What is a Pap smear. How is a Pap smear performed. Who needs a Pap smear. How often should you get a Pap smear. What do Pap smear results mean. How to prepare for a Pap smear. What are the risks and benefits of Pap smears.

Understanding the Importance of Pap Smears in Women’s Health

A Pap smear, also known as a Pap test, is a crucial screening procedure for cervical cancer. This simple yet effective test has been instrumental in reducing cervical cancer rates worldwide by detecting precancerous or cancerous cells on the cervix, the opening of the uterus. By identifying abnormal cell growth early, Pap smears allow for timely intervention and treatment, potentially saving lives.

How does a Pap smear work? During the procedure, a healthcare provider gently scrapes cells from the cervix and sends them to a laboratory for analysis. This process enables the detection of cellular changes that might indicate the presence of cancer or precancerous conditions. While the test may cause mild discomfort, it is generally quick and painless, making it an essential tool in preventive healthcare for women.

The Pap Smear Procedure: What to Expect During Your Appointment

Understanding the Pap smear process can help alleviate anxiety and ensure a smoother experience. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of what typically happens during a Pap smear:

1. You’ll lie on an examination table with your feet in stirrups.
2. The healthcare provider will insert a speculum into your vagina to keep the walls open.
3. Using a spatula, brush, or cytobrush, the provider will collect cells from your cervix.
4. The sample is preserved and sent to a laboratory for analysis.

Is a Pap smear painful? While some women may experience mild discomfort or a slight pushing sensation during the cell collection, the procedure is generally quick and not painful. Some patients might feel minor cramping or light spotting afterward, but these effects typically subside quickly.

Who Needs a Pap Smear and When: Guidelines for Cervical Cancer Screening

Determining when to start and how often to have Pap smears depends on various factors, including age and risk level. The American Cancer Society recommends beginning cervical cancer screening at age 25. However, certain groups may require more frequent testing:

• HIV-positive individuals
• Those with weakened immune systems due to chemotherapy or organ transplants
• Women with a history of abnormal Pap results or cervical cancer

How frequently should you get a Pap smear? For most women between 25 and 65, current guidelines suggest having an HPV test every five years, often combined with a Pap smear. This combination test, known as co-testing, provides a comprehensive assessment of cervical health. Women over 65 with a history of normal results may be able to discontinue screening, but this decision should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider.

Special Considerations for Pap Smear Frequency

Are there circumstances that might affect Pap smear frequency? Yes, several factors can influence how often you need this screening:

• Previous abnormal results
• HIV status
• Immune system health
• Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) before birth
• History of cervical cancer

It’s crucial to discuss your individual risk factors with your healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate screening schedule for you.

Preparing for Your Pap Smear: Tips for Accurate Results

Proper preparation can help ensure the accuracy of your Pap smear results. Here are some guidelines to follow before your appointment:

• Avoid scheduling your test during your menstrual period
• Refrain from sexual intercourse for 24-48 hours before the test
• Don’t use douches, tampons, or vaginal medications for at least 24 hours prior
• Inform your provider if you’re pregnant, as this may affect the timing of your test

Can you have a Pap smear during pregnancy? In most cases, it’s safe to have a Pap smear during the first 24 weeks of pregnancy. However, it’s best to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate timing for your individual situation.

Interpreting Pap Smear Results: Understanding Normal and Abnormal Findings

After your Pap smear, you’ll receive one of two possible results: normal or abnormal. Understanding these outcomes is crucial for appropriate follow-up care.

Normal Pap Smear Results

A normal result, also referred to as a negative result, indicates that no abnormal cells were detected on your cervix. In this case, you likely won’t need another Pap smear for three to five years, depending on your age and risk factors.

Abnormal Pap Smear Results

An abnormal result doesn’t necessarily mean you have cancer. It simply indicates the presence of unusual cells on your cervix, some of which could be precancerous. Abnormal results are classified into several levels:

• Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS)
• Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)
• High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)
• Atypical glandular cells (AGC)
• Squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma

What happens if your Pap smear is abnormal? Depending on the level of abnormality, your healthcare provider may recommend:

• Repeat Pap smear in a few months
• HPV testing
• Colposcopy (a closer examination of the cervix)
• Biopsy of suspicious areas

It’s important to follow up on abnormal results as recommended by your healthcare provider to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment if necessary.

The Role of HPV Testing in Cervical Cancer Screening

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) plays a significant role in the development of cervical cancer. As a result, HPV testing has become an integral part of cervical cancer screening strategies.

Why is HPV testing important? Certain high-risk strains of HPV, particularly types 16 and 18, are responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases. By identifying the presence of these viruses, healthcare providers can better assess a woman’s risk of developing cervical cancer and tailor screening and follow-up recommendations accordingly.

HPV and Pap Smear Co-testing

Many healthcare providers now recommend co-testing, which combines a Pap smear with an HPV test. This approach offers several advantages:

• Increased sensitivity in detecting precancerous changes
• Longer intervals between screenings for women with negative results
• Better risk stratification for women with abnormal results

How often should you have HPV testing? For most women aged 30-65, current guidelines recommend HPV testing every five years, often in combination with a Pap smear. However, individual recommendations may vary based on personal risk factors and previous test results.

Addressing Common Concerns and Misconceptions About Pap Smears

Despite the importance of Pap smears in cervical cancer prevention, many women have concerns or misconceptions about the procedure. Let’s address some common questions and clarify misunderstandings:

Are Pap Smears Necessary for Women Who Aren’t Sexually Active?

