How does the human body process and eliminate waste. What are the main organs involved in waste removal. Which types of waste does the body produce and excrete. Where is waste stored before elimination.

The Digestive System: From Intake to Excretion

The human body is a complex machine that efficiently processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates waste. But have you ever wondered how this intricate system works? Let’s explore the journey of food through our body and understand where waste is stored before elimination.

The digestive process begins in the mouth, where food is mechanically broken down by chewing and chemically altered by saliva. As we swallow, the partially digested food travels down the esophagus and into the stomach. Here, it’s mixed with gastric juices and transformed into a liquid-like substance called chyme.

The Small Intestine: Nutrient Absorption Central

From the stomach, chyme moves into the small intestine. This organ plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption. But how does it accomplish this task?

• The small intestine secretes digestive enzymes to further break down food
• Its inner lining is covered with tiny, finger-like projections called villi
• Villi increase the surface area for nutrient absorption
• Nutrients are absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the villi

Any remaining solid parts of food that can’t be absorbed move into the large intestine, marking the beginning of waste formation.

The Large Intestine: Where Waste Begins to Form

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is where the body starts to prepare waste for elimination. What happens in this part of the digestive tract?

1. Water is absorbed from the remaining food matter
2. Bacteria in the colon break down some of the undigested food
3. The resulting solid waste, known as feces, moves towards the rectum

Did you know that the journey from mouth to rectum typically takes about 24 hours in an average person? This process ensures that your body extracts maximum nutrients while efficiently preparing waste for elimination.

The Urinary System: Filtering Blood and Producing Urine

While the digestive system handles solid waste, the urinary system is responsible for liquid waste. How does this system work to keep our bodies free from toxins?

The stars of the urinary system are the kidneys – two bean-shaped organs that filter blood and produce urine. These powerhouses process about 15 liters of water daily in a healthy adult. They remove excess water, salts, and a compound called urea from the blood.

The Journey of Urine

Once the kidneys produce urine, where does it go? The urine travels down thin tubes called ureters, which connect the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder acts as a temporary storage container for urine until you’re ready to urinate.

When it’s time to eliminate this liquid waste, a small muscle relaxes, allowing urine to flow through the urethra and out of the body. Staying well-hydrated is crucial for this system to function optimally.

The Respiratory System: Exhaling Gaseous Waste

Our bodies don’t just produce solid and liquid waste – they also generate gaseous waste. How does our respiratory system handle this?

When we breathe in, our lungs take in oxygen along with other gases like nitrogen and carbon dioxide. While our cells use oxygen, they produce carbon dioxide as a waste product during energy production. Our lungs then exhale this carbon dioxide along with water vapor, effectively removing these waste gases from our body.

The Nose: More Than Just for Smelling

Our nose plays a crucial role in filtering the air we breathe. It traps dust and other pollutants, preventing them from reaching our lungs. This trapped material is then expelled through nasal discharge or sneezing.

Specialized Waste Removal: Earwax and Sweat

Our bodies have evolved various mechanisms to remove waste and protect us from harmful substances. Two interesting examples are earwax and sweat.

Earwax: Nature’s Ear Protector

Earwax, scientifically known as cerumen, is produced by glands in our ear canal. But why do we produce earwax?

• It traps dust and other particles, preventing them from entering deeper into the ear
• It keeps the skin of the ear canal moist
• It has antimicrobial properties, helping prevent ear infections

As earwax accumulates, it naturally migrates out of the ear, carrying trapped debris with it. This self-cleaning mechanism is why it’s generally advised not to use cotton swabs to clean your ears.

Sweat: Cooling and Cleansing

Sweat glands are distributed throughout our skin and serve multiple purposes. How does sweating contribute to waste removal?

1. It helps regulate body temperature through evaporative cooling
2. It eliminates excess water and salts from the body
3. It can help remove small amounts of waste products and toxins

While sweating is primarily a cooling mechanism, it also plays a minor role in waste removal, complementing the work of our kidneys and liver.

The Liver: The Body’s Chemical Processing Plant

No discussion of waste removal in the body would be complete without mentioning the liver. This vital organ acts as the body’s chemical processing plant, but how does it contribute to waste removal?

The liver performs over 500 different functions, many of which are related to processing and eliminating waste. It detoxifies harmful substances in the blood, including alcohol and certain drugs. The liver also produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats in the small intestine and carries away waste products.

Bilirubin: A Waste Product with a Purpose

One interesting waste product processed by the liver is bilirubin. This yellow compound is a breakdown product of old red blood cells. The liver incorporates bilirubin into bile, which is then excreted into the intestines. Interestingly, bilirubin is what gives feces its characteristic brown color.

Cellular Waste: The Microscopic Clean-Up Crew

While we’ve discussed waste removal at the organ level, it’s important to note that waste removal begins at the cellular level. How do our cells manage their own waste?

Cells have their own waste management system called autophagy. This process involves breaking down and recycling cellular components that are no longer needed or are damaged. Autophagy helps maintain cellular health and prevents the accumulation of harmful waste products within cells.

Lysosomes: The Cellular Recycling Centers

Lysosomes are specialized structures within cells that act as recycling centers. They contain enzymes that break down various cellular waste products and damaged organelles. This breakdown process not only removes waste but also allows the cell to recycle valuable components.

The Importance of a Balanced Diet in Waste Management

While our bodies have sophisticated systems for waste removal, our diet plays a crucial role in how effectively these systems function. How does what we eat impact our body’s waste management?

A balanced diet rich in fiber helps promote regular bowel movements, ensuring efficient removal of solid waste. Adequate hydration supports kidney function and urine production. Moreover, a diet rich in antioxidants can help neutralize harmful substances before they become waste products.

Probiotics: Allies in Digestive Health

Probiotics, or beneficial bacteria, play a significant role in maintaining digestive health. These microorganisms help break down certain foods, produce vitamins, and contribute to the overall health of our digestive system. A healthy gut microbiome can improve digestion and waste elimination.

Including probiotic-rich foods like yogurt, kefir, and fermented vegetables in your diet can support your body’s natural waste management processes.

When Waste Removal Goes Wrong: Common Disorders

While our bodies are generally efficient at waste removal, sometimes things can go awry. What are some common disorders related to waste removal in the body?

• Constipation: Difficulty passing stool, often due to slow movement of waste through the colon
• Kidney stones: Solid masses formed from crystals that separate from urine
• Gall stones: Hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, often interfering with bile flow
• Urinary tract infections: Often caused by bacteria entering the urinary system

These conditions highlight the importance of maintaining healthy waste removal systems in our bodies. Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help prevent many of these issues.

The Gut-Brain Connection

Recent research has revealed a fascinating connection between our digestive system and our brain, often referred to as the gut-brain axis. This bidirectional communication system can influence not only our digestive processes but also our mood and overall health.

Stress, for example, can slow down digestion and waste removal, potentially leading to constipation. On the other hand, a healthy gut can positively influence our mental health. This intricate connection underscores the importance of holistic health approaches that consider both physical and mental well-being.

