What are the common signs of eczema. How does atopic dermatitis differ from other types of eczema. What triggers eczema flare-ups and how can they be prevented. What are the most effective treatments for managing eczema symptoms.

Understanding Eczema: An Overview of Atopic Dermatitis

Eczema, medically known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide. This complex disorder is characterized by itchy, dry, and inflamed skin that can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. While eczema can occur at any age, it often begins in childhood and may persist into adulthood.

The term “eczema” actually encompasses several related skin conditions, with atopic dermatitis being the most common form. Other types include contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, nummular eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis. Each type has its own unique characteristics and triggers, but they all share the common feature of skin inflammation.

Prevalence and Impact of Eczema

Eczema is a widespread condition, affecting more than 31 million Americans. Its prevalence has been increasing in recent years, particularly in developed countries. The impact of eczema extends beyond physical discomfort, often causing emotional distress, sleep disturbances, and social challenges for those affected.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Eczema

Identifying eczema can be challenging, as its presentation can vary from person to person. However, there are several common signs and symptoms to watch for:

• Intense itching, often worse at night
• Dry, sensitive skin
• Red, inflamed patches
• Rough, scaly, or leathery skin texture
• Oozing or crusting
• Swelling
• Dark colored patches of skin

These symptoms can appear on various parts of the body, but they commonly affect the face, hands, feet, and the creases of elbows and knees. In infants, eczema often appears on the cheeks and scalp.

The Itch-Scratch Cycle

One of the hallmarks of eczema is the intense itching sensation it produces. This itching can lead to a vicious cycle known as the itch-scratch cycle. As individuals scratch to relieve the itch, they damage the skin barrier, leading to more inflammation and itching. Breaking this cycle is crucial for managing eczema effectively.

Unraveling the Causes of Eczema

The exact cause of eczema remains elusive, but research suggests it results from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Understanding these underlying causes can help in developing effective management strategies.

Genetic Factors

Eczema has a strong genetic component. Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever are at higher risk of developing the condition. Recent studies have identified specific genes associated with eczema, including those responsible for skin barrier function and immune system regulation.

One key protein involved in eczema development is filaggrin. This protein plays a crucial role in maintaining skin moisture and protecting against environmental irritants. Mutations in the filaggrin gene can lead to a compromised skin barrier, making individuals more susceptible to eczema.

Environmental Triggers

While genetics play a significant role, environmental factors often trigger eczema flare-ups. Common triggers include:

• Irritants: Harsh soaps, detergents, and cleaning products
• Allergens: Dust mites, pollen, pet dander, and certain foods
• Climate: Extreme temperatures, low humidity, and sudden temperature changes
• Stress: Emotional stress can exacerbate eczema symptoms
• Hormonal changes: Particularly in women during pregnancy or menstrual cycles
• Certain fabrics: Wool and synthetic materials can irritate the skin

Identifying and avoiding individual triggers is a crucial step in managing eczema effectively.

The Immune System’s Role in Eczema

Eczema is fundamentally an immune-mediated condition. In individuals with eczema, the immune system overreacts to environmental triggers, leading to inflammation and skin barrier dysfunction. This heightened immune response contributes to the chronic nature of eczema and its associated symptoms.

The Skin Barrier and Eczema

A healthy skin barrier is essential for protecting the body from external irritants and maintaining proper hydration. In eczema, this barrier is compromised, allowing irritants to penetrate more easily and moisture to escape. This dysfunction contributes to the dry, itchy skin characteristic of eczema.

Diagnosing Eczema: When to Seek Professional Help

Diagnosing eczema typically involves a thorough examination by a dermatologist or other healthcare professional. While there is no definitive test for eczema, healthcare providers use a combination of methods to reach a diagnosis:

1. Physical examination: Assessing the appearance and distribution of skin lesions
2. Medical history: Discussing symptoms, family history, and potential triggers
3. Patch testing: To identify specific allergens that may be causing symptoms
4. Skin biopsy: In rare cases, to rule out other skin conditions

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing eczema effectively and preventing complications. If you suspect you or your child may have eczema, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional promptly.

Differential Diagnosis

Eczema can sometimes be confused with other skin conditions, such as psoriasis or seborrheic dermatitis. A dermatologist can differentiate between these conditions and provide an accurate diagnosis, ensuring appropriate treatment.

Comprehensive Treatment Approaches for Eczema Management

While there is no cure for eczema, a range of treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent flare-ups. The most effective approach often involves a combination of therapies tailored to the individual’s specific needs.

Topical Treatments

Topical treatments are the cornerstone of eczema management. These include:

• Moisturizers: Regular use of emollients helps maintain skin hydration and repair the skin barrier
• Topical corticosteroids: These anti-inflammatory medications can reduce itching and inflammation during flare-ups
• Calcineurin inhibitors: Non-steroidal medications that suppress the immune response in the skin
• Topical antibiotics: Used when there’s a risk of skin infection

Systemic Treatments

For severe cases of eczema, systemic treatments may be necessary. These include:

• Oral corticosteroids: Short-term use for severe flare-ups
• Immunosuppressants: Drugs that modulate the immune system to reduce inflammation
• Biologic drugs: Targeted therapies that block specific components of the immune system involved in eczema

Phototherapy

Controlled exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can help reduce inflammation and itching in some cases of eczema. This treatment is typically reserved for moderate to severe cases that haven’t responded to other therapies.

