What is catarrhal stage. Understanding the Catarrhal Stage of Pertussis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

22.07.202302.07.2023 by alexxlab

What are the key characteristics of the catarrhal stage in pertussis. How long does the catarrhal stage typically last. Why is early diagnosis during the catarrhal stage crucial for effective treatment. What diagnostic methods are used to identify pertussis in its early stages. How can the spread of pertussis be prevented during the catarrhal stage.

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The Catarrhal Stage: Initial Phase of Pertussis

The catarrhal stage marks the beginning of pertussis, also known as whooping cough. This initial phase is characterized by mild, cold-like symptoms that can easily be mistaken for a common respiratory infection. Understanding the nuances of this stage is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management of the disease.

Duration and Symptoms of the Catarrhal Stage

How long does the catarrhal stage typically last? The catarrhal stage of pertussis usually persists for 1-2 weeks. During this period, patients may experience:

Mild cough
Low-grade fever
Runny nose
Sneezing
Mild conjunctivitis

These symptoms often mimic those of a common cold or mild upper respiratory infection, making early diagnosis challenging. As the disease progresses, the cough gradually becomes more frequent and severe, eventually leading to the characteristic “whoop” sound in the paroxysmal stage.

Importance of Early Detection in the Catarrhal Stage

Why is early diagnosis during the catarrhal stage crucial for effective treatment? Identifying pertussis during the catarrhal stage is vital for several reasons:

Antibiotic effectiveness: Treatment with antibiotics is most effective when initiated early in the course of the illness.
Preventing transmission: Early diagnosis allows for prompt isolation measures, reducing the risk of spreading the infection to others.
Mitigating severity: Early intervention may help reduce the severity and duration of subsequent stages of the disease.
Protecting vulnerable populations: Timely diagnosis is especially critical for protecting infants, elderly individuals, and those with compromised immune systems who are at higher risk for severe complications.

Diagnostic Challenges and Methods in the Catarrhal Stage

What diagnostic methods are used to identify pertussis in its early stages? Diagnosing pertussis during the catarrhal stage can be challenging due to the non-specific nature of symptoms. However, several diagnostic approaches can be employed:

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): This rapid and sensitive test can detect Bordetella pertussis DNA in nasopharyngeal specimens.
Culture: Although less sensitive than PCR, culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis and is particularly useful for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Serology: Serological tests can be helpful in later stages of the disease or for epidemiological studies but are less useful during the catarrhal stage.
Clinical assessment: A thorough evaluation of symptoms, exposure history, and vaccination status can aid in diagnosis.

Epidemiology and Transmission During the Catarrhal Stage

How does pertussis spread during the catarrhal stage? Pertussis is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets. The catarrhal stage is particularly concerning from an epidemiological perspective because:

Individuals are most infectious during this early stage and for up to 2 weeks after cough onset.
The mild, non-specific symptoms may not prompt infected individuals to seek medical attention or self-isolate.
The disease can spread rapidly in community settings, especially in areas with low vaccination rates.

Recent outbreaks, such as the 2010 and 2014 epidemics in California, highlight the ongoing public health challenges posed by pertussis. These outbreaks underscored the importance of maintaining high vaccination coverage and improving early detection strategies.

Prevention Strategies During the Catarrhal Stage

How can the spread of pertussis be prevented during the catarrhal stage? Preventing the transmission of pertussis during its early stages requires a multi-faceted approach:

Vaccination: Ensuring up-to-date vaccination status for all age groups, including booster doses for adolescents and adults.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment: Early identification and antibiotic treatment can reduce the infectious period.
Isolation precautions: Infected individuals should avoid close contact with others, especially vulnerable populations, until completing at least 5 days of appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Contact tracing: Identifying and prophylactically treating close contacts of confirmed cases can help contain outbreaks.
Public health education: Raising awareness about the early symptoms of pertussis and the importance of seeking medical attention can improve early detection rates.

Treatment Approaches in the Catarrhal Stage

What treatment options are available during the catarrhal stage of pertussis? Early intervention is key to managing pertussis effectively. Treatment approaches during the catarrhal stage include:

Antibiotics: Macrolides such as azithromycin are the first-line treatment, most effective when started early in the course of illness.
Supportive care: Managing symptoms through hydration, rest, and fever control.
Monitoring: Close observation for progression to more severe stages or development of complications.
Prophylaxis: Antibiotic prophylaxis for high-risk close contacts, such as household members and infants.

It’s important to note that while antibiotics can reduce infectivity, they may not significantly alter the course of the disease if started late in the illness.

Long-term Implications of Early-Stage Pertussis

Are there long-term health implications associated with pertussis infection, even when diagnosed and treated early? While early diagnosis and treatment can mitigate the severity of pertussis, some individuals may experience long-term effects:

Persistent cough: Some patients report a lingering cough for weeks or even months after the acute infection resolves.
Post-pertussis syndrome: A subset of patients may experience recurrent episodes of paroxysmal cough for months or years following the initial infection.
Neurological complications: In rare cases, severe pertussis can lead to neurological issues, even with early treatment.
Respiratory sequelae: Some studies suggest an association between pertussis infection and an increased risk of asthma or other respiratory conditions later in life.

