What Is Emphysema? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Emphysema is one of the two main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of progressive respiratory diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult.

Most people with COPD experience both emphysema and chronic bronchitis, the other main form of COPD, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).

More than three million people in the United States have been diagnosed with emphysema.

Historically, emphysema has been more common among men than women. Over the past two decades, however, rates have come closer together as incidence in men has gone down and incidence in women has increased.

What Is Emphysema?

Emphysema occurs when the tiny air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) become damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness.

Each lung has an average of 480 million alveoli, according to research.

When you breathe in, the alveoli expand and stretch, taking in oxygen and transporting it to the blood in the small capillary vessels within their thin walls. At the same time, carbon dioxide waste moves into the air sacs from the capillaries. The process is called gas exchange.

When you breathe out, the alveoli deflate, expelling the carbon dioxide out of the body through the airways.

But for people with emphysema, the walls of the alveoli are damaged and the air sacs lose their normal elasticity. As a result, the alveoli are no longer able to support the airways to the lung (bronchial tubes). The tubes collapse and cause a blockage (obstruction), which traps air inside the lungs and makes it feel hard to breathe.

In addition, emphysema can cause some of the alveoli to rupture or burst, resulting in fewer, larger alveoli and ultimately reducing the surface area available for gas exchange. This also contributes to shortness of breath.

RELATED: 7 Ways to Ease Emphysema Symptoms

What Causes Emphysema?

Emphysema is considered one of the most preventable respiratory diseases because cigarette smoking is its leading cause.

About 85 to 90 percent of all COPD cases are caused by cigarette smoking, according to the American Lung Association (ALA).

Some people who have COPD, however, never smoked cigarettes. Other risk factors for emphysema include:

• Exposure to air pollution
• Secondhand smoke
• Workplace chemicals, dust, and fumes
• A history of childhood respiratory infection

In rare cases, emphysema is caused by a genetic disorder called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. If your body doesn’t make enough of the protein AAT, the lungs can be more easily damaged from smoking and environmental pollution, notes the NHLBI.

How Is Emphysema Diagnosed?

A doctor will generally diagnose emphysema via a series of tests, including:

• Listening With a Stethoscope One simple test is to tap on your chest and listen with a stethoscope for a hollow sound. This can indicate that air is trapped in your lungs.
• Pulse Oximetry Also called an oxygen saturation test, this is used to measure the oxygen content of the blood and is often done by clipping a monitor to your finger, forehead, or earlobe.
• Spirometry This is one of the most useful tests, and it evaluates lung function by having you take a deep breath and then blow into a tube that is hooked up to a machine that measures airflow.
• X-Rays Though X-rays are generally not useful for detecting early stages of emphysema, a plain chest X-ray or a CAT (computer-aided tomography) scan can help diagnose moderate or severe cases.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) ECGs check heart function and are used to determine if heart disease is a cause of shortness of breath.
• Arterial Blood Gas Often performed as emphysema gets worse, this test measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood from an artery. It can be used to determine if you need extra oxygen or are retaining carbon dioxide, a common finding in advanced emphysema.

RELATED: What Are the Four Stages of COPD and the Gold System for Grading?

How Can You Prevent Emphysema From Getting Worse?

The most important step you can take to curb the disease’s progress is to quit smoking, says the ALA.

In addition, there are a number of lifestyle changes that can help ease your symptoms and slow down your emphysema. Here are some strategies that can help improve your quality of life.

• Eat a healthy diet. Your body uses food to fuel all its activities, and that includes breathing. Talk to your doctor and a registered dietitian about diet changes that may help ease your emphysema symptoms and increase your energy.
• Maintain your ideal body weight. Being overweight will make breathing even more difficult. Being underweight, on the other hand, can leave you feeling weak and tired, and can also increase your risk of chest infections.
• Avoid lung irritants. Smoking isn’t the only thing that exacerbates emphysema. Avoid secondhand smoke, exhaust fumes, strong perfumes, cleaning products, paint and varnish, excessive dust, and other pollution.
• Stay active. Regular exercise can reduce shortness of breath by improving the body’s use of oxygen and strengthening your respiratory muscles. Talk to your doctor about the amount and type of exercise you should do.
• Get vaccinated. Stay up-to-date on vaccinations, including those for the flu, COVID-19, and pneumonia, to prevent chest infections, which can be dangerous — even life-threatening — for people with COPD.

Additional reporting by Julia Califano.

