What are the main causes of thrombophlebitis. How can you recognize the symptoms of superficial and deep vein phlebitis. Who is at higher risk of developing this condition.

Understanding Thrombophlebitis: A Comprehensive Overview

Thrombophlebitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of a vein, often accompanied by blood clot formation. While it commonly affects the legs, it can occur in veins throughout the body. The condition is divided into two main types: superficial thrombophlebitis, affecting veins near the skin’s surface, and deep vein thrombophlebitis, involving larger veins deeper within the body.

Are all cases of thrombophlebitis equally serious? Not necessarily. Superficial thrombophlebitis is generally less severe but can lead to complications if left untreated. Deep vein thrombophlebitis, also known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), poses a greater risk due to the potential for life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Thrombophlebitis

The symptoms of thrombophlebitis can vary depending on whether it affects superficial or deep veins. Recognizing these symptoms is crucial for early detection and treatment.

Superficial Thrombophlebitis Symptoms

• Redness along the affected vein
• Swelling in the surrounding area
• Warmth and tenderness to the touch
• Visible red streaks on the skin
• A palpable cord-like structure beneath the skin

Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis Symptoms

• Pain in the affected limb, often in the calf or thigh
• Swelling of the entire limb
• Warmth in the affected area
• Skin discoloration

Can deep vein thrombophlebitis occur without noticeable symptoms? Unfortunately, yes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that only about half of those with DVT experience symptoms, making it a potentially silent threat.

Common Causes of Thrombophlebitis

Thrombophlebitis can be triggered by various factors, with the most common causes being injury to the vein wall or the formation of a blood clot within the vein.

Causes of Superficial Thrombophlebitis

• Insertion of intravenous (IV) catheters
• Administration of irritating medications through a vein
• Minor blood clots
• Localized infections
• Soft tissue injuries near the vein

Causes of Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis

• Physical trauma, such as surgery or serious injury
• Prolonged immobility leading to slowed blood flow
• Hypercoagulable states due to medications, cancer, or inherited conditions

How does prolonged immobility contribute to thrombophlebitis? When blood flow is slowed due to inactivity, such as during long periods of bed rest or sitting, it increases the likelihood of clot formation within the veins.

Risk Factors for Developing Thrombophlebitis

Several factors can increase an individual’s susceptibility to thrombophlebitis. Understanding these risk factors is essential for prevention and early intervention.

• Personal or family history of blood clots
• Blood clotting disorders (e.g., factor V Leiden thrombophilia)
• Use of hormone therapy or birth control pills
• Extended periods of inactivity
• Prolonged sitting during travel
• Certain cancers and cancer treatments
• Pregnancy
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Alcohol misuse
• Presence of varicose veins
• Age over 60 years

Does being overweight increase the risk of thrombophlebitis? Yes, excess weight can put additional pressure on veins, particularly in the legs, increasing the likelihood of developing blood clots and subsequent inflammation.

Diagnostic Approaches for Thrombophlebitis

Diagnosing thrombophlebitis often begins with a thorough physical examination and medical history review. In many cases, especially for superficial thrombophlebitis, this may be sufficient for diagnosis. However, when deep vein involvement is suspected, additional tests may be necessary.

Common Diagnostic Tests

• Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to visualize blood flow and detect clots in deep veins
• D-dimer blood test: Measures levels of a substance released when blood clots break down
• Venography: An X-ray procedure using contrast dye to visualize veins
• CT or MRI scans: Provide detailed images of veins and surrounding tissues

Why is the D-dimer test important in diagnosing thrombophlebitis? Elevated D-dimer levels can indicate the presence of abnormal blood clot formation or breakdown, prompting further investigation for deep vein thrombosis.

Treatment Options for Thrombophlebitis

The treatment approach for thrombophlebitis varies depending on its severity and location. The primary goals are to reduce inflammation, alleviate symptoms, and prevent complications.

Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment

• Application of warm compresses to the affected area
• Elevation of the affected limb to reduce swelling
• Use of over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Wearing compression stockings to improve blood flow
• Topical anti-inflammatory medications

Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis Treatment

• Anticoagulant medications (blood thinners) to prevent clot growth and formation
• Thrombolytic therapy to dissolve large clots in severe cases
• Placement of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in high-risk patients
• Compression therapy to reduce swelling and improve circulation

How long does treatment for thrombophlebitis typically last? The duration of treatment can vary widely, from a few weeks for superficial cases to several months for deep vein thrombosis, depending on the severity and individual patient factors.

Preventing Thrombophlebitis: Strategies for Reducing Risk

While not all cases of thrombophlebitis can be prevented, several strategies can help reduce the risk of developing this condition.