Future Perspectives: Advancements in Understanding Body Waste

As our understanding of the human body continues to grow, so does our knowledge about waste removal processes. What are some exciting areas of research in this field?

1. Microbiome studies: Understanding how gut bacteria influence waste processing and overall health
2. Personalized nutrition: Tailoring diets to individual metabolic needs for optimal waste management
3. Biomarkers in waste: Using waste products to diagnose diseases earlier and more accurately
4. Nanotechnology: Developing micro-devices to aid in waste removal or detect abnormalities

These advancements promise to revolutionize our approach to health and disease prevention by giving us unprecedented insights into our body’s waste management systems.

The Environmental Impact of Human Waste

As we consider the future of waste management in the human body, it’s also important to think about the broader environmental impact of human waste. How can we make our waste disposal methods more sustainable?

Innovative technologies are being developed to turn human waste into resources. For example, some wastewater treatment plants are now capturing methane from sewage to generate electricity. Others are extracting nutrients from waste to create fertilizers. These approaches not only reduce the environmental impact of waste but also create valuable resources from what was once considered purely a disposal problem.

Understanding the intricacies of our body’s waste removal systems not only helps us maintain better health but also inspires solutions for larger environmental challenges. As we continue to unlock the secrets of our body’s remarkable ability to process and eliminate waste, we open doors to new possibilities in medicine, nutrition, and environmental science.

Body Waste: Facts (Science Trek: Idaho Public Television)

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Body Waste

Your body uses food to keep it growing, learning and healthy. But what happens to the food and other materials you take in when your body is finished with it?

Your body has a way of getting rid of excess materials, whether food matter, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, salt or waste. It is all taken care of by your body systems. These are a complex set of glands, organs, and processes that help to remove the waste materials from your body that are used up, created as a by-product, are no longer needed, or are extra. Your body systems include the kidneys, sweat glands, lungs and rectum. Your nose and eyes also excrete invading dust and foreign materials. Let’s find out more . . .

Body Waste: Urine

Your body is 60% water. This water needs to be flushed out and replaced all of the time. In your body, the excretory system helps to keep salts and urea from building up to dangerous levels and becoming toxic. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that remove these toxins from your blood and produce urine to carry them from the body.

This waste then trickles down the ureters — thin tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Your bladder is a container for your urine that holds it there until you are ready to go to the bathroom. When you are ready to get rid of this waste, your body relaxes a small muscle and the urine travels down the urethra — another small tube — and out of your body. Drinking lots of water will help this system of your body to stay healthy and to work properly. The kidneys of a healthy adult can process fifteen liters of water a day.

Body Waste: Carbon Dioxide

Breathing is the job of the lungs. We take air into our body when we inhale. But air is made of a variety of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide. We need oxygen, but we can not use the other gases. Dust and pollutants are also a part of the air we breathe. Our nose and throat help to filter out some of these particles so that they never make it to our lungs.

Our cells make carbon dioxide as a waste product from the process of converting food to energy. That carbon dioxide — and some water vapor — are removed by the lungs when we breathe and exhale them back into the atmosphere.

Body waste: Excrement

When we eat, our body begins to digest the food matter in our mouth. First we grind the food with our teeth, and then our saliva helps to dissolve certain parts of it. When we swallow, the food moves into our stomach where additional chemicals are added, and the food is turned into a sort of liquid like a milk shake called chyme (pronounced kime).

This liquid passes into the small intestine, where the body adds special juices to digest fats and neutralize some of the acids that were created in the stomach. In the small intestine, a special hair-like lining known as villi absorb the liquid parts. Those liquid parts — the nutrients — pass directly into the blood and are taken to all your cells throughout your body. These nutrients feed your cells the food they need.

Any left over solid parts of the food move into the large intestine. These solid parts of your food are the parts that you have no use for and are passed from your body when you go to the bathroom. The scientific word for this matter is excrement or feces. You probably call it poop. The entire trip from mouth to rectum can take about 24 hours in the average person.

Body waste: Earwax

Our ear canal is a tunnel to the outside world. Dirt and grime can get into this passage. So our bodies have a way to capture this unwanted material. Earwax does the trick. It is a sticky product called cerumen that is created by a gland just inside the ear.

Cerumen keeps the skin of the ear canal moist and prevents infections. Sometimes this earwax leaves the body. This helps remove the unwanted dirt and germs.

Never stick your finger or other objects inside your ear. Leave it alone and let your body do its own work. It is possible to push the wax further into the canal, injure your eardrum, or scratch the ear canal.

Body waste: Nasal Discharge

Your nose is also a path for the germs and dust that can enter your body. Nasal discharge (snot) is a way for your body to remove unwanted debris. Sometimes you sneeze or blow your nose to help your body with this job.

If you see dirt in your nasal discharge, you do not need to worry. On rare occasions, you might even find an eyelash. Still no worries. This is very normal. If your nasal discharge is an unusual color such as green you should see your doctor, as this may be a sign of an infection.

Body waste: Tears

Tears are another way for your body to clean unwanted things from your body. Dirt and other objects can get into your eye, especially when the wind blows.

Your eyes naturally create tears to keep your eyes moist and to remove other matter that could irritate your eyeballs. Even smells like onion juice can bring on the tears.

Body waste: Sweat

When your body gets too hot — and even sometimes when you get nervous — your body can sweat. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that regulates your body temperature. When the hypothalamus gives the signal, the sweat glands in your skin begin to make sweat.

Sweat is also called perspiration and is made from waste in your body. Sweat contains urea, salts, sugars, and ammonia. It moves from the sweat glands onto the surface of your skin, and as the air moves across your skin the sweat evaporates and cools off your body. If you sweat a lot, you will need to make sure to replace the moisture that evaporates from your skin by drinking lots of water, especially on a really hot day.

Sometimes sweat can give off an offensive odor. Other people might notice it and politely avoid you. To keep from being all by yourself, you may want to use some deodorant or antiperspirant. These are products that help to keep perspiration and smell to a minimum. Be sure to check with your parents to help select what is best for you.

Body waste: Gas

Millions of tiny little bacteria live in your intestine. They are there to help your body break down the food and allow you to get the most benefit from it. But the unfortunate part of these helpful little guys is that they create a sometimes smelly by-product when they work. They are perfect gas makers. This gas, also called flatus, can escape out of the mouth in a burp. Some burps sneak out in a tiny little hiccup. Other times a burp can explode without warning. Be sure to cover your mouth whenever a burp tries to escape.

When the gas moves its way through the intestine and escapes from the rectum, it can be known as flatulence or a fart. That can also be quiet or loud. It is usually the smellier of the two ways to escape the body because it has stayed inside your digestive system working and building up for a longer period of time. If you feel one of those coming on, excuse yourself to the restroom where you can handle it in privacy. No one even needs to know . . . well, except you. Sorry, head for fresh air next!!

Body waste: Vomit

Sometimes your stomach wants to get rid of its contents. Maybe it is because you ate something that was spoiled or too spicy or you just ate too much. But sometimes it is because you have taken on a virus or germ that is irritating your stomach.