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What is emphysema? Symptoms & treatment

When you’re healthy, you don’t really give breathing a second thought, let alone a first. Sure, it’s one of life’s essential functions, but breathing in and out is so automatic (and hardwired into our brains) that it doesn’t really give you a reason to think about it. That is, until something goes wrong, and it gets harder to take air in and out.

One condition that can make breathing a challenge is emphysema, where damage in your lungs makes it more difficult to bring oxygen into your body. It’s a serious disease that affects over 3 million people in the U.S. – it’s also one of the most preventable.

We’ll go over what emphysema is and how it relates to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We’ll also tell you the main causes, symptoms and stages of emphysema, and give you a rundown on available treatments.

What is emphysema?

Pulmonary emphysema is a long-term lung health condition that causes shortness of breath. Over time, the air sacs in the lungs, also called alveoli, become damaged. The inner walls of these air sacs weaken and rupture, which creates larger air spaces in the lungs. When this happens, the surface area of the lungs is reduced, and so is the amount of oxygen that makes it to the bloodstream.

Emphysema is a chronic illness, and it can develop slowly over time. There isn’t a way to repair or regrow the damaged lung tissue, but there are ways to treat it to live more comfortably with the disease. These treatments can also help control symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

Types of emphysema

There are several different types of emphysema that can affect different areas of the lungs, as well as the body:

• Centrilobular emphysema (CLE) – CLE is the most common type of emphysema, and it occurs in the upper sections, or lobes, of the lungs.
• Panlobular emphysema (PLE) – PLE affects the lungs as a whole but can affect the lower section of the lungs more severely.
• Paraseptal emphysema (PSE) – PSE damages the air sacs in the outermost part of the lungs, but with more severe forms of PSE, damage can occur in other parts of the lungs too.
• Bullous emphysema – This form of emphysema occurs when giant, bubble-like cavities filled with fluid or air develop in the lungs.
• Subcutaneous emphysema – This is a rarer form of emphysema, where air or gas gets under skin tissue. It commonly occurs in the chest, neck or face, but it can also develop in other areas of the body. This form of emphysema isn’t typically caused by smoking or other lung irritants but brought on by certain medical procedures or injuries to the body, among others.

What is the difference between emphysema and COPD?

First, what exactly is COPD? Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is a group of lung diseases that make breathing difficult, and gradually worsens over time. COPD typically occurs in people who have a history of smoking, but it can also occur with long-term exposure to lung irritants like secondhand smoke or air pollution.

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis, where the lining of airways is constantly irritated and inflamed, are the two most common conditions that contribute to COPD. Both conditions make breathing harder, leading to shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing. People diagnosed with COPD are frequently diagnosed with both emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but they can occur separately.

What causes emphysema?

Emphysema can be caused by several things, but the four most common are:

Smoking

This is the number one cause of emphysema. Smoking destroys lung tissue and irritates airways, causing inflammation and damage that results in swollen airways, difficulty clearing airways and increased mucus production.

Long-term exposure to lung irritants

Some examples of lung irritants include air pollution, secondhand smoke and occupational lung irritants, such as coal or exhaust fumes.

Age

Emphysema is most commonly seen in people 40 years of age or older, especially in those who smoked early on in life, still smoke or had long-term exposure to lung irritants. Emphysema can occur in young adults, but as emphysema generally develops slowly, older adults are more at risk.

Genetics

It’s rare, but an inherited genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency that weakens the lungs, can cause emphysema. Also, people with a history of smoking are more likely to develop emphysema if they have a family history of COPD.

Symptoms of emphysema

Because emphysema usually progresses slowly, symptoms can take a while to appear – a person can actually have emphysema for years and not know it. Early symptoms are generally mild and become more severe as the disease progresses. Symptoms or signs of emphysema can include:

• A frequent and persistent cough
• A cough that produces a lot of mucus
• Frequent respiratory infections, like colds or the flu
• Shortness of breath during daily activities and physical activity
• Wheezing while breathing
• Chest tightness or pain
• Loss of appetite
• Sleep problems
• Depression
• Unexplained weight loss

What does emphysema feel like?

Some of the first symptoms that can appear are shortness of breath and ongoing fatigue. These symptoms alone can be dismissed as minor or related to other illnesses, so when should you see your doctor? If breathing becomes more difficult even while not being physically active, or lung sounds change – from typical breathing to wheezing, clicking or crackling – it may be time to schedule a visit.

Diagnosing emphysema

A visit to the doctor will help diagnose emphysema with a few steps. Your doctor may recommend a chest X-ray, but an X-ray doesn’t always confirm a diagnosis. It can, however, rule out other causes of shortness of breath, such as pneumonia or asthma, and help diagnose advanced stages of emphysema.