These potential long-term effects underscore the importance of prevention through vaccination and early intervention when infection does occur.

Challenges in Public Health Management

Managing pertussis at a population level presents several challenges, particularly during the catarrhal stage:

Underreporting: The mild nature of early symptoms often leads to underdiagnosis and underreporting of cases.
Vaccine hesitancy: Misconceptions about vaccine safety have led to decreased vaccination rates in some communities, increasing the risk of outbreaks.
Waning immunity: The protection provided by pertussis vaccines diminishes over time, necessitating booster doses and complicating public health strategies.
Resource allocation: Implementing comprehensive surveillance and early detection programs requires significant public health resources.

Addressing these challenges requires ongoing research, public education, and adaptive public health policies to effectively control pertussis transmission.

Emerging Research and Future Directions

What new developments are on the horizon for improving the management of pertussis in its early stages? Ongoing research aims to enhance our understanding and management of pertussis, particularly during the catarrhal stage:

Improved diagnostic tools: Development of more sensitive and rapid diagnostic tests for early-stage pertussis.
Novel vaccine strategies: Research into new vaccine formulations and vaccination schedules to provide longer-lasting immunity.
Immunological studies: Investigations into the host immune response during the catarrhal stage to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Predictive modeling: Utilization of big data and machine learning to improve outbreak prediction and response strategies.
Alternative treatments: Exploration of new antibiotic regimens and adjunctive therapies to improve early-stage treatment outcomes.

These research directions hold promise for enhancing our ability to detect, treat, and prevent pertussis more effectively in the future.

Global Perspectives on Pertussis Management

The management of pertussis, especially during the catarrhal stage, varies globally due to differences in healthcare systems, resources, and epidemiological patterns. Some key considerations include:

Vaccination policies: Different countries adopt varying vaccination schedules and strategies for pertussis prevention.
Surveillance systems: The capacity for early detection and reporting of pertussis cases differs significantly between high-income and low-income countries.
Treatment accessibility: Access to prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment can be challenging in resource-limited settings.
Public health infrastructure: The ability to implement comprehensive contact tracing and outbreak control measures varies globally.

Addressing these disparities and promoting global collaboration in pertussis management is crucial for effective worldwide control of the disease.

The Role of Healthcare Providers in Early Pertussis Detection

Healthcare providers play a critical role in the early detection and management of pertussis during the catarrhal stage. Key responsibilities include:

Maintaining a high index of suspicion for pertussis, especially in patients with persistent cough or known exposure.
Conducting thorough clinical assessments and ordering appropriate diagnostic tests when pertussis is suspected.
Promptly initiating appropriate antibiotic therapy and implementing isolation measures for confirmed or suspected cases.
Educating patients and families about pertussis symptoms, transmission, and the importance of vaccination.
Collaborating with public health authorities for case reporting and contact tracing efforts.

By remaining vigilant and proactive, healthcare providers can significantly contribute to the early detection and control of pertussis in their communities.

Patient Education and Empowerment

Empowering patients with knowledge about pertussis, particularly its early stages, is essential for improving early detection and reducing transmission. Key points for patient education include:

Recognition of early symptoms: Helping patients distinguish between common cold symptoms and potential signs of pertussis.
Importance of seeking medical attention: Encouraging prompt medical evaluation for persistent cough or known exposure to pertussis.
Vaccination awareness: Educating about the importance of staying up-to-date with pertussis vaccinations, including adult booster doses.
Transmission prevention: Teaching proper cough etiquette and the importance of self-isolation when ill.
Risk to vulnerable populations: Highlighting the potential severity of pertussis in infants and immunocompromised individuals.

By fostering an informed and engaged patient population, we can enhance community-wide efforts to control pertussis transmission and improve early detection rates.

Pertussis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

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Whooping Cough | Pertussis | 3 Stages, Severity, & Spread

Infection & Disease

Whooping Cough

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Written by

Laura Henry, MD.

Resident in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania

Medically reviewed by

Jeffrey M. Rothschild, MD, MPH.

Associate Professor of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital

Last updated May 23, 2023

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What is whooping cough?

Symptoms

Causes

Treatment & prevention

When to see a doctor

References

Table of Contents

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Written by

Laura Henry, MD.

Resident in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania

Medically reviewed by

Jeffrey M. Rothschild, MD, MPH.

Associate Professor of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital

Last updated May 23, 2023

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This article will discuss the respiratory illness whooping cough that can occur in children, adolescents, and adults. Symptoms include fatigue and malaise, a low-grade fever, excessive tearing, red eyes, severe coughing, a “whooping” sound on inspiration, and vomiting after coughing.

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What is whooping cough?