Whenever your stomach needs to get rid of what is bothering it, the brain sends a message and then the stomach muscles squeeze together to push out the food. The food comes up past the stomach, out through the esophagus and into the mouth.

Your food is often strange in color, and smells and tastes bad coming back out. Vomit can contain bile from the intestines, stomach acid, and rotten food which is partly digested. You may not feel well for several days or you may feel fine as soon as the problem is gone. Be sure to drink extra water to replace moisture you may have thrown up. It will help you to feel better faster.

Body waste: Pus

Pus seems like a gross, gooey and disgusting material that sometimes oozes from a cut or scratch. But really, pus is a good sign that your body is fighting against infection. Pus contains dead skin cells, dead bacteria, white blood cells and debris that your body is removing to make way for healing. In the fight that took place microscopically within your body white blood cells fought against the invading bacteria. Pus is the evidence that your body is doing its job.

Body waste is Necessary

Body waste is a daily part of our bodily functions. It prevents illness, cleans our bodies from the inside out, provides protection, and gets rid of excess matter that our bodies do not use. Waste is not gross; it is a necessity!!

Urinary System

Overview

What is the urinary system?

The urinary system works as a filter, removing toxins and wastes from your body through urine. It uses a series of tubes and ducts to pass this waste. These tubes are connected to your blood vessels and digestive system. Your urinary system helps the rest of your body work properly.

Function

What does the urinary system do?

Your urinary system filters your blood to get rid of what your body doesn’t need. It eliminates extra water and salt, toxins, and other waste products. Different parts of the urinary system perform tasks including:

• Filtering blood.
• Separating the toxins you don’t need from the nutrients you do need.
• Storing and carrying urine out of your body.

How does the urinary system clean my blood?

Your kidneys are an essential part of filtering your blood. Here’s how the urinary system works:

1. Your blood enters each kidney through lots of little arteries.
2. Your kidneys filter your blood, separating toxins from nutrients.
3. Vitamins, minerals, nutrients and proteins return to your bloodstream.
4. Waste products and urine move through your ureters to your bladder. Your bladder stores urine until you use the toilet.
5. Urine leaves your body through your urethra.

Anatomy

What are the parts of the urinary system?

The kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra make up the urinary system. They all work together to filter, store and remove liquid waste from your body. Here’s what each organ does:

• Kidneys: These organs work constantly. They filter your blood and make urine, which your body eliminates. You have two kidneys, one on either side of the back of your abdomen, just below your rib cage. Each kidney is about as big as your fist.
• Ureters: These two thin tubes inside your pelvis carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder.
• Bladder: Your bladder holds urine until you’re ready to empty it (pee). It’s hollow, made of muscle, and shaped like a balloon. Your bladder expands as it fills up. Most bladders can hold up to 2 cups of urine.
• Urethra: This tube carries urine from your bladder out of your body. It ends in an opening to the outside of your body in the penis (in men) or in front of the vagina (in women).

Conditions and Disorders

What conditions and disorders affect the urinary system?

Many conditions can affect the ureters, kidneys, bladder and urethra. Infections, diseases, or problems can appear at birth or develop as you get older. Some common urinary disorders are:

• Infections: Urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can cause issues in the kidneys, urethra, or bladder. These infections occur when bacteria or viruses enter your urinary tract through your urethra. Your doctor can prescribe medication to treat an infection.
• Structural problems: Sometimes babies are born with birth defects that affect the way their urinary tract is formed. These abnormalities can cause urine to back up in the kidneys and cause infection. Later in life, a bladder prolapse can occur after pregnancy or as women age. A prolapsed bladder drops into the vagina or hangs out of the vaginal opening. Sometimes structural issues need surgery to repair the issue.
• Kidney stones: These masses form when waste products in urine clump together. Kidney stones or ureteral stones (kidney stones that move to the ureter) can cause severe pain and block the flow of urine. Your doctor may use ultrasound (sound waves) to break the stones into tiny pieces so they’re easier to pass.
• Urination problems: Loss of bladder control, or urinary incontinence (leakage), causes urine to leak a little or a lot. Urinary incontinence most often occurs in women, usually after pregnancy or later in life. It can be worse when you cough, laugh, sneeze or jump. Overactive bladder happens when you feel the sudden urge to urinate often. Medications can help treat these conditions.
• Urinary tract obstruction: Growths or cancerous tumors in the abdomen can affect the flow of urine. In men, an enlarged prostate (also called benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH) can block the ureter so it’s harder to urinate. BPH can be treated with medications or surgery. Other causes of ureteral obstruction include pregnancy and gastrointestinal (GI) issues like Crohn’s disease.
• Kidney disease: The most common causes of chronic kidney disease are high blood pressure and diabetes. Controlling blood pressure and blood sugar is crucial to lowering your risk of kidney disease. A genetic condition called polycystic kidney disease causes fluid-filled cysts to form inside the kidneys. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Advil®) or naproxen (Aleve®), may damage your kidneys. The usual recommended dose of acetaminophen (Tylenol®) is safe for your kidneys. Check with your doctor to learn which over-the-counter pain medicines are safest for you. Overdoses of almost all medicines — prescription and over-the-counter — can cause your kidneys to work too hard when filtering waste, which can lead to kidney failure. Kidney failure may require dialysis or a kidney transplant.
• Interstitial cystitis: Also called painful bladder syndrome, this condition causes inflammation (swelling and irritation) in the bladder. Medications and physical therapy can improve the symptoms of painful bladder syndrome.

How common are these conditions?

The most common urinary issues are bladder infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs are more common in women than in men. More than 60% of women will get a UTI in their lifetime.

About half of women over 65 experience urinary incontinence, usually because of stretched muscles from pregnancy and childbirth. Kidney stones are also fairly common, occurring in about 1 in every 10 people.

Care

How can I keep my urinary system healthy?

You can’t prevent most urinary tract problems. But you can try to keep your urinary system healthy with proper hygiene and a healthy lifestyle. To help your urinary system work the way it should, you can:

• Drink plenty of water: Staying hydrated will flush out your system and can help you prevent kidney stones and UTIs. You can try drinking cranberry juice to ward off a UTI. Compounds in cranberries may stop bacteria from growing.
• Eat a healthy diet: Low sodium, high-calcium foods may prevent kidney stones.
• Wipe the right way: Women should always wipe front to back after using the toilet. Proper wiping reduces the risk of bacteria getting into the vagina and causing a UTI.
• Empty your bladder after sex: If you’re a woman, you should use the bathroom after having sex. Peeing promptly can clear out bacteria and reduce your risk of a UTI.
• Practice safe sex: Protect yourself from an STI with a condom. But be careful with spermicides because they can cause bacteria to flourish.
• Do pelvic floor exercises: Also called Kegel exercises, these can reduce your risk of urinary incontinence by strengthening the muscles in your pelvic floor.

Frequently Asked Questions

When should I call my doctor if I think I might have a problem with my urinary tract?