• Maintain regular physical activity to promote healthy blood circulation
• Stay hydrated, especially during long periods of travel or immobility
• Take frequent breaks to move and stretch during long flights or car rides
• Wear loose-fitting clothing that doesn’t constrict blood flow
• Manage underlying health conditions that may increase clotting risk
• Consider compression stockings if you’re at high risk
• Discuss alternatives to hormone therapy or birth control pills with your healthcare provider if you’re at increased risk

Can lifestyle changes significantly reduce the risk of thrombophlebitis? Absolutely. Regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding prolonged periods of immobility can substantially lower your risk of developing blood clots and subsequent vein inflammation.

Complications of Untreated Thrombophlebitis

If left untreated, thrombophlebitis can lead to serious complications, particularly in cases involving deep veins.

Potential Complications

• Pulmonary embolism (PE): A life-threatening condition where a blood clot travels to the lungs
• Post-thrombotic syndrome: Long-term swelling, pain, and skin changes in the affected limb
• Chronic venous insufficiency: Impaired blood flow in the veins, leading to ongoing symptoms
• Infection: Particularly in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis

What are the warning signs of a pulmonary embolism? Symptoms of PE include sudden shortness of breath, chest pain (especially when breathing deeply), rapid heartbeat, and coughing up blood. This is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.

Living with Thrombophlebitis: Management and Long-term Outlook

For individuals diagnosed with thrombophlebitis, proper management is crucial for recovery and prevention of recurrence.

Long-term Management Strategies

• Adhere to prescribed medication regimens, especially anticoagulants for DVT
• Attend regular follow-up appointments with healthcare providers
• Wear compression stockings as recommended
• Maintain an active lifestyle to promote healthy circulation
• Monitor for signs of recurrence or complications
• Manage underlying health conditions that may contribute to clot formation

Can thrombophlebitis recur after successful treatment? Yes, individuals who have experienced thrombophlebitis are at increased risk of future episodes. Adhering to preventive measures and maintaining regular medical follow-ups is essential for minimizing this risk.

Thrombophlebitis in Special Populations

Certain groups may be at higher risk of developing thrombophlebitis or may require special considerations in management.

Pregnant Women

Pregnancy increases the risk of thrombophlebitis due to hormonal changes and increased pressure on veins. Pregnant women with thrombophlebitis require careful management to balance treatment effectiveness with fetal safety.

Cancer Patients

Individuals with cancer have a higher risk of developing blood clots. Cancer treatments can further increase this risk, necessitating close monitoring and potentially more aggressive preventive measures.

Elderly Individuals

Older adults are at increased risk due to decreased mobility, more frequent hospitalizations, and higher prevalence of chronic conditions. They may require careful medication management to balance clot prevention with bleeding risk.

How does cancer treatment affect the risk of thrombophlebitis? Many cancer therapies, including chemotherapy and hormonal treatments, can increase blood clotting tendency. Additionally, the presence of central venous catheters for treatment administration can serve as a focus for clot formation.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Thrombophlebitis Management

The field of thrombophlebitis research continues to evolve, with ongoing studies aimed at improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.

Areas of Active Research

• Development of more effective and safer anticoagulant medications
• Improved risk assessment tools for identifying high-risk individuals
• Novel imaging techniques for earlier and more accurate diagnosis
• Exploration of genetic factors influencing thrombosis risk
• Investigation of long-term outcomes and quality of life in thrombophlebitis survivors

What potential breakthroughs are on the horizon for thrombophlebitis treatment? Researchers are exploring targeted therapies that could dissolve clots more effectively with fewer side effects, as well as personalized approaches to anticoagulation based on individual genetic profiles.

The Role of Lifestyle in Thrombophlebitis Prevention and Management

While medical interventions are crucial in treating thrombophlebitis, lifestyle factors play a significant role in both prevention and long-term management of the condition.

Key Lifestyle Considerations

• Regular exercise: Promotes healthy circulation and reduces the risk of clot formation
• Healthy diet: Maintaining a balanced diet can help manage weight and reduce inflammation
• Smoking cessation: Smoking increases the risk of blood clots and impairs circulation
• Stress management: Chronic stress can contribute to inflammation and circulatory problems
• Proper hydration: Adequate fluid intake helps maintain healthy blood viscosity

How does exercise benefit individuals with a history of thrombophlebitis? Regular physical activity enhances blood flow, strengthens vein walls, and activates the body’s natural clot-dissolving mechanisms, all of which can help prevent recurrence and improve overall vascular health.

