90,000 Urine tests during pregnancy – what they look at

1. Why take a urine test during pregnancy
2. How to correctly donate urine for analysis
3. What the urinalysis shows and how the assessment is done
4. Special urine tests

During pregnancy, a woman undergoes many different tests. The most frequent, and at the same time, the simplest test is urine analysis. It is rented regularly, before each visit to the antenatal clinic, that is, at least 12 times per pregnancy.

Why take a urine test during pregnancy

Urine is formed in the kidneys when the blood is filtered, with it, decay products formed during metabolism, salts, vitamins, hormones are excreted from the body. This analysis can be used to judge the work of the kidneys and other organs. The main component of urine is water (92-99%). Every day, about 50 – 70 dry substances are removed from the body with urine, most of which are urea and sodium chloride. The composition of urine changes significantly, even in healthy people, depending on the diet, drinking regimen and medication.During pregnancy, a regular study of a general urine analysis allows you to suspect in time the initial pathological processes in the body of the expectant mother, for example, the development of a urinary tract infection or toxicosis in the second half of pregnancy. For a correct assessment of the results of the analysis, urine must be correctly collected.

How to properly donate urine for analysis

On the eve of the test, it is recommended to refrain from intense physical activity, not to eat a lot of meat products, salty, sour and spicy foods, as well as coloring products (beets, carrots, etc.). This can lead to a distortion of the result – the appearance of protein and salts in the urine. For a general urinalysis, it is preferable to collect the morning urine sample.

Preliminary, a thorough toilet of the external genital organs is carried out with warm water and soap. It is better to close the vagina with a cotton swab to exclude the ingress of secretions into the urine sample. The urine is collected in a clean, dry container. For the analysis, an average portion of urine is used, that is, for the first few seconds you need to urinate into the toilet, then into a jar, and the rest back into the toilet.

It is necessary to deliver urine to the laboratory within two hours from the moment of collection and it is advisable to try not to subject it to strong shaking during transportation. It is allowed to store urine in the refrigerator at a temperature of + 2- + 4 degrees, but not more than 1.5 hours. It is desirable that the amount of material collected for research be at least 70 ml.

What the urinalysis shows and how the assessment is done

In the study of a general analysis of urine, many parameters are assessed.

Color

Normal urine is yellow in various shades. The shade depends on the degree of saturation of urine with a special pigment – urochrome. A change in the color of urine can be when taking certain medications (for example, vitamins can give a bright yellow coloration, aspirin – pink). However, much more often a change in the color of urine indicates the presence of any pathological processes in the body. When blood appears in the urine, which occurs in diseases of the kidneys and bladder, the urine becomes bright red (with renal colic, cystitis) or the so-called “color of meat slops” (with acute inflammatory kidney damage).With increased destruction of red blood cells (erythrocytes), urine becomes reddish-brown. Yellow-brown (or beer-colored) urine occurs with liver diseases.

Transparency

Normally, transparency should be complete. Clouding of urine may result from the presence of erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelium, bacteria, fatty droplets, and precipitation of salts in the urine.

Relative density (specific gravity)

This is an indicator characterizing the amount of trace elements, salts, various compounds. Normally, the specific gravity is 1003 – 1035 g / l. This indicator may decrease in the presence of glucose or protein in the urine, with toxicosis in the first half of pregnancy, and dehydration. An increase in specific gravity occurs in chronic renal failure, diabetes insipidus, and drinking plenty of fluids.

Protein

The protein content in urine is one of the most important indicators of kidney function. Normally, it should not be. A small amount of protein in urine (physiological proteinuria) can be present in healthy people, while the protein concentration does not exceed 0.033 g / l, in modern laboratories with more sensitive equipment – 0.14 g / l.The appearance of protein in the urine is noted in kidney disease, inflammatory diseases of the bladder and urinary tract. The presence of protein in the urine, combined with an increase in blood pressure and edema, is a sign of a serious complication of pregnancy – late gestosis, which can lead to seizures and even death of a pregnant woman and fetus.

Glucose

Normally, glucose is absent in the general urine analysis. However, in the second half of pregnancy, the presence of glucose in the urine (glucosuria) can normally be detected.This is due to the increased filtration of glucose in the kidneys. Since the appearance of glucose in the urine can be a sign of a serious illness – diabetes mellitus, acute inflammation of the pancreas, all patients with glucosuria need additional examination – blood glucose control, sometimes even a glucose tolerance test with a sugar load – determination of fasting blood glucose and 2 hours after ingestion 75 grams of glucose.

Bilirubin

It is a blood pigment that is formed as a result of metabolic processes in the body and is excreted with bile into the gastrointestinal tract.With an increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the blood, it begins to be excreted by the kidneys and is found in the urine. This occurs mainly with liver damage or mechanical obstruction of the outflow of bile.

Urobilinogen

This is a product of the conversion of bilirubin. Normally, it is excreted in the bile and practically does not enter the urine. The appearance of urobilinogen in urine is found in liver diseases, poisoning, increased decay of red blood cells – erythrocytes.

Ketone bodies

These are products formed during the breakdown of fatty acids in the body.Normally, ketone bodies are absent in urine analysis. Their determination is very important in diagnosing the adequacy of diabetes mellitus therapy. The appearance of ketones can occur in the first trimester of pregnancy with early toxicosis and indicate dehydration.

Nitrite

These are salts of nitrous acid, they are not normally found in urine. Their appearance indicates the presence of an infection of the urinary system.

Leukocytes

These are white blood cells.Normally, in the general analysis of urine, leukocytes are found up to 5 in the field of view. If the number of leukocytes is increased, this indicates the presence of an inflammatory process in the kidneys, bladder or urethra, while the higher the number of leukocytes, the more pronounced the inflammation. A slight increase in the number of leukocytes can be observed if vaginal discharge enters the urine with poor toilet of the external genital organs.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells. Normally, in the general analysis of urine, there should be no more than 2 erythrocytes in the field of view.An increase in their number occurs in the presence of kidney or urinary tract stones, kidney inflammation, and trauma.

Cylinders

Elements of cylindrical urine sediment, consisting of protein or cells, may also contain various inclusions. Normally absent. Found mainly in kidney disease.

Salt

These are inorganic substances that can precipitate when urine is standing. Normally, there are no salts in the urine. The appearance in the urine of urates occurs in kidney disease, as well as in the first trimester of pregnancy with vomiting of pregnant women.