Since an X-ray doesn’t always confirm diagnosis, your doctor may also recommend a computerized tomography (CT) scan. A CT scan takes X-ray images from multiple directions to create many different views of internal organs, helping to detect and diagnose emphysema.

Another step your doctor may take is to order a lab blood test, where blood is tested to determine how well lungs are transferring oxygen to your bloodstream, and how well they’re removing carbon dioxide.

Finally, your doctor may order lung function tests, called pulmonary function tests (PFTs). PFTs, such as spirometry, nitric oxide tests and arterial blood gas tests, are noninvasive tests that measure lung capacity, how well air flows in and out of the lungs, and how well lungs deliver oxygen to the bloodstream.

Why early detection of emphysema is important

Since emphysema can’t be reversed like other lung conditions, early detection is important. Emphysema symptoms worsen over time, and early detection can slow progression of symptoms and the disease, leading to improved quality of life. It can also help identify causes of the disease so you can limit exposure to them.

The four stages of emphysema

Emphysema is classified into four stages: early, moderate, severe and very severe. Doctors use these stages to describe the progression of the disease and provide the appropriate treatment for each stage.

Early emphysema

If someone is at risk for emphysema, like those with a history of smoking, it’s important to keep an eye out for symptoms such as a nagging cough or shortness of breath, even if it’s mild. Although it’s easy to dismiss the early warning signs. But catching emphysema in this stage may help slow progression, allowing you to maintain your health for longer.

Moderate emphysema

This stage occurs when symptoms such as frequent coughing, feeling tired, shortness of breath, trouble sleeping and wheezing affect daily life. Flare-ups of symptoms, where they intensify for a few days, may occur.

Severe emphysema

In this stage, symptoms become more severe: intensified shortness of breath, tiredness and coughing, and more frequent flare-ups. Also, there may be new signs of emphysema progression, such as more frequent respiratory infections, like a cold or the flu, tightness of the chest, trouble catching your breath and others.

Very severe emphysema

Emphysema likely will be affecting every activity in day-to-day life, and it may be difficult to breath even when not being physically active. Chronic respiratory failure may occur – which means not enough oxygen is moving from the lungs to blood, and when the lungs aren’t taking enough carbon dioxide out of the blood.

Treatments for emphysema

While there isn’t a cure for emphysema, there are treatments that may help slow the progression of the disease and help people with the disease to live more comfortably.

Pulmonary rehabilitation

The goal of pulmonary rehabilitation is to promote healthy lifestyle changes –using exercise, lifestyle education and diet to help improve quality of life and ability to exercise.

Oxygen therapy

If emphysema causes low levels of oxygen in the blood, oxygen therapy may help. With oxygen therapy, supplemental oxygen can help deliver more oxygen to the lungs and bloodstream.

Emphysema medications

These may include bronchodilators to relax airways and help breathing problems, inhaled steroids, aerosol sprays that reduce inflammation and help shortness of breath, and antibiotics to treat bacterial infections.

Surgery

If the disease has progressed to the later stages, doctors may recommend lung volume reduction surgery, where damaged lung tissue is removed. If the damage is severe and other treatments haven’t worked, a lung transplant may be an option.

Lifestyle changes

Making changes to your lifestyle is easier said than done, but it’s the most important way to manage emphysema and keep living your life. Don’t be afraid to reach out for help – it’s a sign of strength, not weakness.

Stop smoking the right way for you

The number one priority is to figure out the best way to stop. Talk to your doctor about smoking cessation strategies – they may be able to prescribe gum, inhalers, patches or prescription medicines to help.

Avoid inhaled irritants

Avoiding air pollution, smoke from wood-burning fireplaces and dust may help you breathe a little easier.

Defend against infections

Washing your hands frequently when out in public, using hand sanitizer, avoiding people with respiratory illnesses, such as a cold or the flu, and getting an annual flu vaccination may help.

Stay active

Talk to your doctor, if necessary, to figure out a fitness regimen that works for you. Regular exercise can help decrease emphysema symptoms, improve circulation and help your body better use oxygen, strengthen your heart, improve mental health and so much more.

Eat well

This is an easy way to keep your immune system strong. Cutting back on red meat, processed foods and sugar, and eating a diet with more fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish and olive oil may help reduce inflammation. Nutritional supplements may also be helpful – talk to your doctor about your options and what fits for your lifestyle.

When should you talk to your doctor?