Lifestyle Modifications and Self-Care Strategies

In addition to medical treatments, various lifestyle changes and self-care practices can help manage eczema:

• Identifying and avoiding triggers
• Maintaining a consistent skincare routine
• Using gentle, fragrance-free products
• Wearing soft, breathable fabrics
• Managing stress through relaxation techniques or counseling
• Keeping nails short to minimize skin damage from scratching
• Using a humidifier in dry environments

The Role of Diet in Eczema Management

While the relationship between diet and eczema is complex, some individuals may find that certain foods trigger flare-ups. Common dietary triggers include dairy, eggs, nuts, and wheat. Working with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian can help identify potential food triggers and ensure a balanced diet while managing eczema.

Living with Eczema: Coping Strategies and Support

Living with eczema can be challenging, both physically and emotionally. Developing effective coping strategies and seeking support can significantly improve quality of life for those affected by this condition.

Emotional Impact and Mental Health

Eczema can take a toll on mental health, leading to anxiety, depression, and social isolation. Addressing these psychological aspects is an important part of comprehensive eczema care. Strategies may include:

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy
• Support groups
• Mindfulness and relaxation techniques
• Education about the condition

Eczema in Children: Special Considerations

Eczema often begins in childhood, presenting unique challenges for both children and their caregivers. Managing eczema in children requires a multifaceted approach:

• Establishing a consistent skincare routine
• Educating children about their condition and self-care practices
• Working with schools to ensure appropriate accommodations
• Addressing sleep disturbances caused by itching
• Monitoring for associated conditions like asthma and food allergies

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Eczema Treatment

The field of eczema research is rapidly evolving, with new insights into the condition’s underlying mechanisms leading to innovative treatment approaches. Some promising areas of research include:

• Targeted biologic therapies
• Microbiome-based treatments
• Gene therapy for skin barrier dysfunction
• Novel delivery systems for topical medications
• Personalized medicine approaches based on genetic profiling

These advancements offer hope for more effective, personalized treatments for eczema in the future.

The Importance of Ongoing Research

Continued research into eczema is crucial for improving our understanding of the condition and developing better management strategies. Participating in clinical trials can be an opportunity for individuals with eczema to access cutting-edge treatments and contribute to scientific advancement.

As our knowledge of eczema continues to grow, so does the potential for more targeted, effective treatments. While living with eczema can be challenging, a combination of medical management, lifestyle modifications, and emotional support can help individuals effectively manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Eczema (atopic dermatitis): Causes, symptoms, and treatment

Eczema (eg-zuh-MUH) is an inflammatory skin condition that causes itchiness, dry skin, rashes, scaly patches, blisters and skin infections. Itchy skin is the most common symptom of eczema. There are seven different types of eczema: atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, nummular eczema, seborrheic dermatitis and stasis dermatitis. 

More than 31 million Americans have some form of eczema. Eczema can begin during childhood, adolescence, or adulthood – and it can range from mild to severe. Newborn babies can experience eczema within the first weeks and months after birth. Young children with eczema can experience patches of skin that are extremely dry; itchy skin that can lead to blisters and skin infections due to excessive scratching. Adults can also experience eczema and adult eczema is most commonly developed when someone is in their 20s or over the age of 50.

Many people with eczema use the phrase “flare-up” to describe a phase of eczema when they are experiencing one or more acute symptoms or side effects from prolonged itchiness; severe eczema may include periods of flare-ups that can last many days or even several weeks. Moisturizers, antihistamines, topical steroid creams and corticosteroids are among the potential courses of eczema treatments usually recommended by healthcare providers, dermatologists and the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD).

Sometimes eczema is confused with other skin diseases, like psoriasis, so it’s important to get a diagnosis. A dermatologist or other qualified healthcare professional will also have expert knowledge on treatment options–and they’re often an invaluable partner in developing your symptom management plan and in stopping future flare-ups.

What is atopic dermatitis?

Atopic dermatitis, the most common type of eczema (sometimes referred to as “atopic eczema”), results from an overactive immune system that causes the skin barrier to become dry and itchy.  Eczema is not contagious. You can’t “catch it” from someone else. While the exact cause of eczema is unknown, researchers do know that people develop eczema because of an interaction between genes and environmental triggers.  Many people with eczema often report comorbid symptoms of hay fever, allergic asthma and food allergies. Proper, consistent skin care is essential in the prevention and management of eczema.

What are the causes of eczema?

Atopic dermatitis (sometimes referred to as “atopic eczema”) is the most common type of eczema. It results from an overactive immune system that causes the skin barrier to become dry and itchy. This condition can occur on any part of the body and has varied symptoms. Many factors can contribute to eczema, including an interaction between your environment and your genes. When an irritant or an allergen from outside or inside the body “switches on” the immune system, it produces inflammation, or a flare-up, on the surface of the skin. This inflammation causes the symptoms common to most types of eczema. Creases of the skin, especially the flexural areas behind the knees, elbows, lower legs and other areas of skin that rub against each other can lead to irritation.