Yes, Pap smears are recommended regardless of sexual activity status. HPV, the virus responsible for most cervical cancers, can be transmitted through non-penetrative sexual contact and can remain dormant for years before causing cellular changes.

Can Pap Smears Detect Other Gynecological Conditions?

While Pap smears are primarily designed to detect cervical abnormalities, they can sometimes reveal other conditions such as infections or inflammation. However, they are not a comprehensive test for all gynecological issues.

Do Pap Smears Screen for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)?

Pap smears are not designed to test for STIs. Separate tests are required for detecting conditions like chlamydia, gonorrhea, or HIV. However, your healthcare provider may recommend STI testing in conjunction with your Pap smear appointment.

The Future of Cervical Cancer Screening: Emerging Technologies and Approaches

As medical science advances, new technologies and approaches are emerging to enhance cervical cancer screening. These innovations aim to improve accuracy, accessibility, and patient comfort.

HPV Primary Screening

Some countries have begun implementing HPV primary screening, where an HPV test is used as the initial screening tool, with Pap smears reserved for follow-up of positive HPV results. This approach may offer increased sensitivity and allow for longer intervals between screenings.

Self-Sampling for HPV

Self-sampling kits for HPV testing are being developed and tested in various settings. These kits could increase screening rates among women who face barriers to accessing traditional healthcare services.

Artificial Intelligence in Cytology

AI-assisted analysis of Pap smear samples is an emerging technology that could improve the accuracy and efficiency of cervical cancer screening. Machine learning algorithms are being trained to identify abnormal cells, potentially reducing human error and speeding up the analysis process.

How might these advancements impact cervical cancer screening in the future? While these technologies show promise, it’s important to note that they are still being evaluated and are not yet widely implemented. Current screening guidelines remain the gold standard for cervical cancer prevention.

Empowering Women Through Education: The Importance of Cervical Health Awareness

Knowledge is power when it comes to cervical health. By understanding the importance of regular screening and adopting preventive measures, women can take control of their health and reduce their risk of cervical cancer.

Promoting HPV Vaccination

HPV vaccination is a crucial tool in preventing cervical cancer. The vaccine protects against the most high-risk HPV types and is recommended for both girls and boys, ideally before they become sexually active.

When should HPV vaccination be given? The CDC recommends routine HPV vaccination for all adolescents at age 11 or 12, but it can be started as early as age 9. Catch-up vaccination is recommended for everyone through age 26 who hasn’t been adequately vaccinated previously.

Lifestyle Factors and Cervical Health

While regular screening is essential, certain lifestyle factors can also impact cervical health:

• Avoiding tobacco use
• Practicing safe sex
• Maintaining a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables
• Managing stress and supporting overall immune health

By combining these lifestyle practices with regular Pap smears and HPV testing, women can significantly reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer.

In conclusion, Pap smears remain a cornerstone of women’s preventive healthcare. By understanding the importance of regular screening, knowing what to expect during the procedure, and staying informed about current guidelines, women can take proactive steps to protect their cervical health. Remember, early detection through regular Pap smears and HPV testing is key to preventing cervical cancer and ensuring overall reproductive health.

Pap Smear (Pap Test): Reasons, Procedure & Results

Overview

A Pap smear, also called a Pap test, is a screening procedure for cervical cancer. It tests for the presence of precancerous or cancerous cells on your cervix. The cervix is the opening of the uterus.

During the routine procedure, cells from your cervix are gently scraped away and examined for abnormal growth. The procedure is done at your doctor’s office. It may be mildly uncomfortable, but doesn’t usually cause any long-term pain.

Keep reading to learn more about who needs a Pap smear, what to expect during the procedure, how frequently you should have a Pap smear test, and more.

The American Cancer Society recommend that screening should start at age 25. Some women may be at increased risk for cancer or infection. You may need more frequent tests if:

• you’re HIV-positive
• you have a weakened immune system from chemotherapy or an organ transplant

If you’re over 25 and have not had abnormal Pap tests, ask your doctor about having one every five years if the test is combined with a human papillomavirus (HPV) screening. Current guidelines recommend that people between the ages of 25 and 65 should have an HPV test every five years.

HPV is a virus that causes warts and increases the chance of cervical cancer. HPV types 16 and 18 are the primary causes of cervical cancer. If you have HPV, you may be at an increased risk of developing cervical cancer.

Women over the age of 65 with a history of normal Pap smear results may be able to stop having the test in the future.

You should still get regular Pap smears based on your age, regardless of your sexual activity status. That’s because the HPV virus can be dormant for years and then suddenly become active.

How often you need a Pap smear is determined by various factors, including your age and risk.

These recommendations only apply to women who have a cervix. Women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and no history of cervical cancer do not need screening.

Recommendations vary and should be individualized for women with compromised immune systems or a history of precancerous, or cancerous lesions.

You can schedule a Pap smear with your annual gynecological examination or request a separate appointment with your gynecologist. Pap smears are covered by most insurance plans, though you may be required to pay a co-pay.

If you’ll be menstruating on the day of your Pap smear, your doctor may want to reschedule the test, since results could be less accurate.

Try to avoid having sexual intercourse, douching, or using spermicidal products the day before your test because these may interfere with your results.

In most cases, it’s safe to have a Pap smear in the first 24 weeks of a pregnancy. After that, the test may be more painful. You should also wait until 12 weeks after giving birth to increase the accuracy of your results.