Thrombophlebitis and Mental Health: Addressing the Psychological Impact

The diagnosis and management of thrombophlebitis can have significant psychological effects on patients, particularly those dealing with chronic symptoms or the anxiety of potential recurrence.

Common Psychological Challenges

• Anxiety about future clots or complications
• Depression related to chronic pain or lifestyle limitations
• Body image concerns, especially with visible varicose veins or swelling
• Stress over managing long-term medication regimens
• Fear of physical activity due to perceived risk of clot formation

How can healthcare providers address the psychological aspects of thrombophlebitis? A holistic approach to care should include screening for mental health concerns, providing education about the condition to alleviate fears, and offering referrals to mental health professionals when needed.

The Economic Burden of Thrombophlebitis: Healthcare Costs and Societal Impact

Thrombophlebitis, particularly deep vein thrombosis, can have significant economic implications for both individuals and healthcare systems.

Economic Considerations

• Direct medical costs: Hospitalization, medications, imaging studies, and follow-up care
• Indirect costs: Lost productivity due to illness and recovery time
• Long-term care costs: Management of chronic complications like post-thrombotic syndrome
• Preventive measures: Costs associated with prophylactic treatments for high-risk individuals

What strategies can help reduce the economic burden of thrombophlebitis? Emphasizing prevention through risk assessment and early intervention, improving outpatient management protocols, and enhancing public awareness can all contribute to reducing the overall economic impact of this condition.

In conclusion, thrombophlebitis represents a significant health concern with potential for serious complications if left untreated. Understanding its causes, recognizing symptoms, and implementing preventive strategies are crucial steps in managing this condition. As research continues to advance our knowledge of thrombophlebitis, we can expect improved diagnostic tools, more targeted treatments, and better outcomes for those affected by this vascular disorder. By combining medical management with lifestyle modifications and addressing the psychological aspects of the condition, individuals with thrombophlebitis can achieve better quality of life and reduced risk of recurrence.

What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, and More

Phlebitis is the inflammation of a vein. It often occurs in the legs but can affect veins in other parts of your body, as well. It may be caused by damage to the vein wall or by a blood clot that blocks a vein.

Phlebitis may be caused by damage to the vein wall or by a blood clot that blocks a vein. Inflammation caused by a blood clot, or thrombus, is called thrombophlebitis.

Blood clots can occur in veins near the surface of the skin or in veins deep within your muscles. If a blood clot is in a deep vein, it’s called deep vein thrombophlebitis or deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Phlebitis can affect both superficial and deep veins.

Superficial phlebitis refers to the inflammation of a vein near the surface of your skin. It can result from a blood clot or from something causing irritation in a vein, such as an intravenous (IV) catheter.

This type of phlebitis usually isn’t serious, but it can lead to:

• infection of the surrounding skin
• wounds on the skin
• bloodstream infections

If a clot in the superficial vein is extensive enough and involves the area where the superficial vein and a deep vein come together, a DVT can develop.

Deep vein phlebitis refers to inflammation of a deeper, larger vein, such as those found in your legs. Deep vein phlebitis is more likely to be caused by a blood clot, which can have very serious consequences.

A blood clot may break off and travel to your lungs. This is called a pulmonary embolism (PE) and can be life threatening. It’s important to know the risk factors and symptoms of a DVT so you can seek prompt attention from a healthcare professional.

Symptoms of phlebitis affect the arm or leg where the inflamed vein is located. They often include swelling and pain in the affected area. These symptoms can vary depending on whether you have superficial or deep vein phlebitis.

Superficial phlebitis symptoms

If the inflamed vein is located near the surface of your skin, you may experience:

• redness
• swelling
• warmth
• tenderness
• visible red “streaking“ on the skin along the vein
• a rope- or cord-like structure that you can feel through the skin

Deep vein phlebitis symptoms

If the inflamed vein is deep within a muscle, you may experience the following symptoms in the affected limb:

• pain
• swelling
• warmth
• skin discoloration

You may also notice pain in your calf or thigh if your phlebitis is caused by a DVT. The pain may be more noticeable when walking or flexing your foot.

Only about half of those who develop a DVT experience symptoms, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This is why a DVT may not be diagnosed until a serious complication occurs, such as a PE.