There is also a potential genetic component to eczema that includes a protein called “filaggrin” that helps maintain moisture in your skin; a filaggrin deficiency can lead to drier, itchier skin. If you have family members with atopic dermatitis and certain other types of eczema, you may be at an increased risk.

Along with having a family history of eczema, many common household items are also potential environmental irritants and can cause allergic reactions leading to an eczema flare. Additional common triggers of eczema may include:

• extended exposure to dry air, extreme heat or cold
• some types of soap, shampoos that cause dander, bubble bath products, body wash, and facial cleansers
• laundry detergents and fabric softeners with chemical additives
• certain fabrics like wool or polyester in clothing and sheets
• surface cleaners and disinfectants
• natural liquids like the juice from fruit, vegetables and meats
• fragrances in candles
• metals, especially nickel, in jewelry or utensils
• formaldehyde, which is found in household disinfectants, some vaccines, glues and adhesives
• isothiazolinone, an antibacterial found in personal care products like baby wipes
• cocamidopropyl betaine, which is used to thicken shampoos and lotions
• paraphenylene-diamine, which is used in leather dyes and temporary tattoos
• dust mites and living in dirty spaces

To avoid being triggered by a household product, make sure to use products with the National Eczema Association Seal of Acceptance^TM.

Emotional stress can also trigger an eczema flare-up, but it’s not exactly known why. Some people’s eczema symptoms and flare-ups get worse when they’re feeling “stressed.” Others may become stressed, just knowing they have eczema, and this can make their skin flare up.

Is eczema contagious?

Eczema is not contagious. You can’t “catch it” from someone else. While the exact cause of eczema is unknown, researchers do know that people develop eczema because of an interaction between genes and environmental triggers.

What are the symptoms of eczema?

The most important thing to remember is that eczema and its symptoms are different for everyone. Every individual’s skin care routine will also impact the affected areas of the skin differently. Your eczema may not look the same on you as it does on another adult or on your child. Different types of eczema may even appear in different affected areas of the body at different times.

Some people mistake symptoms of psoriasis for eczema, although the two conditions are different. Many people with eczema also report similar symptoms to hay fever, allergic asthma and food allergies. Proper, consistent skin care is essential in the prevention and management of eczema.

Eczema almost always includes itchy skin. The scientific term for itch is “pruritus.” For many people, the itch can range from mild to moderate. Sometimes the itch gets so bad that people scratch it until it bleeds. This is called the “itch-scratch cycle.”

Symptoms of eczema often include:

• Itch;
• Dryness, sensitive skin;
• Inflamed, discolored skin;
• Rough, leathery or scaly skin, appearing as scaly patches;
• Oozing or crusting;
• Areas of swelling.

You might have all of these symptoms of eczema or only just a few. You might have some flare-ups or your symptoms could go away entirely. Eczema can appear red in lighter skin, whereas people of color may experience eczema as ashen skin, grey skin, darker brown or purple in color. Black Americans are more likely to report severe symptoms associated with eczema. The best way to find out if you have eczema is to consult with a healthcare provider, such as a dermatologist who has experience diagnosing and treating eczema.

Types of eczema

There are seven main types of eczema and it can sometimes be hard to tell the difference between symptoms of atopic dermatitis and other types. In fact, many of the symptoms, causes and treatment options overlap. Here’s what you can generally expect from the most common types.

Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis, the most common type of eczema, affects more than 9.6 million children and about 16.5 million adults in the United States alone. The hallmark symptom is itching, but the itching can cause other symptoms such as rashes, pain, and poor sleep caused by itching. folks with this type can also experience the breaking down of the skin barrier, which can weaken the immune system. People with atopic dermatitis can get the skin condition anywhere on their body and oozing rashes can form as a result.

Contact dermatitis

If the skin becomes inflamed or irritated after coming into contact with a substance, you might be experiencing contact dermatitis. This version displays typical eczema symptoms, but what sets it apart from the other types is that it happens as a reaction to an environmental trigger.

Dyshidrotic eczema

Dyshidrotic eczema causes small blisters on the hands, feet and edges of the fingers and toes. This form of eczema is sometimes referred to as hand eczema or foot eczema, though other types can affect these areas too. The cause of this form is unknown, though it affects more men than women.

Neurodermatitis

Experiencing an intense itching could be a sign of neurodermatitis, which affects 12% of the population. Affected areas are often visible because of the skin lines, scales, and discoloration that form from excessive itching. While it can appear anywhere, it is most common on the feet, ankles, hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, neck and scalp.

Nummular eczema (sometimes called discoid eczema)

Scattered circular patches are often a sign of nummular eczema, also known as discoid eczema and nummular dermatitis. Often, these patches ooze or can be very dry and sensitive.

Seborrheic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis usually affects the scalp. Those with this condition often experience a constant itch, a rash around the scalp, and other symptoms. Shampoos for seborrheic dermatitis are often a good treatment option.

Stasis dermatitis

Also called gravitational dermatitis, venous eczema, and venous stasis dermatitis, stasis dermatitis occurs when there’s poor circulation in the legs. Symptoms are usually contained in the leg and can include itchy skin, redness in lighter skin tones that may appear brown, purple, gray or ashen in darker skin tones, and dry skin.