Early detection is the best way to control your symptoms and the progression of emphysema. If you have shortness of breath or a history of smoking, reach out to your doctor sooner rather than later. They care about your respiratory health and will help you come up with a plan so you can live your best life.

Make an appointment

Emphysema: symptoms, treatment and prevention

Content

• 1 Emphysema: causes, symptoms and treatment
  • 1. 1 Emphysema: symptoms, treatment and prevention
  • 1.2 What is emphysema?
  • 1.3 Symptoms of pulmonary emphysema
  • 1.4 Diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema
  • 1.5 What treatment can be used for pulmonary emphysema?
    • 1.5.1 Main treatments:
  • 1.6 Prevention of emphysema
  • 1.7 Complications of pulmonary emphysema
  • 1.8 Folk remedies for the treatment of pulmonary emphysema
    • 1.8.1 1. Herb tincture
    • 1.8.2 2. Onion decoction
    • 1.8.3 3. False pepper in the treatment of emphysema
    • 1.8 .4 4. Milk decoction with honey
  • 1.9 Problems in the treatment of emphysema
  • 1.10 Types of emphysema
  • 1.11 How can emphysema be prevented?
  • 1.12 Doctors who can help with emphysema
  • 1.13 Related videos:
  • 1.14 Q&A:
    • • 1.14.0.1 What is pulmonary emphysema?

Emphysema is a chronic disease that destroys lung tissue and impairs lung function. Symptoms, causes and methods of treatment of this disease are in the article on our website.

Pulmonary emphysema is a disease that is characterized by the destruction of the walls of the small bronchi and alveoli, which leads to a violation of gas exchange in the human body. This is one of the most common respiratory diseases, which often develops against the background of chronic obstructive bronchitis.

Among the main causes of emphysema are tobacco smoking, inhalation of chemicals, as well as hereditary factors. Signs of the disease can appear for a long time, so it is important to consult a doctor in time and start treatment.

An important component of treatment is prevention, which includes quitting smoking, drinking alcohol, regular exercise and proper nutrition. In addition, it is recommended to conduct a timely medical examination to detect diseases in the early stages and the correct prescription of treatment.

Pulmonary emphysema: symptoms, treatment and prevention

Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic disease characterized by gradual destruction of the walls of small air bubbles in the lungs (alveoli). It leads to disruption of gas exchange and a decrease in lung volume.

Treatment of emphysema is aimed at improving the patient’s quality of life and slowing the progression of the disease. This may include medication, physical rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy. In some cases, surgery may be required.

Prevention of emphysema may include avoiding smoking, reducing lung exposure to harmful substances, weight control, and regular physical activity.

What is emphysema?

Emphysema is a chronic disease characterized by destruction of lung tissues and damage to their walls. The main cause of emphysema is smoking, although some forms of the disease can also be inherited or result from occupational activities.

Emphysema leads to a gradual deterioration in lung function and to the development of respiratory failure. Symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath, fatigue, and intermittent coughing with sputum production. Skin changes on the neck and chest may also occur.

Treatment of emphysema is based on symptom control and improvement of the patient’s quality of life. Doctors usually recommend smoking cessation and also prescribe medications to make breathing easier. In some cases, oxygen therapy or even surgical treatment may be required.

• Smoking is the main cause of emphysema.
• Symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath, fatigue, cough and skin changes.
• Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms and improving the patient’s quality of life.

Symptoms of emphysema

Cough: the appearance of a persistent dry cough, which is often aggravated by physical exertion.

Difficulty breathing: at first it appears only during exercise, but eventually begins to occur at rest.

Fatigue: Patients experience rapid fatigue when performing routine tasks such as walking or climbing stairs.

Chest pain: occurrence of pain or pressure in the chest.

Blueness of nails and lips: lack of oxygen can cause pale skin and mucous membranes.

Chest expansion: In advanced emphysema, the chest may expand.

Wheezes and whistles: unusual sounds in the lungs that can be heard when breathing.

Although symptoms may vary, emphysema is characterized by persistent difficulty breathing and fatigue. If you notice any of these symptoms, see your doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosis of emphysema

Emphysema is a chronic disease that causes damage to the alveoli of the lungs, causing them to lose their elasticity and become large and inflated.

X-ray tomography or computed tomography can be used to diagnose this condition. It will allow the doctor to see changes in the lungs and assess their condition.

When diagnosing emphysema, your doctor may also do blood and sputum tests to determine the cause.

What is the treatment for emphysema?

Emphysema is a chronic disease often caused by smoking or long-term exposure to harmful substances. Treatment for emphysema aims to reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, and prevent progression of the disease.