Symptoms of PE include:

• unexplained shortness of breath
• chest pain
• coughing up blood
• pain with deep breathing
• rapid breathing
• feeling lightheaded or passing out
• fast heart rate

Call your local emergency services if you think you may be experiencing a PE. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

The most common causes of phlebitis are injury or irritation to the lining of a blood vessel or a blood clot inside the vein. In the case of superficial phlebitis, this may be due to:

• placement of an IV catheter
• administration of irritating medications into your veins
• a small clot
• an infection
• a soft tissue injury

Causes of deep vein phlebitis may include:

• irritation or injury due to physical trauma, such as surgery, a broken bone, or serious injury
• slowed blood flow due to lack of motion, which may occur if you’re on bed rest or sitting in one position for a long period of time
• blood that is more likely to clot, which may be due to medications, cancer, connective tissue disorders, or inherited blood clotting conditions

A number of factors can increase your risk of phlebitis. You may be more likely to experience phlebitis if you:

• have a personal or family history of blood clots
• have a blood clotting disorder, such as factor V Leiden thrombophilia
• take hormone therapy or birth control pills
• experience long periods of inactivity, which may be needed after surgery
• sit for long periods of time, such as during travel
• have certain cancers and cancer treatments
• are pregnant
• have overweight or obesity
• smoke
• misuse alcohol
• have varicose veins, which can increase your risk of superficial phlebitis
• are over age 60

A doctor can often diagnose phlebitis based on your symptoms and a physical exam. You may not need any special tests.

However, if a blood clot is suspected as the cause of your phlebitis, your doctor could perform several tests in addition to taking your medical history and examining you. These tests may include:

• Ultrasound. An ultrasound uses sound waves to show the flow of blood through your veins and arteries. It can be used to detect blockages or blood clots in the deep veins of the affected limb.
• D-dimer blood test. This test measures levels of d-dimer, a substance that’s released when a clot breaks up. If your d-dimer test is negative, you likely don’t have a clot.
• Venography. Your doctor performs a venogram by injecting a special dye into a vein in your foot. An X-ray is then taken as the dye flows up your leg. This allows your doctor to see the deep veins in your leg and check for the presence of a blood clot.
• Imaging tests. Your doctor may perform an MRI scan or CT scan to help determine if a blood clot is present in your veins.

If a clot is detected, your doctor may want to take blood samples to test for blood clotting disorders that could have caused it.

Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein, caused by a blood clot or damage to the vein wall. Superficial phlebitis affects veins close to the surface of your skin. Deep vein phlebitis affects veins deep within your muscles.

Symptoms of phlebitis may include redness, pain, and swelling in the affected area. Self-care strategies such as applying a warm compress, keeping your leg raised while resting, and taking NSAIDs can help relieve these symptoms. Treatment options for phlebitis include anticoagulant medications or surgical removal of blood clots.

Superficial phlebitis often heals without lasting effects.

DVT, on the other hand, can be life threatening and requires immediate medical attention. It’s important to know if you have risk factors for developing a DVT and to receive regular medical attention from a doctor.

If you’ve experienced a DVT before, you may be more prone to experiencing another in the future. Taking proactive steps may help prevent DVT.

What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, and More

Phlebitis is the inflammation of a vein. It often occurs in the legs but can affect veins in other parts of your body, as well. It may be caused by damage to the vein wall or by a blood clot that blocks a vein.

Phlebitis may be caused by damage to the vein wall or by a blood clot that blocks a vein. Inflammation caused by a blood clot, or thrombus, is called thrombophlebitis.

Blood clots can occur in veins near the surface of the skin or in veins deep within your muscles. If a blood clot is in a deep vein, it’s called deep vein thrombophlebitis or deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Phlebitis can affect both superficial and deep veins.

Superficial phlebitis refers to the inflammation of a vein near the surface of your skin. It can result from a blood clot or from something causing irritation in a vein, such as an intravenous (IV) catheter.

This type of phlebitis usually isn’t serious, but it can lead to:

• infection of the surrounding skin
• wounds on the skin
• bloodstream infections

If a clot in the superficial vein is extensive enough and involves the area where the superficial vein and a deep vein come together, a DVT can develop.

Deep vein phlebitis refers to inflammation of a deeper, larger vein, such as those found in your legs. Deep vein phlebitis is more likely to be caused by a blood clot, which can have very serious consequences.

A blood clot may break off and travel to your lungs. This is called a pulmonary embolism (PE) and can be life threatening. It’s important to know the risk factors and symptoms of a DVT so you can seek prompt attention from a healthcare professional.

Symptoms of phlebitis affect the arm or leg where the inflamed vein is located. They often include swelling and pain in the affected area. These symptoms can vary depending on whether you have superficial or deep vein phlebitis.