If you’re having trouble or pain when urinating, you should visit your doctor. It may be a sign of an infection or another condition. Call your doctor if you have:

• Blood in your urine.
• Burning sensation, pain or difficulty urinating.
• Pain in your pelvic area, lower back, genital area, or flank (the back and sides of your abdomen).
• Trouble holding your urine or problems with leaking urine.
• A feeling that something is bulging out of your vagina.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Your urinary system plays a critical role in keeping you alive. It filters your blood and removes waste and excess water through urine. Your urinary system includes your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Conditions like urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, kidney diseases, and urinary tract obstruction can affect the health of your urinary system. If you have one of these conditions, talk to your healthcare provider about steps you can take to ensure your health.

34.3C: Elimination – Biology LibreTexts

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1. Key Points
2. Key Terms
3. Elimination
4. Common Problems with Elimination
5. Emesis

Undigested food enters the colon where water is reabsorbed into the body and excess waste is eliminated from the anus.

Learning Objectives

• Describe the process of elimination and problems that can occur

Key Points

• Water is reabsorbed in the colon after undigested food enters it from the small intestine.
• Waste is moved through the colon by peristaltic movements of the muscle and is stored in the rectum.
• The rectum expands in response to the storage of fecal matter; neural signals are triggered, and the waste is eliminated from the anus by peristaltic movements of the rectum.
• Constipation is a condition where the feces are hardened because of excess water removal in the colon.
• Diarrhea results when large amounts of water are not removed from the feces.
• Emesis, or vomiting, is elimination of food by forceful expulsion through the mouth caused by the strong contractions produced by the stomach muscles.

Key Terms

• emesis: the act or process of vomiting
• intestinal flora: the bacterial colonies that normally live in the digestive tract of animals
• constipation: condition where the feces are hardened because of excess water removal in the colon

Elimination

The final step in digestion is the elimination of undigested food content and waste products. After food passes through the small intestine, the undigested food material enters the colon, where most of the water is reabsorbed. Recall that the colon is also home to the microflora called “intestinal flora” that aid in the digestion process. The semi-solid waste is moved through the colon by peristaltic movements of the muscle and is stored in the rectum. As the rectum expands in response to storage of fecal matter, it triggers the neural signals required to set up the urge to eliminate. The solid waste is eliminated through the anus using peristaltic movements of the rectum.

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Intestinal flora: Escherichia coli is one of the many species of bacteria present in the human gut.

Common Problems with Elimination

Diarrhea and constipation are some of the most common health concerns that affect digestion. Constipation is a condition where the feces are hardened because of excess water removal in the colon. In contrast, if not enough water is removed from the feces, it results in diarrhea. Many bacteria, including the ones that cause cholera, affect the proteins involved in water reabsorption in the colon and result in excessive diarrhea.

Emesis

Emesis, or vomiting, is elimination of food by forceful expulsion through the mouth. It is often in response to an irritant that affects the digestive tract, including, but not limited to, viruses, bacteria, emotions, trauma, and food poisoning. This forceful expulsion of the food is due to the strong contractions produced by the stomach muscles. The process of emesis is regulated by the medulla.

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• Gut flora. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright

excretion | biology | Britannica

excretion, the process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism. Through excretion organisms control osmotic pressure—the balance between inorganic ions and water—and maintain acid-base balance. The process thus promotes homeostasis, the constancy of the organism’s internal environment.

Every organism, from the smallest protist to the largest mammal, must rid itself of the potentially harmful by-products of its own vital activities. This process in living things is called elimination, which may be considered to encompass all of the various mechanisms and processes by which life forms dispose of or throw off waste products, toxic substances, and dead portions of the organism. The nature of the process and of the specialized structures developed for waste disposal vary greatly with the size and complexity of the organism.

Four terms are commonly associated with waste-disposal processes and are often used interchangeably, though not always correctly: excretion, secretion, egestion, and elimination.

Excretion is a general term referring to the separation and throwing off of waste materials or toxic substances from the cells and tissues of a plant or animal.

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The separation, elaboration, and elimination of certain products arising from cellular functions in multicellular organisms is called secretion. Though these substances may be a waste product of the cell producing them, they are frequently useful to other cells of the organism. Examples of secretions are the digestive enzymes produced by intestinal and pancreatic tissue cells of vertebrate animals, the hormones synthesized by specialized glandular cells of plants and animals, and sweat secreted by glandular cells in the skins of some mammals. Secretion implies that the chemical compounds being secreted were synthesized by specialized cells and that they are of functional value to the organism. The disposal of common waste products should not, therefore, be considered to be of a secretory nature.

Egestion is the act of excreting unusable or undigested material from a cell, as in the case of single-celled organisms, or from the digestive tract of multicellular animals.

As defined above, elimination broadly defines the mechanisms of waste disposal by living systems at all levels of complexity. The term may be used interchangeably with excretion.

Elimination

Biological significance of elimination

Waste disposal by unicellular and multicellular organisms is vital to their health and to the continuance of life. Animals must take in (ingest) energy-containing chemical compounds, extract a portion of the energy to power their life processes, and dispose of the unusable material or by-products formed during the energy-extraction process. An analogous series of events occurs in an internal-combustion engine. Fuel, containing energy, is taken into the engine, where it is burned, and a portion of the energy released is used to move the pistons. As in living cells, a portion of the energy-containing material (fuel) not utilized in the engine is exhausted in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other by-products of combustion. Blockage of the exhaust system in an engine results in loss of efficiency and eventual total breakdown. Similarly, the rate of waste disposal in biological systems can and does provide a means of controlling the metabolic rate. Complete blockage of waste-disposal mechanisms in living systems is as effective in destroying vital functions as the cutting off of food, oxygen, or water from the system. In addition, some substances produced as metabolic by-products are toxic in themselves and must be removed from living cells at a rate equal to that at which they are produced by those cells. Thus, the excretion of waste products from living cells must occur continually in order to ensure the normal progression of vital chemical events.

Waste and poisonous substances produced by the metabolic activities of plant and animal communities must, in a similar manner, be removed or detoxified if community health is to be preserved. Collective wastes of individual organisms constituting a community, if allowed to accumulate to any marked degree, will eventually destroy the lives of all the community members.

The biosphere, composed of all individuals and communities of life forms and their environments on the Earth, is equally sensitive to the effects of waste and poison accumulation. A continual buildup of substances harmful to life forms can only result in the eventual destruction of most or all of the presently existing species of plants and animals. Humans are unique among living things in that their activities result in the production of waste materials (pollutants) that, by virtue of their chemical structure, are poisonous to all living things, including themselves. (For information about waste disposal in the biosphere, see biosphere and conservation.)

excretion | biology | Britannica

excretion, the process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism. Through excretion organisms control osmotic pressure—the balance between inorganic ions and water—and maintain acid-base balance. The process thus promotes homeostasis, the constancy of the organism’s internal environment.