Since Pap smears go more smoothly if your body is relaxed, it’s important to stay calm and take deep breaths during the procedure.

Pap smears can be a bit uncomfortable, but the test is very quick.

During the procedure, you’ll lie on your back on an examination table with your legs spread and your feet resting in supports called stirrups.

Your doctor will slowly insert a device called a speculum into your vagina. This device keeps the vaginal walls open and provides access to the cervix.

Your doctor will scrape a small sample of cells from your cervix. There are a few ways your doctor can take this sample:

• Some use a tool called a spatula.
• Some use a spatula and a brush.
• Others use a device called a cytobrush, which is a combination spatula and brush.

Most women feel a slight push and irritation during the brief scraping.

The sample of cells from your cervix will be preserved and sent to a lab to be tested for the presence of abnormal cells.

After the test, you might feel mild discomfort from the scraping or a bit of cramping. You could also experience very light vaginal bleeding immediately following the test. Tell your doctor if discomfort or bleeding continues after the day of the test.

There are two possible results from a Pap smear: normal or abnormal.

Normal Pap smear

If your results are normal, that means that no abnormal cells were identified. Normal results are sometimes also referred to as negative. If your results are normal, you probably won’t need a Pap smear for another three years.

Abnormal Pap smear

If the test results are abnormal, this doesn’t mean you have cancer. It simply means that there are abnormal cells on your cervix, some of which could be precancerous. There are several levels of abnormal cells:

• atypia
• mild
• moderate
• severe dysplasia
• carcinoma in situ

Milder abnormal cells are more common than severe abnormalities.

Depending on what the test results show, your doctor may recommend:

• increasing the frequency of your Pap smears
• · getting a closer look at your cervical tissue with a procedure called colposcopy

During a colposcopy exam, your doctor will use light and magnification to see vaginal and cervical tissues more clearly. In some cases, they may also take a sample of your cervical tissue in a procedure called a biopsy.

How accurate are the results?

Pap tests are very accurate. Regular Pap screenings reduce cervical cancer rates and mortality by at least 80 percent. It can be uncomfortable, but the brief discomfort can help protect your health.

The main purpose of a Pap smear test is to identify cellular changes in the cervix, which could be caused by HPV.

By detecting cervical cancer cells early with a Pap smear, treatment can start before it spreads and becomes a bigger concern. It’s also possible to test for HPV from the Pap smear specimen, too.

You can contract HPV from having sex with men or women. To lower your risk of contracting the virus, practice sex with a condom or other barrier method. All sexually active women are at risk for contracting HPV and should get a Pap smear at least every three years.

The test doesn’t detect other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It can occasionally detect cell growth that indicates other cancers, but it shouldn’t be relied on for that purpose.

Pap and HPV tests | Office on Women’s Health

Pap tests (or Pap smears) look for cancers and precancers in the cervix. Precancers are cell changes that can be caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). If not treated, these abnormal cells could lead to cervical cancer. An HPV test looks for HPV in cervical cells. Most women 21 to 65 years old need to get Pap tests or a Pap test and HPV test together. Not all women need to be tested every year.

What is a Pap test?

A Pap test is a test your doctor or nurse does to check your cervix for any cells that are not normal. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb), which opens into the vagina. Abnormal cervical cells, if not found and treated, can lead to cervical cancer.

During a Pap test your doctor or nurse puts a speculum (a tool that helps your doctor or nurse see your cervix) into your vagina and uses a special stick or soft brush to collect cells from the outside of your cervix. The cells are sent to a laboratory for testing.

What is an HPV test?

An HPV test looks for DNA from HPV in cells from your cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb), which opens into the vagina. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that goes away on its own in most people.¹ If it does not go away, HPV can cause abnormal cervical cells that can lead to cervical cancer.

Certain types of HPV are more likely to cause cervical cancer.² The HPV test can tell your doctor if you have HPV and which type it is.

During an HPV test, your doctor or nurse puts a speculum (a tool that helps your doctor or nurse see your cervix) into your vagina and uses a soft brush to collect cells from the outside of your cervix. The cells are tested in a laboratory.

Pap tests and HPV tests can be done at the same time (called co-testing).

Why do I need a Pap and HPV test?

A Pap test can save your life. It can find cervical cancer cells early. The chance of successful treatment of cervical cancer is very high if the disease is caught early. Pap tests can also find abnormal cervical cells before they become cancer (precancers). Removing these precancers prevents cervical cancer over 95% of the time.³

An HPV test can give your doctor more information about the cells from your cervix. For example, if the Pap test shows abnormal cervical cells, the HPV test can show whether you have a type of HPV that causes cervical cancer.

Who should get regular Pap or HPV tests?

Most women 21 to 65 years old should get Pap tests as part of routine health care. Even if you are not currently sexually active, got the HPV vaccine, or have gone through menopause, you still need regular Pap tests. Experts recommend:⁴

• Women 21–29 get a Pap test every 3 years
• Women 30–65 get:
  • A Pap test every 3 years, or
  • An HPV test every 5 years, or
  • A Pap and HPV test together (called co-testing) every 5 years

Women older than 65 need a Pap test if they have never been tested, or if they have not been tested after age 60. ⁴

HPV tests are recommended for women 30 and older. Although HPV is common in women younger than 30, it usually goes away on its own in these women. Pap tests combined with HPV tests, or HPV tests alone, are most useful for women 30 and older.⁴

Some women may need Pap or HPV testing more often.