Primary treatments:

1. Smoking cessation: Smoking cessation is the first step in treating emphysema. If the patient continues to smoke, no medication or procedure can lead to a complete recovery.
2. Breathing exercises: special breathing exercises help to improve the patient’s quality of life, reduce the frequency of attacks and increase pulmonary ventilation.
3. Medications: Your doctor may prescribe medicines that dilate the bronchi and improve breathing. Also, anti-inflammatory and mucolytic drugs may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and thin the mucus, respectively.
4. Oxygen Therapy: This method is used for severe cases of emphysema when the oxygen level in the blood is very low. Oxygen is delivered through a mask or nasal cannula.
5. Surgery: In some cases, for patients with severe emphysema, surgery may be recommended, such as pulmonary volume resection or lung transplantation. However, these methods are used only in extreme cases.

It is important to remember that emphysema is a chronic disease that cannot be completely cured. Effective treatment can help improve the patient’s condition and prevent disease progression.

Prevention of emphysema

Emphysema is a chronic disease that affects the respiratory system and leads to poor quality of life. However, there are methods that can help prevent the development of this disease:

• Smoking cessation. Smoking is one of the main causes of emphysema. Therefore, it is important to completely abandon this bad habit.
• Proper nutrition. The diet should contain vitamins and minerals that contribute to the health of the respiratory system.
• Healthy lifestyle. Regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle in general will help strengthen the immune system and prevent the development of lung diseases.

If you have a predisposition to developing emphysema, or have already been diagnosed, see your doctor. He will be able to talk about additional methods of prevention and help develop an individual treatment program.

Complications of emphysema

Emphysema is a serious disease that can lead to serious complications. One of the most common complications is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which can lead to a deterioration in the patient’s quality of life.

In the case of emphysema, it is very important to take measures to prevent the development of complications. This may include quitting smoking, regular exercise, proper nutrition, and treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impairment of the patient’s quality of life.
• Hemorrhages in the lungs: Impaired lung function and increased risk of infections.
• Lung cancer risk: the possibility of developing cancer.
• Respiratory failure: deterioration of the patient’s condition and impaired lung function.

Folk remedies for the treatment of emphysema

1. Herbal tincture

One of the most common ways to treat emphysema with the help of folk remedies is a tincture of herbs. Cornflower, forest St. John’s wort, St. John’s wort, and also dandelion are usually used as grass.

2. Onion water

Onion is one of the most affordable and effective products for the treatment of emphysema. To prepare onion broth, you need to take 2-3 onions, cut them and pour water. Then the mixture must be brought to a boil and insisted for 30-40 minutes.

3. False pepper in the treatment of emphysema

False pepper is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and can be used to treat emphysema. To do this, you need to prepare a decoction of false pepper, which can be added to food or drunk as a tea.

4. Milk decoction with honey

Milk with honey is a long-known antitussive recipe of traditional medicine. It can also be used to treat emphysema. To prepare a decoction, you need to mix milk and honey, heat over a fire and drink daily.

Problems in the treatment of emphysema

The treatment of emphysema may encounter several problems that can hinder the healing process. One such problem is the lack of efficacy of drugs used to reduce inflammation and improve lung function. This can lead to aggravation of symptoms and the development of complications.

Another problem can be the misapplication of lifestyle advice such as quitting smoking and increasing exercise. Failure to follow these recommendations can slow down the healing process and lead to an aggravation of the patient’s condition.

Finally, one of the main problems in the treatment of pulmonary emphysema is the lack of an effective way to restore damaged lung tissue. With severe emphysema, the recovery process may be limited, which can lead to chronic breathing problems.

Types of pulmonary emphysema

Centrilobular emphysema – when the destruction of the alveoli occurs along the central path of the air ducts, and the air channels retain their normal size. This type of emphysema most commonly develops in male smokers and may be associated with upper respiratory disease.

Panacinar emphysema – when the air channels, starting from the small bronchioles, and then the alveoli, are completely expanded. This type of emphysema is most often associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Bullous emphysema – when huge air pockets – bullae – form in one or more places in the lungs. This type of emphysema can be congenital or acquired and is usually seen in young adults who exercise and smoke.

How can emphysema be prevented?

Like many other diseases, emphysema can be prevented or delayed if certain measures are taken. A few tips to help you avoid this disease:

• Do not smoke: This is one of the main risk factors for emphysema. If you smoke, you must immediately quit this habit.
• Avoid harmful substances: Some harmful substances such as dust, toxic fumes, chemical fumes can damage the lungs.
• Keep your immune system in good shape: This will help you avoid lung infections that can cause emphysema.
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Proper nutrition and regular exercise will help strengthen the lungs and improve their function.