Amorphous phosphates

Also found with vomiting of pregnant women, with inflammation of the bladder, and can occur normally with the predominance of plant and dairy foods in the diet.

Oxalates

Occurs with inflammation of the kidneys, diabetes mellitus, as well as with the predominance of foods rich in oxalic acid (spinach, sorrel, tomatoes, asparagus) in the diet.

Bacteria

Urinary excretion of bacteria is of significant diagnostic value during pregnancy.The appearance of bacteria in the urine indicates the presence of an inflammatory process in the kidneys, bladder or urethra and requires mandatory treatment, even if the expectant mother is not worried about anything. Bacteria can also enter the urine from the vagina if the toilet is not good. To determine the number of bacteria, their type and sensitivity to antibiotic therapy, an additional culture of urine on the flora is required. To obtain the correct result of this analysis, it is necessary, after a thorough toilet of the external genital organs, to close the vagina with a cotton swab, collect the middle portion of urine in a sterile container, screw the lid tightly and deliver it to the laboratory within one and a half to two hours. The urine culture takes an average of 7 to 10 days and allows the doctor to decide whether or not to use antibacterial treatment and with what drugs.

Special analyzes of urine

Urine culture

It is mandatory if bacteria were detected in the general analysis of urine.

Purpose of the study. Performed to determine the number of bacteria, their type and sensitivity to antibacterial drugs.

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Rules for collecting urine for analysis. To obtain a correct result for this test, urine must be collected after a thorough toilet of the external genitalia by covering the vagina with a cotton swab. It is necessary to collect the middle portion of urine in a sterile container, screw the cap tightly and deliver it to the laboratory within one and a half to two hours.

Urine culture takes an average of 7 to 10 days to prepare and allows the doctor to decide whether or not to use antibacterial treatment and with which drugs. In the presence of a clinical picture of inflammation, antibacterial treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic is carried out before obtaining the results of inoculation (it acts on a large circle of bacteria), and in the case of an asymptomatic course of the disease or mild inflammation, treatment is not carried out until the results of the analysis are obtained.

Urine analysis according to Nechiporenko

This is a special urine test that shows the content of erythrocytes, leukocytes and casts in 1 ml of urine.

Purpose of the study. This analysis is prescribed if there is a suspicion of the presence of an inflammatory process in the organs of the urinary system in a pregnant woman, in the event that there are changes in the general analysis of urine. It gives more accurate results than a general analysis of urine, and also allows you to monitor the dynamics of the treatment.

Rules for collecting urine. Urine for Nechiporenko analysis is collected in the same way as for a general urine analysis.

Investigated parameters

• The number of leukocytes – normally they should be less than 2 thousand in 1 ml . An increase in the number of leukocytes indicates the presence of pyelonephritis (an inflammatory disease of the renal pelvis and cups).
• The number of erythrocytes is normally less than 1 thousand in 1 ml. An increase in the number of erythrocytes indicates the development of glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the renal glomeruli).
• Number of cylinders – normally less than 20 in 1 ml. The detection of an increased content of cylinders indicates arterial hypertension, diseases of the cardiovascular system, and can occur with early toxicosis of pregnant women.

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Urine analysis according to Zimnitsky

Purpose of the study. This test is prescribed to clarify the ability of the kidneys to concentrate and dilute urine, revealing hidden edema. A study may be needed if there is a suspicion of the development of gestosis, renal failure, with infections of the urinary system, as well as with diabetes mellitus.

Rules for collecting urine. For the analysis of urine according to Zimnitsky, urine is collected during the day (24 hours) in 8 containers (cans), while the amount of fluid drunk is necessarily taken into account (the pregnant woman writes down how much fluid she drinks during the day, taking into account soups, fruits and vegetables). At 6 in the morning, a woman urinates in the toilet, then all subsequent urine is collected in cans.

Total 8 Servings:

• 1 portion – from 6-00 to 9-00 o’clock,
• Serving 2 – from 9-00 to 12-00,
• Serving 3 – from 12-00 to 15-00,
• Serving 4 – from 15-00 to 18-00,
• Serving 5 – from 18-00 to 21-00,
• 6 portions – from 21-00 to 24-00,
• 7 portion – from 24-00 to 3-00,
• 8 portions – from 3-00 to 6-00 o’clock.

Banks are signed and delivered to the laboratory.

Investigated parameters. The amount and specific gravity of urine in each portion is estimated. Normal kidney function is characterized by:

• the volume of daily urine is about 1.5 liters;
• predominance of daytime urination over nighttime;
• excretion in the urine of about 70-80% of the liquid drunk per day;
• the specific gravity of urine in at least one of the portions is not lower than 1.020-1.022;
• significant fluctuations during the day in the amount of urine in individual portions (from 50 to 400 ml) and the specific gravity of urine (from 1.003 to 1.028).

Deviations from these standards indicate a violation of the kidneys.

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Rehberg’s test

Purpose of the study. This test is used to measure the ability of the kidneys to filter urine. It is mandatory for all pregnant women with gestosis, urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus.

Rules for collecting urine. Before the test, exclude intense physical activity, strong tea and coffee.Urine is collected during the day in one container, which is stored in the refrigerator during the entire collection time. After completing the collection of urine, measure the contents of the container, be sure to mix and immediately pour 70-100 ml into a special container or jar and deliver to the laboratory, reporting the total volume of urine collected per day.

At the time of delivery of urine to the laboratory, blood is donated for creatinine from a vein.

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Investigated parameters. The method is based on the assessment of glomerular filtration by the rate of clearance of blood plasma from creatinine, a special product of protein breakdown. This indicator can be determined if you know the concentration of creatinine in the blood, in the urine and the daily volume of urine. This indicator is calculated according to a special formula and is called creatinine clearance. Normally, the value of this indicator ranges from 75 to 134 ml / min / 1.7 m2. A decrease in the level of renal filtration indicates kidney damage and occurs in severe complications of pregnancy – gestosis, kidney disease (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis), diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, urolithiasis.

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Urine on 17-KS

This test was previously widely prescribed to pregnant women to determine the hormones produced by the cortex of the endocrine glands – the adrenal glands. For analysis, urine was collected during the day, mixed, a small part of it was cast, which was delivered to the laboratory with an indication of the total amount of collected urine. An increase in the concentration of 17-ketosteroids in the urine indicated an excess production of hormones in the body of a pregnant woman, on the basis of which the doctor prescribed hormonal drugs.However, at present, the determination of these substances in urine is considered uninformative and is not used during pregnancy.