Who does not need to get regular Pap or HPV tests?

The only women who may not need regular Pap or HPV tests are:⁴

• Women older than 65 who have had three normal Pap tests or two normal co-tests in a row within the last 10 years, with the most recent test happening within the last 5 years, and who have been told by their doctors that they don’t need to be tested anymore
• Women who do not have a cervix (usually because of a hysterectomy) and who do not have a history of cervical cancer or abnormal Pap test results

Always talk to your doctor or nurse before stopping regular Pap and HPV tests.

I had a hysterectomy.

Do I still need Pap and HPV tests?

Even if you have had a hysterectomy, you may need a Pap and HPV test. It depends on the type of hysterectomy you had and your health history. Talk to your doctor or nurse about whether you need Pap and HPV tests.⁴

• If you no longer have a cervix because you had a hysterectomy for reasons other than abnormal cervical cells or cervical cancer, you do not need Pap and HPV tests.
• If you had a hysterectomy because of abnormal cervical cells or cervical cancer, you should continue to get Pap and HPV tests. Talk to your doctor or nurse about how often you should have Pap and HPV tests.
• If you had your uterus removed but you still have a cervix (this type of hysterectomy is not common), you need regular Pap and HPV tests until you are 65 and have had three normal Pap tests or two normal co-tests in a row within the last 10 years with the last test happening within 5 years.

How often do I need to get a Pap test or Pap and HPV tests together?

It depends on your age and health history. Talk with your doctor or nurse to find out how often you need to get a Pap test or Pap and HPV tests together. Most women can follow these current recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force:⁴

• If you are 21 to 29 years old, you should get a Pap test every 3 years.
• If you are 30 to 65 years old, you should get:
  • A Pap test every 3 years, or
  • An HPV test every 5 years, or
  • A Pap test and HPV test together (called co-testing) every 5 years
• If you are older than 65, ask your doctor whether you can stop having Pap and HPV tests.

Who needs Pap and HPV tests more often?

Your doctor or nurse may recommend getting Pap and HPV tests more often if:⁴

• You have had treatment for abnormal Pap results or cervical cancer in the past. Women with a medical history of precancerous cells or cervical cancer may need to be tested more often, because their medical history puts them at higher risk in the future.
• You are living with HIV. Women who are living with HIV (the virus that leads to AIDS) are at higher risk of cervical cancer and other cervical diseases because of a weakened immune system. All women living with HIV should get an initial Pap test at the time of the HIV diagnosis and a second Pap test (or Pap and HPV test if you are older than 30) 12 months later. Some experts recommend a second Pap test or Pap and HPV test 6 months later, so talk to your doctor or nurse. After three normal Pap tests in a row, women living with HIV can get follow-up Pap tests every 3 years.⁵
• Your mother was exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) while pregnant with you. Daughters, and possibly granddaughters, of women who took DES while pregnant with them have a higher risk of cervical cancer and some other types of cancer. Learn more about DES and cancer from the National Cancer Institute website.
• You have a weakened immune system because of organ transplant, chemotherapy, or steroid use. HPV may not go away on its own in a person with a weakened immune system.

Are Pap and HPV tests painful?

Some women find Pap and HPV tests uncomfortable, but the tests should not be painful. You will feel pressure as your doctor or nurse puts the speculum (a tool that helps your doctor or nurse see your cervix) into your vagina.

If you have never had sexual intercourse or if you have had pain when something is put into your vagina, you can ask your doctor or nurse to use a smaller speculum.

You can also help lessen or prevent pain by urinating before the test to empty your bladder or by taking an over-the-counter pain reliever, such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen, about an hour before your Pap or HPV test.

Can I get a Pap or HPV test if I’ve been sexually assaulted in the past?

Yes. If you were sexually assaulted or abused in the past, and this experience makes medical exams difficult for you, talk to your doctor or nurse first.

Before the test, while you are still fully clothed, tell your doctor or nurse that you’ve been assaulted in the past and that you have concerns about the test. It may be difficult to lie on an exam table with your legs in footrests (cradles for your feet that help keep your legs bent and open) or to have a doctor or nurse put a speculum (a tool that helps your doctor or nurse see your cervix) into your vagina. Your doctor or nurse will talk with you about ways to make the Pap or HPV test easier.

How do I prepare for a Pap or HPV test?

You do not have to do anything special to prepare for a Pap or HPV test. Also, you should not douche before a Pap or HPV test. Most doctors do not recommend douching for any reason. You also should not put anything in or around your vagina to clean it, other than soap and water on the outside of your vagina.

Can I get a Pap or HPV test when I am having my period?

Yes, you can get a Pap or HPV test during your period. It’s better to schedule the test for a time when you do not expect to have your period. But it’s also better to get a Pap test at any time than to miss your appointment because of your period.  

Depending on how heavy your flow is, your period may affect the results of the Pap or HPV test. If you’re uncomfortable or not sure, call your doctor or nurse before your appointment.

What happens during Pap and HPV tests?

Your doctor or nurse can do a Pap test in the exam room of a doctor’s office. You will lie down on your back on an exam table. You will place your feet on either side of the table in footrests (cradles for your feet that help keep your legs bent and open). Your doctor or nurse will put a tool called a speculum into your vagina (you may feel pressure) and will open it to see your cervix.

