What does the color of your vaginal discharge indicate about your health. How can you differentiate between normal and abnormal discharge. When should you consult a healthcare professional about changes in your vaginal discharge.

Understanding Normal Vaginal Discharge

Vaginal discharge is a natural and essential part of vaginal health. It helps keep the vaginal tissues lubricated, clean, and protected from infections. However, changes in the color, consistency, or odor of your discharge can sometimes indicate an underlying health issue.

What constitutes normal vaginal discharge? Typically, healthy discharge is clear to milky white in color and odorless. The amount and consistency may vary throughout your menstrual cycle due to hormonal fluctuations.

Characteristics of Normal Discharge

• Clear to milky white in color
• Odorless or with a mild, non-offensive scent
• Consistency may range from thin and watery to thick and sticky
• Amount varies throughout the menstrual cycle

White Vaginal Discharge: Normal or Concerning?

White discharge is often completely normal and nothing to worry about. It’s a common occurrence throughout the menstrual cycle, especially in women who aren’t on hormonal birth control. However, in some cases, white discharge can be a sign of an underlying condition.

When is white discharge a cause for concern? If the discharge is thick, chunky, and resembles cottage cheese in consistency, it could be a sign of a yeast infection. This type of infection occurs when there’s an overgrowth of Candida albicans, a type of yeast naturally present in the vagina.

Symptoms of a Yeast Infection

• Thick, white, odorless discharge with a cottage cheese-like consistency
• Itching and burning sensation in the vagina and vulva
• Redness and swelling of the vulva
• Discomfort or burning during urination or sexual intercourse

How can you treat a yeast infection? Over-the-counter antifungal medications like Monistat are often effective. However, if it’s your first yeast infection or if symptoms persist, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional.

Yellow or Green Discharge: Potential Infections

Yellow or green discharge is often a sign of an infection and should not be ignored. What could cause this type of discharge? One common cause is trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasite.

Characteristics of Trichomoniasis Discharge

• Yellow or greenish in color
• Frothy or foamy texture
• Strong, unpleasant odor

Is trichomoniasis the only cause of yellow or green discharge? No, other infections such as gonorrhea can also cause yellowish discharge. Gonorrhea is a bacterial STI that can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

Symptoms of Gonorrhea

• Cloudy or yellow vaginal discharge
• Pelvic pain
• Burning sensation during urination
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding

How should you address yellow or green discharge? If you notice these colors in your discharge, especially if accompanied by other symptoms like odor or irritation, it’s crucial to seek medical attention promptly. These infections require prescription medications for proper treatment.

Grey Discharge: A Sign of Bacterial Vaginosis

Grey discharge is often associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common vaginal condition caused by an imbalance in the vagina’s natural bacteria. What are the characteristics of discharge associated with BV?

Signs of Bacterial Vaginosis

• Thin, greyish-white discharge
• Strong, fishy odor, especially after sexual intercourse
• Burning sensation during urination
• Itching around the outside of the vagina

How is bacterial vaginosis treated? BV typically requires prescription antibiotics, either in pill form or as a vaginal cream. It’s important to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve, to prevent recurrence.

Brown or Bloody Discharge: Menstrual Cycle or Something More?

Brown or bloody discharge can be alarming, but it’s not always a cause for concern. What are some common reasons for this type of discharge? Often, it’s related to your menstrual cycle. Brown discharge may occur at the beginning or end of your period when the flow is light.

Can brown discharge indicate a more serious condition? In some cases, yes. Irregular bleeding or spotting between periods could be a sign of various conditions, including:

• Hormonal imbalances
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Uterine fibroids
• Cervical or endometrial polyps
• In rare cases, cervical or uterine cancer

When should you seek medical attention for brown or bloody discharge? If you experience persistent spotting between periods, heavy bleeding, or discharge accompanied by pain, it’s important to consult your healthcare provider for a proper evaluation.

Clear and Watery Discharge: Ovulation and Beyond

Clear and watery discharge is often a sign of ovulation. During this phase of your menstrual cycle, estrogen levels rise, leading to an increase in cervical mucus. This type of discharge helps facilitate the movement of sperm for potential fertilization.

Is clear discharge always related to ovulation? Not necessarily. Clear, watery discharge can also occur due to sexual arousal or as a result of certain hormonal contraceptives.

When to Be Concerned About Clear Discharge

While clear discharge is usually normal, there are instances where it might indicate a problem:

• Excessive amount of discharge
• Discharge accompanied by a strong odor
• Presence of other symptoms like itching, burning, or pelvic pain

If you experience these symptoms along with clear discharge, it’s advisable to consult your healthcare provider to rule out potential infections or other underlying conditions.

Pink Discharge: Implantation Bleeding or Something Else?

Pink discharge can occur for various reasons. What are some common causes of pink discharge? One possibility is implantation bleeding, which happens when a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining. This usually occurs about 10-14 days after conception and can be one of the earliest signs of pregnancy.

Are there other reasons for pink discharge? Yes, pink discharge can also be caused by:

• Light spotting at the beginning or end of your period
• Hormonal changes due to starting or changing birth control methods
• Cervical irritation from sexual intercourse
• In some cases, cervical or endometrial issues

When should you be concerned about pink discharge? If the discharge is persistent, heavy, or accompanied by pain or other unusual symptoms, it’s best to consult your healthcare provider for a proper evaluation.

Monitoring Your Vaginal Health: When to Seek Medical Attention

Understanding what’s normal for your body is key to maintaining good vaginal health. How can you keep track of your vaginal health? Pay attention to the color, consistency, and odor of your discharge, and note any changes or accompanying symptoms.

What signs indicate that you should seek medical attention? Consider consulting a healthcare professional if you experience:

• A sudden change in the color, amount, or odor of your discharge
• Itching, burning, or irritation in or around the vagina
• Pain or discomfort during urination or sexual intercourse
• Unusual bleeding or spotting between periods
• Pelvic pain or cramping unrelated to your menstrual cycle

Remember, while this guide provides general information, it’s not a substitute for professional medical advice. Your healthcare provider can offer personalized guidance based on your individual health history and symptoms.

Maintaining Vaginal Health

How can you promote good vaginal health? Here are some tips:

1. Practice good hygiene, but avoid douching or using scented products in the vaginal area
2. Wear breathable, cotton underwear
3. Use protection during sexual activity to prevent STIs
4. Stay hydrated and maintain a balanced diet
5. Manage stress through relaxation techniques or exercise
6. Attend regular gynecological check-ups

By staying attuned to your body and addressing any concerns promptly, you can maintain optimal vaginal health and overall well-being. Remember, your vaginal discharge is often a reflection of your body’s natural processes, but changes can provide valuable insights into your health status. Don’t hesitate to seek professional advice when in doubt – your health is worth it.

What is the Color of Your Vaginal Discharge Telling You?

Is the color of your vaginal discharge telling you something important about your health? Normal vaginal discharge is milky or white and is odorless. But sometimes, an imbalance of bacteria in your vagina can cause your discharge to change color. Do you have brown or yellow discharge? Or maybe your discharge is green, white, bloody or dark. In this article we’ll explore the range of discharge colors that you might experience and what they could mean.

Recognizing Normal and Abnormal Discharge

Changes in your discharge that may signal a problem include an increase in the amount, and a change in the color, smell or texture of the discharge. You may also experience other symptoms with a change in discharge, such as  irritation, itchiness or burning in or around your vagina. The combination of these factors can help reveal what may be going on in your body. Let’s take a look at the different colors of vaginal discharge, what it might signal, other related symptoms, and what you can do:

*Always see your healthcare professional if this is your first yeast infection.

7 Colors Your Vaginal Discharge Can Be (and What They Might Mean)

You might already know that it’s normal to have vaginal discharge. Discharge helps your vaginal tissues stay healthy, provides lubrication, and keeps your vagina clean, according to the Mayo Clinic. But seeing an unexpected color of vaginal discharge may give you pause (which is the more low-key way of saying it might totally freak you out). Here are the different colors your vaginal discharge can be and why.

If your discharge is white…

White discharge is often totally normal, Lauren Streicher, M.D., a professor of clinical obstetrics and gynecology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, tells SELF. Throughout your menstrual cycle, it can be common to see discharge that ranges from white and sticky to clear and slippery and more. (Though these fluctuations are less likely if you’re on hormonal birth control—you can read about how your menstrual cycle and birth control may influence your discharge here).

Even though white discharge can be just fine, sometimes it’s a sign of a yeast infection. This can happen if yeast in your vagina, typically a kind called Candida albicans, grows too much and throws off the balance of microorganisms in there, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).

While having yeast and bacteria in your vagina is totally normal, they need to live in harmony for you to have optimal vaginal health. If you’re experiencing an overgrowth of yeast, you might see a thick, white, odorless discharge with the consistency of cottage cheese, and experience other symptoms like itching and burning of your vulva and vagina, a burning feeling during sex, and vulvar redness or swelling, the Mayo Clinic says.