Whooping cough is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, which affects the respiratory systems of children, adolescents, and adults. Whooping cough has also been called the “100-day cough” because of its extended time course. The symptoms classically associated with whooping cough are a sudden, uncontrollable coughing spell (“paroxysmal cough”), a “whooping” sound on inspiration, and throwing up after a coughing fit. The course of the condition is generally divided up into three phases — catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent phases. The symptoms of the condition generally change over the course of these phases. Whooping cough is highly contagious and generally spread through respiratory droplets. The DTaP or Tdap vaccines are used to prevent the spread of whooping cough.

You should visit your primary care physician within the next 24 hours. This disease is managed with prescription antibiotics, and it is important to get treated as soon as possible to avoid spreading the infection to others.

Whooping cough symptoms

Main symptoms

While whooping cough predominantly affects the respiratory system, the symptoms vary throughout the course of the illness. As previously discussed, the condition is generally divided into the catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent stages. The catarrhal stage is the earliest and usually lasts one to two weeks. The paroxysmal stage is the longest portion, lasting about two months. The convalescent stage is when the condition is resolving and usually lasts one to two weeks. Symptoms of whooping cough are listed below.

Fatigue and malaise: These begin within the first one to two weeks of the condition in the catarrhal phase.
Low-grade fever: This often develops as the bacteria infect the individual and occurs during the catarrhal phase.
Excessive tearing
Red eyes
Severe, uncontrollable coughing: This is the hallmark symptom of whooping cough. It begins during the paroxysmal phase.
“Whooping” sound on inspiration: This sound, giving the condition its name, is generally heard after episodes of intense coughing fits as an individual forcefully breathes in. This sound is heard during the paroxysmal phase and is even more prominent in children with whooping cough due to the small size of their windpipes.
Vomiting after coughing: Also known as post-tussive emesis, this can occur due to the forceful nature of the coughing fits. The intense contraction of the muscles of the thorax (the part of the body where the lungs are found) and the abdomen can cause you to vomit after a coughing fit.

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Other symptoms

Other symptoms seen in whooping cough are not directly caused by the pertussis bacteria but by the extended period of time you experience intense coughing fits:

Subconjunctival hemorrhage: “Subconjunctival” describes the source of the bleeding, located beneath the conjunctiva, the thin membrane covering the surface of the eye. The increased force during coughing fits can lead to rupture of the very small, delicate blood vessels of the eye and cause this symptom.
Development or worsening of an abdominal hernia: The contraction of abdominal muscles used in coughing increases the overall pressure within the abdomen. This increase in intra-abdominal pressure can force movement of organs through membranes within the abdomen. Hernias can be seen around the belly button, lower abdomen, or groin regions.
Urinary incontinence: Involuntary leakage of urine may occur as the abdominal muscles are contracting during coughing fits. This contraction puts stress on the bladder which can cause the release of urine. This occurs when the force from coughing overcomes the force of the pelvic floor muscles and urinary sphincters working to keep urine from expelling.

Diagnosis

It is important to make the diagnosis of whooping cough as early as possible to help you manage your symptoms as well as prevent the spread of infection. According to the CDC, whooping cough can be diagnosed clinically by the presence of a cough not explained by another condition that lasts at least two weeks along with the presence of one of the following: coughing fits, throwing up after coughing fits, or a “whooping” sound on inspiration. Other laboratory tests can also be used for the definitive diagnosis depending on what point of the illness you are experiencing:

Respiratory culture: Respiratory secretions may be swabbed and cultured to look for the presence of the Bordetella bacteria during the first two weeks of the cough.
Polymerase Chain Reaction: Also called PCR, this test is used alongside a culture from the respiratory system if the cough has been present for two to four weeks.
Serology: Serology is a blood test used to detect antibodies, or the body’s natural defense mechanism, to the bacteria causing the infection. This test is used if the cough has been present for greater than four weeks.

Whooping cough causes

Whooping cough is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. The bacteria multiply in the respiratory tract over the course of seven to 10 days after the bug has lodged itself on the throat and nasal mucosa. This infection is highly contagious and is spread from person-to-person through the respiratory droplets expelled with the vigorous coughing spells that are characteristic of the condition. Prior to the introduction of vaccination in the 1940s, whooping cough often leads to death, especially among infants with the infection. The vaccine has significantly decreased the incidence and severity of pertussis in the U.S.

Treatment options and prevention for whooping cough

Treatment

Despite having the name “100-day cough,” studies show that most people with whooping cough experience a resolution of the infection in three to six weeks without any treatment. The CDC has provided recommendations with regards to administering antibiotics for people with whooping cough. These recommendations state that any person presenting with whooping cough within three weeks of the onset of the cough should receive treatment with antibiotics. The CDC also states that pregnant women, healthcare workers, and individuals with close contact to infants should receive antibiotic treatment if they present with cough suspicious for whooping cough. The preferred antibiotics for treatment are azithromycin or clarithromycin, both in the macrolide class of drugs.

Prevention

The most significant intervention for the prevention of whooping cough is the vaccine. The modern-day form of the vaccine, called the “acellular” vaccine, was introduced in 1991. This form of the vaccine is given along with immunity for tetanus in diphtheria in the vaccine Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis). Most people do not have any side effects from this vaccine, however, 25 percent of children will experience redness where the shot was given or a short course of fever.