By taking these steps, you can reduce your risk of developing emphysema and stay healthy.

Doctors who can help with emphysema

Emphysema is a chronic disease that cannot be completely cured, but symptoms can be managed and the progression of the disease can be slowed down. There are several specialists who can help patients with emphysema:

• Therapist . This doctor can help in the diagnosis and initial treatment of emphysema. He will monitor the progress of the disease and refer the patient to other specialists if necessary.
• Pulmonologist . This doctor specializes in the treatment of lung diseases. Often he will be the chief physician who cares for patients with emphysema. He will provide treatment advice, medication selection and lung monitoring.
• Physiotherapist . This specialist can help improve respiratory function, which can reduce the symptoms of emphysema. He can recommend exercises that will improve your quality of life and help you manage your loss of strength.
• Surgeon . People with severe emphysema who are not benefiting from medications and other treatments may be referred to a surgeon for a procedure to remove part of their lungs. It can improve respiratory function and quality of life.

It is important to find experienced professionals who can help the patient to deal with emphysema. Discuss your options with your therapist and seek the opinions of others who have dealt with emphysema.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What is pulmonary emphysema?

Emphysema is a disease that causes damage to the structure of the lungs and deterioration of respiratory function.

signs, treatments and prognosis

Contents

• 1 Emphysema: symptoms, treatment and prognosis
  • 1.1 Emphysema: description, causes and consequences
    • 1.1.1 What is pulmonary emphysema?
    • 1.1.2 Causes of emphysema
    • 1.1.3 Consequences of emphysema
  • 1.2 Signs and symptoms of emphysema
  • 1.3 Diagnosis of emphysema 900 04
  • 1.3.1 History and direct examination
  • 1.3.2 Physical diagnostic methods
  • 1. 3.3 Diagnostic instrumentation
• 1.4 Risk factors for pulmonary emphysema
• 1.5 Main treatments for pulmonary emphysema
• 1.6 Drug therapy for pulmonary emphysema
• 1.7 Inhalation therapy for emphysema
• 1.8 Oxygen therapy for patients with emphysema
• 1.9 Physiotherapy to improve pulmonary emphysema
• 1.10 Surgical treatment of pulmonary emphysema
  • 1.10.1 Lobectomy
  • 1.10.2 Bullectomy
  • 1.10.3 Lung volume reduction
  • 1.10.4 Lung transplant
• 1.11 Prognosis for emphysema:
• 1.12 Related videos:
• 1.13 Question -answer:
  • • 1.13.0.1 What is pulmonary emphysema?
    • 1.13.0.2 What are the symptoms associated with emphysema?
    • 1.13.0.3 What diagnosis is needed to detect emphysema?
    • 1.13.0.4 How can emphysema be treated?
    • 1.13.0.5 Can emphysema be prevented?
    • 1.13.0.6 What is the prognosis for emphysema?

Learn about the symptoms, treatment, and prognosis of emphysema. What methods will alleviate the condition, and what can worsen it? What to do if there are signs of the disease? Get answers to your questions in this article.

Emphysema is a chronic disease that is associated with the gradual destruction of lung tissue and breathing difficulties. Not everyone knows about the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this disease, although every year it spreads more and more.

The symptoms of emphysema are somewhat similar to those of common respiratory diseases. Also, when emphysema occurs, a person faces problems such as chronic shortness of breath, cough, and various respiratory infections.

In connection with the difficult diagnosis of emphysema, it is worth turning to the most effective methods of treating this disease. For many, these methods may be the only way or the way to minimize the manifestation of the symptoms of the disease, as well as increase life expectancy.

In the article we will analyze in detail why it is so difficult to diagnose emphysema, what methods of treatment of this disease exist, and what kind of prognosis you can live with if you treat it with methods of modern medicine.

Emphysema: description, causes and consequences

What is pulmonary emphysema?

Pulmonary emphysema is a disease associated with the destruction of the alveoli (air bubbles) in the lungs, resulting in damage to the walls of the airways and reduced lung function.

Causes of pulmonary emphysema

The main cause of pulmonary emphysema is smoking, however, other factors such as air pollution, urbanization, heredity, long-term exposure to harmful substances on the lungs can cause or exacerbate the development of the disease.

Sequelae of pulmonary emphysema

Sequelae of pulmonary emphysema may include: frequent colds, poor quality of life, heart problems, chronic bronchitis and an increased risk of cancer.