Is there a cure for eczema?

There is no cure for eczema, but there are treatments. Every treatment plan should be tailored to your individual eczema symptoms. Depending on your age and the severity of your eczema, these treatments might include: medical grade moisturizing creams, prescription topical medications including topical corticosteroids, over-the-counter (OTC) home remedies, phototherapy (also known as light therapy), immunosuppressants and injectable biologics.

Many people with eczema also find success with specific natural and alternative treatments, including bleach baths, cryotherapy, medical-grade honey, meditation and acupuncture. With these natural and alternative treatments, you want to be careful and also consult a healthcare professional before starting. Some natural treatments, like meditation, work amazingly with over-the-counter or prescription medications or ointments.

For most types of eczema, managing flares comes down to these basics:

• Know your triggers so that you can avoid exposure;
• Implement a daily bathing and moisturizing routine;
• Use OTC creams and prescription medication consistently and as prescribed.

Symptoms may be different from one child to the next. More often than not, eczema goes away as a child grows older, though some children will continue to experience eczema into adulthood. Adults can develop eczema, too, even if they never had it as a child. Read more for additional information about managing itch.

Frequently asked questions about eczema

As you might have already guessed, eczema is a nuanced condition which impacts millions of people worldwide. There’s a lot of information out there about this condition–including the resources on this very website–but here are the answers to the most commonly asked questions about this skin condition.

What is the main cause of eczema?

There is no “main” cause of eczema. In fact, there are seven types and each has at least one cause, if not more. Some of the most common causes are a family history of eczema, being exposed to certain environmental triggers and stress.

What is the best treatment for eczema?

The best treatment option for eczema depends on the individual’s preferences, the severity of your case, the age of the person with eczema and what type of eczema they have. To find the best treatment for you or a loved one, consult with a dermatologist. Usually a dermatologist will create a treatment plan consisting of a skin care routine, natural treatments, over-the-counter products and/or prescribed medications.

It’s important to note that it could take some time, as well as trial and error, to find the best treatment for you or your child. That’s ok and completely normal! Focus on finding a treatment which works to manage your symptoms, not the best objective treatment out there.

What cures eczema fast?

Unfortunately there is no quick cure for eczema. In fact, there is no known cure for this condition! Luckily there are some treatment options which can help you manage symptoms and some might be able to minimize symptoms quickly. To find the best treatment for you, talk with a dermatologist or qualified medical professional.

What are some of the alternate terms people with eczema sometimes use to describe their skin condition?

There are many subcategories of eczema within the general descriptions like “atopic dermatitis,” each of which may include specific triggers and sytmptoms specific to individual body parts. For instance, eczema may appear one way on your ears or face, whereas it could appear differently on your hands and feet. The skin disease appears and evolves differently for everyone.

The phrase “discoid eczema” is sometimes used interchangeably with nummular eczema or discoid dermatitis. General treatment and management recommendations for discoid eczema or nummular eczema are available here. Recommendations for experts in discoid eczema and other forms of severe eczema are available via the National Eczema Association Eczema Provider Finder. Severe eczema comes with additional complications beyond itchy skin and rashes and can lead to hospitalization if left untreated. People with severe eczema are also at higher risk for food allergy and asthma, a triangulation of conditions that commonly co-occur known as the Atopic March. Topical cortiocosteroids, if prescribed by your healthcare provider, should be sparingly for this skin disease to avoid potential complications with topical steroid withdrawal.  

Be sure to review the NEA Product Directory before choosing skin products, steroid cream, or other eczema treatments for your eczema prone skin: what might work for one person’s acute eczema or severe cases may lead to allergic reaction or inflamed skin if the product is not a good fit for your particular set of eczema symptoms. Itching, skin infection and allergy are all treatable components of this skin disease that should be discussed with your dermatologist or allergist. 

Living with eczema and next steps

As you might imagine, this is only the type of the eczema iceberg! If you or a loved one experiences eczema, there’s still a lot to learn, from researching your specific type to deciding which treatment option is best for you. Many in the eczema community often feel overwhelmed trying to figure out the cause of their case and the best way to manage symptoms.

While it’s normal to feel overwhelmed, it’s also important to know you’re not alone. The National Eczema Association and the wider eczema community can be a place to find support, solidarity and resources which might help with the physical or mental health impacts of this condition. 

Symptoms, treatment, causes, and types

Eczema is a condition in which patches of skin become inflamed, itchy, cracked, and rough. Some types can also cause blisters. Home remedies and medical treatment can help manage and prevent flares.

Different types and stages of eczema affect 31.6 million people in the United States, which equals more than 10% of the population.

Many people use the word eczema when referring to atopic dermatitis, which is the most common type. The term atopic refers to a collection of conditions that involve the immune system, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, and hay fever. The word dermatitis refers to inflammation of the skin.

Certain foods, such as nuts and dairy, can trigger symptoms of eczema. Environmental triggers can include smoke, pollen, soaps, and fragrances. Eczema is not contagious.

About a quarter of children in the U.S. have the condition, as well as 10% of African Americans, 13% of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, 13% of Native Americans, and 11% of people who are white.

Some people outgrow the condition, while others will continue to have it throughout adulthood. This article will explain what eczema is and discuss its symptoms, treatments, causes, and types.

