contact precautions, and staff education, has been shown to significantly reduce MRSA transmission rates in healthcare settings. Continuous quality improvement efforts and interdisciplinary collaboration are key to effective MRSA management.

MRSA in Special Populations

Certain populations may be at higher risk for MRSA infections or face unique challenges in treatment and prevention:

• Elderly individuals in long-term care facilities
• Immunocompromised patients
• Athletes in contact sports
• Military personnel in close living quarters
• Individuals with chronic skin conditions

How do prevention and treatment strategies differ for these high-risk groups? Tailored approaches may include more frequent screening, specialized hygiene protocols, and modified treatment regimens. For example, athletes may require additional measures to prevent transmission through shared equipment, while immunocompromised patients may need more aggressive treatment and prolonged monitoring.

The Global Perspective on MRSA

MRSA is a global health concern, with varying prevalence and management approaches across different countries:

• Differences in MRSA strain distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns
• Variations in healthcare practices and infection control measures
• Challenges in resource-limited settings for diagnosis and treatment
• International collaborations for surveillance and research

How does the global approach to MRSA management impact individual countries? Sharing data and best practices internationally can lead to improved strategies for MRSA control. However, approaches must be adapted to local contexts, considering factors such as healthcare system structure, cultural practices, and available resources.

Integrating Technology in MRSA Management

Technological advancements are playing an increasingly important role in MRSA management:

• Electronic health records for improved tracking and communication
• Mobile apps for patient education and adherence to treatment plans
• Automated systems for early detection of outbreaks
• Telemedicine for remote consultation and follow-up
• Artificial intelligence for predicting antibiotic resistance patterns

How can technology enhance MRSA prevention and treatment strategies? Integrating these technologies into healthcare systems can lead to more efficient and effective MRSA management. For example, AI-powered prediction models can help healthcare providers choose the most appropriate antibiotics, potentially reducing the development of resistance.

The Psychological Impact of MRSA Infections

The psychological effects of MRSA infections, particularly in visible areas like the nose, can be significant:

• Anxiety about the infection and its potential spread
• Concerns about appearance and social stigma
• Stress related to treatment and potential recurrence
• Impact on self-esteem and body image
• Fear of future health complications

How can healthcare providers address the psychological aspects of MRSA infections? Incorporating psychological support into MRSA treatment plans is crucial. This may include referrals to mental health professionals, providing resources for coping strategies, and addressing patient concerns compassionately throughout the treatment process.

In conclusion, nasal MRSA infections present a complex challenge in healthcare, requiring a multifaceted approach to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and management strategies, individuals and healthcare providers can work together to effectively combat these infections and minimize their impact on public health. Continued research, technological advancements, and global collaboration will be key in developing more effective strategies to manage MRSA in the future.

Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

A staph infection is a bacterial infection that’s caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, which are fairly common in the environment.

An infection with staph bacteria can cause a variety of skin conditions, including:

• cellulitis
• boils
• impetigo
• folliculitis
• scalded skin syndrome

These skin conditions aren’t contagious, but the bacteria that cause them are. The bacteria spreads through either person-to-person contact or touching a contaminated object, such as a doorknob.

Staph bacteria tend to hang out in your nasal passages, so your nose is a common site for a staph infection.

Common types of nasal staph infections include:

• Nasal vestibulitis. This is an infection of the front area of your nasal cavity. It may cause crusts and bleeding.
• Folliculitis. This is an infection of one or more hair follicles.
• Boils. Also called furuncles, a boil is a deeper infection around a hair follicle or oil gland that can drain pus if it breaks open.

Read on to learn more about staph infections in your nose, including common symptoms and how to treat them.

Potential symptoms of a staph infection in your nose include:

• swelling
• redness
• crusting
• light bleeding
• lesions that ooze pus or fluid
• pain or soreness
• fever

You probably come into contact with staph bacteria on a daily basis, but it doesn’t always cause an infection. If you have a break in your skin, though, such as a cut, scrape, or burn, the bacteria can enter your body and cause an infection.

There are several things that can cause a a break in the delicate skin inside your nose, including:

• excessive nose blowing
• picking your nose
• plucking or tweezing your nose hairs
• having a nose piercing

To confirm you have a nasal staph infection, it’s best to see your primary care provider. They’ll examine your nose and ask about your symptoms. They may collect a sample of tissue or nasal secretions to test in a laboratory to check for bacteria.