Signs and symptoms of emphysema

Emphysema is a chronic disease characterized by the expansion of the air spaces of the lungs, which in turn leads to a decrease in the surface for gas exchange. The main signs and symptoms of emphysema are:

• Cough, most often dry
• Difficulty breathing, especially during physical exertion
• Chest pain
• Feeling of tightness in the chest
• Increased heart rate
• Fatigue

There may also be weight loss and deterioration in the general condition of the patient. Emphysema progresses over time, and symptoms may get worse every year. At the first suspicion of a disease, it is necessary to consult a pulmonologist for diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema

History and direct examination

Diagnosis of emphysema begins with anamnesis and direct examination of the patient by a general practitioner or pulmonary specialist. It is important to examine the symptoms and medical history that indicate the likelihood of emphysema. A general direct examination is then performed, including measurement of weight, height, and breath assessment.

Physical diagnostic methods

Physical diagnostic methods, such as auscultation of the lungs and percussion, are of great importance in the detection of emphysema. On auscultation, a characteristic metallic sound can be heard, which is caused by air-filled alveolar capillaries. With percussion, changes in tones during illness can also indicate the presence of emphysema.

Diagnostic imaging

Diagnostic imaging such as x-rays, spirometry, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can confirm the presence of emphysema. X-rays and CT scans may show excess air volume in the lungs, reduced lung tissue, and bullae. Spirometry and peak flow can provide information about the degree of impaired lung function.

The presence of emphysema can be confirmed or ruled out only with an integrated approach to diagnosis, using various methods. According to the results of the diagnosis, the doctor prescribes the appropriate treatment.

Risk factors for emphysema

Risk factors are conditions or activities that can make you more likely to develop emphysema. One of the main risk factors is smoking – lung tissues are affected by toxic substances in tobacco smoke and almost all cases of emphysema are associated with smoking.

Other risk factors include excessive alcohol consumption, air pollution, infections of the respiratory system, generalized connective tissue diseases, and certain work conditions (eg, exposure to dust, smoke, and chemicals).

The choice of profession may also increase the risk of the disease. For example, mine and timber workers are often forced to breathe dust, which can lead to illness.

Early diagnosis of emphysema can significantly improve the patient’s prognosis and reduce the consequences of the disease. If there are risk factors, measures should be taken to minimize them and detect the disease early.

Basic treatments for pulmonary emphysema

Treatment of pulmonary emphysema is based on the elimination of provoking factors and reduction of symptoms of the disease. It may include drug therapy and the use of special medical equipment.

• Bronchodilators: Bronchodilators improve breathing and make mucus easier to clear. These can be medicines in the form of inhalation or tablets.
• Glucocorticosteroids: drugs that reduce inflammation in the lungs and bronchi, reduce swelling and airway congestion. They are used in the form of inhalations or intramuscular injections.
• Oxygen therapy: improves blood oxygenation, reduces shortness of breath and facilitates the removal of bronchial secretions. It is usually used for moderate and severe forms of the disease.
• Physiotherapy: includes breathing exercises, regular exercise and chest massage. These techniques help open the airways, improve blood oxygenation, and reduce shortness of breath.

When choosing treatment methods, the doctor takes into account the age, degree of disease, the presence of other health problems and the wishes of the patient. All measures are aimed at preventing the progression of the disease and improving the quality of life of the patient.

Drug therapy for emphysema

Drug therapy is an important component of the treatment of emphysema. Depending on the degree of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient, a different combination of drugs may be prescribed:

• Bronchodilators. Widen the airways, improve airflow and make breathing easier. They are prescribed as inhalation preparations or in the form of tablets.
• Glucocorticosteroids. Reduce inflammation in the lungs, reduce tissue edema and reduce the amount of secretion, which improves breathing.
• Mucolytics. Thins mucus, improves its discharge, which helps to clear the lungs and reduce cough.
• Antibiotics. Used for complications caused by bacterial infection. They allow you to quickly and effectively fight infection and reduce the risk of complications.

The doctor prescribes drug therapy based on the results of the examination and the characteristics of the disease in each patient. It is important to strictly follow the doctor’s recommendations on the dosage and timing of taking the drugs in order to achieve the maximum effect of the treatment.

Inhalation therapy for emphysema

Inhalation therapy is one of the treatments for emphysema. It consists in inhaling drugs through a mask or a special inhaler. This method allows you to quickly deliver the drug to the lungs and increase the effectiveness of treatment.