The symptoms of atopic dermatitis can vary depending on a person’s age and the condition’s severity and can vary by individual.

People with the condition will often experience periods of time when their symptoms worsen, followed by periods of time when their symptoms will improve or clear up.

The following sections will outline some of the potential differences in symptoms in more detail.

General eczema symptoms

In most cases eczema symptoms are mild. The most common symptoms of atopic dermatitis include:

• dry, scaly skin
• skin flushing
• itching
• open, crusted, or weeping sores

People with severe eczema may need more intensive treatment to relieve their symptoms. Continuous rubbing and scratching can also lead to skin infections.

Learn how to identify infected eczema here.

Eczema symptoms in People of Color

In People of Color, an eczema rash may appear gray or brown. This can make outbreaks harder to see.

However, People of Color who get eczema may also get dark or light skin patches even after eczema symptoms go away. These can last a long time. Doctors call these patches hyperpigmentation and depigmentation or hypopigmentation.

A dermatologist can evaluate these patches, which may respond to treatments like steroid creams.

Learn more about eczema in People of Color here.

Infant eczema symptoms

The following atopic dermatitis symptoms are common in babies under the age of 2:

• rashes on the scalp and cheeks
• rashes that bubble up before leaking fluid
• rashes that can cause extreme itchiness, which may interfere with sleeping

Childhood eczema symptoms

The following atopic dermatitis symptoms are common in children age 2 and above:

• rashes that appear behind the creases of elbows or knees
• rashes that appear on the neck, wrists, ankles, and the crease between the buttocks and legs
• bumpy rashes
• rashes that can become lighter or darker
• skin thickening, also known as lichenification, which can then develop into a permanent itch

Most people with the condition develop it before the age of 5 years. An estimated 60% of children will no longer show symptoms by adolescence.

African American and Hispanic children may have more severe eczema than children who are white.

Symptoms in adults

The following atopic dermatitis symptoms are common in adults:

• rashes that are more scaly than those occurring in children
• rashes that commonly appear in the creases of the elbows or knees or the nape of the neck
• rashes that cover much of the body
• very dry skin on the affected areas
• rashes that are permanently itchy
• skin infections

Adults who developed atopic dermatitis as children but no longer experience the condition may still have dry or easily irritated skin, hand eczema, and eczema on the eyelids.

The appearance of skin affected by atopic dermatitis will depend on how much a person scratches and whether the skin is infected. Scratching and rubbing can further irritate the skin, increase inflammation, and make the itching worse.

There is currently no cure for eczema. Treatment for the condition aims to heal the affected skin and prevent flares of symptoms.

Doctors will suggest a treatment plan based on an individual’s age, symptoms, and current state of health.

For some people, eczema goes away over time. For others, however, it is a lifelong condition.

The sections below will list some treatment options.

Medications

Doctors can prescribe several medications to treat the symptoms of eczema, including:

• Topical corticosteroid creams and ointments: These are anti-inflammatory medications and should relieve the main symptoms of eczema, such as inflammation and itchiness. People can apply them directly to the skin. Some people may benefit from prescription-strength medications.
• Oral medications: If topical treatments are not effective, a doctor may prescribe oral medications like systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppresants. These are available as injections or oral tablets. People should only use them for short periods of time. Also, it is important to note that the symptoms may worsen upon stopping these drugs if the person is not already taking another medication for the condition.
• Antibiotics: Doctors prescribe antibiotics if eczema occurs alongside a bacterial skin infection.
• Antihistamines: These can reduce the risk of nighttime scratching, as they tend to cause drowsiness.
• Topical calcineurin inhibitors: This drug suppresses the activities of the immune system. It decreases inflammation and helps prevent flares.
• Barrier repair moisturizers: These reduce water loss and work to repair the skin.
• Phototherapy: This involves exposure to UVA or UVB waves. This method can treat moderate dermatitis. A doctor will monitor the skin closely throughout the treatment.
• Injected biologic drugs: These medications block proteins in the immune system to limit immune system response.

To treat moderate to severe eczema, a doctor may prescribe a combination of topical and systemic treatments, such as biologics.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two biologics to treat eczema: dupilumab (Dupixent) and tralokinumab-ldrm (Adbry).

These biologics target specific proteins in the immune system that trigger inflammation, which can help reduce eczema symptoms. They can sometimes cause side effects, which are usually mild and manageable.

Even after an area of skin has healed, it is important to keep looking after it, as it may easily become irritated again.

Even though the condition itself is not currently curable, each person should consult with a doctor to get a tailored treatment plan.

Home care

There are several things that people with eczema can do to support skin health and alleviate symptoms.

They can try:

• taking lukewarm baths
• applying moisturizer within 3 minutes of bathing to “lock in” moisture
• moisturizing every day
• wearing cotton and soft fabrics
• avoiding rough, scratchy fibers and tight fitting clothing
• using a humidifier in dry or cold weather
• using a mild soap or a non-soap cleanser when washing
• taking extra precautions to prevent eczema flares in winter
• air drying or gently patting the skin dry with a towel, rather than rubbing the skin dry after bathing or taking a shower
• where possible, avoiding rapid changes of temperature and activities that cause sweating
• learning and avoiding individual eczema triggers
• keeping fingernails short to prevent scratching from breaking the skin

People can also try various natural remedies for eczema, including aloe vera, coconut oil, and apple cider vinegar.