Infants/children and vaccination: The vaccine schedule for Tdap starts at age 2 months and a total of 5 vaccines given in total and ending around age 6.
Adolescents and vaccination: Adolescents 11 to 18 years of age should receive a booster vaccine for Tdap.
Pregnant women and vaccination: Pregnant women should also receive the vaccination at 27 to 36 weeks as this immunity can be transferred to the developing baby.

Even if an individual has been vaccinated against whooping cough, he or she should receive prophylactic antibiotics after coming in direct contact with someone who has an active pertussis vaccine.

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When to seek further consultation for whooping cough

An important aspect of preventing the spread of whooping cough is early detection. Any individual who is experiencing a persistent cough, fever, or a whooping sound on inspiration should consult his or her healthcare provider as soon as possible. Infants and elderly are particularly at risk of complications from the condition and should be under the careful care of a physician.

Questions your doctor may ask to determine whooping cough

How severe is your fever?
Has your cough gotten better or worse?
Is your cough constant or come-and-go?
How severe is your cough?
How long has your cough been going on?

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Jeffrey M. Rothschild, MD, MPH.

Associate Professor of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital

Dr. Rothschild has been a faculty member at Brigham and Women’s Hospital where he is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. He currently practices as a hospitalist at Newton Wellesley Hospital. In 1978, Dr. Rothschild received his MD at the Medical College of Wisconsin and trained in internal medicine followed by a fellowship in critical care medicine. He also received an MP…

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Catarrhal gastritis: symptoms, treatment, diet

Gastritis is one of the most common diseases, as many people often eat junk food, do not adhere to fractional and timely nutrition, eat very quickly, have bad habits, and so on. Therefore, you need to try to monitor your health and try to protect it from harmful influences.

What is catarrhal gastritis?

Types of catarrhal gastritis

Causes

Symptoms of catarrhal gastritis

Diagnosis of the disease

Treatment of catarrhal gastritis of the stomach

Complications

Diet for catarrhal gastritis

Prognosis

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Conclusion

What is catarrhal gastritis?

Catarrhal gastritis is a disease of the digestive tract, in which there is an acute inflammation of the entire gastric mucosa or part of it, as the mucosa is affected by aggressive factors. They are: mechanical, temperature, drug, viral, alimentary, chemical and bacterial.

The disease appears quite suddenly, develops rapidly and can lead to ulcers or stomach bleeding, if you do not contact a specialist in time.

Approximately 50% of people living in Russia have this disease. Most often, at the first stage of the disease, 10-15% seek help. The rest of the people come to medical institutions when the disease becomes more complex. It is mainly diagnosed in students of schools and universities, since it is at this age that the greatest amount of junk food is consumed, which, in addition to everything, is often eaten dry.

According to ICD 10 (International Classification of Diseases of the Tenth Revision), catarrhal gastritis is numbered K29.1.

Types of catarrhal gastritis

In turn, catarrhal gastritis is divided into the following types:

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Acute catarrhal gastritis appears when a person often consumes heavy food and alcohol, experiences stress, regular nausea, an unpleasant taste in the mouth and weakness appear. In acute catarrhal gastritis, the regeneration of the gastric mucosa is disrupted.
Chronic catarrhal gastritis
Chronic catarrhal gastritis is an advanced acute catarrhal gastritis. With it, the gastric mucosa is destroyed, sensitivity to certain foods appears, heaviness in the stomach and heartburn occur, and appetite decreases.
Antral catarrhal gastritis
Antral catarrhal gastritis is a massive infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Low acidity allows them to multiply rapidly and enter the gastric mucosa, which causes an inflammatory and irritant effect.
Diffuse (total) catarrhal gastritis
In diffuse catarrhal gastritis, inflammation occurs throughout the gastric mucosa. Food begins to digest worse and worse. Because of this, rotting occurs in the stomach, bloating and belching appear. This type is one of the causes that provokes cancer.
Atrophic catarrhal gastritis
Atrophic catarrhal gastritis occurs due to a defect in the genetic part, during which proteins are formed. They are quite aggressive towards the proteins of the mucosa itself. The glands of the mucous membrane atrophy, as the immune system reacts to what is happening. The cells of the mucous epithelium become inflamed and die.
Focal catarrhal gastritis
Focal gastritis differs in that only one part of the stomach is affected. There is pain, nausea and vomiting. Focal catarrhal gastritis appears due to taking pills on an empty stomach, overeating, eating junk food and drinks.
Distal catarrhal gastritis
In distal catarrhal gastritis, the lining of the distal segment is affected. Its difference from others is that in this type of gastritis, the vessels swell and ulcers appear very quickly.
Polypous catarrhal gastritis
Polypous catarrhal gastritis is characterized by the fact that a lot of polyps appear on the gastric mucosa (mainly on the back). With it, a person is sick, pain, vomiting and weakness appear.