Testing can help check if the infection is caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA is a type of staph bacteria that’s resistant to many types of antibiotics, so it requires careful treatment.

Antibiotics treat staph infections. Your doctor might prescribe you oral antibiotics, a topical antibiotic ointment, or both.

If you have MRSA, your doctor will probably prescribe you a stronger antibiotic or even intravenous antibiotics if the infection is severe or not responding to treatment.

important!

Make sure you take the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor, even if you start to feel better before finishing them. Otherwise, you may not kill all of the bacteria, which can make them resistant to antibiotics.

If you have a large boil or other lesion, you may need to have it drained. Resist the urge to pop or drain it on your own. That can cause the infection to spread.

Mild staph infections often heal on their own without any treatment.

However, some staph infections can quickly become serious and cause certain complications, such as:

• Cellulitis. An infection occurs in the deeper layers of your skin.
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis. This rare but serious complication of nasal or facial infections involves the formation of a blood clot at the base of your brain.
• Sepsis. Potentially life-threatening, this condition is your body’s extreme response to an infection.

Staph bacteria are commonly present in our nasal cavity and on our skin. Usually, these bacteria are harmless. But they can cause an infection if they enter your body through a break in your skin.

If you notice an area in your nose that’s red or irritated, keep an eye on it. If it becomes painful or forms a pus- or fluid-filled bump or lesion, seek medical treatment to avoid a more serious infection.

Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

A staph infection is a bacterial infection that’s caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, which are fairly common in the environment.

An infection with staph bacteria can cause a variety of skin conditions, including:

• cellulitis
• boils
• impetigo
• folliculitis
• scalded skin syndrome

These skin conditions aren’t contagious, but the bacteria that cause them are. The bacteria spreads through either person-to-person contact or touching a contaminated object, such as a doorknob.

Staph bacteria tend to hang out in your nasal passages, so your nose is a common site for a staph infection.

Common types of nasal staph infections include:

• Nasal vestibulitis. This is an infection of the front area of your nasal cavity. It may cause crusts and bleeding.
• Folliculitis. This is an infection of one or more hair follicles.
• Boils. Also called furuncles, a boil is a deeper infection around a hair follicle or oil gland that can drain pus if it breaks open.

Read on to learn more about staph infections in your nose, including common symptoms and how to treat them.

Potential symptoms of a staph infection in your nose include:

• swelling
• redness
• crusting
• light bleeding
• lesions that ooze pus or fluid
• pain or soreness
• fever

You probably come into contact with staph bacteria on a daily basis, but it doesn’t always cause an infection. If you have a break in your skin, though, such as a cut, scrape, or burn, the bacteria can enter your body and cause an infection.

There are several things that can cause a a break in the delicate skin inside your nose, including:

• excessive nose blowing
• picking your nose
• plucking or tweezing your nose hairs
• having a nose piercing

To confirm you have a nasal staph infection, it’s best to see your primary care provider. They’ll examine your nose and ask about your symptoms. They may collect a sample of tissue or nasal secretions to test in a laboratory to check for bacteria.

Testing can help check if the infection is caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA is a type of staph bacteria that’s resistant to many types of antibiotics, so it requires careful treatment.

Antibiotics treat staph infections. Your doctor might prescribe you oral antibiotics, a topical antibiotic ointment, or both.

If you have MRSA, your doctor will probably prescribe you a stronger antibiotic or even intravenous antibiotics if the infection is severe or not responding to treatment.

important!

Make sure you take the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor, even if you start to feel better before finishing them. Otherwise, you may not kill all of the bacteria, which can make them resistant to antibiotics.

If you have a large boil or other lesion, you may need to have it drained. Resist the urge to pop or drain it on your own. That can cause the infection to spread.

Mild staph infections often heal on their own without any treatment.

However, some staph infections can quickly become serious and cause certain complications, such as:

• Cellulitis. An infection occurs in the deeper layers of your skin.
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis. This rare but serious complication of nasal or facial infections involves the formation of a blood clot at the base of your brain.
• Sepsis. Potentially life-threatening, this condition is your body’s extreme response to an infection.

Staph bacteria are commonly present in our nasal cavity and on our skin. Usually, these bacteria are harmless. But they can cause an infection if they enter your body through a break in your skin.