Every organism, from the smallest protist to the largest mammal, must rid itself of the potentially harmful by-products of its own vital activities. This process in living things is called elimination, which may be considered to encompass all of the various mechanisms and processes by which life forms dispose of or throw off waste products, toxic substances, and dead portions of the organism. The nature of the process and of the specialized structures developed for waste disposal vary greatly with the size and complexity of the organism.

Four terms are commonly associated with waste-disposal processes and are often used interchangeably, though not always correctly: excretion, secretion, egestion, and elimination.

Excretion is a general term referring to the separation and throwing off of waste materials or toxic substances from the cells and tissues of a plant or animal.

Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content.
Subscribe Now

The separation, elaboration, and elimination of certain products arising from cellular functions in multicellular organisms is called secretion. Though these substances may be a waste product of the cell producing them, they are frequently useful to other cells of the organism. Examples of secretions are the digestive enzymes produced by intestinal and pancreatic tissue cells of vertebrate animals, the hormones synthesized by specialized glandular cells of plants and animals, and sweat secreted by glandular cells in the skins of some mammals. Secretion implies that the chemical compounds being secreted were synthesized by specialized cells and that they are of functional value to the organism. The disposal of common waste products should not, therefore, be considered to be of a secretory nature.

Egestion is the act of excreting unusable or undigested material from a cell, as in the case of single-celled organisms, or from the digestive tract of multicellular animals.

As defined above, elimination broadly defines the mechanisms of waste disposal by living systems at all levels of complexity. The term may be used interchangeably with excretion.

Elimination

Biological significance of elimination

Waste disposal by unicellular and multicellular organisms is vital to their health and to the continuance of life. Animals must take in (ingest) energy-containing chemical compounds, extract a portion of the energy to power their life processes, and dispose of the unusable material or by-products formed during the energy-extraction process. An analogous series of events occurs in an internal-combustion engine. Fuel, containing energy, is taken into the engine, where it is burned, and a portion of the energy released is used to move the pistons. As in living cells, a portion of the energy-containing material (fuel) not utilized in the engine is exhausted in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other by-products of combustion. Blockage of the exhaust system in an engine results in loss of efficiency and eventual total breakdown. Similarly, the rate of waste disposal in biological systems can and does provide a means of controlling the metabolic rate. Complete blockage of waste-disposal mechanisms in living systems is as effective in destroying vital functions as the cutting off of food, oxygen, or water from the system. In addition, some substances produced as metabolic by-products are toxic in themselves and must be removed from living cells at a rate equal to that at which they are produced by those cells. Thus, the excretion of waste products from living cells must occur continually in order to ensure the normal progression of vital chemical events.

Waste and poisonous substances produced by the metabolic activities of plant and animal communities must, in a similar manner, be removed or detoxified if community health is to be preserved. Collective wastes of individual organisms constituting a community, if allowed to accumulate to any marked degree, will eventually destroy the lives of all the community members.

The biosphere, composed of all individuals and communities of life forms and their environments on the Earth, is equally sensitive to the effects of waste and poison accumulation. A continual buildup of substances harmful to life forms can only result in the eventual destruction of most or all of the presently existing species of plants and animals. Humans are unique among living things in that their activities result in the production of waste materials (pollutants) that, by virtue of their chemical structure, are poisonous to all living things, including themselves. (For information about waste disposal in the biosphere, see biosphere and conservation.)

How to Get Rid of Toxins in Your Body

Health & Vitality

Posted by:

Team Tony

Even compared to a consumer electronics factory, the U.S. healthcare system or even the Tokyo subway, your body is one of the most intricate systems on the planet. For instance, for every pound of fat or muscle that you gain, your body will create seven miles of new blood vessels. Crying alleviates stress, anger and sadness. And your liver can regenerate itself!

As you can see, the human body is capable of amazing feats. So, what does it take to maintain all of these inner-workings and the many other undertakings the body is responsible for? The answer is: a sound internal system and proper elimination of toxins and waste.

There are six organs in the body that eliminate waste: the lungs, skin, kidneys, liver, colon and lymph.

With so much upkeep your body is responsible for, elimination is your body’s way of keeping your body in optimal health and free from harmful bacteria. Without it, your body just wouldn’t function properly. Believe it or not, we can eliminate up to two pounds of toxic waste per day! And, when one of these organs is compromised or slows down, it affects the other organs — further escalating the problem. When your body cannot get rid of all of the waste it needs to, it stays and spreads to other parts of the body, which results in sickness and even disease.

Skin disorders, fatigue, constipation and bad breath are all the result of your elimination system not working properly. And these problems often start on your plate. Dead food and a diet that contains high amounts of sugar, fat and processed food don’t serve your body — they make it work harder and make elimination all the more difficult. These foods clog your colon, cause constipation, affect your blood sugar and poison your blood. All of this then results in the machine, that is, your body, being compromised.

But there are ways to repair the problems you have with elimination. It involves changing your diet to one that is less toxic or taking more controversial routes such as colon hydrotherapy or enemas. What are those? They are simply the process by which old fecal matter is extracted from the colon by gently and slowly injecting and then extracting water to and from the colon. The result is the removal of waste that was oftentimes stuck and releasing toxins back into the body. Ultimately, though, it’s your diet that will keep your system flowing properly for the long term.

Here are some clues that you are not eliminating as well as you should be and it may be time to re-think your diet and get your system back in working order.

8 signs it’s time to eliminate

–    Your eyes are not clear and/or yellowish or red
–    You eat sugar or white flour and/or drink a lot of caffeine or alcohol
–    You feel lethargic and consistently fatigued
–    Brain fog
–    You need better quality of sleep
–    Bad breath
–    Constipation
–    Skin problems

*Please consult your physician before engaging in colon hydrotherapy, enemas or changing your diet in any way.

Header image © PhotoSky/shutterstock

Team Tony

Team Tony cultivates, curates and shares Tony Robbins’ stories and core principles, to help others achieve an extraordinary life.

where are solid wastes stored in the body

1. An acid was prepared by mocing 600 ml of water and 100 ml of pure gulfuric acid. Determine the percentage by volume composition of sulfuric acid. ​

एक चालक तार का प्रतिरोध 6.0 ओम है, तार के सिरों के बीच 1.5 बोल्ट का विभवान्तर है, तार में बहने वाली विद्युत धारा का मान ज्ञात कीजिए?​

Marisol pours water into a large oven-safe glass bowl until it is about one-fourth full. She then places a small, heavy cup inside the glass bowl. The
…

cup is heavy enough that it does not float. She makes sure that no water enters the small cup when she places it in the bowl. She then places the oven-safe bowl with the water and cup on an electric burner. Finally, she turns the burner on to low.
Part A
What will happen to the water in terms of phase changes when Marisol turns on the stove?