A thin white discharge that comes along with other symptoms can be a sign of bacterial vaginosis, according to the Mayo Clinic. This condition happens due to an overgrowth of “bad” bacteria in your vagina. Other symptoms include a strong fishy odor, itching, and burning when you pee.

White discharge can also sometimes be a sign of a sexually transmitted infection such as chlamydia (which is bacterial), gonorrhea (also bacterial), or trichomoniasis (which happens due to a parasite). These may cause additional symptoms like a strong vaginal odor, itching, and burning, but symptoms aren’t guaranteed. Sometimes people with these STIs don’t have any signs of infection.

If you have white discharge and no bothersome symptoms, you’re probably just fine, Jonathan Schaffir, M.D., an ob/gyn at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, tells SELF. But if your white discharge has an unusual-for-you consistency and comes with other symptoms, you should see your doctor. (And read what doctors have to say about treating yeast infections on your own before you make any moves to try that.)

If your discharge is yellow or green…

This might sound counterintuitive, but seeing yellow discharge doesn’t automatically mean something’s up. Mucus from the vagina and cervix sometimes turns yellow when it comes into contact with the air, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

If you’ve had instances of yellow discharge for as long as you can remember, cool. But yellow discharge could be a sign of an STI like gonorrhea, chlamydia, or trichomoniasis, Mary Jane Minkin, M.D., a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology and reproductive sciences at Yale Medical School, tells SELF, especially when it comes with symptoms like itching and burning. These can all cause green discharge as well.

How to Decode Your Vaginal Discharge – Cleveland Clinic

Any type of vaginal discharge can seem concerning — but it’s not always a sign of a problem.

Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy

“Vaginal discharge can be normal or abnormal,” says Ob/Gyn Oluwatosin Goje, MD. “Not every vaginal discharge means something.”

Understanding
what may cause different colors of vaginal discharge can help determine whether
it means trouble and how best to treat the problem, if there is one.

White discharge: It isn’t always a problem

Your normal
discharge may vary from clear to milky white. But Dr. Goje says a whitish
discharge could signal one of two common things:

Ovulation

Vaginal discharge may sometimes change consistency and color during your menstrual cycle. During ovulation, the body can produce a thicker, white, stretchy discharge.

Tip: Keep an eye on your monthly discharge so you know what’s normal for you.

Yeast infection

Most often caused by Candida albicans fungus, a yeast infection often produces a thick, cottage cheese-like, white discharge. Vaginal itching and burning are common.

Tip: You can treat it with over-the-counter drugs, such as tioconazole (Monistat^®), or with a prescription pill called fluconazole (Diflucan^®) or prescription vaginal creams called terazol or clotrimazole. If these don’t work, Dr. Goje says your doctor can test to see whether a fungus other than Candida albicans is present. Vaginal itching could also be caused by an allergic reaction, so let your healthcare provider know if medication does not help your symptoms.

Off-white or grayish discharge: A common infection

Bacterial vaginosis

This infection is the most common cause of vaginal discharge. Nearly 30% of women of child-bearing age get it. It often causes an increase in a vaginal discharge that is thin and grayish-white with a foul-smelling, unpleasant fish odor. The discharge and odor are most notable after sex, or you might notice them before and after your period, Dr. Goje says.

Tip: Two vaginal ointments — metronidazole gel and clindamycin cream — can treat the infection. Oral forms of the drugs are also effective. If you have been treated more than three times in a year for BV, consider wearing condoms with sexual intercourse, Dr. Goje says.

Greenish-yellow discharge: Two possible culprits

Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis (DIV)

This shows up most often in post-menopausal women whose estrogen levels have dropped. The vagina atrophies when the vaginal skin or wall thins out, becoming red and inflamed. A yellow to greenish-yellow discharge appears, and sex is sometimes painful.

Tip: Treatment of DIV can be with clindamycin ointment or steroid ointment in the vagina, but needs a doctor’s prescription. Also, treatment with estrogen cream can relieve itching, burning and pain from vaginal atrophy, Dr. Goje says.

Trichomoniasis

Up to 70% of those with this sexually transmitted infection don’t notice symptoms. But for women who do, an odd-smelling, greenish-yellow discharge that is sometimes frothy is often one of them. Women can also have itching, burning, soreness and redness, along with painful urination.

Tip: As with bacterial vaginosis, a single dose of metronidazole or tinidazole pill by mouth should cure this infection. Some women may need prolonged treatment for five to seven days.

Know what’s normal — and get the rest checked

If you
notice any of these types of discharge — or any that’s unusual for
you — see your doctor or your gynecologist.

Be prepared
to discuss the color, consistency and smell of the discharge, as well as any
itching and whether it appears related to having sex or your
menstrual cycle.

If the first
round of treatment doesn’t relieve your symptoms, ask your doctor for more
tests.

“There are
many tests out there that labs can run to make a diagnosis of an infection,”
Dr. Goje says. “I also often recommend that patients keep a diary of
their vaginal discharge so they know what’s normal and abnormal for
themselves.”

Vaginal yeast infection | UF Health, University of Florida Health

Definition

Vaginal yeast infection is an infection of the vagina. It is most commonly due to the fungus Candida albicans.

Alternative Names

Yeast infection – vagina; Vaginal candidiasis; Monilial vaginitis

Causes

Most women have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. Candida albicans is a common type of fungus. It is often found in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, digestive tract, and on the skin. Most of the time, it does not cause infection or symptoms.

Candida and the many other germs that normally live in the vagina keep each other in balance. Sometimes the number of candida increases. This leads to a yeast infection.

This can happen if:

• You are taking antibiotics used to treat another infection. Antibiotics change the normal balance between germs in the vagina.
• You are pregnant
• You are obese
• You have diabetes

A yeast infection is not spread through sexual contact. However, some men may develop symptoms after having sexual contact with an infected partner. These symptoms may include itching, rash or irritation of the penis.

Having many vaginal yeast infections may be a sign of other health problems. Other vaginal infections and discharges can be mistaken for a vaginal yeast infection.

Symptoms

Symptoms include:

• Abnormal vaginal discharge. Discharge can range from slightly watery, white discharge to thick, white, and chunky (like cottage cheese).
• Itching and burning of the vagina and labia
• Pain with intercourse
• Painful urination
• Redness and swelling of the skin just outside of the vagina (vulva)

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will do a pelvic exam. It may show:

• Swelling and redness of the skin of the vulva, in the vagina, and on the cervix
• Dry, white spots on the vaginal wall
• Cracks in the skin of the vulva

A small amount of the vaginal discharge is examined using a microscope. This is called a wet mount and KOH test.

Sometimes, a culture is taken if:

• The infection does not get better with treatment
• The infection recurs

Your provider may order other tests to rule out other causes of your symptoms.

Treatment

Medicines to treat vaginal yeast infections are available as creams, ointments, vaginal tablets or suppositories and oral tablets. Most can be bought without needing to see your provider.

Treating yourself at home is probably OK if:

• Your symptoms are mild and you do not have pelvic pain or a fever
• This is not your first yeast infection and you have not had many yeast infections in the past
• You are not pregnant
• You are not worried about other sexually transmitted infections (STI) from recent sexual contact

Medicines you can buy yourself to treat a vaginal yeast infection are:

• Miconazole
• Clotrimazole
• Tioconazole
• Butoconazole

When using these medicines:

• Read the packages carefully and use them as directed.
• You will need to take the medicine for 1 to 7 days, depending on which medicine you buy. (If you do not get repeated infections, a 1-day medicine might work for you.)
• Do not stop using these medicines early because your symptoms are better.

You doctor can also prescribe a pill that you only take by mouth once.

If your symptoms are worse or you get vaginal yeast infections often, you may need:

• Medicine for up to 14 days
• Azole vaginal cream or fluconazole pill every week to prevent new infections

To help prevent and treat vaginal discharge:

• Keep your genital area clean and dry. Avoid soap and rinse with water only. Sitting in a warm, but not hot, bath may help your symptoms.
• Avoid douching. Although many women feel cleaner if they douche after their period or intercourse, it may worsen vaginal discharge. Douching removes healthy bacteria lining the vagina that protect against infection.
• Eat yogurt with live cultures or take Lactobacillus acidophilus tablets when you are on antibiotics. This may help to prevent a yeast infection.
• Use condoms to avoid catching or spreading other infections.
• Avoid using feminine hygiene sprays, fragrances, or powders in the genital area.
• Avoid wearing tight-fitting pants or shorts. These may cause irritation and sweating.
• Wear cotton underwear or cotton-crotch pantyhose. Avoid underwear made of silk or nylon. These can increase sweating in the genital area, which leads to growth of more yeast.
• Keep your blood sugar level under good control if you have diabetes.
• Avoid wearing wet bathing suits or exercise clothing for long periods of time. Wash sweaty or wet clothes after each use.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Most of the time, symptoms go away completely with proper treatment.