Superficial phlebitis symptoms

If the inflamed vein is located near the surface of your skin, you may experience:

• redness
• swelling
• warmth
• tenderness
• visible red “streaking“ on the skin along the vein
• a rope- or cord-like structure that you can feel through the skin

Deep vein phlebitis symptoms

If the inflamed vein is deep within a muscle, you may experience the following symptoms in the affected limb:

• pain
• swelling
• warmth
• skin discoloration

You may also notice pain in your calf or thigh if your phlebitis is caused by a DVT. The pain may be more noticeable when walking or flexing your foot.

Only about half of those who develop a DVT experience symptoms, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This is why a DVT may not be diagnosed until a serious complication occurs, such as a PE.

Symptoms of PE include:

• unexplained shortness of breath
• chest pain
• coughing up blood
• pain with deep breathing
• rapid breathing
• feeling lightheaded or passing out
• fast heart rate

Call your local emergency services if you think you may be experiencing a PE. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

The most common causes of phlebitis are injury or irritation to the lining of a blood vessel or a blood clot inside the vein. In the case of superficial phlebitis, this may be due to:

• placement of an IV catheter
• administration of irritating medications into your veins
• a small clot
• an infection
• a soft tissue injury

Causes of deep vein phlebitis may include:

• irritation or injury due to physical trauma, such as surgery, a broken bone, or serious injury
• slowed blood flow due to lack of motion, which may occur if you’re on bed rest or sitting in one position for a long period of time
• blood that is more likely to clot, which may be due to medications, cancer, connective tissue disorders, or inherited blood clotting conditions

A number of factors can increase your risk of phlebitis. You may be more likely to experience phlebitis if you:

• have a personal or family history of blood clots
• have a blood clotting disorder, such as factor V Leiden thrombophilia
• take hormone therapy or birth control pills
• experience long periods of inactivity, which may be needed after surgery
• sit for long periods of time, such as during travel
• have certain cancers and cancer treatments
• are pregnant
• have overweight or obesity
• smoke
• misuse alcohol
• have varicose veins, which can increase your risk of superficial phlebitis
• are over age 60

A doctor can often diagnose phlebitis based on your symptoms and a physical exam. You may not need any special tests.

However, if a blood clot is suspected as the cause of your phlebitis, your doctor could perform several tests in addition to taking your medical history and examining you. These tests may include:

• Ultrasound. An ultrasound uses sound waves to show the flow of blood through your veins and arteries. It can be used to detect blockages or blood clots in the deep veins of the affected limb.
• D-dimer blood test. This test measures levels of d-dimer, a substance that’s released when a clot breaks up. If your d-dimer test is negative, you likely don’t have a clot.
• Venography. Your doctor performs a venogram by injecting a special dye into a vein in your foot. An X-ray is then taken as the dye flows up your leg. This allows your doctor to see the deep veins in your leg and check for the presence of a blood clot.
• Imaging tests. Your doctor may perform an MRI scan or CT scan to help determine if a blood clot is present in your veins.

If a clot is detected, your doctor may want to take blood samples to test for blood clotting disorders that could have caused it.

Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein, caused by a blood clot or damage to the vein wall. Superficial phlebitis affects veins close to the surface of your skin. Deep vein phlebitis affects veins deep within your muscles.

Symptoms of phlebitis may include redness, pain, and swelling in the affected area. Self-care strategies such as applying a warm compress, keeping your leg raised while resting, and taking NSAIDs can help relieve these symptoms. Treatment options for phlebitis include anticoagulant medications or surgical removal of blood clots.

Superficial phlebitis often heals without lasting effects.

DVT, on the other hand, can be life threatening and requires immediate medical attention. It’s important to know if you have risk factors for developing a DVT and to receive regular medical attention from a doctor.

If you’ve experienced a DVT before, you may be more prone to experiencing another in the future. Taking proactive steps may help prevent DVT.

what is it? Causes, symptoms, treatment of inflammation of the veins

Author: Polina Sidorova

Phlebitis, and what it is, is a frequently asked question not only in the lines of modern search engines, but also among most patients in clinics and clinics. This disease is quite common. In simple terms, phlebitis is a lesion of the venous walls, which gradually leads to their destruction. Let’s consider in more detail.

What is it?

Phlebitis can manifest itself as an acute or chronic pathology, which in most cases (according to statistics, in 85% of cases) is the result of complications of varicose veins of the lower extremities or pelvic region. But the essence of the disease always remains the same, that is, the main blow is not the venous walls.

A blood vessel is a hollow elastic tube with a wall of three layers: outer, middle, inner. As a result of the penetration of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, various toxins and allergens, the integrity of the outer or inner layer is destroyed, causing inflammation, often spreading to the muscle tissue and epidermis in the lesion.