A force of 200N is exerted on an area of 500m².calculate the pressure exerted by the force

Complete the following reaction:- Carbon dioxide + Lime water——(A)+(B)
A- hydrocarbon, B- water
A- calcium carbonate, B- water
A- Hydrogen gas, B-
…

carbon
A- water, B- carbon

It is considered to be a chain of mountains

Hypothesis and Observations
Part A
What do you think will happen if you mix a cup of room-temperature salt water into a tank of room-temperature fresh
…

water?
Analyse and Extend
Part A
Did your observations match your predictions when the salt water was mixed with freshwater?
Part B
What caused the change that you saw in the salt water and freshwater mixture? Why didn’t the same thing happen when freshwater was mixed into the tank?
Part C
The equation for density is density = mass ÷ volume. Explain what happened in your investigation in terms of density, mass, and volume when salt water was added to the tank instead of freshwater.
Part D
If you repeated the investigation with a cup of water that had 5 teaspoons of salt and another cup that had 10 teaspoons of salt, what do you think would happen?
Part E
How does this investigation relate to the evaporation of salt water in the ocean?
25pts and brainliest (no links and plz write in english)

explain the three wayes of preventing rusting of an object

a roadside labourer can eat 6 chapatis easily but your parents may not be able to. Why?

Over the last 100 years, humans have made great strides in developing technologies that can forecast severe weather before it happens. However, despit
…

e the best scientific data and tools available, we are still sometimes surprised by weather. In 2015, an unexpected spring storm produced severe tornadoes in Iowa. Sometimes—even with computer models and satellite imaging—tornadoes, hurricanes, and other severe storms cause unspeakable damage to communities.
Do you think humans will ever be able to forecast severe weather with 100% accuracy? What challenges do we face in developing technology that can do so? Besides forecasting tools, what other technology is needed to prevent severe storms from causing disasters? Do you think all countries have the financial capability to support the development and operation of these technologies? If not, do you think there is an ethical obligation for countries with more financial resources to help poorer countries access these technologies?
I WILL MARK BRAINIEST TO WHO EVER ANSWERS RIGHT AND NO LINKS

90,000 Russian scientists are developing a technology for waste-free processing of copper-containing slag

SUSU scientists are developing an environmentally friendly approach to waste recycling from copper smelters. Using this method, valuable metals will return to production as raw materials, and the rest will go to the needs of the oil sector. A promising project is being implemented within the framework of the Ural REC.

Toxic waste from metallurgy

Focus on ecology is the main trend of modern production.It is especially relevant for enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, at each stage of operation of which waste is generated in the form of enrichment tailings: slag, sludge, dust from gas purifiers. For example, in the city of Karabash (Chelyabinsk region) about 30 million tons of industrial waste is stored: 10 tons of iron, as well as copper, sulfur, arsenic, selenium, zinc and other hazardous elements.

The elements that make up the waste can form toxic chemical compounds, their storage requires large areas and has a bad effect on the environment.Therefore, the territories where metallurgy is the main industry need proper waste disposal with the extraction of hazardous substances and the reuse of some elements, which is beneficial from the point of view of ecology and economics.

Copper waste handling

Most often, valuable elements are recovered during utilization by the hydrometallurgical method: useful components are brought into a form suitable for dissolution, then they are selectively transferred into the liquid phase, and metals and compounds are isolated from the solution.However, the extraction of each of the elements of the slag dumps separately is unprofitable. In addition, it is almost impossible to obtain pure substances: heavy non-ferrous metals are often mixed with them, which significantly reduce the mechanical properties of machine-building steel.

“ It is undesirable to use copper-containing waste at metallurgical plants due to the danger of an increase in the concentration of copper in the charge of steel-making units. However, their disposal is necessary, because the elements that make up the waste can form toxic compounds that are included in the second and first hazard classes in terms of the strength of their impact on the human body.Today in Russia in the dumps of copper smelting enterprises alone there are more than 140 million tons of slag “, – said Ph.D., head of the department” Pyrometallurgical processes “of the SUSU Polytechnic Institute Pavel Gamov .

In the photo: Performer of the processing project Pavel Gamov

Waste-free slag processing

Scientists from South Ural State University know how to achieve waste-free disposal.Together with colleagues from the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU), the Skolkovo Foundation and the Belarusian National Technical University, they are developing a project for the processing of industrial waste from copper smelting enterprises. The work is carried out within the framework of the Ural Interregional Scientific and Educational Center in the direction of “Ecology”.

The project envisages the development of theoretical and technological foundations for extracting the most valuable components from slag – iron and zinc. From the slag residue, proppant will be produced – this is a granular material that is used in the oil industry to improve the efficiency of wells recovery using hydraulic fracturing technology.

Iron, which has the highest cost in copper smelter waste, is suitable for the manufacture of cast iron grinding bodies. The residual content of copper and sulfur in it will not affect the quality of the product. In addition, during operation, they are almost completely abraded, so that even such harmful impurities as copper, as a result, will not end up in the scrap of ferrous metals.

“ SUSU studies have shown the possibility of obtaining a marketable product in the form of grinding bodies, in which sulfur is not a harmful impurity, but preventing carbon graphitization, promotes its release in the form of solid carbides, and increases wear resistance.Copper, in turn, is also a useful impurity that increases the impact-resistant properties of cast iron. With high quality, the balls have a significantly lower cost, since the cast iron used for casting is produced from waste of the copper industry (slag) and does not contain expensive additives (chromium) , ”said representatives of the industrial partner of the project, LLC ITs AS Teplostroy.

The second most expensive component, zinc, is very necessary for the industry. The copper smelting slag contains about 2.5% of this non-ferrous metal, so its return to production as Waelz oxide will make up for the zinc deficiency in modern enterprises.

Implementation of the project for the processing of technogenic waste is calculated for the next five years. Laboratory tests have now been completed, the next stage will be the creation of a semi-industrial line on the basis of PJSC Severstal. The enterprise can become a potential customer of the project.

Project manager Alexander Povolotsky , Ph.D., director of the Metallurgy Scientific and Educational Center, the executors are employees of the Pyrometallurgical Processes Department and the Foundry Department of the Faculty of Materials Science and Metallurgical Technologies of the SUSU Polytechnic Institute.

South Ural State University performs the functions of the regional project office of the Ural interregional scientific and educational center of the world level “Advanced production technologies and materials” (UMNOTs). This is a university of digital transformations, where innovative research is carried out in most of the priority areas for the development of science and technology. In accordance with the strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation, the university is focused on the development of large scientific interdisciplinary projects in the field of digital industry, materials science and ecology.In the Year of Science and Technology, SUSU will take part in the competition under the Priority-2030 program.

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90,000 NASA summed up the results of the competition to create a toilet for spacesuits

NASA announced the names of the winners in the competition for the best system for the disposal of natural waste from spacesuits. In total, almost 20 thousand people from all over the world took part in the competition. Now, based on the best developments, NASA engineers will create the optimal device for eliminating urine, blood and feces.

NASA summed up the results of the Space Poop Challenge, in which participants had to design a system for the disposal of natural body waste for modern spacesuits. The three winners shared a $ 30,000 prize pool. The names of the winners were published on page 90,069 of the competition.

Let us remind that the competition started in October 2016 and lasted until December 20. During this time, the participants have proposed more than 5000 variants of the system.In total, more than 19 thousand participants and more than 150 teams from all over the world, even from Antarctica, were registered.