Possible Complications

A lot of scratching may cause the skin to crack, making you more likely to get a skin infection.

A woman may have diabetes or weak immune system (such as in HIV) if:

• The infection recurs right after treatment
• The yeast infection does not respond well to treatment

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your provider if:

• This is the first time that you have had symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection.
• You are not sure if you have a yeast infection.
• Your symptoms don’t go away after using over-the-counter medicines.
• Your symptoms get worse.
• You develop other symptoms.
• You may have been exposed to an STI.

Images

References

Gardella C, Eckert LO, Lentz GM. Genital tract infections: vulva, vagina, cervix, toxic shock syndrome, endometritis, and salpingitis. In: Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 23.

Habif TP. Superficial fungal infections. In: Habif TP, ed. Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 13.

Kauffman CA, Pappas PG. Candidiasis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 318.

Oquendo Del Toro HM, Hoefgen HR. Vulvovaginitis. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 564.

How Yeast Infections Are Diagnosed

Diagnosing yeast infections is best done by a doctor. The standard test involves a physical examination—the condition can cause a clumpy white discharge. However, that discharge alone is not enough to diagnose a vaginal yeast infection. The doctor must also determine whether there are yeast present in the vaginal secretions.

Yeast infections will affect up to three-quarters of women at some point during their lives. These common infections tend to be frustrating to deal with. They may not have serious long-term health consequences, but they’re uncomfortable. They can also lead to depression and feelings of low-self worth if the discomfort is persistent, so a proper diagnosis and treatment are recommended.

© Verywell, 2018

Self-Checks/At-Home Testing

Commercially available home tests for diagnosing yeast infections don’t specifically test for yeast infections. Instead, they are used to determine if the vaginal pH is abnormal.

Since bacterial vaginosis (BV) is more often associated with a high vaginal pH, these tests can help point to whether the pH is more consistent with yeast or BV.

Just having yeast in the vagina isn’t necessarily a problem. It’s only a problem when the yeast overgrows. These tests aren’t necessarily able to determine the amount of vaginal yeast and whether it is causing your symptoms.

People should not rely on commercial tests to start at-home yeast infection treatment unless similar symptoms have previously been diagnosed as yeast by a doctor. 

Labs and Tests

The standard test for a yeast infection is a microscopic examination of a vaginal smear sample. Yeast is often visually detectable in such samples.

The vaginal smear can be taken by the doctor. It can also be taken by the patient, and self-smears have been shown to be similarly effective for diagnosing yeast infections. The swab is simple and painless, and you will receive instructions on how to obtain it.

Note: This type of self-smear is different than a home test for yeast. The smear is taken by the patient but the doctor still examines it using a microscope.

Recurrent Infections

If you’ve had recurrent yeast infections or complicated symptoms, other tests are available. Your doctor may send your vaginal fluid to a laboratory for a yeast culture.

This can help identify the specific type of yeast that’s causing an infection, which will guide the selection of appropriate treatment. Often, infections that are not curable through standard treatments are caused by less common types of yeast.

Molecular Tests

Molecular tests are sometimes used in the diagnosis of yeast infections.

As with urine tests for other STDs, these tests can identify very small amounts of yeast in the urine. This method is less useful for diagnosing a yeast infection than it is for identifying chlamydia or gonorrhea. Why? Because most women have some yeast present in their bodies at all times, so detection of a small amount does not necessarily mean that you have a yeast infection.

Differential Diagnoses 

A number of vaginal health conditions have very similar symptoms to a yeast infection. As such, without testing, it can be difficult to tell whether someone is suffering from a yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, or another STD.

Fortunately, whatever condition is causing the common symptoms of all these infections—itching, pain during urination, changes in vaginal discharge—is probably easily treatable if it is treated with the correct medication. That’s why testing is so important. Without testing, it’s hard to know if you’re getting the right medication.

Frequently Asked Questions

• How is a yeast infection diagnosed?

  A vaginal yeast infection (vaginal candidiasis) is diagnosed with a pelvic exam. Your doctors will examine the affected area and take a swab of vaginal discharge to view with a microscope. If the Candida fungus is not readily identified, a sample can be sent to the lab for further evaluation.

• What tests can diagnose a yeast infection?

  A yeast infection can be definitively diagnosed with a culture test. This is done by introducing cells from a vaginal swab into a sterile medium to see if yeast will grow. Results are usually available within a few days.

• How do you prepare for a yeast infection test?

  No preparation is needed. However, you should avoid douching before a pelvic exam, as this can strip away some of the infectious material and make the condition harder to diagnose.  

• Are there home tests for yeast infections?

  Yes, there are several at-home tests that can help diagnose a yeast infection. The tests don’t detect Candida fungus; rather, they measure vaginal pH as indicated by a color change on the vaginal swab. Low acidity (high pH ) is indicated by a color change and is more indicative of bacterial vaginosis. Normal acidity (indicated by a lack of color change) is more indicative of a yeast infection.

• Can a man get a yeast infection?

  Yes, it is called a penile yeast infection (penile candidiasis) and is diagnosed with the same tests used to diagnose a vaginal yeast infection. Penile yeast infections are more common in uncircumcised men and are typically recognized by a thick, white, lumpy discharge under the foreskin or within moist folds of skin.

• What conditions look similar to a yeast infection?

  A yeast infection can sometimes be mistaken for bacterial vaginosis (BV), trichomonas vaginitis (TV), or other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). BV and TV can be differentiated by high vaginal pH (over 4.5). BV is also more likely to have a “fishy” smell, and TV often has a yellowish or green discharge; it is also more likely to bleed during a pelvic swab.

What is a Vaginal Yeast Infection?

One of the most common vaginal infections is a yeast infection, which is caused by naturally occurring yeast cells in the vagina. Vaginal yeast infection is very common. It is estimated that over 75% of women suffer from the condition at one point in their lives.

A healthy vagina has a balanced amount of good bacteria and yeast cells. Sometimes, the balance between the two can change, especially when the yeast cells start multiplying. The result will be irritation, itching and swelling of the vagina.

Yeast Infection Symptoms

Symptoms of vaginal infection can include:

• A thick vaginal discharge that may be whitish-gray in color and odorless
• Irritation and redness of the vagina
• Swelling or soreness of the vagina
• Pain or burning sensation when passing urine
• Pain when engaging in sexual intercourse
• Intense itching around the vagina area

When a yeast infection is not treated early, the symptoms may become worse. It is recommended to see your doctor for recommendations on treating a yeast infection.

Causes

Vaginal yeast infection occurs when there is an imbalance between yeast fungus cells and bacteria in the vaginaⁱ. Some of the causes of the infection can be:

• Weak immune system. For example, women taking cortisone-related drugs such as prednisone are more likely to develop yeast infections than other women.
• Vaginal injury. If the inner area of the vagina is injured, e.g. after chemotherapy, yeast infection is likely to develop.
• Use of antibiotics. If the normal bacteria in the vagina are eradicated by immunosuppressive medication or antibiotics (e.g. when taken to treat urinary tract infection), yeast cells can multiply and lead to an infection.

Other causes of vaginal yeast infections can include:

• Lack of sleep
• Stress and depression
• Hormonal imbalance near your period cycle
• Poor eating habits, e.g. eating a lot of sugary foods
• Uncontrolled diabetes
• Pregnancy
• Use of douches or perfumed vaginal hygiene sprays

It is important to note that a vaginal yeast infection is not a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Yeast cells that cause the condition are naturally produced in the vagina.

Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by a specific kind of yeast known as Candida albicansⁱⁱ. These infections are normally easy to treat. If you have problems getting rid of yeast infections with conventional treatment or if they keep recurring, the infection may be due to a different kind of Candida. A lab test can determine which type of Candida you have.

Diagnosis

You can get treatment for yeast infection from primary care practitioners, including pediatricians, internists, gynecologists and family practice physicians. Most women prefer to seek treatment from a gynecologist.

The causes of vaginal yeast infections can be determined from the various signs and symptoms they manifest. However, vaginal discharge and itching may also be caused by other conditions. For example, Trichomonas and bacterial vaginosis infections are known to cause vaginal discharge.

A doctor will test a sample of the discharge in a lab to make an accurate diagnosis. The test is done by either examining the discharge directly under a microscope or by culture to identify yeast organisms. The test will also confirm or rule out other causes such as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or bacterial vaginosis.

Note: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice.

i. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001511.htm

ii. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/genital/index.html

Vulvovaginal Health | ACOG

Antibiotics: Drugs that treat certain types of infections.

Bacteria: One-celled organisms that can cause infections in the human body.

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): A condition in which the normal balance of bacteria is changed by an overgrowth of other bacteria. Symptoms may include vaginal discharge, fishy odor, pain, itching, and burning.

Bartholin Glands: Two glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that make a fluid during sexual activity.