According to the localization of damage to the vascular wall, several types of phlebitis are distinguished:

1. Periflebitis is damage to the outer vascular layer that develops against the background of inflammation of peripheral tissues during burns, erysipelas, panaritium, phlegmon.

2. Endophlebitis – destruction of the inner venous membrane due to varicose veins or mechanical trauma to the vein through the catheter.

3. Panphlebitis (Mondor’s disease) is a penetrating inflammation of a vein. It occurs due to trauma to the chest / abdominal cavity and infection, it is dangerous for vascular sclerosis.

According to the location of the damaged vessels, the pathology is classified as:

• Phlebitis of superficial veins – subcutaneous inflammation of the vascular walls. It manifests itself as seals on the skin, resembling the protrusion of subcutaneous fat. Eliminated by local treatment.

• Deep vein phlebitis – inflammation of the veins deep in the muscle tissues of the extremities. It is complicated by the formation of blood clots with pathological changes in the venous structure, leading to the formation of thrombophlebitis.

According to etiological factors, the following types of phlebitis are distinguished:

• allergic, developing on the background of any allergic reaction;

• postpartum – affects the legs, is characterized by an acute course with a pronounced pain syndrome;

• infectious, formed in the veins of any part of the body against the background of infection in the body;

• cerebral, affecting the vessels of the brain as a result of infection or the face of a person due to abscess / phlegmon;

• post-injection – a reaction to the introduction of a drug into a vein, manifesting itself as mechanical irritation of the venous walls or inflammation due to the chemical action of the drug;

• migratory – superficial inflammation of the vein walls for a long time, characterized by frequent relapses;

• pylephlebitis (portal vein) – damage to a large vein of the abdominal cavity.

Phlebitis affects the stronger and weaker sex, regardless of age. However, the older the patient, the more the risk of developing phlebitis increases due to the deterioration of the vessels.

Causes of pathology

Phlebitis, as a rule, is a complication of any pathology in the body, as well as a reaction to an increase in histamine and heparin in the blood, or be the result of a combination of various factors. Part of why the venous walls become inflamed was mentioned above when describing the pathology.

To create a complete picture of the causes of the disease, as well as the factors that trigger the pathology, we will focus on the most basic ones. In the case of the development of phlebitis, this is:

• mechanical injury and irritation of blood vessels;

• prolonged severe varicose veins;

• blood clotting disorder;

• stagnation of lymph, provoked by a sedentary lifestyle, heavy physical exertion.

Among the risk factors are:

• exposure to solar radiation;

• pathologies caused by increased blood clotting;

• overweight;

• childbearing;

• sports activities involving excessive muscle tension.

Often inflammation of the veins provokes a streptococcal infection, leading to the formation of abscesses, suppuration of wounds, as well as injury to blood vessels with a catheter installed for a long time, transfusion.

According to medical statistics, in 95% of cases, phlebitis is localized in the veins of the legs, since the blood flow in the lower extremities is much slower, leading to stagnation of blood, most often affecting the superficial and subcutaneous veins. Phlebitis of deep veins is diagnosed much less frequently.

What are the symptoms of phlebitis?

Common symptoms for any form and type of phlebitis are redness and swelling (protrusion) of the vein at the site of inflammation, as well as increased sensitivity and soreness of the affected area, fever to subfebrile values, its fluctuations, swelling of the extremities, in rare cases, the patient is concerned about skin itching.

Acute phlebitis is characterized by the following symptoms:

• general malaise, weakness;

• febrile body temperature;

• pain in the affected vessel;

• nodular seals in phlebitis of the superficial veins;

• phlebitis of the hands manifests itself as a pain syndrome, restriction of movement, tension.

The epidermis in the lesion reddens, becomes hot to the touch, the inflamed venous vessel resembles a lace.

Since the chronic course is characteristic of deep vein phlebitis, the clinical picture and symptoms are often hidden. She declares herself only in cases of relapse. The process of remission proceeds against the background of weakness, pain, heaviness in the limbs by the end of the day, disappearing after rest. However, with an exacerbation of this form, a flow into the acute stage occurs (especially if the deep inguinal veins are affected), manifested by swelling of the extremities, pain syndrome, cyanosis of the epidermis, bouts of fever.

For different types of phlebitis, a certain symptomatology is characteristic:

1. Phlebitis of superficial veins:

• itching, swelling, vascular sensitization;

• pulsation, thickening of tissues;

• veins with inflammation become rough, hard to the touch;

• redness of the venous bed, manifested through the skin.