Researchers do not know the definitive cause of eczema, but many health professionals believe that it develops from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Children are more likely to develop eczema if a parent has it or another atopic condition. If both parents have an atopic condition, the risk is even higher.

Some environmental factors may also bring out the symptoms of eczema. These include:

• Irritants: These include soaps, detergents, shampoos, disinfectants, juices from fresh fruits, meats, and vegetables.
• Allergens: Dust mites, pets, pollens, and mold can all lead to eczema. This is known as allergic eczema.
• Microbes: These include bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, viruses, and certain fungi.
• Hot and cold temperatures: Very hot and very cold weather, high and low humidity, and perspiration from exercise can bring out eczema.
• Foods: Dairy products, eggs, nuts and seeds, soy products, and wheat can cause eczema flares.
• Stress: This is not a direct cause of eczema, but it can make the symptoms worse.
• Hormones: Females may experience increased eczema symptoms when their hormone levels are changing, such as during pregnancy and at certain points in the menstrual cycle.

There are several types of eczema. Besides atopic dermatitis, other types include:

• Allergic contact dermatitis: This is a skin reaction that occurs following contact with a substance or allergen that the immune system recognizes as foreign.
• Dyshidrotic eczema: This refers to irritation of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It is characterized by blisters.
• Neurodermatitis: This leads to scaly patches of skin on the head, forearms, wrists, and lower legs. It occurs due to a localized itch, such as from an insect bite.
• Discoid eczema: Also known as nummular eczema, this type presents as circular patches of irritated skin that can be crusted, scaly, and itchy.
• Stasis dermatitis: This refers to skin irritation of the lower leg. It is usually related to circulatory problems.

Eczema is a common inflammatory skin condition. The most common type is called atopic dermatitis. Eczema is most common in children, but the majority of children will grow out of it by the time they reach adolescence.

Eczema can cause discomfort and can vary in severity. It can present differently depending on a person’s age. In people with darker skin tones, the symptoms may be harder to see.

Although there is currently no cure, people can treat and prevent eczema flares using home remedies, moisturizers, medications, and lifestyle changes.

Read this article in Spanish.

causes and treatment in St. Petersburg

The author of the article: Skosareva Marina Yuryevna

Chief doctor of the clinic. Dermatovenereologist, cosmetologist, physiotherapist, trichologist, health and public health specialist

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Time to read: 12 min

Publication date: 05/11/22

Effective treatments for eczema

Cryotherapy

NeoGen procedure

Plasma therapy

One of the most common skin diseases is eczema. It is an inflammation, accompanied by redness, itching and the appearance of tiny bubbles with liquid. It is the latter that explains the name of the disease: such bubbles resemble the boiling of water, from the Greek eczeo means “boil”.

According to statistics, eczema affects up to 2% of the world’s population. And in the practice of dermatologists, such a pathology occurs in almost 40% of all skin diseases. Most often, patients turn to the problem of the appearance of foci of inflammation on the arms, legs, body and head. Rashes go through several stages of development, over time from simple redness developing into weeping erosion and severe peeling. Against the background of such a pathology, secondary purulent infections often develop. If left untreated, visible cosmetic defects remain on the skin that do not disappear with time.

Let’s figure out why eczema occurs, how to suspect its development and how such a pathology is treated.

Causes of disease

Until now, doctors cannot unequivocally answer the question about the causes of eczema in adults and children. Most experts agree that the disease develops as a result of a complex effect of endogenous factors (for example, genetic predisposition) and exogenous factors (professional, etc.). Simply put, external factors most often include various allergens that affect the body constantly or for a long time. To internal, endogenous – genetic predisposition. It has been proven that if there is a person with eczema in the family, the risk of disease in relatives increases significantly. If one of the parents (mainly the mother) is ill, the risk of eczema in a child is approximately 40%, if both parents are ill, it is almost 60%

The most common triggers for eczema are:

• chronic allergies;
• disruption of the endocrine system;
• psychoemotional triggers.

Also, additional factors are isolated that can weaken the body’s immunity and thereby provoke the development of eczema. This is:

• chronic inflammatory processes;
• secondary immunodeficiencies;
• diseases of the digestive system;
• foci of chronic infection in the body.