Clitoris: A female sex organ found near the opening of the vagina.

Estrogen: A female hormone produced in the ovaries.

Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM): A collection of signs and symptoms caused by a decrease in estrogen and other sex hormones. Signs and symptoms can include vaginal dryness, pain with sex, bladder symptoms, frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs), burning, itching, and irritation.

Gynecologist: A doctor with special training and education in women’s health.

Hemorrhoids: Swollen blood vessels located in or around the anus.

Hormones: Substances made in the body that controls the function of cells or organs.

Hymen: A membrane at the entrance of the vaginal opening.

Labia Majora: The outer folds of tissue of the external female genital area.

Labia Minora: The inner folds of tissue of the external female genital area.

Lactobacilli: A type of bacteria normally found in large numbers in the vagina. These bacteria help keep the vagina acidic and prevent overgrowth of unhealthy bacteria.

Menopause: The time when a woman’s menstrual periods stop permanently. Menopause is confirmed after 1 year of no periods.

Menstrual Cycle: The monthly process of changes that occur to prepare a woman’s body for possible pregnancy. A menstrual cycle is defined as the first day of menstrual bleeding of one cycle to the first day of menstrual bleeding of the next cycle.

Microorganisms: Life forms that are invisible to the naked eye and can only be seen with a microscope. Bacteria are an example.

Perineum: The area between the vagina and the anus.

Progesterone: A female hormone that is made in the ovaries and that prepares the lining of the uterus for pregnancy.

Progestin: A synthetic form of progesterone that is similar to the hormone produced naturally by the body.

Puberty: The stage of life when the reproductive organs start to function and other sex features develop. For women, this is the time when menstrual periods start and the breasts develop.

Sexual Intercourse: The act of the penis of the male entering the vagina of the female. Also called “having sex” or “making love.”

Skene Glands: Glands located on either side of the urethra and urethral opening.

Urethra: A tube-like structure. Urine flows through this tube when it leaves the body.

Uterus: A muscular organ in the female pelvis. During pregnancy, this organ holds and nourishes the fetus.

Vagina: A tube-like structure surrounded by muscles. The vagina leads from the uterus to the outside of the body.

Varicose Veins: Swollen, twisted veins that are often caused by poor blood flow.

Vestibule: The tissue surrounding the opening of the vagina.

Vulva: The external female genital area.

Yeast Infection: An infection caused by an overgrowth of a fungus. Symptoms may include itching, burning, and irritation of the vulva or vagina and a thick, white discharge.

90,000 Fungal diseases and infections of the vagina in women – blog of the ON Clinic medical center

The most common diseases in gynecology are precisely fungal infections of the genital organs in women.

As a result of a weakened immune system, the fungus begins to multiply uncontrollably, infecting the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and female genital organs. In gynecology, yeast causes a disease called urogenital candidiasis or thrush.In addition, the fungus can cause vaginitis and vulvovaginitis, when, in addition to the vagina, the colony affects the mucous membranes of the vulva, causing severe burning and itching.

How is genital fungus manifested?

If a woman has noticed the appearance of abundant white cheesy discharge on her underwear, you should immediately seek help from a gynecologist. Perhaps it is a fungus on the genitals.

By touching the external genital organs, fungal infections of the vagina can penetrate into the internal organs of the genitourinary system, thereby leading to serious complications – diseases of the genitourinary system and infertility.

Fungal diseases in women spread to:

• uterus;
• ovaries;
• Fallopian tubes.

Thus, they provoke all new foci of infection.

Fungal genital infections cause such diseases of internal organs in women as:

In addition, fungus in gynecology is one of the main causes of cervical erosion, and this in turn leads to infertility, i.e. the inability to have children.Main symptoms

Typically, a fungal infection has the following symptoms:

• Thick, curdled discharge;
• Intolerable burning and itching in the genital area;
• Pain during urination;
• Pain during intercourse;

Having found such symptoms in herself, the first thing a woman should do is to consult a qualified doctor, for example, to us, in ON Clinic.

Types of fungal diseases

Gynecological fungal diseases are most often caused by fungi of the genus Candida, which has about 170 species.For example, Candida Parapsilosis, Candida Glabrata, Candida Albicans, and Candida Tropicalis. More than 75% of women of childbearing age will experience a vaginal infection caused by fungi at least once in their life. These are mainly thrush (candidiasis) and candidal vaginitis, most commonly caused by the fungus Candida albicans.

Fungi of the genus Candida belong to the representatives of the normal microflora of the vagina. However, under the influence of various factors in the female body, favorable conditions are created for parasitizing fungi.World statistics show that candidiasis is diagnosed in 24-36% of cases of visits to a gynecologist.

What causes thrush?

Thrush or female fungus can occur for various reasons. One of the common reasons for the development of candidiasis, doctors call vaginal alkalinization – a change in the normal (acidic) environment of the vagina to alkaline due to hormonal disorders, infectious and gynecological diseases. The alkaline environment in the vagina becomes the impetus for the multiplication of fungi due to the death of microorganisms that make up the natural microflora of the vagina.Taking corticosteroids or antibacterial drugs can lead to illness. Also, thrush is capable of developing:

• against the background of a decrease in immunity;
• due to wearing synthetic underwear;
• due to unprotected sexual intercourse, use of intrauterine contraceptives.

What is Candida fungus afraid of?

Candida fungi die in an acidic environment. Therefore, yeast in women is treated with drugs that help restore the natural microflora of the vagina.According to the indications, the doctor selects antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory drugs. Immunotherapy is also indicated to restore the full functioning of the immune system.

Vaginal swab – what infections does it show?

A vaginal swab allows you to identify pathogenic microflora in the vagina (bacteria, fungi). This is the simplest and most effective laboratory method for diagnosing the inflammatory process in the female genital organs. Based on the results of the analysis, the gynecologist makes a diagnosis (vaginal candidiasis, vaginitis or other gynecological disease).

Vaginal smear shows:

• the number of leukocytes, lactobacilli, squamous epithelial cells;
• whether the ratio of “useful”, pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, the number of which should be balanced, has not been violated.

How to get rid of fungi in the body with folk remedies?

Fungal diseases of female organs should be treated only as prescribed by a gynecologist. Self-medication can lead to the development of a chronic form of candidiasis, the appearance of concomitant diseases (erosion of the cervix, diseases of internal organs with damage to the kidney, intestines or bladder fungus).

In case of delayed or incorrect treatment, fungal infections can enter the bloodstream. This is called candidemia. Candidemia is one of the most common fungal infections in the United States, according to the American Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. In addition, fungal infections can lead to other health problems, such as dermatological diseases, as fungal parasites inflame the area around the vagina. Prolonged inflammation threatens skin infections and increases the likelihood of the infection spreading to other parts of the body.

How are fungal infections treated?

Treatment of fungal diseases of the genital organs is based on the use of antifungal drugs, which can be administered externally (vaginal ointments) or internally (tablets). The gynecologist selects treatment depending on the type of fungal infection, the patient’s medical history and the course of the disease.

During the period of treatment, we recommend that women refrain from sexual activity. In case of sexual intercourse during treatment, use contraception so as not to aggravate the inflammatory process in the vagina.However, in this case, it must be borne in mind that vaginal creams and suppositories for the treatment of fungal infections can weaken the properties of latex condoms. This could cause it to slip or break.

Prevention of fungal diseases in gynecology

The development of genital fungus in women can be prevented. Preventive measures include adherence to the rules of personal and intimate hygiene, wearing underwear made from natural materials, and using contraceptives. You also need to timely treat all inflammation in the body and regularly undergo scheduled examinations by a gynecologist.

Thus, fungal infections of the vagina are a serious threat to a woman’s health and should not be neglected. Medical Center ON Clinic conducts diagnostics of female diseases using modern equipment. Thanks to timely diagnostics and therapy, you can completely get rid of the disease and significantly reduce the risk of complications. Treatment of fungal diseases is carried out by the complex use of antifungal drugs of local, local and systemic significance.In order to get rid of the symptoms, one should suppress their excessive vital activity, restoring the natural microflora of the vagina and at the same time directing efforts to strengthen the protective properties of the immune system. The result of such therapy is a fairly quick recovery and a decrease in the chances of a relapse of the disease.

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90,000 Mucosal candidiasis.Isolation of pure culture and determination of sensitivity to antimycotic drugs

Microbiological study, during which the presence and species of yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida is determined, used to diagnose and control the treatment of candidiasis of the mucous membranes.

English synonyms

Oral cavity candidiasis, genital candidiasis. Sowing on a medium to determine the type of fungus and its resistance to antifungal drugs.

Research method

Microbiological method.

Which biomaterial can be used for research?

Pocket swab.

How to properly prepare for the study?

• Do not use the oral cavity toilet on the day of taking the biomaterial for research.

