What are the common symptoms of a yeast infection on the outer labia. How can you effectively diagnose and treat vaginal yeast infections. What factors contribute to the development of yeast infections in women.

Understanding Vaginal Yeast Infections: An Overview

Vaginal yeast infections are a common health concern affecting millions of women worldwide. These infections occur when there’s an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans in the vaginal area, including the outer labia. While not typically dangerous, yeast infections can cause significant discomfort and impact a woman’s quality of life.

Did you know that approximately 75% of women will experience at least one yeast infection in their lifetime? This statistic underscores the importance of understanding this condition, its symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Yeast Infections on the Outer Labia

Identifying a yeast infection early is crucial for prompt treatment. When the infection affects the outer labia, several distinct symptoms may appear:

• Intense itching and irritation of the vulva and labia
• Redness and swelling of the affected areas
• Burning sensation, especially during urination or sexual intercourse
• Thick, white, odorless discharge resembling cottage cheese
• Soreness and discomfort in the vaginal area

Is the presence of all these symptoms necessary for a yeast infection diagnosis? Not necessarily. Some women may experience only a few of these symptoms, while others might have additional signs. It’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis, as these symptoms can sometimes mimic other conditions.

Common Causes and Risk Factors for Vaginal Yeast Infections

Understanding the factors that contribute to yeast infections can help in prevention and management. Several conditions and lifestyle choices can increase the risk of developing a yeast infection:

1. Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menstruation, menopause)
2. Use of antibiotics
3. Uncontrolled diabetes
4. Weakened immune system
5. Use of contraceptives (especially those with high estrogen content)
6. Tight-fitting, non-breathable clothing
7. Douching or using scented feminine hygiene products

Can stress contribute to yeast infections? While stress itself doesn’t directly cause yeast infections, it can weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to fungal overgrowth. Managing stress through relaxation techniques and a healthy lifestyle can support overall vaginal health.

Diagnosing Yeast Infections: When to See a Doctor

While over-the-counter treatments are available, it’s crucial to obtain a proper diagnosis before self-treating, especially if it’s your first yeast infection. A healthcare provider can accurately diagnose a yeast infection through:

• A detailed medical history and symptom review
• Physical examination of the affected area
• Microscopic examination of vaginal secretions
• In some cases, a culture test to identify the specific type of fungus

Why is professional diagnosis important? Some sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis can present with similar symptoms. Misdiagnosis and improper treatment can lead to persistent or worsening symptoms and potential complications.

Self-Diagnosis: Pros and Cons

For women who have experienced recurrent yeast infections, self-diagnosis may seem tempting. However, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons:

Pros:
– Immediate treatment initiation
– Cost-effective
– Convenience

Cons:
– Risk of misdiagnosis
– Potential delay in treating other conditions
– Overuse of antifungal medications leading to resistance

Effective Treatment Options for Yeast Infections

Once diagnosed, several treatment options are available for yeast infections, including those affecting the outer labia:

• Over-the-counter antifungal creams, ointments, or suppositories (containing clotrimazole or miconazole)
• Prescription oral antifungal medications (e.g., fluconazole, ibrexafungerp)
• Natural remedies (e.g., tea tree oil, garlic, probiotics)

How long does it take for a yeast infection to clear up? Most uncomplicated yeast infections resolve within 1 to 7 days of treatment. However, severe or recurrent infections may require longer treatment courses or alternative approaches.

Treatment Considerations for Pregnant Women

Pregnant women should exercise caution when treating yeast infections. While topical treatments are generally considered safe, oral medications should be avoided unless specifically prescribed by a healthcare provider. Always consult with your obstetrician before starting any treatment during pregnancy.

Preventing Recurrent Yeast Infections: Lifestyle Changes and Home Remedies

Prevention is key in managing yeast infections. Implementing certain lifestyle changes can significantly reduce the risk of recurrence:

• Wear breathable, cotton underwear
• Avoid tight-fitting clothing
• Practice good hygiene, but avoid douching
• Use unscented feminine hygiene products
• Maintain a balanced diet low in sugar and refined carbohydrates
• Consider probiotic supplements or probiotic-rich foods

Can dietary changes help prevent yeast infections? Some studies suggest that consuming probiotic-rich foods or taking Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements may help maintain a healthy vaginal flora, potentially reducing the risk of yeast overgrowth.

The Role of Probiotics in Managing Yeast Infections

Probiotics have gained attention for their potential role in preventing and managing yeast infections. These beneficial bacteria may help maintain a healthy vaginal microbiome, making it less hospitable for Candida overgrowth.

How effective are probiotics in preventing yeast infections? While research is ongoing, some studies have shown promising results. Probiotic strains like Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri have demonstrated potential in reducing the risk of vaginal candidiasis.

Incorporating Probiotics into Your Routine

Consider these methods for increasing your probiotic intake:

• Consuming probiotic-rich foods (yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut)
• Taking oral probiotic supplements
• Using vaginal probiotic suppositories (under medical guidance)

It’s important to note that while probiotics show promise, they should not replace conventional treatments for active yeast infections. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Complications and When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention

While most yeast infections are easily treatable, certain situations warrant immediate medical attention:

• Symptoms persist or worsen despite treatment
• Recurrent infections (4 or more in a year)
• Severe pain, swelling, or redness
• Fever or chills accompanying vaginal symptoms
• Unusual discharge or odor
• Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy

What are the potential complications of untreated yeast infections? If left untreated, yeast infections can lead to:
– Increased risk of HIV transmission
– Complications during pregnancy
– Spread of infection to other parts of the body (rare)
– Chronic discomfort and impact on quality of life

Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (RVVC)

Some women experience chronic or recurrent yeast infections, a condition known as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). This condition may require long-term management strategies, including:

• Prolonged antifungal therapy
• Maintenance therapy with weekly fluconazole
• Use of boric acid suppositories
• Comprehensive lifestyle modifications

Women with RVVC should work closely with their healthcare providers to develop an individualized treatment plan.