2. Phlebitis of deep veins:

3. Inflammation of the veins of the brain:

• severe headache, often migraine-like;

• jumps in blood pressure;

• violation of speech functions;

• loss of consciousness.

4. Phlebitis of the portal vein:

• headache;

• frequent urge to vomit;

• yellow staining of the skin;

• excessive sweating;

• feverish condition;

• pain syndrome in the right hypochondrium.

5. Damage to the vein after injection:

• pain and discomfort immediately after drug administration;

• induration and swelling at the injection site;

• hematoma, damage to the epidermis in the affected area;

• deterioration in the general condition of the body;

• feverish condition.

For complex cases of phlebitis, an increase in lymph nodes, the appearance of shortness of breath and pain in the chest are characteristic.

Unfortunately, in the absence of timely treatment, the phlebologist
has an extremely high degree of danger of the formation of a new series of complications:

• chronic insufficiency of the functions of blood vessels;

• thrombophlebitis;

• development of abscess, phlegmon, sepsis;

• thromboembolism.

Terminals

It is important to understand that in the event of a sharp and severe pain attack, as well as the presence of a pronounced focus of the inflammatory process, you need to contact an experienced specialist. The phlebologist, after the initial visual examination, will help to take the first measures and at the same time prescribe the necessary tests and other types of diagnostic studies to clarify the therapy of a particular patient.

types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment by a phlebologist at the Proxima Medical Center (Sochi)

Phlebitis is an inflammatory process that affects the venous wall and proceeds in acute or chronic forms. Women over the age of 50 are more likely to experience the disease; in men, it is diagnosed in less than 1% of all cases.

Causes of phlebitis

The inflammatory process develops against the background of varicose veins. Only in units phlebitis proceeds in isolation.

The main provoking factors triggering a pathological reaction include:

• Abscesses.
• Infectious diseases. The causative agent is various bacteria, for example, streptococci.
• Infection of a wound located near a vein.
• Exposure to chemical factors.
• Sclerotherapy performed.

Classification of phlebitis

Depending on the localization of the inflammatory process in the vein wall, the disease is divided into:

• Periflebitis . When the disease affects mainly the outer shell.
• Endophlebitis . Inflammation extends to the inner shell.
• Panflebit . Inflammation affects all the walls of the vein.

Depending on the etiology, phlebitis can be: allergic, painful, migratory, cerebral, infectious, pylephlebitis.

Mechanism of development

Each vein consists of collagen, muscle fibers and endothelium. The inflammatory process can start on one of these layers. After the primary impact of the damaging factor, the following reactions occur:

• increased activity of the immune system, which sends leukocytes to the lesion;
• immune cells secrete inflammatory mediators (histamine, bradykinin), causing an increase in pain, swelling;
• immune complexes lead to the expansion of the lumen of the vessels through which the plasma leaks, which leads to increasing edema;
• if the lumen is greatly expanded or an additional mechanical factor has acted, areas of bleeding are formed that form hematomas under the skin;
• with an active inflammatory process, redness develops additionally, which becomes visible under the skin.

The listed mechanism of development may appear as a result of an external or internal lesion.

1. External . Mechanical action compresses the lumen of the vein, due to which its shape and width are disturbed. Initially, blood flow slows down, but may stop completely in this area. Reflex processes are triggered, which lead to the formation of blood clots and a local inflammatory reaction. Often this condition is characteristic of varicose veins in combination with trophic ulcers.
2. Internal . The outer layers of the vein are not damaged, only the endothelium is exposed to pathology. Often this condition is observed when performing periodic injections or placing a catheter. The longer the needle is in the vessel, the faster the inflammatory processes increase. Not only phlebitis can develop, but a bacterial infection can also join. This condition is dangerous with thrombosis and sepsis.

To eliminate phlebitis, it is necessary to eliminate the primary damaging factor. But even in this case, the pathology can go away on its own, so different methods of therapy will be required.

Symptoms of the disease

Acute superficial phlebitis is characterized by tension of the vein with the development of pain. There is reddening of the affected area with its compaction and hyperthermia. With extensive inflammation, red stripes appear on the surface of the skin, localized along the vein.

Deterioration of general well-being is rare, there may be an increase in body temperature, the development of weakness and loss of appetite.

In case of chronic phlebitis superficial veins are characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission. In this case, the symptoms of the disease will be dimly expressed.

When deep veins are affected, patients complain of an increase in body temperature to subfebrile values. Pain syndrome develops in the affected area with swelling of the surrounding tissues and the acquisition of a milky white hue. There is lameness when walking.

The development of cerebral phlebitis is accompanied by pain, arterial hypertension and neurological manifestations.