General information about the study

Mucosal candidiasis is an infectious and inflammatory process caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida on the mucous membranes.The greatest clinical significance is oral candidiasis and genital candidiasis.

Yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida (Candida spp.) Are considered representatives of the normal microbiota of the mucous membranes of the human body. Indeed, yeast can be found in about 60% of healthy adults in the oral cavity and in 12% of women in the vagina. Normally, yeasts are in equilibrium with bacterial commensals of the mucous membranes and do not cause any inflammatory changes (“healthy carriage”).In some situations, however, the growth of yeast fungi is enhanced, which is accompanied by the emergence of a local infectious and inflammatory process – candidiasis, which is also known as “thrush”. The most common cause of mucosal candidiasis is C. albicans, but candidiasis caused by other species of this genus – C. glabrata, C. dubliniensis, C. krusei and others

Candidiasis of the mucous membranes is very common. Risk factors for oral candidiasis are infancy and old age, the presence of severe diseases with immunodeficiency (especially leukemia, lymphomas, carcinomatosis and HIV), insufficient oral hygiene, Sjogren’s syndrome, diabetes mellitus and other endocrinological diseases, wearing dentures, using inhalation and systemic glucocorticoids.Risk factors for genital candidiasis (vulvovaginitis) are less clear, but the implications of estrogen imbalance and antibiotic use have been suggested.

The clinical picture of mucosal candidiasis is quite characteristic (the presence of tiny white plaques against the background of hyperemia in the pseudomembranous form of candidiasis), but it can resemble other diseases, primarily leukoplakia and lichen planus. For the differential diagnosis of these diseases, laboratory tests are performed.

There are several ways to identify yeast-like fungi: microscopy of a Gram stained or methylene blue smear / scraping, microscopy of a smear / scraping after treatment with a potassium hydroxide solution KOH, microscopy of a native smear (for vulvovaginitis) and culture on the medium (microbiological method).

Sowing on Wednesday is the most accurate diagnostic method. Using this method, it is possible not only to identify yeast-like fungi, but also to determine the specific type of fungus and its amount, as well as its sensitivity to antifungal drugs.Determination of the species belonging of a culture of microorganisms, including fungi, is called the isolation of a “pure culture”. Isolation of a pure culture and determination of sensitivity to antifungal drugs is of particular importance in the presence of a patient resistant to standard (empirical) antimycotic therapy for candidiasis or in a recurrent course of the disease. The study can be used both for primary diagnosis and for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment of the disease.

Given the high prevalence of “healthy carriage” of fungi of the genus Candida, in many people a microbiological examination can be determined by an insignificant growth of yeast-like fungi.In the absence of any clinical signs of candidiasis, such growth has no clinical significance. On the other hand, the abundance of yeast colonies (more than 10 ⁴ CFU / ml) in a patient with minimal or no signs of candidiasis, but with risk factors for this disease, should alert the doctor and, possibly, require the appointment of antimycotic drugs. In this case, an additional diagnostic study, which can significantly help in the interpretation of the results, is microscopy – the determination in a smear of a lot of fissile yeast-like fungi testifies in favor of candidiasis.

Given the fact that sometimes mucosal candidiasis (primarily of the oral cavity) is a symptom of a more serious disease, in some cases additional laboratory tests may be recommended, including blood glucose analysis, determination of hormones of the thyroid, parathyroid, gonads and adrenal glands , HIV analysis and immunological studies. A wider laboratory examination is also indicated in the presence of chronic candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes. It should be noted that genital candidiasis is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI), therefore, when this disease is detected in a patient, examination of his sexual partners is not indicated.

What is the research used for?

• For the diagnosis and control of the treatment of mucosal candidiasis.

When is the study scheduled?

• If there are signs of candidiasis of the mucous membranes: burning, soreness, itching, the presence of tiny white blooms against a background of hyperemia;
• in the presence of risk factors for oral candidiasis: infancy and old age, the presence of severe diseases with immunodeficiency (leukemia, lymphomas, carcinomatosis and HIV), poor oral hygiene, Sjogren’s syndrome, diabetes mellitus and other endocrinological diseases, wearing dentures, the use of inhalation and systemic glucocorticoids.

What do the results mean?

The result is given for fungi of the genus Candida – detected / not detected + result by microscopy (presence of normal microflora / epithelial cells, leukocytes, bacilli, cocci, etc.).

Positive result:

• mucosal candidiasis;
• “healthy carriage”.

Negative result:

• norm;
• effective treatment with antifungal drugs.

What can influence the result?

• The use of antifungal drugs (fluconazole, itraconazole) can lead to a false negative result.

Download an example of the result

Important notes

• In the absence of any clinical signs of candidiasis, an insignificant growth of fungal colonies (less than 10 ⁴ CFU / ml) has no clinical significance;
• Sometimes mucosal candidiasis (primarily of the oral cavity) is a symptom of a more serious condition, so additional laboratory tests may be recommended.

Also recommended

[02-014] Complete blood count (without leukocyte count and ESR)

[06-015] Plasma glucose

[08-118] Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

[08-033] Parathyroid hormone, intact

[07-032] HIV 1,2 Ag / Ab Combo (determination of antibodies to HIV types 1 and 2 and antigen p24)

Who orders the study?

Therapist, dermatovenerologist, general practitioner.

Literature

1. Gonsalves WC, Chi AC, Neville BW.Common oral lesions: Part I. Superficial mucosal lesions. Am Fam Physician. 2007 Feb 15; 75 (4): 501-7.
2. Burns T., Breathnach S., Cox N., Griffiths C. Rook’s Texbook of Dermatology / T. Burns, S. Breathnach, N. Cox, C. Griffiths; 8th ed. – Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

Anal itching – causes, treatment | Symptoms

Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease)
Signs: Discharge of pus. Pain in the rectum and / or abdomen, sometimes diarrhea.

Hemorrhoids (internal or external)
Signs: Bleeding with internal hemorrhoids (a small amount of blood on toilet paper or in the toilet). Painful, swollen nodes in the anus with external hemorrhoids.

Bacterial infection
Signs: Inflamed, reddened area, sometimes visible scratching.

Yeast infection (Candida)
Signs: Rash around the anus.

Pinworms
Signs: Usually in children.Sometimes found in several family members.

Scabies
Signs: Severe itching that usually gets worse at night. Itching in other parts of the body is possible. Pink, thin, slightly raised lines or bumps (burrows) in the affected areas may be visible.

Cancer of the skin around the anus (skin of the perianal region)
Signs: Scaly or crusty area.

Atopic dermatitis
Signs: Itchy, red, oozing rash with a scab.

Psoriasis
Signs: Sometimes itchy or painful spots on the skin.

Antibiotics
Signs: Current or recent antibiotic use

Food (beer, caffeine, chocolate, hot peppers, dairy products, nuts, tomato products, citrus fruits, spices, or vitamin C tablets)
Signs: Symptoms after ingestion of a substance.

Excessive sweating
Signs: Excessive sweating as described by a person, especially when wearing tight-fitting and / or synthetic clothing.

Hygiene problems (overly thorough, vigorous cleansing around the anus or poor cleansing)
Signs: Inadequate cleansing as described by the person.

Skin irritants (anesthetics, ointments, soaps and sanitary napkins)
Signs: Use of a possible irritant as described by the person.

Plaque on the tongue – causes of appearance, in what diseases it occurs, diagnosis and treatment methods

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-medication.In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For a diagnosis and correct treatment, you should contact your doctor.

Plaque on the tongue: causes of appearance, for what diseases it occurs, diagnosis and methods of treatment.

Definition

Tongue is one of the most important indicators of the health of the whole body. In a healthy person, the tongue is pale pink; the papillae and the longitudinal fold are clearly visible on it.Some whitish plaque is not a cause for concern as long as it is easy to brush off with a toothbrush and does not have an unpleasant odor. In terms of its mechanical composition, plaque consists of epithelial cells, food debris and microorganisms present in the oral cavity.

Species of plaque in the tongue

Plaque on the tongue can be of different color, consistency, structure and located on different zones. The color of the plaque gives very important information not only about the products used with coloring properties, but also about the state of the gastrointestinal tract, teeth, and infectious processes in the body.

The consistency of plaque and its structure differs depending on the disease – it can be curdled, dense, slimy, dry or viscous.

Plaque can cover the entire area of ​​the tongue, be located at its root, on the back surface or in its middle part.

If teeth imprints are present on the tongue, then we can talk about diseases of the respiratory or nervous system.

Possible reasons for plaque in the language

The appearance of plaque on the tongue can have many reasons: smoking, infectious diseases, pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system, helminthic invasions, and oncological processes.And yet, the most common reason for a change in the color of the mucous membrane of the tongue is completely harmless – the use of coloring products (blueberries, coffee, carrots, pumpkin, beets leave especially persistent color).

For what diseases can plaque appear on the tongue?

Diseases that can change the color of the tongue due to the formation of plaque can be divided into several groups.