Your doctor or nurse will use a special stick or soft brush to take a few cells from the surface of and inside your cervix and vagina. Your doctor or nurse will put the cells on a glass slide or in a small container and send them to a lab for testing. If your doctor or nurse orders an HPV test, the cells taken for your Pap test are tested for HPV at the same time.

Pap and HPV tests usually last about 5 minutes. You may have some spotting (light bleeding from the vagina) afterward.

When will I get my Pap and HPV test results?

Usually, it takes 1 to 3 weeks to get Pap and HPV test results. Most of the time, test results are normal.

If you do not get the results of your Pap and HPV tests 3 weeks after the test, call your doctor’s office to get the results. If the doctor or nurse tells you to schedule another appointment to follow up on abnormal results, be sure to go to the appointment.

What do my Pap test results mean?

Your Pap test results will say one of these three things:

• Normal. The cells collected from your cervix during the Pap test look like they should and you do not have to do anything until your next Pap test.
• Unclear. Your doctor does not know whether the cells collected from your cervix are normal or abnormal. If results are unclear, your doctor may do more testing right away to rule out any problems, or your doctor may have you come back in 6 months or a year for another Pap test.
• Abnormal. The cells collected from your cervix during your Pap test look abnormal. Abnormal Pap test results do not mean you have cancer, so your doctor must do other tests to find out what should happen next. Your doctor may do another Pap test right away or, if the cell changes are minor, wait 6 months or a year before doing another Pap test. If the test finds more serious changes in the cells of your cervix, your doctor will do more tests, such as a colposcopy and biopsy.

What is a colposcopy?

During a colposcopy, your doctor or nurse takes a closer look at abnormal areas on your cervix and uses an instrument with a light and magnifier (called a colposcope) to make the abnormal areas easier to see. Your doctor or nurse might use a small amount of vinegar on your cervix to make any abnormal areas stand out.

If there is an abnormal area on the cervix, your doctor or nurse will perform a biopsy (remove a sample of tissue from your cervix) to check for cancer cells. Results of these tests will help your doctor or nurse decide on the best treatment to recommend.

What causes “unclear” or “abnormal” Pap test results?

A Pap test could come back “unclear” or “abnormal” for many reasons. Most often, abnormal cell changes are caused by HPV. HPV is an STI that can lead to cervical cancer.

Other reasons you may have Pap test results that are “unclear” or “abnormal” include:⁶

• An infection, such as a yeast infection, or inflammation
• Growths or cysts that are benign (not cancerous)
• Changes in hormones, such as during pregnancy or menopause
• Smoking, which may increase the risk of an HPV infection developing into cervical cancer. Get tips for women about quitting smoking at women.smokefree.gov.
• Problems with your immune system caused by certain medicines or health problems, such as diabetes, cancer, HIV, or autoimmune diseases

Do Pap tests have risks?

Yes. Although Pap tests are very safe, they do have limits.

• The Pap test may not find abnormal cells that are actually there. This means your doctor may tell you your cervical cells are normal, but the test missed a problem with the cells. This can delay the discovery and treatment of abnormal cells of the cervix. But having regular Pap tests increases your chances of finding problems. Cervical cancer usually takes many years — on average 10 to 20 years — to develop.⁷ If a Pap test misses abnormal cells, your doctor or nurse will probably find them on your next Pap test. Therefore, it is important to have Pap tests on the recommended schedule for your age and medical history.
• The Pap test results may report abnormal cells that are not really there. This means your doctor may tell you that your cervical cells are abnormal, but they are actually normal. There is no way to know that the cells are normal without further testing. Therefore, your doctor may do another Pap test or a different test to find out more. If the next Pap test or other test comes back normal, you don’t have to do anything until your next Pap test is scheduled.

What do my HPV test results mean?

Your HPV test results will show whether you have HPV and what type of HPV it is. Researchers know of about a dozen types of HPV, out of more than 200, that can cause cervical cancer.⁸

HPV test results are usually given with Pap test results. Having the two tests together (called co-testing) can help your doctor figure out if you need to be tested more often or need different tests.

If you do not have HPV and your Pap test results are normal, you can probably wait to be tested again for 5 years.

Can a Pap test tell me whether I have a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

No. A Pap test is not used to find STIs. A Pap test is used to find abnormal cells that may cause cervical cancer. You must ask your doctor to test you for STIs if you want to have STI testing.

If you tell your doctor you would like to be tested for other STIs, your doctor can collect samples of fluid from your cervix to test for common STIs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. You will need blood tests to test for other STIs.

How can I lower my chances of getting cervical cancer?

You can lower your chances of getting cervical cancer in several ways:

• Get regular Pap tests. Regular Pap tests help your doctor find cell changes and treat any unhealthy cells before they turn into cancer.
• Get regular Pap and HPV tests together or an HPV test alone (if you are between 30 and 65 years old). Doctors recommend getting an HPV test or co-testing (getting a Pap and HPV test together) for most women between 30 and 65.
• Get the HPV vaccine. Cervical cancer is usually caused by types of HPV that are passed from person to person through genital contact. Most women do not have symptoms of HPV, and HPV sometimes goes away on its own. If HPV does not go away on its own, it can cause changes in the cells of the cervix that can lead to cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine prevents you from getting most cancer-causing types of HPV. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the HPV vaccine for people ages 9 through 45.
• Take steps to lower your risk. If you have sex, lower your risk of getting HPV with the following steps:
  • Use condoms. Condoms are the best way to prevent STIs when you have sex. HPV can happen in female and male genital areas that are not protected by condoms. But research shows that condom use is linked to lower cervical cancer rates.^9,10 Also, the HPV vaccine does not replace or decrease the need to wear condoms. Make sure to put the condom on before the penis touches the vagina, mouth, or anus. Other methods of birth control, like birth control pills, shots, implants, or diaphragms, will not protect you from HPV or other STIs.
  • Get tested. Be sure you and your partner are tested for STIs. Talk to each other about the test results before you have sex.
  • Be monogamous. Having sex with only one partner can lower your risk of STIs. After being tested for STIs, be faithful to each other. That means that you have sex only with each other and no one else.
  • Limit your number of sex partners. Your risk of getting STIs goes up with the number of sexual partners you have.
  • Do not douche. Douching removes some of the normal bacteria in the vagina that protect you from infection. This may increase your risk of getting STIs.
  • Be aware of how much alcohol you drink and keep control of your own drink. Some people use alcohol or drugs as a way to make a person drunk or high. Someone who is drunk, drugged, or high on drugs is unable to consent or understand what is happening. This puts you at risk of sexual assault and possible exposure to STIs.

These steps work best when used together. No single step can protect you from cervical cancer.

How can I get free or low-cost Pap and HPV tests?

Most insurance plans cover Pap and HPV tests with no copay, coinsurance, or deductible.

• If you have insurance, check with your insurance provider to find out what’s included in your plan.
• If you don’t have insurance, find a program near you that offers free or low-cost Pap and HPV tests.
• If you have Medicare, find out how often Medicare covers Pap and HPV tests and pelvic exams.
• If you have Medicaid, the benefits covered are different in each state, but certain benefits must be covered. Check with your state’s Medicaid program to find out what’s covered.

Did we answer your question about Pap and HPV tests?

For more information about Pap and HPV tests, call the OWH Helpline at 1-800-994-9662 or contact the following organizations:

• National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, CDC, HHS
  Phone number: 1-800-232-4636
• National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, HHS
  Phone number: 1-800-422-6237
• American Cancer Society
  Phone number: 1-800-227-2345
• National Cervical Cancer Coalition
  Phone number: 1-800-685-5531
• Planned Parenthood
  Phone number: 1-800-230-7526

Sources

1. Van Dyne, E. A., Henley, S. J., Saraiya, M., Thomas, C. C., Markowitz, L. E., Benard, V. B. (2018). Trends in human papillomavirus–associated cancers — United States, 1999–2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 67, 918–924.
2. Viens, L. J., Henley, S. J., Watson, M., Markowitz, L. E., Thomas, C. C., Thompson, T. D., … Saraiya, M. (2016). Human papillomavirus–associated cancers – United States, 2008-2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 65(26), 661–666.
3. Dobbs, S. P., Asmussen, T., Nunns, D., Hollingworth, J., Brown, L. J., & Ireland, D. (2000). Does histological incomplete excision of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia following large loop excision of transformation zone increase recurrence rates? A six year cytological follow up. Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 107(10), 1298–1301.
4. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2018). Cervical cancer: Screening.
5. AIDSinfo. (2018). Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents.
6. National Cancer Institute. (2017). Understanding cervical changes: Next steps after an abnormal screening test.
7. Basu, P., Mittal, S., Vale, D. B., & Kharaji, Y. C. (2018). Secondary prevention of cervical cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 47, 73–85.
8. Schiffman, M., Wentzensen, N., Wacholder, S., Kinney, W., Gage, J. C., & Castle, P. E. (2011). Human papillomavirus testing in the prevention of cervical cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 103(5), 368–383.
9. Winer, R. L., Hughes, J. P., Feng, Q., O’Reilly, S., Kiviat, N. B., Holmes, K. K., & Koutsky, L. A. (2006). Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(25), 2645–2654.
10. Munk, A. C., Gudlaugsson, E., Malpica, A., Fiane, B., Lovslett, K. I., Kruse, A-J., … Baak, J. P. A. (2012). Consistent condom use increases the regression rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2-3. PLoS One, 7(9), 45114.

The Office on Women’s Health is grateful for the medical review by:

• Dolly Penn, M.D., M.S.C.R., Medical Officer, Healthcare Assessment Research Branch, Healthcare Delivery Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute
• Abbey B. Berenson, M.D., Ph.D., Director, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women’s Health, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch

All material contained on these pages are free of copyright restrictions and maybe copied, reproduced, or duplicated without permission of the Office on Women’s Health in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Citation of the source is appreciated.

Page last updated:
February 22, 2021

What tests does the gynecologist take during the examination? Answers the gynecologist at the medical center “On Sennaya”

All women are advised to visit a gynecologist and take basic tests 1-2 times a year. Some diseases proceed in a latent form, so timely diagnosis is the only way to identify the problem in time and start treatment.

When to see a gynecologist

An unscheduled visit to a gynecologist is necessary if the following symptoms appear:

• Irregular menstruation, too little or too much bleeding.
• Pain in the lower abdomen.
• Discomfort during urination and intercourse.

An appointment with a gynecologist is necessary when planning a pregnancy, selecting contraceptives or replacing them.

Tests during gynecological examination

Examination by a gynecologist is carried out on a special chair, so the collection of material for gynecological examination is carried out as quickly and comfortably as possible.

Flora smear

A gynecological smear is a standard procedure that is carried out at every visit to the doctor. The analysis allows you to assess the degree of purity of the vagina. Biological material collected from the walls of the vagina, cervix and urethra is examined under a microscope in the laboratory.