Causes of occurrence

Most often, catarrhal gastritis occurs due to junk food intake, overeating, excessive consumption of alcohol, carbonated drinks, spicy food, etc. In addition, constant and independent use of medications, toxic damage to the digestive system, infectious damage, an allergic reaction to a particular product, and more can lead to catarrhal gastritis.

Symptoms of catarrhal gastritis

The first signs of this type of gastritis appear within a few hours after a person has eaten food. Strong intense pain, dizziness, weakness and nausea begin to appear.

In addition, there are other symptoms:

vomiting
smell of rotten eggs from the mouth
muscle cramps
white or dirty yellow coating on the tongue
dry mouth
high fever
bloating
pale skin
vomit has bile or mucus
tachycardia
diarrhea 9 0066
trembling

In the absence of timely treatment, the symptoms of catarrhal gastritis increase and progress , it flows into erosive, and then into phlegmonous.

Disease diagnosis

In order to identify catarrhal gastritis at the first symptoms, you must definitely go to the clinic and do not self-medicate at home, as this may worsen your condition.

In order to diagnose catarrhal gastritis, the doctor must examine and question the patient (what he has eaten from food, whether he has bad habits, whether there have been recent nervous shocks), prescribe a biochemical and clinical blood test, analysis of vomit, feces and urine, perform an endoscopic biopsy of the stomach tissues, examine its juice, conduct electrogastrography, computed tomography, radiography and endoscopic biopsy.

After diagnosing gastritis, the doctor must choose drugs depending on the characteristics of the human body and the type of catarrhal gastritis, prescribe a special diet.

Complications if treated, catarrhal gastritis can lead to complications such as:

pancreatitis
internal bleeding
appearance of ulcers in the stomach
intoxication
stomach cancer

Therefore, having noticed the first signs of gastritis, you should definitely consult a specialist and follow all his recommendations.

Treatment of gastric catarrh

may occur within a few days, and full recovery occurs within a few weeks. To do this, you must strictly follow all the doctor’s recommendations: diet, medication, regimen, and so on. With a severe course of catarrhal gastritis, the patient may be hospitalized.

Drug treatment
Preparations for the treatment of catarrhal gastritis are selected individually, based on the characteristics of the organism and the course of the disease. An example of medicines:
- with low acidity, drugs are prescribed that can bring it back to normal. For example, Cytochrome C, Pentagastrin, Nicotinamide, Pyridoxine.
- with increased: Omez, Neo-Zext, Vikalin, Tsiproleta.
- for heartburn and excessive belching: Rennie, Almagel, Phosphalugel.
- for pain: No-Shpa, Pentalgin, Duspatalin.
- for vomiting: Cerucal, Metoclopramide.
Folk remedies
Folk remedies are best used as an addition to the doctor’s recommendations, as they will not be able to completely cure gastritis. You also need to take into account the characteristics of your body. Here are some recipes from traditional medicine:
- mix 150 grams of honey and 300 milliliters of aloe juice. Take for a month 2-3 times a day, two tablespoons.
- finely chop the root of lapukh, pour boiling water over it, leave for half a day (500 milliliters of boiling water per 1 tablespoon). During the day you need to drink 100 milliliters.
- mix 500 milliliters of olive oil with a glass of honey, add lemon juice to it and take before meals three times a day.
- Grate 5 new potatoes, squeeze out the juice and drink immediately. Take 10 days.
- Wash and clean well 100 grams of wheat, pour in filtered water at room temperature. When the grains germinate, grind them with a meat grinder and add unrefined vegetable oil. Take 4-5 times a day before meals.

Catarrhal gastritis diet 4 With catarrhal gastritis, you should strictly follow the diet prescribed by your doctor. You need to eat about 6 times a day in small portions. Food must be properly stored and prepared.

Do not eat fatty, smoked, spicy, fried, too hot or cold foods and use spices. Do not take carbonated and alcoholic drinks, legumes and fresh vegetables.

It is allowed to eat boiled vegetables, salads, low-fat broths, pureed soups, vegetable purees, steamed poultry and fish, kissels and compotes from non-acidic berries, rosehip broth, biscuits.

Here are some recipes that can be used for catarrhal gastritis:

Steam meatballs . To prepare this dish you will need: 15 grams of rolls, 15 grams of butter, 250 grams of beef. To prepare the dish, you need to soak the bun in water for 15-20 minutes, twist the meat using a meat grinder, mix the bun with meat, salt a little, add a small amount of water, mix everything and make meatballs out of it. Cook for a couple.

Pear pudding. You will need: 650 milliliters of milk, 3-5 sweet pears (depending on size), 220 grams of semolina, vanillin and butter. To prepare this dish, we need to cook semolina porridge in milk, stirring often. Add butter, vanillin to it and cook until the porridge becomes thick. Grind two yolks with 50 grams of sugar, add a finely chopped pear and transfer it all to semolina. Take the form, grease the form with oil, pour the resulting mixture into it and steam for 20-30 minutes.