Infectious diseases . With scarlet fever, in the first days of the disease, the tongue is coated with a thick, dense gray-white or yellow-white bloom, which disappears on the 5-6th day, and the back of the tongue becomes intensely red (“crimson tongue”), enlarged mushroom papillae stand out on it.With diphtheria, in the pharynx region, on the palatine arches, on the root and back of the tongue, dirty white films are observed, when removed, the bleeding surface is exposed. Dysentery is characterized by the appearance of a thick white-brown plaque on the tongue.

Candidiasis (thrush), caused by the development of yeast flora, is accompanied by the formation of merging plaques on the tongue, tightly attached to the back of the tongue and covered with a cheesy milky-white bloom.

It should be borne in mind that candidiasis can accompany diseases associated with a decrease in immunity, as well as occur while taking certain medications.

The state of dehydration of the body is accompanied by the formation of a dark, sometimes almost black (as in cholera) plaque, which is hardly removed from the tongue. A characteristic plaque occurs with Vincent’s stomatitis (fusospirochetosis) – it has a grayish-green color and an offensive putrid odor, after its removal, a loose, bleeding ulcer remains. With leptotrichosis, a dense, whitish-gray plaque is formed on the tongue with difficulty; in places under it, areas of loosened and easily bleeding mucous membrane are exposed.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract . Gastritis, gastric ulcer, enterocolitis lead to a significant increase in plaque on the tongue, it is localized mainly in its posterior parts, and may cover the entire back. In diseases of the stomach and alimentary tract, the plaque on the tongue has a grayish-white color. With gastric ulcer, a whitish coating on the tongue, regardless of its abundance, is easily removed. In this case, there may be a burning sensation and soreness.On the lateral surfaces of the tongue, due to its swelling, there may be teeth imprints. If the plaque is too strong, it may be accompanied by a decrease in taste sensitivity.

The color and consistency of plaque can vary depending on the intensity and severity of the manifestations of the disease.

With pathologies of the liver and biliary tract, plaque can acquire various shades of yellow (dirty yellow, brown). Parasitic diseases, blockages of the bile ducts and bile stasis can lead to the appearance of a yellow plaque.

Pancreatitis is characterized by a yellow-white coating on the tongue that is difficult to brush off. The filiform papillae in the tongue are enlarged, the appearance of foci of desquamation (desquamation) of the epithelium on the back of the tongue is possible.

Other diseases . A characteristic plaque accompanies the first stages of tongue cancer: whitish localized foci are observed that do not have clear boundaries. They are found in almost all cases of the disease.
With lichen planus, small grayish-white nodules appear in the oral cavity, including on the tongue, which, when merged, form a pseudo-plaque similar to lace.Over time, the whitish color of the papules is replaced by pale pink, reddish and even purple. In some forms of lichen, gray plaques appear that rise above the surrounding tissues. These phenomena are accompanied by a feeling of dryness and roughness in the mouth.

With diabetes mellitus, increased dry mouth develops. Insufficient salivation leads to the formation of heavy dental plaque and white plaque. In addition, candidiasis develops in the oral cavity, which aggravates the severity of plaque.

There is another condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue – “geographical tongue”, which is caused by the sloughing of keratinized epithelial cells on the surface of the tongue. The picture that occurs in this case is similar to plaque spots on the bright pink background of the mucous membrane. Multiple or single foci with a diameter of 1–2 cm merge, while unchanged areas may remain in the center of the foci. All this gives the surface of the tongue the appearance of a geographical map. This process usually does not extend to the lower surface of the tongue.The appearance of such a peculiar picture in the language can not always be called a disease, since such a condition occurs as a variant of the norm and is detected already in childhood. In other cases, “geographic language may be due to neurotrophic disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

In acute and chronic radiation sickness, the tongue swells, becomes covered with a profuse plaque, cracks, hemorrhages and necrosis (necrosis) appear, more often in the area of ​​the tongue root. Taste and sensitivity are lost.

Diagnostics and examinations when plaque appears on the tongue

Plaque color, its abundance and localization can serve as an important diagnostic sign of certain diseases. To correctly determine the cause of plaque, a thorough visual examination of the oral cavity is necessary to identify the color and density of plaque, the condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue under the plaque, the appearance of the papillae, swelling or dryness of the tongue, the presence of erosions or cracks in the tongue. The doctor also evaluates the patient’s complaints of dry mouth, burning sensation after removing plaque, and the ability to eat.

An important diagnostic feature is the duration of changes in the mouth, previous diseases and treatment.

To clarify the diagnosis, the doctor prescribes clinical and biochemical blood tests with the determination of glucose, bile pigments, as well as a C-urease test for suspected diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, blood tests for syphilis, HIV, hepatitis B and C.

Smear examination

The most common is a smear for flora or general smear , with the help of which the doctor determines the so-called cleanliness of the vagina in a woman.What does it show? This method can determine the state of epithelial cells and identify the presence of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as vaginitis, candidiasis (thrush), vaginosis, cervicitis.

As a result of a bacterioscopic examination, some sexually transmitted diseases are also diagnosed – gonorrhea, trichomoniasis. The analysis is based on the ability of different microorganisms to stain in different colors, depending on the degree of resistance to antibiotics.This ability was discovered by the Danish scientist GK Gram. As a result of staining the biomaterial, gram-positive (gram +) microorganisms, which are more sensitive to antibiotics, and gram-negative (gram-) microorganisms, characterized by a thinner and more complex shell in structure and low sensitivity to drugs, are revealed. Gram-negative microorganisms can cause various diseases of the female genital area.

During the analysis under a microscope, a laboratory assistant doctor counts the number of differently stained microorganisms, leukocytes, determines the shape of bacteria, their size and location.In some cases, unstained (native) smears are examined, which makes it possible to detect flagellated forms of Trichomonas. In addition, as part of a smear on flora, so-called microflora inoculation can be carried out. It is used in cases where the causative agent of the disease, due to its low concentration, cannot be detected under a microscope and to determine the genus and species of bacteria. In this case, a biomaterial taken from a woman’s genitals is placed in a special nutrient medium based on gelatin, and after a certain time the result is studied.

on note

The duration of inoculation cultivation depends on the presence of which microorganism must be detected. Sowing with chlamydia ripens the longest – 15 days.
The appearance of colonies of microorganisms on the nutrient substrate indicates the presence of a disease. The inoculation method is also used to determine the treatment strategy, since during the maturation of the colony, it is possible to find out which groups of antibiotics it is particularly unresponsive to.

Smear for latent infections.Latent infections include a group of diseases that can be asymptomatic for several months or even years, causing complications, and in some cases even infertility. To date, the most reliable way to detect latent infections is a smear examination using PCR (polymerase chain reaction). This method is used to diagnose infections not found in general smears. For the analysis, a secret is taken from the cervix, vagina or urethra and a multi-stage increase in the concentration of nucleic acid and copying of individual DNA fragments of microorganisms present in the smear is performed.As a result, the doctor can establish the species and generic affiliation of all pathogenic bacteria and their ability to cause the development of diseases. In most cases, PCR analysis is used when there is a suspicion of the presence of sexually transmitted diseases that have an almost asymptomatic course in the early stages.

The advantages of the method are:

• high accuracy in determining the causative agent of the infection;
• the ability to determine the presence of a virus, and not the products of its vital activity or decay;
• Possibility of making an accurate diagnosis based on just one cell of the microorganism.

important!

The PCR method does not give false positive results, in other words, there are no positive samples where there is no infection.

A smear for oncocytology, or Papanicolaou test (pap test), allows you to detect the presence of cancer in the cervix in the early stages and start therapy on time. The Pap test detects most inflammatory diseases, epithelial dysplasia and malignant tumors. This smear is recommended annually for all women between the ages of 21 and 65.If a woman has menstrual irregularities, inflammation of the cervical canal, infertility, the doctor will prescribe a smear for oncocytology without fail. It is also recommended to undergo a pap test when diagnosing diabetes, obesity of 2-3 degrees, during pregnancy planning, when taking hormone-containing drugs and the presence of genital herpes and papilloma viruses in the body.

When analyzing a smear, you can get five types of results, depending on the presence and degree of pathology.The first type is a negative indicator, indicating that there are no abnormalities in the woman’s body, and she is completely healthy. In the second type, there is an inflammatory disease that requires treatment. The third type indicates the presence in the epithelium of single cells with an abnormal structure of the nucleus. The fourth type is suspicion of a malignant formation or erosion of the cervix, genital herpes, papillomavirus infection, parakeratosis. The fifth type is the presence of an oncological disease that requires immediate treatment.It should be remembered that the smear shows only the degree of cell change, but not the cause that caused them. Other tests, including biopsy, colposcopy, and histological examination, are needed to make a diagnosis.

Important!