Urine tests are very easy to perform and very informative for the doctor, they allow you to timely identify the slightest changes in the body of the expectant mother and promptly begin treatment, which helps prevent serious complications from the pregnant woman and the unborn baby.

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🧬 Urine analysis during pregnancy, transcript, bad or normal

Poor urinalysis during pregnancy

The presence of a “bad” urine analysis during pregnancy may indicate asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnant women, preeclampsia, pyelonephritis of pregnant women, cystitis, urethritis and other diseases.In most cases of intense proteinuria, micro- and macrohematuria, the detection of bacteria, a large number of leukocytes and cylinders in the urine requires additional diagnostics (ultrasound, urine analysis according to Nechiporenko, urine culture with determination of sensitivity to antibiotics) and observation of a pregnant woman in a hospital.

In late pregnancy, preeclampsia, that is, toxicosis of the second half of pregnancy, poses a particular danger to the mother and fetus. When detecting growing edema, protein in the urine, high blood pressure, a woman needs urgent hospitalization.Launched cases of preeclampsia lead to eclampsia: the progression of edema, arterial hypertension, the development of pain in the epigastrium, the appearance of intense headaches, progressing to seizures and loss of consciousness. In some cases, even emergency delivery does not save the fetus from death.

In addition, a poor urinalysis combined with a high body temperature, general weakness, and back pain indicate an infection of the kidneys or urinary tract. And the treatment of infection, as you know, consists in the appointment of antibacterial drugs.To exclude the development of dangerous infectious complications, it is also necessary to be treated in an obstetric department.

Therefore, if a gynecologist detects a “bad” urine test during pregnancy and insists on additional examination and inpatient treatment, the recommendation of a specialist should not be neglected.

To undergo a complete diagnosis of the genitourinary system, including ultrasound, to identify the causes of violations of the general urine analysis and not only, you can get advice from an experienced obstetrician-gynecologist and doctors of other specialties at the GMS Clinic medical center in Moscow.

Interpretation of urine analysis during pregnancy

Deciphering the analysis of urine during pregnancy, by law, can only be performed by a practicing physician. Despite the obvious indicators of the general analysis, only a specialist with clinical thinking can evaluate the results of the study, not abstractly, but in conjunction with complaints, examination data and additional diagnostics.

Urine is known to be produced in the kidneys by filtration of blood plasma in the renal glomeruli.This glomerular filtrate is the primary urine and contains all the constituents of blood plasma, except for proteins: water (96%), dissolved mineral salts, a small amount of urinary tract epithelium and blood cells, metabolic end products such as pigments, uric acid and urea. Further, the epithelium of the renal tubules is reabsorbed, that is, reabsorption of 98% of the primary urine into the blood.

Interpretation of the general analysis of urine includes an assessment of odor, color and transparency, volume, acidity, relative density, microscopic examination of urinary sediment.

Color Urine in healthy people has a straw-yellow color due to the urochrome pigment. A darker color of urine can acquire with edema and loss of fluid, as well as in the presence of a high concentration of bile pigments in the urine (cirrhosis, hepatitis, obstructive jaundice), hemolysis. Redness of urine can be associated with the use of certain medications and colored vegetables, as well as with serious diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, in which a large number of red blood cells enter the bloodstream (nephritis).The urine gets whitish color when there is a high concentration of phosphates or fatty inclusions.

Transparency. Healthy urine is usually clear. Pathological clouding of urine appears when a large amount of salts (oxalates, urates, phosphates) or pus are excreted.

Smell. Normally, urine does not have a pronounced unpleasant odor. With a large number of ketone bodies (diabetes mellitus), urine takes on the smell of soaked apples, and a pungent smell can be associated with the consumption of large amounts of garlic and asparagus.

Daily amount of urine. The average daily urine output in a healthy person is 1.5-2 liters, accounting for three quarters of the fluid consumed. Decrease (oliguria) or cessation of urine output (anuria) are associated with:

• Significant drop in blood pressure and blood volume during bleeding, shock, dehydration.
• Blockage of both ureters with stones or tumor.
• Acute renal failure.

Relative density of urine.The specific gravity of urine depends on the content of proteins, glucose, mineral salts and urea and is normally 1.010 – 1.025. Changes in the density of urine in one direction or another occurs both with physiological changes (from the volume of fluid consumed), and with pathological processes (diabetes mellitus, edema, taking diuretics, chronic renal failure, diabetes insipidus).

Urine reaction. The reaction of urine normally has a slightly acidic or acidic reaction of pH 5-7. Eating plant foods shifts the acidity of urine to the alkaline side, and eating meat foods – to the acidic side.In case of impaired renal function, an increase in temperature, diabetes mellitus, the urine reaction shifts to the acidic side, and vomiting, inflammation of the bladder and the convergence of edema, the reaction shifts to the alkaline side.

Protein. In the urine of a healthy person, protein is contained in a very small amount – no more than 0.002 g per liter. With diseases of the kidneys and urinary system, nephropathy of pregnant women, fever, leptospirosis, severe heart failure, anemia, hemorrhagic vasculitis, diabetes mellitus, proteinuria appears, that is, increased excretion of protein in the urine.There are also physiological causes of proteinuria:

• Increased muscle loads
• Eating large amounts of protein food

Urine sediment. The study of urine sediment is to identify salts and cellular elements (epithelium, erythrocytes, leukocytes, cylinders). Normally, the number of red blood cells in the urine is no more than 3 in the field of view. An admixture of blood in the urine appears in the following diseases:

• Toxic kidney damage
• Nephroses
• Glomerulonephritis
• Pyelonephritis
• Kidney injury
• Amyloidosis
• Kidney tuberculosis
• Hemorrhagic diathesis
• Hemorrhagic fever
• Urolithiasis
• Cystitis

The number of leukocytes in the urinary sediment is normal in women up to 5 in the field of view, and in men up to 3 in the field of view.An increase in the content of leukocytes in the urine (leukocyturia) is observed in inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, less often in tuberculosis and renal amyloidosis, acute and chronic glomerulonephritis.