The challenge for the contestants was to create a system capable of disposing of urine, feces and menstrual blood for six days.

18 September 19:11

In the next 20 years, NASA plans to start sending astronauts to Mars, and long-term expeditions require spacesuits in which you can stay for a long time.If now, being on the ISS, in the event of a breakdown of the toilet at the station, astronauts can return to Earth within a few hours, then on long expeditions this will no longer be possible.

So far diapers are used in spacesuits,

but staying in them longer than one day is dangerous to health, and very unpleasant.

The requirements for the contestants were low and did not imply experience in development for zero gravity conditions. The system itself had to be designed for a liter of urine, 75 g (and 75 ml by volume) of feces and 80 ml of menstrual flow per person per day.

The first place and $ 15 thousand went to an Air Force officer, military surgeon and practicing therapist Thatcher Cardon.

As he himself notes, while working on the project, he was inspired by the techniques of minimally invasive surgery and was determined not to store waste.

“I never thought that storing body wastes in a suit was a good idea,” he says. “So I decided to turn to surgical techniques like laparoscopy, arthroscopy, or even endovascular (with access to the vessels through punctures in the skin) surgery – they can do amazing things through very small holes.I mean, if they can even replace a valve in the heart through an artery, then they will definitely cope with feces! ”

Cardone designed a small airlock in the crotch of the suit that you can pull through anything from diapers to inflatable boats and then unfold.This design allows astronauts to even change their underwear without taking off their spacesuit.

Air (atmospheric) lock is a device used for communication between zones with different pressures, atmospheric composition or different states of aggregate matter. It gradually aligns the state of the environment within itself, bringing it into conformity with the conditions in which the transition takes place. This principle is used, for example, in space stations or underwater diving in order to avoid decompression sickness.NASA preferred to keep the image of the winning system a secret.

Second place and $ 10,000 went to a trio from Houston – a therapist, engineering professor and dentist who acted as an illustrator. Before settling on the final version, the team put forward many ideas, which they later rejected – the system had to be not only functional, but also convenient.

For these reasons, for example, they refused to insert catheters into the astronaut’s body.

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As a result, the developers created an air system that pushes the body’s waste away from the body into a special storage facility. Air enters the device from the top and pushes the contents into a wide tube at the bottom.

The third place and $ 5 thousand went to the British Hugo Shelley, a developer of electrical devices. In working on the project, he was guided by the principle “the simpler the better.” “I think we are all concerned that something might go wrong in space,” he says.”So a simple design is safer.” Its device is embedded in tight-fitting shorts that are worn under the spacesuit. In zero gravity conditions, it is able to divert waste products into containers attached to shorts, after disinfecting them.

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Based on the winning projects, NASA will develop the optimal solution for the elimination of urine, blood and faeces. “I would like to hope that the need to use this device will never arise, because something catastrophic can happen only by pure chance,” shares his thoughts Dustin Homert, responsible for life support systems in the Orion mission.”But if something happens during the mission and the waste disposal system can help the crew out, it will be at their disposal on the ship.”

Now NASA engineers have to consider how best to dispose of the collected waste. Shelley notes that

developments in this area will also be useful for people suffering from incontinence or working in conditions where it is not possible to use the toilet.

“Yeah, it’s kind of fun to think of that, but it’s part of the spacesuit, and going into space is incredibly exciting,” he says.”And you can’t fully enjoy the fact that you are an interplanetary traveler, when you constantly need to use the toilet, but you do not have the opportunity to use it.”

90,000 Control over the order of storage of recyclable materials and industrial waste in the ash dump

On January 22, 2020, a visit was organized to the organization LLC “PromUtilization”, where recyclable materials and industrial waste are stored at the ash dump.

Participants: the head of the Ulyanovsk regional center of public control in the field of housing and communal services R.Khayrov and members of the Commission of the Public Chamber of the Ulyanovsk region on social policy, health development and health protection of citizens, ecology and environmental protection.

This was due to the fact that Ulyanovsk residents regularly complained in the press and social networks that the waste storage facility operated by PromUtilization LLC poses a threat to human life and health.

The head of the RCSC R. Khayrov and members of the regional Public Chamber of the UO personally inspected the territory of the facility in order to find out the reason for the complaints of the Ulyanovsk residents.

During the survey, the ecologist of LLC PromUtilization – Irina Sharafutdinova, explained the principles of operation of the ash disposal area, sludge accumulator and thermal destruction unit.

Also director of LLC “PromUtilization” D. Urdin explained that, – “We store low-hazard waste on the body of the object, which we accumulate either for subsequent processing or for disposal in order to obtain secondary raw materials. There is also a thermodestruction unit in operation, on which hazardous waste is burned. People write that there is a smell in the direction of the New City and they feel bad from the fumes.However, there is no smell from the thermal destruction unit. This is confirmed by the constant monitoring of accredited laboratories with which we cooperate. The economic activities at the facility, the operation of installations and the technologies used for the disposal of waste are monitored by supervisory authorities, including Rospotrebnadzor and Rosprirodnadzor, which will not allow any environmental pollution or negative impact on the health of citizens. ”

During the inspection of the ash dump, no violations were revealed, but for final conclusions and recommendations the Ulyanovsk regional center for public control in the field of housing and communal services, together with the Public Chamber of the UO, will carefully study the documentation on the storage of solid waste at the ash dump.

For reference: LLC “PromUtilization” has been engaged in the disposal of industrial waste since 2006. The main activities of this organization: disposal of industrial waste (production and consumption waste) of all hazard classes, cleaning of fuel tanks, disposal and processing of oil sludge, tires and tires, medical waste, as well as transportation of waste.

Address of the organization: Ulyanovsk, Inzhenerny proezd, 34, building 2.

Tags: Ulyanovsk region

90,000 Waste disposal – Atletizm.com.ua

Waste disposal

Slightly more than 20 hours after a meal, only that which could not be digested remains in the intestines.

Most often this is the so-called coarse fiber. As a rule, these are plant fibers, bacteria and dead cells from the inner lining of the intestine.

Bile pigments produced by the liver give them a brownish color. Moist stool is formed from this mixture and accumulates in the rectum.As necessary, it is then taken out.

Waste is removed from the human body not only by the digestive system, but by the urinary system .

These are of course the main waste disposal routes. We know that the result of any chemical processes occurring in our body will be the formation of waste. Indeed, with their accumulation, the body is poisoned. This does not happen because they are removed from the blood during its passage through the kidneys, which also regulate the water and salt content in our body.

Filtered waste and excess water and salts are included in urine. Our kidneys filter up to 180 liters of fluid, and 1,700 liters of blood passing through them every day. Most of this water is absorbed back into the body. Otherwise, the person would have died from water loss.

About one and a half liters of urine are excreted from our body per day. It flows down the ureters into the bladder, filling it. As soon as it is full, a signal is sent to the brain.

Kidneys

Our urinary system consists of the kidneys, bladder and urethra . The kidneys are located behind the liver, near the stomach.