In the course of the study, it is possible to determine:

• leukocytes – a large number of blood cells are found in a smear in the presence of inflammatory processes;
• squamous epithelium – the presence of a small amount of it in the analyzes is considered the norm;
• lactobacilli – an important component of the normal microflora of the vagina;
• streptococci, staphylococci, bacteria, yeast fungi and opportunistic flora, not characteristic of the normal composition.

To obtain the most reliable smear results, 1-2 days before the examination, you should refuse sexual intercourse, douching, suppositories and vaginal tablets. Before visiting the clinic, you must perform standard hygiene procedures without the use of intimate hygiene products. It is advisable not to urinate for 2-3 hours.

Microflora smear results are usually available within 1-3 days.

Oncocytology

A smear for oncocytology is prescribed for suspected benign or malignant processes in the body. For microscopic examination, cells are taken from the cervix and cervical canal using a special spatula. The material is sent to the laboratory, where it is carefully examined under a microscope.

Indications for testing for oncocytology: cervical erosion, leukoplakia, high HPV titer, polyps, dysplasia. Also, during each visit to the gynecologist, the analysis is recommended for all women over 40 years old.

Oncocytology is an effective method for the early diagnosis of precancerous lesions of the endometrium, vulva, and cervix. In the early stages, these pathologies are asymptomatic. But it is at the initial stage of the development of the disease that there are high chances to undergo successful treatment and quickly restore your health. A woman can take an analysis for oncocytology both in the direction of a doctor, and at her own request. Patients who have a genetic predisposition to cancer of the cervix and other genital organs should be especially attentive to their health. For preventive purposes, an analysis for oncocytology is recommended to be taken once a year.

Before oncocytology, it is recommended to take a regular gynecological smear to exclude inflammatory processes that may affect the information content of the study. Also, the analysis is not taken during menstruation.

Tests for STIs

Tests for STIs reveal a number of diseases dangerous for the reproductive system:

• Bacterial – syphilis, mycoplasmosis, gonorrhea, ureaplasmosis, etc.
• Viral – herpes, HIV, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C.
• Fungal – candidiasis, which is often popularly called thrush.

One important test is the human papillomavirus test, which can cause cervical cancer. Untimely treatment of STIs leads to the development of secondary infections and infertility.

Indications for testing for sexually transmitted infections:

• itching, foul-smelling vaginal discharge;
• the appearance of sores and red rashes in the genital area;
• pain during intimate contact and urination.

Regular testing for sexually transmitted infections is recommended for people who do not have a stable partner and do not use barrier methods for contraception.

It is especially important to get tested for STIs for women planning a pregnancy. Treatment of genital infections often requires strong antibiotic therapy, which can cause serious harm to the health of the fetus. Treatment will be especially dangerous in the first trimester, when all the main organs and systems are being formed.

Cultures

Thanks to bacteriological cultures, it is possible not only to determine the types of microbes, but also to select effective preparations. Determination of the sensitivity of microorganisms to the components of drugs allows you to prescribe a quality treatment that promotes a speedy recovery. For this purpose, the sampling of material before sowing is performed before the appointment of antibiotic therapy.

What gynecological tests show

Gynecological tests allow timely detection of inflammatory and infectious diseases, assessment of the nature of the vaginal microflora, the ratio of normal and pathogenic microflora.

Vaginosis, candidiasis, vaginitis, cervicitis can be detected due to timely examination. Gynecological smears on the flora allow you to isolate and identify microorganisms from the biomaterial, as well as determine their number. With the help of tests for STIs, any sexually transmitted infections can be detected – gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, ureaplamosis.

With the help of oncocytology, it is possible to identify abnormal cells of the cervix, prescribe women for further examinations and timely treatment.

Make an appointment

Attention: The prices indicated on the site are not a public offer. Please check the cost of services with the administrators of the center.

Analysis of a smear for flora in women and men, hurry up to take it at competitive prices in Moscow.

Kroshkina Julia Sergeevna

The case when you are ready to go to the other end of Moscow to your favorite doctor!) Marina Trofimovna is a wonderful doctor, in addition to impeccable qualifications, it is very pleasant to deal with her and you can completely entrust your problem. Many thanks to Imma Clinic for such a wonderful doctor!)

Dec 15 2020

Elizaveta Ushenina

I express my deep gratitude to the most beautiful, kind, sympathetic Doctor Marina Trofimovna Veldina. Going to the gynecologist is no longer a “nightmare”. I have been with Marina Trofimovna for 3 years, I moved away from the clinic a long time ago, and it’s not at all close, but to such a Doctor at any end of Moscow!

Feb 7 2023

Marina

Ekaterina Borisovna, Professional with a capital letter. Very caring, knowledgeable and compassionate doctor. Her work and professionalism deserve only the highest praise.

Aug 6 2020

Robert Greenberg

Ekaterina Borisova is an incredible specialist and a great person. For three years I suffered from various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (erosion, inflammation, irritable bowel syndrome, etc.), and, frankly, I already gave up on myself. Couldn’t eat, couldn’t sleep, and other moments. Not a single doctor understood what was happening to me, why I felt so bad and where the legs of my problems grow from. But I was lucky, I went to the right doctor. First, they listened to me carefully (and this is generally a rarity, to be honest), then they conducted many tests and diagnostics (absolutely justified, and not for show), and every source of my ailments was found and eliminated. It took me about 5 months to feel better, and that’s more to blame for the pandemic and personal moments because of which I interrupted the treatment. I want to note that Ekaterina Borisovna even suggests which manufacturer (country) to buy medicines from, so that they work better. He also remembers your diagnosis and name, which is also nice. Thank you, my deepest respect and sincere appreciation for your competence, ability to cheer and personal interest in the result.