If you notice an area in your nose that’s red or irritated, keep an eye on it. If it becomes painful or forms a pus- or fluid-filled bump or lesion, seek medical treatment to avoid a more serious infection.

Staphylococcal infection | Clinic Altimed

Do you have skin problems? Perhaps you have a staph infection?

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria found on human skin, nose, armpits, groin and other areas. Although these microbes do not always cause harm, they can cause illness under certain circumstances. S. aureus is a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses, boils, boils, and cellulitis (red, swollen, painful, warm skin).

S. aureus germs can also cause more serious infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, endocarditis (infection of the lining of the heart chambers and heart valves), and bone and joint infections. The specialists of Altimed Medical Center will help you quickly cure Staphylococcus aureus.

Diagnosis and treatment of staphylococcal infection Altimed MC

The most effective treatment for staphylococcus can only be prescribed after diagnosis and confirmation of the diagnosis. In our clinic, you can undergo an examination using modern equipment, which allows you to get the fastest results and begin to eliminate symptoms and treatment as soon as possible. We carry out diagnostics non-invasively, which means that both children and adults may not be afraid of unpleasant or painful sensations.

Two diagnostic methods:

1. Functional screening to find out the state of the organs, the immune system, and understand why the body reacts in this way.
2. ATM Vega Test is a deeper type of diagnostics to identify hidden diseases.

Based on the results, the specialist prescribes treatment for the staph infection.

What is a staph infection?

Staphylococcal infections are a group of infections caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus. You may have heard them referred to as “staph infections”.

Staph bacteria can cause a wide range of infections, from relatively minor skin infections such as boils to more serious blood, lung and heart infections.

There are many types of staphylococci, but most infections are caused by a group called Staphylococcus aureus.

This group of bacteria includes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is resistant to certain antibiotics commonly used for staph infections, such as flucloxacillin.

It also includes PVL-Staphylococcus aureus, which produces a toxin called Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), which kills infection-fighting white blood cells and can cause recurrent skin infections such as boils and abscesses.

Staphylococcal infections can be divided into two groups: skin and soft tissue infections and invasive infections.

What are the symptoms of staphylococcus?

Skin infections caused by staphylococcus aureus present in a variety of ways. Conditions commonly caused by S. aureus (staphylococcus symptoms) include:

1. Folliculitis : This is an infection of hair follicles, tiny pockets under the skin in which hair shafts (strands) grow. In folliculitis, tiny white-headed pimples appear at the base of the hair shafts, sometimes with small red patches around each pimple. This often happens when people shave or have irritated skin from rubbing against clothing.
2. Furuncle : These swollen, red, painful skin lesions are usually caused by an infected hair follicle. The bump fills with pus, gets bigger and more painful, until it bursts and starts to drain. Furuncles often start as folliculitis and then get worse. They most often appear on the face, neck, buttocks, armpits, and inner thighs, where small hairs can become irritated. A bundle of several boils is called a carbuncle. A person with a carbuncle may feel unwell and may develop a fever.
3. Impetigo : This superficial skin infection is most common in young children, usually on the face, arms or legs. It starts as a small blister or pimple and then forms a honey-colored crust.
4. Barley : there is a red, warm, uncomfortable bump at the edge of the eyelid.
5. MRSA : This type of staph bacteria is resistant to antibiotics used to treat staph infections. MRSA infections are more difficult to treat, but most can be cured with proper care. Most MRSA infections involve the skin.
6. Scalded skin syndrome : most commonly affects newborns and children under 5 years of age. It starts as a small staph skin infection, but the staph bacteria produce a toxin that affects the skin all over the body. The child has a high fever, rash, sometimes blisters. When the blisters burst and the rash clears, the top layer of skin falls off and the surface of the skin becomes red and rough, as if burned. This serious disease affects the body in the same way as serious burns. You need to be treated in a hospital. After treatment, most children make a full recovery.
7. Wound infections : they cause symptoms of redness, pain, swelling and warmth. The person may have a fever and general malaise. Pus or a cloudy liquid may flow from the wound and a yellow crust may form.

Serious staph infections include:

1. Endocarditis : occurs when staph enters the bloodstream and attacks your heart. Doctors usually treat it with strong antibiotics. Sometimes surgery is needed if the infection damages the heart valves.
2. Sepsis : If you have a serious infection, it can get into your bloodstream. This is called sepsis. This can cause fever and dangerously low blood pressure, and is especially dangerous for older people.