Potato and spinach soup. For cooking you need: 1 medium potato, cut into slices, a liter of vegetable broth, 1 tomato, half an onion, 1 bunch of spinach, 2 tablespoons of oil, a little salt. To prepare this dish, you need to melt the butter on the fire and put the potatoes in it, finely chop the tomato, onion and spinach, mix everything with the potatoes and simmer. Then add the contents to the broth and leave to boil for 5-10 minutes.
Milk zander. Peel 250 grams of pike perch, remove the bones, cut the fish into pieces and boil. After cooking, pour out the broth and pour the fish with milk sauce. In order to prepare the sauce you need: 60 grams of milk, half a boiled egg, 10 grams of flour and 25 grams of butter. Mix 30 grams of milk with flour, bring the rest of the milk to a boil, mix. Add finely chopped egg and butter to the mixture, salt a little.
Forecast
This type of gastritis can be treated quite well and quickly if you turn to a specialist in a timely manner and strictly follow all his instructions. Full recovery will come within a month.
Prevention
, lead an active life, do not self-medicate, do not choose drugs on your own, be less nervous and observe personal hygiene. If possible, you should be examined by a specialist at least once every six months or a year.
Conclusion
In order not to endanger yourself, you need to take care of your health and take care of it. It must be understood that nutrition is one of the important criteria that affects our internal and external state. And also remember that diseases can sit inside you for a long time without manifesting themselves. Therefore, you should not forget to visit clinics and conduct examinations.
Author: Anastasia Zhidkova
symptoms and treatments in children and adults
Contents
1 Acute and chronic catarrhal otitis: symptoms and effective treatment in children and adults
1.1 Otitis: how to recognize and treat?
1.1.1 Acute and chronic catarrhal otitis
1.2 Acute and chronic catarrhal otitis: main causes and definition of the disease
1.3 Symptoms of acute catarrhal otitis in children
1.4 Symptoms of acute catarrh otitis media in adults
1.5 Methods for diagnosing acute catarrhal otitis
1.6 Treatment of acute catarrhal otitis in children
1.7 Methods of treatment of acute catarrhal otitis in adults
1. 8 Chronic catarrhal otitis in children: features of the disease
1.9 Chronic catarrhal otitis in adults: features of symptoms and treatment
90 060 1.10 Methods for diagnosing chronic catarrhal otitis
1.11 Methods of treatment of chronic catarrhal otitis
1.11.1 1. Medications
1.11.2 2. Washing the ear cavity
1.11.3 3. Surgical treatment
1.12 Video on the topic:
1.13 Question-answer:
1.13.0.1 What is catarrhal otitis media?
1.13.0.2 What symptoms accompany catarrhal otitis?
1.13.0.3 How is acute catarrhal otitis treated?
1.13.0.4 How is chronic catarrhal otitis treated?
1.13.0.5 How can catarrhal otitis be prevented?
1.13.0.6 Can complications of catarrhal otitis lead to hearing loss?
Find out about the difference between acute and chronic catarrhal otitis media, what are the symptoms and how to effectively treat this disease in children and adults. Useful and detailed material on the site.
Otitis is a disease that is manifested by inflammation of the middle ear. It can be acute or chronic, depending on the duration of the process. Acute otitis is manifested by sharp symptoms, followed by a complete cure, but if the disease does not go away within 2-3 months, it becomes chronic.
Catarrhal otitis is the most common form of the disease. It is caused by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the ear cavity and is considered as the initial stage of any type of otitis media. Usually, catarrhal otitis occurs with a viral infection that spreads easily through the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms of catarrhal otitis can occur in children and adults, but the disease is more common in children.
Catarrhal otitis causes hearing loss, pain, changes in body temperature and other symptoms. For the treatment of catarrhal otitis, both medical and non-traditional methods are used. Treatment of the disease is calculated for each patient individually, taking into account the age and degree of development of the disease.
Otitis: how to recognize and treat?
Acute and chronic catarrhal otitis media
Otitis media is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the auricle, causing pain and, in some cases, impaired hearing function. Depending on the stage of development of the disease, there are two types of catarrhal otitis media: acute and chronic.
Acute catarrhal otitis
Acute catarrhal otitis develops rapidly and is accompanied by severe pain in the ear, which can radiate to the back of the head and neck. A feeling of fullness and ringing in the ear are also typical symptoms. Children may have problems eating and sleeping. If you notice hearing loss, be sure to consult your doctor. Often acute catarrhal otitis is caused by complications after a cold or respiratory diseases.
Chronic catarrhal otitis
Chronic catarrhal otitis is characterized by a more sluggish course, when the inflammation is extended over a long period of time. Symptoms may be less noticeable, but are also accompanied by persistent ear congestion and hearing loss. Chronic catarrhal otitis often occurs after repeated acute attacks. This disease requires complex treatment.
For successful treatment of otitis media, it is necessary to consult an otorhinolaryngologist as a matter of urgency. Attempts to treat at home can lead to worsening of symptoms and complications.
Acute and chronic catarrhal otitis media: main causes and definition of the disease
Otitis media is an inflammatory disease of the middle ear that can be either acute or chronic. Acute catarrhal otitis most often occurs due to a respiratory infection, when bacteria or viruses enter the middle ear through the auditory tube. Chronic catarrhal otitis develops as a result of insufficient treatment of acute otitis media or a persistent inflammatory reaction due to allergies or other factors.