If atypical cells are found in the smear, then the conclusion will be written about this, and the type of changes will also be indicated. If there are no special notes in the deciphering of a smear for cytology, this indicates that no pathologies were found during the study.

90,000 Be careful, mushrooms in your ears! – articles and news PharmacyMos

Two in one

Almost everyone knows about the existence of fungal diseases, for example, of the feet. What is classic otitis media (inflammation of the inner, middle or outer ear) is also no secret to anyone. But it turns out that both of these seemingly very distant troubles can meet and provoke such an ailment as otomycosis. He is also a fungal otitis media.Science knows about 500 types of fungi that can cause mycosis in humans. Moreover, in a variety of organs. And the ear, unfortunately, is a very convenient and favorable place for the habitation and reproduction of pathogenic organisms. In this case, otomycosis literally captures the space of the inner or outer ear, affecting its various parts.

It should be noted that otomycosis is subdivided into ear candidiasis, aspergillosis or mucoidosis, blastomycosis or coccidioidosis.

Candidiasis of the ears is caused by yeast.They affect the middle and outer ear, as well as the surface behind the auricle. Aspergillosis or mucoidosis is also the result of the pathogenic effects of yeast. But in this case, they settle and multiply on the entire auricle, as well as in the ear canal. Blastomycosis or coccidioidosis is triggered by fungi called dermatophytes. These fungi are localized on the surface of the external auditory canal.

It should be noted that all these fungal parasites coexist quite peacefully.In addition, the conditions that provoke their appearance are actually similar. And therefore, doctors often identify two, and sometimes three types of fungal infection at once in one person. And their symptoms are quite similar.

Symptoms of fungal otitis media

1. Ear plugs of sulfur.

A patient who comes to an otolaryngologist with complaints of poor hearing, finds out that earwax plugs interfere with him. It would seem, what does fungal otitis media have to do with it, which an experienced doctor can immediately suspect at the very first examination? The fact is that usually sulfur, from which these very plugs are formed in a healthy person, has a light yellow color.But in the case of otomycosis, earwax is extremely white and in its appearance and consistency resembles a curd mass. It is the result of the pathogenic activity of a fungal infection. The main thing here is not to try to get rid of the sulfuric plug on your own. So it can only be pierced deeper and aggravated the situation.

2. Allocations.

Wet discharge of yellow, gray-green, brown, yellowish-green, gray-black and even black-brown color begins to appear from the ear affected by fungi.Such an unpleasant selection palette scares many. And this is good! A person quickly goes to an appointment with an otolaryngologist.

3. Feeling of stuffiness in the ears.

The person does not experience any pain in this case. But the perception of even very familiar sounds becomes distorted. Many have the feeling that there is some foreign object in the ear and then reckless people begin to try to free the ear from the obstacle on their own. As a rule, this leads to complications of the situation.Small scratches appear on the inner side of the ear, into which the fungal infection penetrates even deeper.

4. Sensation of noise in the head.

Noise, hum, crackling and even grinding … What sensations do not arise in the ear, affected by fungal otitis media.

5. Itching in the ears.

To cope with this seemingly simple situation, people sometimes use a variety of available means. It is good if they do not scratch the surface of the ear. Otherwise, the spread of the fungus is guaranteed to them.By the way, you need to keep in mind that itching with fungal otitis media is also accompanied by peeling.

6. Painful sensations.

Yes, along with painless symptoms, with fungal otitis media, pain is often noted. In some cases, it is aching and incessant pain. In others, it is strong and paroxysmal. It all depends on the characteristics of the fungus itself, the degree of damage to it, the neglect of the process and the presence of concomitant diseases. Many patients find that ear pain worsens while eating and even drinking.

7. Hearing impairment.

Even one of the listed symptoms, to a greater or lesser extent, leads to hearing problems. And in addition to all this, with the development of fungal otitis media, edema is formed. He, too, by closing the ear canal, leads to hearing loss.

8. Dizziness.

Fungal otitis media in most cases affects only one ear. Formally, this is good. At least the second is okay. But, on the other hand, such a one-sided defect affects the vestibular apparatus.This is in some patients and leads to dizziness and even impaired coordination.

9. Deterioration of the general condition.

People suffering from fungal otitis media complain not only of local problems with the ear, but also of general malaise, incl. on migraines that often arise in this case. In some cases, when the process of inflammation is gaining momentum, the mandibular and cervical lymph nodes begin to enlarge.

Where does what come from?

The causes of fungal otitis media can be divided into two groups. The first reason is the consequences of human misconduct . This includes:

• Penetration of a foreign body into the ear. Of course, adults rarely sin with such unreasonable actions as stuffing small objects into their ears. But with children, especially small ones, this happens quite often. In this regard, pediatricians strongly recommend that parents monitor the behavior of babies and examine their ears as often as possible. Otomycosis can also be provoked by water that has got into the ears, in which fungi live.
• Ear injuries, incl. and from improper hygienic care, for example with solid objects. Doctors are faced with such cases when patients say that they clean their ears with hair pins, toothpicks and other items that are not suitable for this. From here, scratches appear, into which fungi penetrate. Otolaryngologists do not like cotton-wool, the so-called ear sticks. Doctors say that they can also injure the surface of the ear. And also to seal and push the sulfur plug inside the ear.
• Using headphones of various gadgets. Particularly dangerous in terms of infection are other people’s headphones and those that lay on a contaminated surface.
• Wearing a hearing aid unless it is periodically treated with special cleaning agents.
• Dirty hands that get fungus in transport and public places.
• Baths, swimming pools, showers, bathrooms and even public toilets are another risk factor. After all, a warm and humid microclimate is an excellent habitat and reproduction of fungi.

The second reason is the presence of certain diseases . In particular:

• Presence of fungal infections on other parts of the body. If you touch them with your hands, and then, without washing them, touch your ears – otomycosis is guaranteed!
• Inflammatory diseases of any localization, for the treatment of which a large number of antibiotics or hormonal agents were used. No, in no case should you refuse drug treatment. You just need to adjust the drug therapy with additional drugs.
• Congenital or acquired immune deficiency syndrome. At this point, anything “clings” to the body, incl. and parasites of the fungal group.
• Chronic ENT diseases.
• Metabolic disorders (eg obesity, gout, constipation, diabetes mellitus) resulting from dysfunction of metabolic processes in the body.

Diagnose and treat

The otolaryngologist can already suspect the presence of fungal otitis media in a patient during a visual examination.But, in order to make an accurate diagnosis with the identification of a specific causative agent of otomycosis, you need to undergo a specific diagnosis. It consists of three main stages.

1. Procedure for otoscopy. This is a doctor’s examination of the patient’s ear using a special otoscope device. It allows you to see even the smallest foreign objects (for example, plant seeds), scratches, redness and other abnormalities in the ear.

2. Taking and examining biomaterial in the form of a smear from the surface of the damaged ear by a microscopic method.

3. Obtain laboratory analysis data confirming suspicions of a certain type of fungal disease inside the ears and identifying its sensitivity to drugs.

At the initial stage of otomycosis, treatment is carried out with topical antifungal drugs. They allow you to completely get rid of the fungal infection.

In advanced stages, the otorhinolaryngologist prescribes complex treatment with the help of strong drug therapy.

In very severe cases (and they also happen), when the fungus enters the base of the skull through the middle ear, the patient is hospitalized. In a hospital setting, he undergoes an intensive course of drug therapy, including droppers.

It is good that modern pharmaceuticals offer our medicine a number of antifungal drugs that help to cope with otomycosis. These are Candibiotic, Cefazolin, Clotrimazole, Fluconazole, Econazole, Natamycin, Nitrofungin, which are available both in the form of solutions and in the form of ointments for topical use.

There are only ointments – for example, lamisil, exoderil.

Preparations destroy the cellular structure of the fungus, eliminate the accompanying bacterial flora, relieve inflammation and itching.

In some cases, the otolaryngologist prescribes a course of antibiotics, antihistamines, immunostimulants and vitamins. The specialist advises to increase the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables.

Since the treatment of otomycosis can cause dysbiosis, doctors prescribe probiotics to restore the intestinal microflora: hilak forte; linex, gastrofarm, etc.p.

Well, to prevent the fungus from settling in the ears again, you just need to follow the rules of personal hygiene and cope with various diseases that provoke otomycosis in time.

Source: Marina Maslyaeva, journalist

90,000 How to feed seedlings for good growth: the best folk remedies

02 April 2021 06:31

Photo: shkolazhizni.ru

Seedlings need special care. To obtain a healthy and plentiful harvest, gardeners use top dressing that helps to nourish the soil with the necessary trace elements, which makes plants grow quickly. Folk methods are especially popular. They are accessible and understandable. Experienced farmers share how and how to properly feed seedlings at home.