Inhalation therapy can be carried out at home, but it is necessary to consult a doctor for advice on dosage and frequency of use of medicines. It is also necessary to monitor the cleanliness and proper use of the inhaler to avoid respiratory diseases.

Inhalation therapy is an effective treatment for emphysema and can be used alone or in combination with other treatments.

Oxygen therapy for patients with emphysema

Emphysema is a chronic disease that leads to destruction of the walls of the alveoli. This complicates the process of gas exchange and can cause oxygen deficiency in the patient. Oxygen therapy is one of the treatments used to relieve the symptoms of emphysema.

In oxygen therapy, patients use an oxygen mask or cannulas to help them breathe. Sometimes oxygen can be delivered through nasal catheters. The amount of oxygen needed depends on the severity of the disease. In addition, oxygen can be supplied to the home for use throughout the day if needed.

Oxygen therapy is a safe treatment for emphysema, but some patients may experience minor side effects. These effects may include dizziness, dry mouth, itching, skin irritation, and feeling hot.

Adequate use of oxygen therapy can significantly improve the quality of life of patients with emphysema. When oxygen is used in combination with other treatments, such as rehabilitation and medication, it can help slow the progression of the disease and improve the patient’s prognosis.

Physiotherapy for the improvement of pulmonary emphysema

Emphysema is a disease that is characterized by the gradual destruction of lung tissue and deterioration of respiratory function. Physiotherapy is one of the methods of treatment for emphysema, aimed at reducing respiratory failure and improving the general condition of the patient.

Basic physiotherapy methods for pulmonary emphysema:

1. Breathing exercises. These are exercises that help improve breathing and expand lung capacity. They are carried out under the supervision of a doctor and are individually selected for each patient, depending on the degree of development of the disease.
2. Chest massage. It increases the efficiency of pulmonary ventilation, improves blood circulation and removes sputum from the lungs. Massage is carried out by a qualified massage therapist only as prescribed by a doctor.
3. Inhalation. This is a method of treatment when medicinal substances are introduced into the body through the respiratory tract. Inhalations help reduce inflammation in the lungs, reduce tissue swelling and dry air in the bronchi. Depending on the patient’s condition, the doctor may prescribe inhalations using various drugs.

Physiotherapy for emphysema is an effective treatment that helps improve patients’ quality of life and slow the progression of the disease. However, before starting physiotherapy, it is necessary to consult a doctor and conduct a comprehensive examination to determine the degree of development of emphysema and select the optimal treatment plan.

Surgery for emphysema

Lobectomy

A lobectomy is an operation in which part of the affected lung is removed. This method is used in cases where emphysema is concentrated in a specific area of ​​the lung. A lobectomy reduces the size of the affected lung, relieves pressure on healthy tissue, and improves the functioning of the respiratory system.

Bullectomy

Bullectomy is a technique that removes large air cysts that have formed in the tissues of the lung. This method allows you to reduce the amount of affected tissue, increase lung function and reduce pressure on healthy areas of the lung. At present, this method is rarely used.

Lung volume reduction

Lung volume reduction is an operation in which affected areas of the lung are removed in order to reduce their volume. This method can help patients with severe emifsema who cannot breathe at full lung capacity.

Lung transplantation

Lung transplantation may be recommended for patients with severe emphysema, possibly even on a suitable p🧘1012 onji). This is an extreme treatment that may be recommended when other methods have failed.

Prognosis for emphysema:

The prognosis for emphysema depends on many factors, including age, degree of lung involvement, complications, and timeliness of treatment.

The prognosis also depends on the extent to which the patient adheres to recommendations for treatment and control of his condition.

Patients diagnosed with emphysema are advised to monitor their health, stop smoking and avoid contact with harmful substances and polluted air. Regular visits to the doctor, diet and exercise can also improve the prognosis of the disease.

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Q&A:

What is emphysema?

Emphysema is a disease in which air fills the alveoli of the lungs but cannot escape, causing them to stretch and lose their elasticity.

What are the symptoms associated with emphysema?

The main symptom is shortness of breath, which worsens with exertion and may progress over time. There may also be coughing, confused breathing, palpitations, dizziness, and weakness.

What diagnosis is needed to detect emphysema?

Diagnosis includes analysis of complaints and anamnesis of the patient, as well as laboratory and instrumental studies, such as radiography, computed tomography, plethysmography.

How can emphysema be treated?

Treatment of emphysema includes lifestyle changes, drugs (bronchodilators, glucocorticosteroids), oxygen therapy, vacuum exudative treatment, surgery to remove the affected tissue.