Cylinders are formed in the kidney tubules from protein under the influence of the acidic reaction of urine. Therefore, casts appear only in parallel with the appearance of protein in the urine and for the same reasons.

Epithelial cells line the urinary tract and appear in the urine during inflammatory processes in the mucous membrane.Normally, there are only a few of them in the field of view.

The number of bacteria in the urine of healthy people does not exceed 2 thousand per 1 ml, and in patients with inflammation in the urinary organs it reaches 100 thousand per 1 ml.

Urine analysis during pregnancy – norm

The analysis of urine during pregnancy is normal does not differ from the average rate. But, given all the features of the functioning of the urinary system in pregnant women, any deviations from the norm can be interpreted differently.90,015 90,000 What is the reason for urinary incontinence in pregnant women

One of the signs of pregnancy is increased urination. As the term increases, the phenomenon is expressed more often, especially at night. Unfortunately, this is often not the only change in the work of the urinary organs of the expectant mother. Against the background of metamorphosis in a woman’s body, various disorders in the functioning of the kidneys and bladder appear. One of these troubles can be urinary incontinence in pregnant women.The condition is uncomfortable, but not a serious health threat. The main symptoms are the involuntary flow of urine in small portions. This usually manifests itself at the moment of tension of the abdominal muscles. If a woman laughs, sneezes or coughs, the laundry will suddenly become wet. There is no need to be afraid of this, in most cases the condition intensifies in the 2-3 trimester, but after childbirth the body returns to normal. However, in order to rule out the presence of serious problems, it is worth consulting your doctor.

Types of urinary incontinence during pregnancy

Most often, there are 3 types of urinary incontinence in a pregnant woman, and in each case there are characteristic signs.

1. Stressful. It manifests itself with tension of the abdominal muscles and vibrations of the diaphragm. That is, it is enough to sneeze, cough or laugh for a couple of drops of urine to appear on the linen. The condition is typical for the first trimester.
2. Urgent. The symptoms are a sudden urge to urinate.They appear so unexpectedly that the expectant mother simply does not have enough time to reach the bathroom. One of the causes of the condition lies in the irritation of the urinary tract. You can also blame a malfunction of the nervous system and hyperextension of the muscles in the pelvis. The condition is typical for the last trimester, but also occurs after childbirth.
3. Overflow bladder syndrome. The symptom is an inability to completely empty the bladder. A woman often feels an acute urge to urinate, and after leaving the toilet, it seems that there is still urine in the ureter.The reason may lie in the stretched and therefore flaccid bladder walls.

Regardless of the cause of urinary incontinence in a pregnant woman, the condition causes discomfort and stress. This is not a reason to panic, in fact, the situation is not so critical – most often not the entire volume of urine is released from the bladder, but only a small amount. To calm down in such a difficult period, it is enough to consult a doctor and get an appointment if necessary.

Main causes of urinary incontinence in pregnant women

Given that it is not difficult to find an explanation for urinary incontinence in a pregnant woman, it should not cause much concern. You just need to identify the causes and make sure that this is due to physiology, and not diseases of the genitourinary system. The doctor who leads the pregnancy will help allay fears.

Weakened muscles in the pelvic area are the main cause. Excessive stretching of muscle tissue leads to loss of tone.As a result, the urinary sphincter, urinary wall, and other muscles are weakened. The blame for everything is hormonal changes, as well as changes in the size of internal organs. For example, the uterus growing during pregnancy compresses the bladder. As a result, its volume decreases, and urination occurs more often.

Another cause of urinary incontinence in a woman during pregnancy is the blows of a child’s leg to the bladder. This phenomenon does not happen to everyone. Doctors explain its severity by the position and size of the fetus, as well as the physical form of the expectant mother.

The number of previous pregnancies and childbirth is also thought to be a factor in increasing the risk of uncontrolled urination. Especially if the pregnancies go one after the other, and the woman’s muscles simply do not have time to recover.

Other factors associated with urinary incontinence in a woman during pregnancy are overweight and a sedentary lifestyle. A protracted labor process provokes a problem already in the postpartum period.

Healthy urinary retention occurs when the following conditions are met:

• with the normal position of the bladder;
• immobility of the urethra;
• good work of the muscles surrounding the bladder and the muscles of the pelvic floor;
• with functional and anatomical integrity of the closure apparatus of the urethra and bladder.

What to do to deal with the problem

As mentioned above, urinary incontinence in women during pregnancy is most often associated with physiological changes, therefore, no treatment is required. However, given the responsibility for the baby’s health during this period, you need to consult a doctor and, according to his appointment, pass a urine test. This is necessary to exclude or identify genitourinary infections and diseases associated with them.

If the tests show no abnormalities, all that remains is to calm down and practice hygiene more often.The doctor will give recommendations regarding hygiene products – their choice and frequency of linen change. But even without a specialist, we can say that the replacement of pads and panties is carried out as needed. The underwear should be appropriate for the size, and it is better to choose a special cut for expectant mothers so that it does not press anywhere. Decorative details on linen are not welcome, you should give preference to simple panties made of natural fabric.

If you have a problem, you will have to wash yourself more often, go to the toilet on time.Doctors advise leaning forward slightly when urinating. This will allow the urethra to open fully. At the end, you need to slightly push (without fanaticism) to completely empty the bladder.

Reducing the pressure on the diaphragm can help reduce the risk of urine leakage when sneezing and coughing. To do this, you need to open your mouth, normalizing the pressure.

Examination and treatment

Before dealing with incontinence, it is imperative that you determine the cause by contacting your doctor.The doctor, in turn, will prescribe the necessary examination. It usually consists of several stages:

• Urodynamic examination. It evaluates the work of the upper and lower urinary tract.
• Clinical examination. It includes a routine urine test and urine culture for flora, as well as a study in a gynecological chair – during an external examination, the doctor can assess the mobility of the bladder neck during a cough test or straining, an assessment of the state of the vaginal mucosa and skin, and also identify a possible prolapse of the genitals.
• Ultrasound examination. It is carried out to study the functioning of the renal system, the urethrovesical segment, the state of the urethra in a pregnant woman with stress urinary incontinence, and also to confirm the presence or absence of genital pathologies.

In addition to analyzes and examinations, you will most likely be asked to keep a special diary, in which for several days you will record several parameters of urination, such as the amount of urine excreted in one urination, the number of urinations per day, all cases of urinary incontinence, the number of during the day pads and physical activity.