In case of inflammation of the veins in the penis, a man complains of sharp pain, bluish discoloration and increased edema.

In the case of pylephlebitis, purulent intoxication often develops with a sharp deterioration in health, weakness, vomiting, headache and cutting pain in the right hypochondrium, as well as an increase in jaundice. The increase in intoxication is associated with hectic fever. This form can lead to death.

Complications

Various types of complications can develop, causing negative effects on local tissues or the whole body.

1. Thrombosis . Due to inflammation on the wall of the veins, a reflex process develops in the form of thrombus formation. Blood clots are required to block the site where integrity is compromised. But with an increase in intravascular pressure, the influence of mechanical factors, they can break away from the surface, moving along the vascular bed. Since blood clots vary in diameter, they can clog small and large vessels, causing necrosis of tissues and organs. Many patients who survive phlebitis suffer from deep vein thrombosis. After the start of therapy, secondary complications may develop in the form of necrosis of tissues and organs, post-thrombotic syndrome, bleeding due to improper use of anticoagulants. Many of these pathologies are fatal.
2. Post-thrombotic syndrome . The condition is accompanied by a strong increase in the entire surface of the legs in size due to profuse edema. Hyperpigmentation associated with trophic disorders occurs.
3. Abscess . This is a capsule, inside which purulent contents accumulate due to infection. It can be located on superficial or deep tissues. Initially, severe focal pain develops, body temperature rises. The patient becomes very tired, loses weight. If the abscess ruptures, pus enters the tissues and blood, which causes the rapid death of the patient.
4. Phlegmon . The condition is characterized by reddening of the area of ​​skin under which the infection is observed. The temperature rises to high limits. Often the infection spreads to neighboring tissues, which can provoke damage to the articular cavities.

Since phlebitis is often accompanied by complications, the doctor needs not only to treat the inflammation, but also to prescribe drugs to prevent it.

Diagnosis

If phlebitis is suspected, the patient is advised to seek help from a phlebologist or surgeon. During the conversation, complaints are clarified, the conditions for their appearance, as well as dynamic changes. With self-administration of drugs, their effectiveness is evaluated.

Performed external examination and palpation of the affected area .

Additional examination methods are prescribed:

• General clinical blood test .
• Coagulogram .
• Doppler ultrasound .

Treatment of phlebitis

In the treatment of phlebitis , a complex effect on the pathological process is prescribed. In most cases, treatment is carried out on an outpatient basis with regular consultations with a doctor.

The main areas of therapy include:

• Medications.
• Wearing compression underwear, the size of which is determined by the doctor after measuring the affected limb.
• Physiotherapeutic methods such as electrophoresis.
• Carrying out physiotherapy exercises.
• Adherence to a diet with a restriction of fatty, fried, spicy foods, taking into account the calorie content of the daily menu and taking an elevated position.

The main groups of drugs that are prescribed for phlebitis include:

• Phlebotonics that improve the condition of the venous wall.
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Drugs that affect the coagulation system. This may be taking fibrinolytics and antiplatelet agents.

Selection of drugs is carried out on an individual basis. Based on complaints, the clinical picture, these additional examination methods and comorbidities, the doctor draws up a treatment plan and makes recommendations for the prevention of relapses.

Surgical therapy

Patients are mostly helped by conservative methods of treatment. But there may be cases when the intervention of a surgeon is required:

• repeated occurrence of phlebitis in the same vein;
• low efficiency from the use of conservative methods of therapy;
• deterioration in the quality of the venous wall, which is accompanied by varicose veins, the risk of blood clots, the formation of telangiectasias.

In this case, minimally invasive intervention is not used. Doctors recommend completely eliminating the affected vein. To do this, small incisions are made in the upper and lower parts of the localization of the vein, blocking its lumen, then removed.

Prevention

If the patient has problems with the venous system, it is better to use prophylactic methods in a timely manner to prevent the risk of phlebitis:

• no heavy sports;
• carrying out adequate physical activity, this can be exercise therapy, swimming, yoga, Pilates;
• lack of a long sitting position, if this cannot be avoided, it is required to periodically massage the legs, strain and relax the muscles;
• long walks to maintain the elasticity of the venous wall;
• performing venous gymnastics – bending the ankles, raising and lowering the lower leg;
• wearing loose, non-compressive clothing, especially around the lower extremities;
• drinking large amounts of liquid;
• Periodic blood coagulation testing when using oral contraceptives.

If the patient is at risk, he must undergo an examination by a phlebologist once every 6 months, donate blood for tests. At the slightest suspicion of an inflammatory process, conservative therapy is carried out.