Jul 17 2020

Fayzrakhmanov A.A.

The best pediatrician in Moscow – Lapteva Svetlana Pavlovna!

Oct 28 2016

Ekaterina

Excellent, compassionate doctor. Helped to solve the problem of the child, prescribing competent treatment.

Aug 30 2022

Olga

It was always very difficult for me to go to women’s doctors. I tried to go to them as little as possible, forcing myself literally with kicks). But Marina Trofimovna is such a neat, calm, attentive and professional doctor that I have radically changed my attitude to visiting a gynecologist) Now only to her! Thanks)

Jun 9 2022

Elena

I would like to express my gratitude to the pediatrician Grechanaya Evgenia. This is how real pediatricians should be: kind, sensitive, attentive. Thanks to the doctor’s recommendations, the child slept through the night calmly, and improvements in his condition became noticeable. Thank you very much!!!!

Oct 4 2021

Natalia

I want to express my gratitude to Ekaterina Borisovna Simonova for her tact, professional approach and competent treatment!! Thanks a lot!!

Jan 29 2019

Olga

Excellent doctor, helped me deal with problems with the gastrointestinal tract without unnecessary additional tests, everything is clear and as needed. Now I’m recovering, but my health has improved significantly.

Mar 8 2022

Sudakova O.A.

An excellent, highly qualified doctor and a wonderful person. Thank you very much for the excellent treatment.

Dec 17 2018

Elvira

My family and I have been served in Imma for almost 10 years, and I would like to especially mention Ekaterina Borisovna Simonova. Doctor with a capital letter. I think that this is a big plus for a clinic that has such employees. It is very difficult to find such doctors. I trust her with the most sacred things – my whole family. I always recommend to my friends. I have never met such help and support before meeting with her anywhere. Separately, I want to say about her professionalism – she always writes out very adequate methods of treatment, and she not only relieves symptoms, but looks for the very problem from which symptoms arise and successfully treats. Thank you very much, Ekaterina Borisovna, for the health of our entire family! I recommend it to everyone from personal experience!

23 Sept. 2020

Elena

Hello! I want to thank Marina Trofimovna for her attentive attitude and sensitive approach. Thank you!

Jan 7 2020

Anna

I am very serious in my choice of specialists. I prefer to choose a doctor based solely on my feelings and impressions. I want to express my deep gratitude to Evgenia Vladimirovna! A competent specialist who is sensitive and sympathetic to both the child and the feelings of the parents (in my opinion, in our time it is worth a lot). The prescribed treatment: clear and thoughtful, without unnecessary drugs and unnecessary manipulations. We are very lucky to have found such a doctor, thank you!

Oct 25 2022

Olga

I express my deep gratitude to Ekaterina Borisovna for her competent and professional approach to work, interested and sensitive attitude towards patients. I came to Ekaterina Borisovna on the recommendation, in a difficult situation – anemia of moderate severity, my hemoglobin was 70!! Ekaterina Borisovna was attentive to my problem, asked in detail about the prescription and symptoms of the disease, and prescribed an effective and prompt treatment – after 3 weeks, hemoglobin was already 120! My whole body condition improved – dry skin disappeared, hair stopped falling out, brittle nails decreased, a blush played on my cheeks !! But that’s not all, Ekaterina Borisovna was also able to correctly determine the cause of the disease, and recommended options for its treatment. I have had multiple uterine fibroids for more than 10 years, which affects the cycle and causes heavy periods, and all gynecologists unanimously stated that in my situation the uterus needs to be removed – pre-menopausal age, complex nodes, etc. And here I want to note that Ekaterina Borisovna, with high professionalism, has a great desire to understand the patient’s problem and provide him with real help. Thanks to her caring attitude towards me, her advice and recommendations, I managed to avoid the removal of the uterus and implement a more gentle treatment option for uterine fibroids. Thank you so much, Ekaterina Borisovna, you are a doctor with a capital letter, as well as just a wonderful person and a charming woman!! Thanks for your hard work!!

Jul 27 2021

Tatyana M.

I would like to thank Ekaterina Borisovna Simonova from the IMMA Maryino clinic for her sensitive attitude and high professionalism!!! How lucky for me and my son that we got to SUCH A DOCTOR !!!!! Polite, explains everything, after which there are no questions left. THANK YOU that you treat your work 5++++++!

25 Apr. 2017

Tatyana

I want to express my deep gratitude to Lapteva Svetlana Pavlovna. This is one of the best pediatricians not only in this clinic, but also in Moscow. I try to enroll my children only to her. This is a 100% specialist in his field, doing his job not only professionally, but also with soul. Always responsible, attentive, competent and loving her work. I trust her opinion and listen to her advice. Thank you very much for your work!!!!

Dec 8 2018

Marat

Ekaterina Borisovna turned out to be quite by accident, but I don’t regret it at all. For two days I was tormented by a temperature, and I could not go on sick leave due to the large amount of work at work. When he came to the reception, E.B. I was thoroughly examined as expected, sent for tests and consulted. Everything was very professional and competent. Everything that E.B. prescribed for me.