Only after the examination are conclusions drawn about the methods of treatment, which are often necessary only in extreme cases. If no pathology or inflammatory processes have been identified, then most likely no special treatment will be carried out, since after childbirth, most often incontinence goes away on its own or occurs less and less often.

If incontinence is associated with weakening of the pelvic floor muscles, then the situation can be significantly improved with special exercises.Currently, there are a large number of intimate gymnastics complexes. One of the most popular was developed by the American gynecologist and doctor of medicine Arnold Kegel. The simplest and perhaps the most effective exercise that can be done several times a day is repeated tension and relaxation of the “intimate muscles” (slow or intense, without delay).

It is important to know that if you have never strengthened intimate muscles before pregnancy, you need to do this with caution, in no case overdo it.

It is possible that your doctor will prescribe you some herbal medicine that supports the function of the bladder and has an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effect.

Treatment with herbal decoctions (rosehip, sage, dill, lingonberry) can also be recommended. They have not only prophylactic, but also medicinal properties.

Pelvic (intimate) muscle training

To reduce the risk of urinary incontinence in a pregnant woman at night and during the day, doctors recommend doing special exercises.These are Kegel exercises that are useful not only for expectant mothers, but for all women, without exception, regardless of age. The essence boils down to alternating tension and relaxation of intimate muscles. It is not difficult to determine the zone for training – during urination you need to interrupt the process for a couple of minutes. At this moment, just those muscles that are involved in gymnastics will tighten. Exercise should be done before childbirth, during pregnancy and after the baby is born. A simple and straightforward set of exercises will reduce the risk of any problems with the urinary system.You can read more about gymnastics in another article.

How to provide yourself with comfort and tranquility

So that urinary incontinence in pregnant women in the early, and especially in the later stages (weeks 38-39) does not cause increased discomfort, manufacturers of hygiene products produce special pads. One of the options is the German urological pads MoliMed. They are specially designed to provide comfort during involuntary urine flow. Features of such gaskets:

• Anatomical shape that prevents urine from flowing out;
• absorbent layer that instantly absorbs liquid and odors;
• secure fit on underwear;
• Small thickness so that the lining is not visible under clothes;
• safety even for sensitive skin;
• the ability to select a product taking into account the volume of discharge.

If you need help choosing the right hygiene products, the specialists of the PAUL HARTMANN hotline will advise you.

How else can you help yourself

Use the toilet as often as possible during the day. At the same time, you should not reduce the consumption of liquids you drink. The expectant mother should drink as much as she wants. But you need to try not to drink a lot of liquid an hour before bedtime.

Many women use disposable pads to avoid trouble. This should be done only if necessary, since the frequent use of sanitary napkins can provoke colpitis, and this, in turn, infection of the membranes, and as a result, miscarriage or premature birth due to rupture of the membranes.

It is possible to alleviate the condition somewhat with the help of a prenatal bandage. Its regular, correct wearing allows you to somewhat ease the load on the bladder, and accordingly reduce the number of urges to urinate.

90,000 Physiological changes in blood counts during pregnancy

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-medication. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, diagnostic tests should be prescribed only by the attending physician. For a diagnosis and correct prescription of treatment, you should contact your doctor.

Change in indicators of coagulogram and clinical blood test.

Changes in the coagulogram (No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 190, 164, 194) * of a pregnant woman is a physiological process associated with the appearance of the uteroplacental circle of blood circulation. This process is associated with the evolutionary, adaptive reactions of the body of a pregnant woman. A woman’s body prepares for the costs during gestation and possible blood loss during childbirth. During the physiological course of pregnancy, the activity of the procoagulant link increases. Already at the 3rd month of pregnancy, fibrinogen increases (this is factor I (the first) of the plasma coagulation system) and reaches its maximum values ​​on the eve of childbirth.Therefore, gynecologists reasonably recommend monitoring this indicator during pregnancy (once a trimester, if there are deviations in these indicators, more often, once a week). At the end of the third trimester of pregnancy, the serum concentration of fibrinogen increases, which may correspond to an increase in the processes of intravascular coagulation in the uteroplacental bloodstream.

Simultaneously with an increase in fibrinogen and the activity of the external pathway of coagulation, the activity of the internal mechanism of blood coagulation also increases, while a shortening of APTT is noted. During pregnancy, other links of the hemostasis system also change, such as the coagulation inhibitor antithrombin III, which has a protein structure and has the ability to inhibit two or more fibrinolysis coagulation factors and the compliment system. As pregnancy progresses, there is a gradual decrease in the activity of antithrombin III. In pregnant women, from early pregnancy, the level of D-dimer in the blood gradually rises. By the end of the gestation period, its values ​​can be 3 to 4 times higher than the initial level.Lupus anticoagulant should not be produced normally in a pregnant woman. Pregnant women may experience minor changes in the complete blood count (No. 5). Indicators such as hemoglobin, hematocrit may decrease in the second half of pregnancy, and leukocytes may increase (No. 119) *.

Changes in biochemical parameters

During pregnancy, a decrease in the total concentration of protein in the blood plasma is due to both partial dilution, as a result of fluid retention in the body, and a decrease in the concentration of albumin (No. 10) *.The decrease in albumin is due to its increased consumption for biosynthetic processes. However, it is impossible to exclude the factor of increasing vascular permeability and redistribution of fluid and protein in the intercellular space, violation of hemodynamics. Changes in the concentration of blood proteins are also detected on the proteinogram. In the first and second trimester of pregnancy, albumin decreases, which is associated with physiological hypervolemia. In the third trimester, an increase in the alpha-1-globulin fraction (No. 29) *, alpha-fetoprotein (No. 92) * is revealed.The alpha-2-globulin fraction (No. 29) * can increase due to proteins associated with pregnancy (they begin to increase from 8-12 weeks of pregnancy and reach a maximum in the third trimester). Betta globulins (no. 29) * increase due to an increase in the concentration of transferrin (no. 50) *. Also, in most cases, there is a slight increase in the level of gamma globulins (No. 29) *.

Minor changes in C-reactive protein (No. 43) *, observed more often in the early stages of pregnancy, may be the body’s response to proliferation processes (increased cell division).A change in the volume of circulating blood (BCC) and blood supply to the kidneys leads to changes in the nitrogen-excreting function of the kidneys. There is a delay and accumulation of nitrogenous substances, while the amount of urea (No. 26) * decreases, especially in late pregnancy due to increased utilization of protein (positive nitrogen balance).