Catarrhal otitis media may be caused by a deterioration in immunity, hypothermia, a decrease in the body’s resistance to infections, prolonged exposure to a polluted atmosphere, an allergic reaction to dust, fluff, smoke, pets, problems with breathing through the nose, which leads to the transition infections from the upper respiratory tract to the middle ear through the auditory tube. In children, otitis media can be caused by non-compliance with elementary hygiene rules, including the use of dirty toys, untimely or improper treatment of the common cold and other diseases, which also contributes to the development of an infection in the middle ear.
Acute otitis media is characterized by severe symptoms and can lead to facial paralysis, brain disease and other complications, and therefore requires immediate medical attention. Chronic otitis media can lead to hearing loss, long-term ear pain, and other problems.
Symptoms of acute catarrhal otitis in children
Acute catarrhal otitis in children usually begins with a cold and fever. However, more characteristic symptoms gradually appear.
Pain in the ears. Usually, the pain starts on one side but then spreads to the other ear.
Discharge from ears. It can be difficult for children to notice them, since the discharge can be only slight.
Hearing loss. This symptom may be noticed if the child begins to react badly to sounds or often asks to repeat the question.
Headache. May occur due to persistent pressure in the ear.
Sleep disorder. The child may begin to wake up at night with ear pain or discomfort.
The disease requires compulsory treatment in order to avoid complications. You should immediately consult a doctor if characteristic symptoms occur.
Symptoms of acute catarrhal otitis in adults
Acute catarrhal otitis is the most common type of inflammation of the middle ear in adults. The main symptom of this disease is severe pain in the ear, which can radiate to the temple or neck.
In acute catarrhal otitis in adults, there is often an increase in temperature up to 38 degrees, as well as headache and general malaise. The patient may feel weak and tired, as well as experience visual and coordination problems.
If symptoms of acute catarrhal otitis appear, an otolaryngologist should be consulted for comprehensive treatment, which may include antibiotics and painkillers, the use of pain drops and ear washing.
Methods for diagnosing acute catarrhal otitis
Acute catarrhal otitis is a common disease in children and adults. Its diagnosis includes several methods that help to identify the presence of an infection in the ear and its characteristics.
Audiometry. This test measures the auditory function of the ear and detects changes associated with infection.
Symptom assessment. To determine acute catarrhal otitis, it is necessary to take into account clinical manifestations, such as pain, hearing loss, swelling, and others.
Ear radiography. This method allows you to assess the condition of the middle ear and identify the presence of a purulent mass.
Otorhinolaryngological examination. The doctor may examine the ear with a special tool to check for abnormalities in the pinna.
Bacteriological research. This method helps to identify the microorganism that caused the infection and to choose the best course of antibiotics for treatment.
Competent diagnosis of acute catarrhal otitis allows you to determine the degree of development of the disease and establish the optimal course of treatment for a quick recovery.
Treatment of acute catarrhal otitis in children
Antibiotics – in most cases, acute catarrhal otitis in children requires antibiotics. Treatment is carried out in accordance with the age of the child and the severity of the disease. In infants, topical drops are often used, and in older children, tablets. These drugs reach the inflamed area with the help of blood flow and have an anti-inflammatory effect.
Painkillers help relieve the pain symptoms of acute catarrhal otitis. They are prescribed for the entire duration of the symptoms or after consulting a doctor, regardless of the age of the child.
Anti-Inflammatory Ear Drops are an effective treatment for pain and swelling in the ear area. They are prescribed by a doctor, and the time of use and dosage should be strictly observed.
Vitamins and minerals also help strengthen the immune system and speed up overall recovery. Preparations of this type are prescribed after examination by a doctor. It is not recommended to take a group of drugs on your own without prior consultation.
physiotherapy treatments help to speed up the process of getting rid of inflammation and tinnitus in children. Physiotherapeutic procedures are prescribed only after consulting a doctor, taking into account the specific case and the age of the patient.
Methods of treatment of acute catarrhal otitis in adults
Acute catarrhal otitis media is a typical disease in adults caused by an infection of the upper respiratory tract and can lead to ear pain and discomfort, as well as hearing impairment.
Another treatment for acute catarrhal otitis is pain medication. They help relieve pain and discomfort in the ear. There are other drugs, such as vasoconstrictor drops, that help reduce swelling, and therefore reduce pain and discomfort.
Many patients with acute catarrhal otitis also receive advice from their doctors to prevent the disease in the future. One of the main recommendations at this stage is to limit the effects that can cause hearing loss and other problems. Further, one should additionally carry out hygiene of the ear area and avoid possible causes such as tobacco smoke or high humidity.
Chronic catarrhal otitis in children: features of the disease
Chronic catarrhal otitis in children is a disease that is characterized by a long-term inflammatory process in the middle ear, which is accompanied by impaired health of auditory analyzers. Symptoms of chronic catarrhal otitis in children can be manifested as rare pain in the ear and a slight hearing loss, as well as tense, which do not allow normal sleep and nutrition.