Among the possible causes of eczema are called psychosomatics: we are talking about constant stress, various disorders of the autonomic system, anxiety and depression. Patients often show functional changes in the activity of the central nervous system, the predominance of the activity of unconditioned reflexes over the activity of conditioned ones, as well as an imbalance between the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Types of eczema

Specialists distinguish the following types of pathology:

• True, or idiopathic. The patient has symmetrical foci of inflammation and pigmentation, symptoms appear on open areas of the skin. Over time, erosion develops, on which exudate accumulates. As it heals, skin peeling occurs.
• Microbial. This form of pathology develops against the background of traumatic injuries, fungal, viral and bacterial infections. Infiltrate often accumulates under the skin. Non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene provokes an accelerated spread of lesions throughout the body.
• Seborrheic. This pathology is characterized by damage to areas of the skin on the scalp. The affected areas have typical redness, peeling and itching. In some cases, the course of the disease is complicated by swelling and weeping cracks.
• Professional. It occurs due to the constant contact of the patient with various allergens: dust, chemicals, cleaning products, etc. Very often, small vesicles appear on various parts of the body.
• Weeping. At the beginning of such a disease, pink spots of various shapes and sizes appear on the skin, swelling and the formation of subcutaneous exudate are also observed. Then the cortical stage and exfoliation begin. The main feature is the presence of a rash at all stages of the disease.
• Dyshidrotic. This pathology affects the sweat glands of the feet and hands, is characterized by the formation of serous vesicles and seasonal exacerbation. As a rule, there are pronounced vesicles with a dense shell. There is severe itching and peeling.
• Allergic. It occurs as a result of hypersensitivity of the body to external and internal stimuli. Accompanied by rashes, itching and dry skin. In place of the opening bubbles, large crusts form, sometimes the process is accompanied by a burning sensation.

Disease stages

If we talk about the features of the course of the disease, then usually there are three stages of its development:

• Acute. It is characterized by the appearance of vesicles on edematous skin, punctate erosions with weeping, serous crusts, etc. The rashes are multiple.
• Subacute. This stage is characterized by erythema, redness, and scaling.
• Chronic. It is characterized by infiltration and increased “skin pattern”, the appearance of pigmentation.

Symptoms of eczema

Depending on the cause of the disease and the location of the inflammation, the symptoms can vary significantly. The most common manifestations of skin eczema in patients are:

• At the erythematous stage, red inflammatory spots appear, which gradually merge with each other.
• At the papular stage – bright red nodules with clear boundaries are formed.
• At the vesicular stage – vesicles appear with transparent contents.
• At the stage of wetting – the bubbles open, point erosions are formed with the release of exudate.
• At the cortical stage, grayish-gray crusts are found, under which the skin heals.
• At the stage of peeling – the removal of crusts and scales from the surface of the skin.

Symptoms of the disease go away with the elimination of provoking factors. However, the healed area of ​​the skin has an uneven color and dense texture.

What other symptoms may indicate the development of eczema:

• Scaly layer on the border of the scalp. Develops with seborrheic eczema. At the initial stage, it manifests itself as single yellowish nodules that grow rapidly. In the future, a scaly layer is formed along the border of the hair.
• Round eruptions on the arms. Appear in almost 80% of cases of eczema. At the initial stage, they have a rounded shape, but over time they lose it.
• Eruptions with sharp edges. Most often found on the legs. They can be seen with varicose veins, the rashes have a rounded shape and pronounced borders.
• Symmetrical eruptions on the body. Are located on all body, often are shelled. At the initial stages, they look typical – they are vesicles with liquid, later areas of thickened skin with severe peeling appear.
• Callous eruptions on the palms. Such formations, especially in places atypical for corns, also indicate eczema. Bubbles form, but due to the dense skin, they may not open.
• Vesicles in the axillary region with a hair in the center. A rash with a hair in the center is a sign of sycosis – damage to the hair follicles. As a rule, such rashes are accompanied by itching and redness.
• Bumps on the face and hands. Such formations do not have wetting and crusts, often appear on the face.
• Itching redness on the arms and legs. Indicate true or microbial eczema. Accompanied by multiple vesicles.
• Suppuration around wounds. With the development of microbial pathology, purulent crusts and hyperemia of the skin appear.

In its signs, eczema is often similar to atopic dermatitis. However, it should be understood that pathologies have significant differences. Dermatitis, as a rule, occurs in childhood, while eczema is found in adults and even elderly patients. Another difference is that the first pathology is most often localized on the elbow and knee bends, neck and face, while eczema can be located on any area, but more often on the hands and shins. Dermatitis occurs suddenly and often also disappears. Eczema occurs regularly and is often the immediate result of exposure to a particular allergen.

Diagnosis of eczema

The diagnosis is made on the basis of examination and questioning of the patient. In some cases, additional studies may be prescribed to differentiate eczema from other skin diseases. With true eczema, the clinical picture of the disease is typical. In other cases, the symptoms may be similar to atopic dermatitis, toxidermia and allergic contact dermatitis.

The diagnostic process may include:

• general blood analysis;
• tissue scraping for examination under a microscope;
• allergy tests to identify the source of the allergy;
• histological examination of tissues.

Treatment is prescribed only after confirming the diagnosis and determining the existing type of pathology.

Features of treatment

A key task in the treatment of eczema is to identify and minimize provoking factors. In addition, systemic or local therapy is prescribed, as well as various physiotherapy procedures:

• Systemic therapy. It is based on taking antihistamines, which can prevent an acute allergic reaction. Sedatives, glucocorticosteroids and a number of hormonal drugs are also used.
• local therapy. May include the use of retinol ointment, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agents. Therapy is selected taking into account the identified form of eczema and the causes of its occurrence. For example, a virus or fungal infection may need to be treated.
• Physiotherapy. As a rule, it includes ozone therapy, magnetotherapy and laser therapy. In difficult cases, it is possible to treat foci of eczema with the help of cryotherapy. Often prescribed therapeutic and mud baths, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, etc.