Creatinine (No. 22) * decreases as much as possible in the I-II trimester (its concentration can decrease by almost 1.5 times), which is associated with an increase in the volume of muscle mass of the uterus and fetus.The level of uric acid (# 27) * is often reduced due to increased blood supply to the kidneys, but even minor impairment of kidney function can lead to an increase in this indicator, and this is regarded as symptoms of toxemia.

Lipid metabolism changes significantly during pregnancy (profile no. 53) *. Since oxidative processes are intensified, there is an increased utilization of cholesterol in the adrenal glands, placenta. This leads to compensatory transient hypercholesterolemia, characterized by an increase in cholesterol, HDL.The level of LPPP practically does not change. An increase in estrogen levels leads to hypertriglyceridemia, which is facilitated by hypoproteinemia, functional cholestasis. At the same time, the deposition of fat in the mammary glands, subcutaneous fat increases, this process is also associated with an increase in the conversion of carbohydrates into fats by increasing the production of insulin.

An indicator reflecting the level of endogenous insulin secretion is C-peptide (No. 148) *. Glucose values ​​(# 16) * may vary slightly without reaching the level of hyperglycemia.Since the rate of glomerular filtration increases during pregnancy and the permeability of the epithelium of the renal tubules increases, glucosuria (physiological) may periodically be observed. Most often, glucosuria appears at a gestational age of 27 to 36 weeks. The peculiarities of mineral metabolism in healthy pregnant women in comparison with non-pregnant women is a delay in the body of salts of sodium, potassium, chlorine (No. 39) *, phosphorus (No. 41) *, it is the changes in the parameters of phosphorus in the body of a pregnant woman that are associated with an increase in alkaline phosphatase (No. 36) *.This is due to changes in the bone tissue during pregnancy and changes in the liver. As you know, during pregnancy, the need for calcium salts, which are necessary for the formation of the fetal skeleton, increases, and the mother may have a calcium deficiency (No. 37) *. Hypocalcemia in pregnant women can manifest itself in muscle cramps, spastic phenomena. Increased iron intake during pregnancy can lead to anemia. This condition is characterized by a decrease in iron (No. 48) *, ferritin (No. 51) *, vitamins: B12 (No. 117) *, folic acid (No. 118) *.Changes in the endocrine system

The pituitary gland, especially the anterior lobe, is enlarging. The pituitary hormones ACTH (No. 100) *, prolactin (No. 61) * play an important role in changing the metabolic processes of the pregnant woman’s body. Therefore, these hormones can be increased. The placenta also has hormonal activity. It produces progesterone (No. 63) *, free estriol (No. 134) *, b-hCG (No. 66) *, these hormones are similar in their action to somatotropin (No. 99) *. The thyroid gland also undergoes changes, it slightly increases, and in the first half of pregnancy its hyperfunction is noted.There is an increase in free T4 (No. 55) *, with normal values ​​of T4 (No. 54) *. There is also an increase in the function of the parathyroid glands by a relative increase in parathyroid hormone (No. 102) *. The production of FSH (# 59) * decreases during pregnancy.

* – Research numbers in the Independent Laboratory INVITRO.

In preparing the article, the data of the Bulletin of the Laboratory Service No. 9, 2001,

were used

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-medication. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, diagnostic tests should be prescribed only by the attending physician. For a diagnosis and correct prescription of treatment, you should contact your doctor.

How to pass a urine test correctly?

Factors affecting the results of urinalysis

The quality of any type of diagnosis, its reliability , directly depend on the fulfillment of all conditions of preparation for the examination.This is true when studying any biomaterial, blood, saliva, feces, secretions from the cervical canal, etc. To obtain a reliable result, information is useful, and how to correctly pass a urine test. The composition and characteristics of this physiological fluid depend on many factors, food and drink consumed, medication intake, emotional factor. To prevent these prerequisites from influencing the results of the survey, clear rules have been developed on how to prepare for the survey.

How to prepare for various urine tests

How to pass a general urine test, or undergo other examinations, you can check with your doctor. You will be able to get the necessary advice at the clinic. Correct treatment. The recommendations are quite simple, however, the reliability of the result will depend on the strict adherence to them.

On the eve of collecting urine and sending it to the laboratory:

• Exclude from the menu foods and drinks that can affect the color of urine (beets, citrus fruits).
• Avoid foods that contribute to fluid retention in the body, salinity, smoked meats, marinades.
• Refuse alcohol, vitamins, bioadditives, and diuretics. If a doctor directs you for an analysis, tell him about the medications you are taking. On the day of passing urine, you will have to wait with a cup of coffee.

When preparing for the study, it should be taken into account that an acute infectious process, hyperthermia, high blood pressure figures will negatively affect the indicators.The reliability of the analysis for studying the work of the urinary system will be questionable. For the same reason, the result will be distorted when passing a urine test within a few days after such a traumatic procedure as cystoscopy.

In order to fully comply with all requirements, the dishes should be carefully prepared before taking the material. It is better to use a pharmacy container for this purpose. Traces of soap and disinfectant solution from ordinary containers can negatively affect the results.

There are special instructions on how to correctly pass a general urine test to a woman. The presence of menstruation is a reason to postpone the examination, since, with a high degree of probability, the result will not be reliable.

To ensure a high-quality collection, you need to take care of the hygiene of the external genital organs. After that, having parted the labia with your hands, you can start collecting urine. How to properly pass a urine test during pregnancy is also clear. All actions are carried out even more carefully, since the likelihood of getting mucus from the vagina is higher.

Similar recommendations exist regarding how to properly pass a general urine test for a man. The patient’s actions are also preceded by hygienic care of the external opening of the urethra.

The process of collecting urine from children depends on their age. In newborns, it is recommended to use pharmacy products – a sterile bag-urine bag. If it is absent, you can use a new plastic bag, tying it around like a loincloth. It is contraindicated to use a diaper to collect urine, since in this case there is nothing to count on the reliability of the result.For older children, it will be possible to make a fence in accordance with the same requirements as for adults.

Rules for collecting urine for various analyzes

For general urinalysis, only morning urine is suitable, which accumulates in the bladder during the night. It is also important that the sample of material collected in the container is not contaminated with foreign matter. The optimal volume is 100-150 ml. At the same time, there are rules regarding its storage.If the trip to the laboratory is expected not earlier than in 2 hours, then at this time it is better to put the container in a cool place.