Staphylococcus aureus causes:

• when someone touches a contaminated surface
• from person to person, especially in situations of group living (for example, in hostels). This usually happens when people with skin infections share personal items such as bedding, towels, or clothing. Therefore, if you have staph on your face, treatment is extremely important and necessary for you.
• from one part of the body to another through dirty hands or nails
• Warm and humid environments can promote the development of staph infections, so excessive sweating may increase the chances of developing an infection. People with skin problems such as burns or eczema are more susceptible to staph skin infections.

When should I contact Altimed MC?

If you are experiencing symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus, please contact our medical center immediately for diagnosis and timely treatment.

How to avoid staph infection?

Since staphylococcus is all around us, it is not uncommon for a perfectly healthy person to contract a staph infection. The best way to avoid this is to practice good hygiene.

1. Wash your hands, especially after handling soil or food.
2. Make sure food is properly cooked, clean and fresh because if your food is exposed to staph, you can get food poisoning associated with it.
3. If you get a cut on your skin, treat it immediately. Wash with soap and water, dry the skin and apply a bandage.

If you suspect that you have a staph infection, we suggest that you look into it and be sure to seek help.

If staphylococcus aureus is left untreated, sometimes this serious infection leads to more complex diseases. Therefore, it is always a good idea to see a doctor if you are worried that you might have a staph infection.

How is staphylococcal infection treated at Altimed MC?

Our medical center takes a responsible approach to the appointment of treatment, an individual course is selected on our devices. We use devices of the Lanta series, which maximally reduce the effect of pathogenic micro- and macro-organisms, contribute to their complete extinction and elimination from the human body.

Lanta series equipment you can buy from us and use at home.

When staphylococcus enters deep into your body, treatment should be immediate.

Helper Personal or Helper is recommended to be used as an addition to Lanta – increasing resistance to streptococcal infection and its elimination from the body through activation of the immune system.

Most MRSA infections are skin infections, but they can also cause more serious infections.

Why choose MC Altimed for the treatment of staphylococcal infection?

If you need effective treatment for staph, please contact our medical center. We have already cured more than a thousand patients from such a disease and can predict the result of treatment, in contrast to the unpredictable action of antibiotics, with all the ensuing consequences.

Our advantages are as follows:

1. Affordable prices for diagnosis and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus.
2. Qualified and experienced personnel.
3. Quick fix.
4. Certified equipment of own production.
5. Individual approach to the treatment of each client.

To make an appointment for a consultation, call the toll-free number 0-800-600-0-80.

Nasal bacteria can detect skin infections – microbiology

By LabMedica International staff writers
Posted on 12 Jun 2014

Bacteria found in the nose may prove to be an important indicator of the future development of skin and soft tissue infections in peripheral areas of the body.

The nose is the main reservoir of Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria species in the human body, and in almost 80% of cases, the colonized strains of an individual are the same strains that cause subsequent peripheral skin infections. However, until now, no one could determine why some carriers have S. aureus show signs of infection while others do not.

Scanning electron microscope image showing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and a dead human neutrophil (photo courtesy of US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases).

Scientists from the Military Medical University (Bethesda, Maryland, USA) postulated that the population of S. aureus in the human nose may contain valuable clues regarding susceptibility to skin and soft tissue infections that have not yet been described. This study is of particular interest to the military, as soldiers are known to be at an increased risk of developing skin infections and soft tissue infections during training. They collected material and bacterial cultures from the noses of 86 infantry soldiers, and those of the 86 individuals who were found to have skin infections were also sampled and cultured from skin abscesses.

The research team used a high throughput DNA sequencing strategy to determine the microbial composition of each sample. A comparison was made of the diversity of life forms of bacterial populations found in the nose of each individual, between people whose nose is inhabited and / or infected with methicillin-resistant bacteria S. aureus (MRSA), methicillin-susceptible bacteria S. aureus (MSSA ), and individuals who have cultures for S. aureus gave a negative result.

Scientists observed a significantly higher percentage of the bacteria known as Proteobacteria in the noses of people who did not develop skin infections, suggesting that Proteobacteria may actually be protective against the development of skin and soft tissue infections. In addition, S. aureus carriers had a unique nasal microbiome that differed from that of non-carriers. It includes a wide variety of pathogens such as Escherichia , Salmonella , Vibrio , Helicobacter and many other known species.