Preventive measures

Diet and lifestyle play an important role in preventing the development of new exacerbations. The diet should exclude any foods that can provoke allergic reactions. Typically this is:

• red berries;
• citrus;
• Fish and seafood;
• chocolate;
• dairy products.

Patients are also advised to avoid alcohol and smoking.

Personal hygiene is also important. With the development of eczema of the feet, legs, hands and face, it is recommended to refuse flavored soaps. Water-based creams can be used to moisturize the skin.

And most importantly, improper treatment of skin diseases can provoke eczema. So, you should not self-medicate. If any rashes and redness appear, do not postpone a visit to a dermatologist, because this can be the key to a quick and successful recovery.

If you are faced with symptoms of eczema and do not know how to get rid of such an ailment, then the dermatologists of our KallistoMed clinic are ready to help in this matter. We will be waiting for you at the reception – sign up using the website or by phone!

Information sources

1. Federal clinical guidelines for the management of patients with eczema. – M.: 2013.
2. Olisova O.Yu., Belousova T.A., Kail-Goryachkina M.V. Strategy and tactics of treatment of patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the skin. Dermatology. – 2017; No. 1. – pp. 42–47.

Eczema: causes, types, treatment | Clinic Expert

Eczema is one of the most common skin pathologies. What are its reasons? Is it transmitted from person to person? How is it treated?
These and other questions are answered by the dermatologist “Expert Clinic” Tula, Candidate of Medical Sciences Vladislav Leonidovich Sheinkman.

Eczema is one of the most common skin pathologies. What are its reasons? Is it transmitted from person to person? How is it treated?

These and other questions are answered by Vladislav Leonidovich Sheinkman, Ph.D.

– Vladislav Leonidovich, let’s start with a definition: what is eczema?

– This is a chronic relapsing skin disease with acute inflammatory symptoms due to serous inflammation of the epidermis and dermis.

– What are the causes of eczema?

– There is a hereditary predisposition, a relationship with the nervous system – stress can also lead to illness. Post-traumatic microbial eczema occurs around the wound surface.

Is there a stress vaccine? Read our article

– What types of eczema are there?

– True (or, in other words, idiopathic) eczema most often becomes chronic. Patients are worried about severe itching, bubbles appear on the skin, then they burst, the weeping stage begins. There are many foci of inflammation on the body, they involve more and more new areas of the skin.

There is seborrheic eczema. It is localized on the scalp, on the face, hands, neck. There is no weeping stage, but itching is present.

Dyshidrotic eczema affects hands, feet; bubbles in this case appear, they, of course, disturb the patient, but may not open. There are painful sensations when moving the hands, when moving the feet.

Microbial eczema occurs at the site of fractures, injuries, some microbial foci. There are not only characteristic vesicles, but also pustules.

There is also occupational eczema, it affects people who are forced to constantly come into contact with harmful substances at work.

“A doctor of this specialty is engaged in establishing the relationship between existing pathologies or disabilities and the peculiarities of work activity.” Quote from the material “Likbez in medical specialties. We are going to see an occupational pathologist”

Horny or tylotic eczema affects the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

Children’s eczema – it begins at about 3-6 months of a child’s life, often has a hereditary character, it is preceded by diathesis. Places of localization – cheeks, forehead, then foci can appear on the shoulders, hips, legs. Eczema can move to the head, auricles.

– Is eczema contagious?

– No.

– Can eczema go away on its own without treatment?

– Since this is a chronic skin disease, it may subside for a while, but sooner or later the period of exacerbation will return. Unfortunately, many are self-medicating – they use some kind of ointments, tinctures. This is something that you absolutely cannot do with eczema. It is necessary to be treated by a dermatologist – only he can make the correct diagnosis and prescribe adequate treatment. And self-medication often leads to serious complications.

– How is eczema treated?

– A patient of any age should follow a hypoallergenic diet – that is, foods that can serve as disease-provoking factors should be excluded from the diet. For adults, these are alcoholic drinks, compotes, juices, lemonade, products with dyes, preservatives, sweets, chocolate, honey, jam, berries, imported fruits.

Patients should try to avoid stress. They are recommended to examine the gastrointestinal tract – problems with the liver and stomach are often detected. Do not come into contact with chemically active substances (including synthetic and chlorine-containing detergents).

Treatment consists of prescribing desensitizing, antihistamines, antibiotics can be used for microbial eczema.

You can read more about antibiotics in our articles here and here

Various lotions are used in the treatment – for example, with a solution of Miramistin or Rivanol, pastes, creams. Hormone-containing agents are used exclusively under the supervision of a physician.

– Is it possible to swim in the sea with eczema?

– There is a myth: if a person with eczema takes a dip in the sea, especially in the Dead Sea, he will be cured immediately. Nothing like this! With an exacerbation in the sea, it is generally not advisable to swim: exposed inflammatory foci react to salt in sea water, and itching and rashes intensify. If you go to the sea in remission – when there are no rashes, this has a beneficial effect on the prevention of all skin diseases in general.

– Can eczema be prevented? And if so, how?

– Prevention is possible. It is necessary to normalize the daily routine, eat rationally, if possible, control the functioning of the nervous system.