Based on the results of the general analysis of urine, it is possible to determine the physiological parameters of the test fluid, transparency, color, the presence of impurities, microscopy of the sediment, specific gravity, which is important for determining the concentration function of the kidneys. The survey will show

1. Pathological processes affecting the kidneys and excretory system;
2. Endocrine disorders;
3. Changes in the acid-base parameters of the body;
4. Exchange violations;
5. Signs of dehydration;
6. Problems associated with pregnancy;
7. Intoxication of the body with salts of various poisons, etc.

Carefully time the technology was worked and how to correctly pass a urine test according to Nechiporenko. In this, from the ray, the middle portion of urine should be collected. The initial part of the stream and the final part go into the toilet, and the container is filled exclusively with an intermediate portion. It is best to deliver it warm. Having identified an increased level of leukocytes, erythrocytes and cylinders, the study will confirm the inflammatory process affecting the urinary system, assess its severity.

Bacteriological examination of urine has its own characteristics. It is better to inquire in advance about how to correctly pass a urine test for a culture tank and sensitivity to antibiotics. You will need sterile dishes. In the morning, after a thoroughly conducted external toilet, it is necessary to collect in it the entire volume of urine accumulated overnight, extract up to 100 ml from it and then, after closing the container with a lid, deliver it to the place as quickly as possible. This method makes it possible to detect the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the urine, to determine their type, concentration and sensitivity to antibiotics, which will provide serious assistance in prescribing the most effective therapy.

The analysis according to Zimnitsky involves the collection of a daily amount of urine. Since sampling is done every 3 hours, 8 containers are required. The technique allows you to study the concentration function of the kidneys during the usual drinking regime, which is of great importance for assessing the degree of their damage.

Among men, a diagnostic option is gaining popularity, such as the PCR study of urine, which allows to identify the DNA of the STI pathogen in the biomaterial. Compared with urogenital scraping, among its advantages is the absence of a feeling of awkwardness, unpleasant sensations during collection and subsequent urination.To send urine for examination, it is enough to collect its first portion in the morning in a sterile cup and deliver the sample to the laboratory.

Advantages of the center Correct treatment for testing

You can pass any types of tests in a multidisciplinary clinic. Correct treatment. Thanks to the use of modern techniques, equipment and test systems, the laboratory guarantees the reliability of any conducted research, high speed of obtaining the result.By contacting our center, you can be convinced of the affordable pricing policy.

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90,000 When to do a Pregnancy Test? Maternity Hospital Leleka | Blog

Pregnancy in the life of every woman is a significant event and most often unexpected.

But, even if the pregnancy came in the form of a “surprise”, you must definitely confirm your suspicions or refute them. And this can be done using an instant express pregnancy test, in a matter of seconds.

The most informative are digital and tablet tests (the strip is placed on a plastic device with two “windows”). However, the most popular are test strips, which means that the price of the test does not affect the result.

If after the test there are any doubts, you need to make an appointment with the gynecologist.

How does the pregnancy test work

Despite the entire range of pregnancy tests, the principle of action is the same for everyone – to determine the level of hCG (the first hormone of pregnancy) in the urine.

Procedure for a pregnancy test

A pregnancy test is carried out no earlier than the first day of the delay in menstruation or approximately 2 weeks after the expected day of conception. Until the zygote attaches to the wall of the uterus, hCG is not secreted, which means that before ten days of pregnancy, it is inappropriate to carry out a test or any other tests.

At the beginning of the test, you should carefully study the instructions for its use. Although the principle of operation is always the same: one part of the test (paper) is immersed in a container with urine, the other (with the presence of a chemical indicator) determines the result in the form of red / blue stripes, symbols “+” / “-” or the words “yes” / “no “.The result is assessed after the time specified in the instructions (from 1 to 5 minutes).

Mini pipettes for dosing urine are sometimes found in tests, which are very convenient to use.

But it is not recommended to put the test under the urinary stream, since this method can technically disrupt the express screening and give an error.

When to take a pregnancy test

In order not to get confused in numbers, dates and to know exactly when it is advisable to do a pregnancy test, you need to keep a calendar, control your well-being and know the basic process of how the fertilization of an egg takes place.

In every woman with a regular monthly cycle, the egg goes through several physiological stages of development, one of which is called “ovulation”.

Ovulation is the process where a mature egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube to connect with the sperm. If there is no sperm in the tube, the egg dies and menstruation begins.

If during ovulation the sperm were inside the woman’s genitals and conception did occur, the fertilized egg (zygote) begins to “move” into the uterine cavity, with the help of the ciliated epithelium and the muscles of the fallopian tube itself.

This entire process takes about 1 week.

After the fertilized egg enters the uterine cavity, it attaches there, hCG rises in the blood, cell division and further development of the fetus take place.

Some rapid tests can determine the presence of the hormone as early as the fourth day, but it is still better to be checked after at least 1.5 weeks. Then the level of the hormone becomes high enough to confidently determine the condition of the woman.

When is a pregnancy test false?

Two strips on the test do not always delight women, since pregnancy is not a cherished dream for all women, for most it is a surprise.

However, if you really do not plan a child and your test has suddenly become “striped” do not rush to panic, since an error in the result is not excluded here.

The reasons for a false-positive or false-negative response can be very different, ranging from a technical malfunction of a screening test to the identification of serious gynecological pathologies.

As you can see, pregnancy is not the “worst” thing that a test can determine, so once again we emphasize the importance of a gynecological examination.

However, a positive test result is only the first step towards determining pregnancy. The second step is a visit to the gynecologist, who must confirm / deny the information received. Since there are situations when express screening gives a false positive answer.

Root Causes of False Positive Results

A false positive is a result that indicates pregnancy, if not.

Reasons:

1. Incorrect express test.

Misuse of test is the main reason for false positives. Therefore, you always need to read the instructions and perform the specified sequence of actions. Evaluation of the result should be carried out strictly within the specified time range, from 3 to 10 minutes. After this period, a weak second strip may appear on the test (due to the evaporation of urine), and the woman will perceive the result as a pregnancy.

2. Marriage.

A defective test is a very rare occurrence, but no one is immune from such a situation. Knowing this, women buy several tests from different brands and thus the problem is leveled.