Features of chronic catarrhal otitis in children are that the disease can develop more severely and for a long time compared to adults. In children, immunity is not yet formed, which contributes to the growth and development of pathogenic microorganisms in the ear cavity. In this regard, the primary task in the treatment of chronic catarrhal otitis in children is to bring the auditory organs to a normal state.
Current methods of treating chronic catarrhal otitis in children include complex therapy aimed at eliminating the inflammatory process, suppressing pathogenic microflora, regenerating damaged tissues and restoring the functionality of auditory analyzers. In addition to drugs, physiotherapy can also be used, for example, ultrasound therapy or magnetotherapy, which accelerate the healing and recovery processes.
An important point in the treatment of chronic catarrhal otitis in children is the regularity of medical examinations and monitoring the dynamics of the disease. Prolonged lack of treatment can lead to the development of complications, such as damage to the nervous system, as well as a deterioration in the quality of life of the child.
Chronic catarrhal otitis in adults: features of symptoms and treatment
Chronic catarrhal otitis media in adults is characterized by a longer period of development of the disease compared to the acute form. The main symptoms of chronic catarrhal otitis media in adults are persistent hearing loss, buzzing in the ears, a feeling of accumulation of fluid behind the eardrum, recurring periods of malaise and pain in the ears.
For the successful treatment of chronic catarrhal otitis in adults, it is necessary to prescribe complex therapy, which includes both medical and surgical parts. It is important not to forget that each patient must be prescribed an individual course of treatment, taking into account the characteristics of the disease and the general condition of the patient.
Medical treatment for chronic catarrhal otitis may include antibiotics, antihistamines, steroids, and many other drugs.
Surgical treatment of chronic catarrhal otitis may include myringotomy (eardrum piercing), ear canal tamponade, and other methods.
The principle of successful treatment of chronic catarrhal otitis is the timely visit to the doctor and strict adherence to the prescribed course of treatment. With the right approach to the treatment and rehabilitation of the patient, a complete recovery from the disease is possible.
Methods for diagnosing chronic catarrhal otitis
Chronic catarrhal otitis is one of the most common orthopedic problems in children and adults. While some cases may be less of a concern, identifying and diagnosing this problem is an important step towards determining the right treatment and preventing possible complications.
Another diagnostic method is audiometry. This is a hearing test that helps determine the degree of hearing loss possibly associated with chronic catarrhal otitis media. The doctor may also use a microscope to look inside the ear to see if there are signs of inflammation or damage. He or she may also apply the Eustachian tube permeability test to determine how well the tube carries fluid and air out of the ear.
In more complex cases, the doctor may use more advanced diagnostic methods such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. These methods allow the doctor to get a more detailed picture of the condition of the ear and surrounding tissues, and help determine what measures should be taken to treat chronic catarrhal otitis.
Methods of treatment of chronic catarrhal otitis
1. Drugs
Treatment of chronic catarrhal otitis begins with the use of drugs. Often, doctors prescribe a course of antibiotics, as well as local treatment in the form of drops and ointments containing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory components.
Doctors may also use a group of drugs called glucocorticosteroids. They allow you to quickly remove the inflammatory process and reduce swelling in the ear.
2. Washing the ear cavity
One of the methods of treatment of chronic catarrhal otitis is washing the ear cavity. It allows you to remove the accumulated fluid and germs. The use of special solutions (for example, furacilin solution) can facilitate the procedure.
3. Surgical treatment
If conservative treatments fail, the doctor may recommend surgery. Often this procedure is performed even in the absence of clear symptoms of the disease.
Surgical treatment may include the following methods: removal of accumulated fluid and bacteria from the ear, restoration of normal ventilation of the auditory tube, removal of various growths and tumors in the ear cavity.
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Q&A:
What is catarrhal otitis?
Catarrhal otitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the ear without disturbing its integrity. Acute catarrhal otitis occurs as a result of infection in the middle ear, chronic – with a long course and poor-quality treatment of acute catarrhal otitis. The symptoms of both forms of the disease are similar.
What symptoms accompany catarrhal otitis?
Acute catarrhal otitis media presents with earache, hearing loss, fever, headache, nausea and vomiting. Chronic catarrhal otitis may present with episodic hearing loss, tinnitus, and loss of balance.
How is acute catarrhal otitis treated?
Treatment of acute catarrhal otitis begins with analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Antibiotics or topical treatment with antibiotic drops may be given. In cases where perforation of the eardrum has not occurred, heating pads and compresses are used.
How is chronic catarrhal otitis treated?
Treatment of chronic catarrhal otitis is associated with the treatment of the underlying disease that led to its development. With the use of short-term antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and topical drugs. In extreme cases, surgery may be required.
How can catarrhal otitis be prevented?
To prevent catarrhal otitis, it is necessary to avoid hypothermia, overheating and environmental pollution, maintain immunity, carry out timely treatment of the common cold and other infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract, monitor ear hygiene and not quarrel with loved ones.