When and what top dressing to apply

The best fertilizer for seedlings is what they need at this stage of development. If your seedlings are deficient in any particular element – nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium – add this element to the soil. If there is a lack of nitrogen in the soil, the development of seedlings slows down, its leaves become smaller and pale, the stems become thinner and branch poorly.Phosphorus deficiency also retards the growth and development of seedlings, its leaves begin to turn yellow at the edges and fall off, cold resistance and disease resistance decrease. If your seedlings were struck by a fungal disease, then it probably happened against the background of a lack of potassium in the soil. The seedlings also need microelements for development: zinc, boron, magnesium, iron and others.

But if the seedlings were friendly, and the seedlings grow strong, then it is better to use complex fertilizers for seedlings, in which all the substances it needs are balanced.Top dressing in a chelated form is most suitable for seedlings: they are much more easily absorbed by seedlings.
Fertilizers in the form of salts are absorbed by plants only by 20-30%, while the same elements in the form of a chelate are absorbed almost completely. In addition, these chelates do not contain chlorine, which inhibits the roots and makes it difficult for the seedlings to absorb nutrients.
Before picking seedlings, top dressing is usually not applied. The first time the substrate is fertilized 10-14 days after the pick or at the stage of development of 4 true leaves.Further, the frequency of fertilization depends on the quality of the substrate. For example, if it contains humus, garden and leafy soil, then it is fertile in itself, perfectly retains the introduced elements, and it should be fertilized no more than twice a month. But the peat substrate should be fed weekly.

How to apply fertilizer correctly

Liquid fertilizers are most readily accepted by the seedlings.If you bought a universal complex composition and are going to feed seedlings with them, keep in mind that the solution for it is prepared in half as concentrated as for adult plants. Do not purchase preparations that offer the same dosage for both seedlings and adult plants. On average, fertilizer consumption for the preparation of 10 liters of nutrient solution is one tablespoon, or 7-10 g.

The best industrial fertilizers for seedlings

Based on external signs, it is possible to figure out what is the best way to feed the seedlings.And the question immediately arises – where to get mineral fertilizers for a particular case. All nutritional formulations are sold in specialty stores.

The following drugs are most commonly used:

1. Rich contains a complete set of essential micronutrients. Additionally, it includes phytosporin. The drug is highly soluble in water. It is a good liquid fertilizer for seedlings and protects against fungal infections.
2. “Gumi Kuznetsova” is a serious answer from biologists to the question of how to feed young seedlings.It was created specifically for young plants. Contains humic acids and many useful trace elements. Suitable not only for young growth, but also for plants growing in greenhouses.
3. “Krepysh” is almost a universal product. It is used for tomato seedlings, for soaking, for feeding young and adult plants. The strong man accelerates the growth of plants, strengthens the immune system, and promotes the development of the root system.
4. “Emerald” saturates the soil with nitrogen. They can be fed to plants with yellowed leaves.
5. Agricola Forward is a fertilizer for tomato and other vegetable seedlings. This complex fertilizer is a good feeding for young shoots grown at home.
6. Fertica Lux is used when plants have all the signs of nitrogen deficiency. The leaves turn yellow, the stems become thin.
7. “Humate 7+” is a universal fertilizer for vegetables and flowers, which contains 7 essential microelements: nitrogen and boron, iron and zinc, as well as manganese, copper and molybdenum.Instructions for use are indicated on the packaging.
8. “Ferovit” – the name speaks for itself. This medication contains iron components. It also contains nitrogen. It is used for seedlings of tomatoes a week after the pick. “Ferovit” is sprayed on plantings. It is enough to carry out the treatment 2-3 times, and the sprouts will become vigorous and cheerful.
9. Ideal is a mineral fertilizer containing many organic substances. It was created as a seedling feeding at home.

In addition to the above preparations, there is another feeding of seedlings in isolated soil conditions.

To improve the condition of seedlings after picking, use:

• nitroamofosku,
• chicken droppings,
• vermicompost.

All of these fertilizers are sold in stores in granular or liquid form.The rules for use and dosages are indicated on the packages.

Folk feeding methods

Most gardeners are against chemicals. Over time, the substances of which they are composed accumulate in the soil and poison it. Subsequently, the harvest becomes tasteless, and even loses its benefits. Folk remedies are not capable of contaminating the soil. Due to their organic composition, they completely disperse in the ground, without forming by-products.In addition, when preparing top dressing at home, you will surely be confident in its quality, and therefore in its performance. In addition, unlike complex drugs, folk remedies do not require spending money, since most of the components are already in your home, or they cost mere pennies.

Yeast

For the rapid growth of seedlings, gardeners recommend resorting to yeast feeding.It contains manganese, iron, nitrogen, phosphorus. After its application, the root system develops intensively, young foliage is actively formed. The fertilizer is suitable for tomato and cucumber seedlings, it can be fed to young peppers and eggplants. To prepare, mix:

10 g dry yeast;
10 liters of warm water; 90 105 tbsp Sahara.

Leave the resulting mixture to infuse in a warm place for 6-8 hours, stir it occasionally. Then pour at the root of 1 liter per square meter.Repeat feeding after 2 weeks.

Ammonium – seedling feed

During this period, it is advisable to feed with ammonia, which contains 82% nitrogen and is easily absorbed by plants. Nitrogen will strengthen the stems of the seedlings, increase the deciduous mass.

To prepare the drug, dissolve 1 tsp. ammonia in 10 liters of water, mix well and gently pour the seedlings under the root.
Medvedka and wireworm do not like ammonia, so it can be used to protect plants even after planting in the ground. Dissolve 3-4 tablespoons. in 10 liters of water and pour 0.5 liters into each well.

Feeding seedlings with eggshells

Eggshells contain a lot of calcium, which promotes cell division, and, accordingly, the active growth of seedlings. As a top dressing, an infusion of the shell is used.

Take the shells of 3-4 chicken eggs, pour 3 liters of warm water and leave to infuse in a dark place.To prevent the smell of the infusion from spreading throughout the house, cover the container with a tight lid. After 3 days, when the infusion becomes cloudy and “fragrant”, dilute it in a 1: 3 ratio and water the seedlings.
Eggshells can also be used to protect seedlings from blacklegs. To do this, finely chop the shells and sprinkle the soil in containers with seedlings.

Ash

Ash dressings are rich in potassium, calcium, and these microelements are always in short supply in the soil.In addition, the substance helps fight pests and diseases. Use fertilizer for all vegetable crops, but not on alkalized soil. The soil should be acidic or neutral. The recipe for the solution is very simple. The ash composition is very rich in various micro and macro elements. Fertilizers based on this natural material are successfully used for growing seedlings of vegetable crops.

ash glass;
a bucket of warm water.

Leave the fertilizer to infuse for a week in a warm place, stir it occasionally.Then water the young plants under the root between April and June. The consumption rate is half a liter per bush. Ash dressing can be applied foliarly. Spray generously with the planting solution once every 7-10 days. In addition to nutrition, this will prevent infection by viruses and fungal spores.

Iodine

To strengthen immunity and increase susceptibility to negative external factors, farmers spray the plantings with iodine water.To prepare it, you need to dissolve 10 g of the drug in a bucket of warm water, pour the solution into a spray bottle and process the plants. Irrigation is carried out for peppers, tomatoes, eggplants, cucumbers and cabbage and with an interval of 1 time in 7-10 days during a month. The treatment is best done during the period of disease activity: from the end of April to the onset of summer. At the beginning of the growing season, tomato seedlings receive all the necessary nutrients from the substrate. If the soil is low in trace elements and vitamins for the embryo, weak seedlings appear.

Green fertilizer

Plants require nitrogen during the formation of leaves and stems. To replenish its supply in the soil, top dressing is carried out on the basis of fresh young grass. Any greenery that has time to grow by summer will do: nettles, dandelions, even weeds. The herb is steamed with boiling water in a ratio of 1:10 and insisted for 10 days. Then the concentrate is diluted 10 times and the plants are watered under the root at the rate of 1 liter per 1 bush.It is advisable to apply the fertilizer before flowering for a quick set of green mass. If you overdo it with it or do not meet the deadline, the buds will form late, and you will not have to count on an early harvest.

Top dressing of seedlings with coffee grounds

The coffee grounds saturate the soil with nitrogen. And although there is not so much of it in it, as, for example, in ammonia (only about 2%), the plants will like this top dressing. Thicker seedlings will be able to quickly absorb other nutrients from the soil.Before feeding the plants, rinse the dormant coffee with clean water, dry it, and then gently embed it in the soil.

Sleeping coffee grounds can also be added to the garden beds. This will improve the composition of the soil, attract earthworms and beneficial microorganisms.

Onion peel

Onion husks remain with every housewife. This is the best do-it-yourself seedling feed. It’s easy to make. Plants can be fed throughout their growth.Residues after peeling onions will saturate the soil with a large amount of nutrients. Onion skins are collected in handfuls. Two handfuls are poured with a liter of hot, but non-boiling water. Leave for a day to infuse. Water the crops under the root from a watering can.

Source: ogorod365.com

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