If you imagine the kidney in section, you can distinguish 3 clearly visible zones. The outer layer is the lightest layer, consisting of a crust-like substance. Immediately below it is a layer of dark red medulla. Finally, the renal pelvis is located in the center of the kidney.It is funnel-shaped and the ureter departs from it.

Bladder

The urinary bladder is a saccular organ that is hollow inside and has elastic walls. This organ stores urine, which is continuously produced by the kidneys. It enters the bladder through 2 ureters. The site of exit from the bladder into the urethra is blocked by an annular muscle called the sphincter.

An empty bladder is about the size of a walnut.As it fills, it swells. When about 150 ml of urine is filled, receptors located in the walls of the bladder, detecting the stretching of the walls, send a signal to the brain, and the person knows that it is time to go to the toilet. But the capacity of the bubble is from 1 to 1.5 liters and this is the limit. In the toilet, a muscle called the sphincter relaxes and the muscles in the bladder wall press inward, pushing urine outward.

In the article on human body systems, you can learn more about the structure of the human body.

Based on materials: Athletism.com.ua

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How radioactive waste is disposed of: decontamination, vitrification and other

Radioactive (nuclear) waste (RW) – substances and objects contaminated with radiation that cannot be used in the future. Depending on the origin, waste can be in three forms: gas, liquid or solid material. Sources of nuclear waste are diverse: nuclear power plants, scientific laboratories, natural objects.The origin of radioactive waste, their state of aggregation, the degree of activity and many other factors affect how radioactive waste is disposed of.

Contents of the article

Why radioactive waste is processed

Materials containing radioactive nuclides are extremely dangerous for the environment, and therefore for human life and health. Without special treatment, nuclear debris increases the overall level of radiation in nature. Radioactive waste can also accumulate in high concentration in one place, for example, in the body of an animal, which then enters human food, poisoning his body and causing genetic mutations.

There are many sources of radiation in nature, but the most dangerous radioactive substances are created by human hands.

In order to avoid harm to the environment, methods and rules for waste treatment have been developed. Recycling of nuclear waste is the prerogative of government agencies.

IAEA principles for radioactive waste disposal

The International Atomic Energy Agency has formulated several principles for radioactive waste disposal and management, according to which:

• It is necessary to protect people, their lives and health.
• Avoid contamination of the environment.
• Do not allow contamination of the territories of neighboring countries.
• It is necessary to take care of the descendants, to make sure that the current problems with radiation do not affect their health.
• It is unacceptable to pass on the solution of current problems to future generations.
• Each state must correctly distribute responsibilities for radioactive waste management on its territory.
• As little nuclear waste as possible should be produced.
• It is important to consider the relationship between the generation and management of radioactive debris.
• It is necessary to ensure the safety of equipment for RW processing and monitor its serviceability at all stages of operation.

Utilization of radioactive waste depending on their activity

Nuclear waste has a different degree of activity, in connection with which it is divided into:

• low-level;
• medium active;
• highly active.

When choosing a method for the disposal of nuclear waste, the degree of their activity is taken into account.Low-level radioactive waste is the least hazardous, therefore it is easier to dispose of them. Such materials can be stored in special containers and, after several decades, destroyed, like any other garbage.

It takes more time and effort to secure intermediate level radioactive waste. Garbage is recycled and covered with layers of concrete or bitumen.

Disposal of recycled material will be organized in seismically safe areas. Earthquakes can destroy storage facilities and provoke an environmental disaster.

Highly active radioactive waste poses the greatest threat to future generations. It is impossible to destroy this type of waste, they remain highly active for millennia. The only way to make these materials less hazardous is to reuse them, squeeze out the maximum benefit, thereby reducing the amount of waste, and glaze the useless residue.

Methods for decontamination of radioactive waste

All kinds of disposal help to reduce the radiation background, but do not reduce it to zero.Various methods of decontamination are used to reduce the activity of radionuclides.

Mechanical

Infected elements are physically removed from the soil, from the surface of the metal and other places. To do this, the object is blown with a stream of air, doused with water or cleaned with an abrasive material.

Chemical

Various reagents are used for chemical decontamination. Radionuclides are leached using sodium carbonate, nitric acid, or other chemical compounds.

Physico-chemical

This method combines thermal exposure and treatment with chemical reagents.It is often used for decontamination of liquid radioactive waste. A sorbent is added to the solution, as a result of the reaction, a precipitate is formed, which is removed in various ways and sent to storage.

Methods for processing and disposal of radioactive waste

Any radioactive waste is subject to processing and disposal. Reprocessing is required to change the state and volume of radioactive waste and make them more convenient and safe for further disposal. Depending on the state of aggregation and the degree of radioactivity, one or more methods are selected.

Incineration

In specially designed ovens, irradiated tissue, wood, rubber, paper and cardboard can be destroyed. The method is only suitable for low-level waste.

Pressing (compaction)

If the infected object is rather large, it is sent under a multi-ton press. The compacted object takes up less space, which makes it possible to reduce the area of ​​the burial grounds.

Cementing

Containers with nuclear waste are filled with concrete with special chemicals that protect the landfill from water penetration.

Remelting

Induction and electric arc furnaces are used to implement this method. Metals contaminated with radiation are melted, clearing them of radioisotopes.

Bitumenization

This method is suitable for the processing and storage of liquid radioactive waste (LRW). Hazardous liquids are evaporated, resulting in the formation of salts, which are subsequently mixed with molten bitumen. The resulting bituminous compounds are poured into packaging or storage facilities.

Vitrification (vitrification)

Harmful substances are placed in depressions in the rocks and filled with molten borosilicate glass.

Coprecipitation and coagulation

Chemical methods of liquid radioactive waste treatment. Special chemicals are added to water contaminated with radioisotopes that capture charged particles and precipitate with them. The formed precipitate is settled or filtered off.

Ion exchange

Installations with ion exchange filters are used for waste water treatment. Ion-exchange resins embedded at a certain depth absorb ions in the water, including radioactive ones.As soon as the amount of ions in the resin exceeds the permissible level, the filters are sent for regeneration.

Evaporation

The contaminated solution enters the evaporator, heats up to 98 ° C and begins to evaporate. Having passed through a complex system of condensers, additional evaporators and filters, the water is purified from radioactive isotopes. The condensate is collected for storage.

Filtration

A new filtration technique was invented by Academician Viktor Petrik. The nanocarbon plant allows you to remove radionuclides from entire water bodies, turning poisonous water into drinking water.

Adsorption

Adsorption is a process in which the surface of a liquid or solid (adsorbent) attracts and absorbs gas molecules or substances from a solution. Ionic crystals can act as an adsorbent.

Chemical absorption

During chemical treatment, special reagents absorb radiation and reduce the activity of radionuclides.

Burial

Radioactive waste is sealed in sealed metal containers made of stainless steel and lead and placed on the bottom of reservoirs or underground in the so-called burial grounds.In most cases, burials are arranged far from cities and other settlements.

Different methods of decontamination, processing and disposal of radioactive waste are effective.