3. The postpartum period.

The pregnancy test remains positive throughout the pregnancy and 3-4 weeks after delivery. Therefore, if the test after the recent birth of a child shows a positive answer, and you do not plan to have children of the same age, you should not worry.However, you still need to check with your doctor about the absence of pregnancy.

4. Miscarriage, abortion.

After a frozen pregnancy, spontaneous or medical abortion, the level of hCG cannot immediately decrease, this takes time. And, as a rule, this process takes 2 to 4 weeks. Therefore, there is simply no point in doing a pregnancy test during this period, since the result will be false positive.

5. Preparation for IVF.

Some women dream of pregnancy so much that they do tests even when they don’t need to. As, for example, in preparation for IVF.

During this period, ovulation is stimulated with hormonal drugs, which also increase the level of hCG, although there is no pregnancy itself. Therefore, a pregnancy test taken during this period can misinform a woman.

6.Oncopathology.

Sometimes a positive pregnancy test, in its absence, indicates serious pathological processes that increase the level of hCG. These are ovarian tumors, lung cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, or stomach cancer.

Root Causes of False Negative Test

A false negative is a result that indicates the absence of pregnancy, if any.

Reasons:

1. Fertilization occurred before the onset of menstruation, and the hCG level did not have time to increase to the desired concentration.
2. There is a threat of miscarriage.
3. A woman is taking diuretics (diuretics).
4. Technical damage to the test.

If the pregnancy test showed a negative answer, but the woman has specific pregnancy symptoms (morning sickness, dizziness, frequent urination, pain in the lower abdomen and chest), you need to see a doctor.

What to do if in doubt?

There are situations that make a woman doubt the correct pregnancy test. For example, different tests show different results, there is spotting (similar to menstruation), the screening gave a positive answer, and there are no specific pregnancy symptoms.

What to do in this case?

1. Do not look for the cause on your own, but go for a consultation with a gynecologist and approach the solution of the problem in a comprehensive manner.
2. Do not get rid of unwanted and unconfirmed pregnancies on your own.
3. Find the exact reason why the test showed a false positive result in the absence of pregnancy.

Maternity hospital “Leleka” is a modern medical institution, where you will always be provided with specialized highly qualified obstetric-gynecological and neonatological medical care at the level of world standards.

Only timely diagnosis and competent treatment will preserve the woman’s reproductive health and there are no other options here.

Maternity hospital number 9 :: Hospitalization rules

Provision of assistance to emergency patients with a referral from the antenatal clinic or with complaints is carried out around the clock in the emergency room on the basis of a compulsory medical insurance policy (free of charge).

Routine admission to the antenatal department is carried out on weekdays from 9.00 to 15.00

MOST COMMON INDICATIONS FOR HOSPITALIZATION IN THE MATERNITY UNIT

1. Regular labor activity. Regular labor means contractions lasting at least 2 hours with an interval for primiparous 5-7 minutes, leading to dynamic changes in the cervix.

Often, at term pregnant women are concerned about preparatory uterine contractions, which are not an indication for hospitalization.

2. Discharge of amniotic fluid. In pregnant women, urinary incontinence, physiologically increased leucorrhoea, as well as profuse discharge associated with inflammatory diseases of the genital organs, occur. If you suspect that amniotic fluid is leaking, you must come to the maternity hospital. If water leakage is not confirmed, you will be allowed to go home.

MOST COMMON INDICATIONS FOR HOSPITALIZATION IN AN ANNUAL OFFICE

For admission to the antenatal department, you must have good

bases in the form of severe complications of pregnancy requiring inpatient treatment.

1. Gestosis. It is accompanied by the appearance of edema, protein in the urine, increased blood pressure. Most mild forms of preeclampsia require outpatient monitoring and treatment. The decision on hospitalization is made by the doctor of the emergency room, since only a certain small category of patients needs inpatient treatment.

2. Re-maturation. According to international recommendations, women with a gestational age of 40 weeks and 4 days are subject to hospitalization. The doctor of the emergency room calculates the gestational age based on some ultrasound ducts, the date of the last menstruation and using other data.If your obstetric time is shorter, you will be allowed to go home after an additional examination.

3. Placental insufficiency. Hospitalization is necessary only for women with severe forms of placental insufficiency, accompanied by impaired fetal activity. Most mild forms of placental insufficiency are subject to observation and treatment in a antenatal clinic.

4. Threatening premature birth. May be accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen, discharge from the genital tract, shortening of the cervix.The need for hospitalization is determined by the doctor in the emergency room.

5. Rh-conflict pregnancy. When anti-Rh antibodies are detected in Rh-negative women, inpatient treatment is not always required. As a rule, if there are no disturbances in the vital functions of the fetus, the question of hospitalization arises at 37 weeks.

There are other, more rare indications. But in each case, the need for hospitalization is determined by the doctor of the emergency room. If there is no evidence, you will be allowed to go home.

DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ADMISSION TO THE MATERNITY HOSPITAL.

1. Passport

2. Insurance certificate of pension insurance with a copy.

3. Medical insurance policy

4. Generic certificate.

5. Card of a pregnant woman.

The following data must be entered in the pregnant woman’s exchange card:

– smear for gonorrhea (gN) – three times per pregnancy

– markers of viral hepatitis (HBsAG, HCV) – twice per pregnancy

– blood test for HIV infection (f 50) – three times per pregnancy

– blood test for syphilis (RW) – three times per pregnancy

– data on reconciliation with the anti-tuberculosis dispensary –

two reconciliations for pregnancy, stamped and signed by a doctor

Nonresident citizens must bring, if any,

temporary registration in St. Petersburg.

Foreign citizens must have (with copies):

1. Passport with notarized translation of information into Russian.

2. Migration card.

3. Temporary registration in St. Petersburg.

4. Visa.

5. OMS policy, insurance certificate of pension insurance.

ATTENTION! When discharged from the hospital, the mother is given

medical certificate of birth of a child, as well as discharged

epicrisis of children’s and postnatal departments.The exchange card of the pregnant woman remains in the archives of the maternity hospital. If you wish to save this data for home use, please make a photocopy of the card in advance.

IF DIFFICULTY OCCURS

POSITIONAL PERIOD within 1 month

after delivery, maternity hospital patients may

contact the maternity hospital for advice by calling

by phone: 7260780 (around the clock)

.