The Impact of Yeast Infections on Sexual Health and Relationships

Yeast infections can significantly impact a woman’s sexual health and intimate relationships. The discomfort and symptoms associated with these infections may lead to:

• Decreased libido
• Pain during intercourse
• Emotional distress and self-consciousness
• Strain on intimate relationships

How can couples navigate intimacy during a yeast infection? Open communication with partners is crucial. It’s generally advisable to avoid sexual activity until the infection clears to prevent discomfort and reduce the risk of passing the infection to a partner.

Partner Treatment Considerations

While yeast infections are not typically considered sexually transmitted, partners may sometimes require treatment, especially if they’re experiencing symptoms. Consult with a healthcare provider to determine if partner treatment is necessary in your situation.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Yeast Infection Management

The field of vaginal health is continually evolving, with ongoing research into new treatment approaches and preventive strategies for yeast infections. Some promising areas of study include:

• Development of new antifungal medications with improved efficacy and fewer side effects
• Exploration of alternative therapies, including plant-based remedies and essential oils
• Advanced probiotic formulations specifically designed for vaginal health
• Personalized treatment approaches based on individual microbiome profiles

What potential breakthroughs can we expect in yeast infection management? While it’s difficult to predict specific outcomes, researchers are working on developing more targeted treatments, improving diagnostic techniques, and understanding the complex interplay between the vaginal microbiome and overall health.

The Promise of Microbiome Research

Advancements in microbiome research may lead to more personalized approaches to preventing and treating yeast infections. By understanding an individual’s unique vaginal microbiome composition, healthcare providers may be able to tailor interventions more effectively, potentially reducing the incidence of recurrent infections.

Empowering Women: Education and Self-Care in Vaginal Health

Knowledge is power when it comes to managing vaginal health. Empowering women with accurate information and self-care strategies is crucial for preventing and managing yeast infections effectively. Key areas of focus include:

• Comprehensive sex education that includes vaginal health topics
• Promoting body awareness and normalizing discussions about vaginal health
• Encouraging regular check-ups and open communication with healthcare providers
• Teaching proper hygiene practices without promoting unnecessary products

How can women take charge of their vaginal health? By staying informed, listening to their bodies, and seeking professional advice when needed, women can play an active role in maintaining optimal vaginal health and preventing infections.

Breaking the Stigma Around Vaginal Health Discussions

Open conversations about vaginal health, including yeast infections, are essential for promoting overall well-being. By breaking down barriers and encouraging dialogue, we can create a more supportive environment for women to address their health concerns without shame or embarrassment.

In conclusion, yeast infections, including those affecting the outer labia, are common but manageable conditions. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options, women can take proactive steps to maintain their vaginal health. Remember, while self-care is important, professional medical advice should always be sought for proper diagnosis and treatment, especially for recurrent or severe infections. With the right knowledge and care, women can effectively manage yeast infections and maintain optimal vaginal health.

Yeast Infection (Vaginal): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

• What Are Vaginal Yeast Infections?
• Symptoms of Vaginal Yeast Infections
• Causes of Vaginal Yeast infections
• Treatments for Vaginal Yeast Infections
• Can Probiotics Help?

They’re itchy and uncomfortable, and no one really likes to talk about them. But vaginal yeast infections are very common in women. It’s estimated that 75% of women will have at least one yeast infection in their lifetime.

Though yeast infections can happen to anyone at any time, there are certain things that make getting them more likely. Most infections can be cleared up quickly and easily.

The vagina normally contains a healthy balance of bacteria and yeast. The hormone estrogen helps bacteria called lactobacilli to grow. These bacteria kill harmful organisms in the vagina and keep you healthy. But when something happens to tip that balance, a fungus called candida can grow out of control and cause a yeast infection.

Itchiness and discomfort are the main symptoms of a yeast infection, but there are others. You may also experience any or all of the following:

• Burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and the vulva (the outer part of the female genitals)
• Pain or burning when you pee
• Pain during sex
• A thick, white, odorless discharge, similar to cottage cheese

If you think you have a yeast infection, see your doctor before treating yourself. The symptoms of yeast infections are similar to other, more serious conditions, including sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis (bacterial overgrowth in the vagina). An accurate diagnosis is important so you can get the best treatment.

There are many reasons you could get a yeast infection, including:

• Hormones: Changes during pregnancy, breast-feeding or menopause (or if you’re taking birth control pills) can change the balance in your vagina.
• Diabetes: If your diabetes is not well-controlled, the increase in sugar in the mucus membranes (moist linings) of your vagina can create a place for yeast to grow.
• Antibiotics: These drugs can kill off many of the good bacteria that live in your vagina.
• Douches and vaginal sprays: The use of these products can change the balance in your vagina.
• A weakened immune system: If you are HIV-positive or have another immune system disorder, the yeast may also grow uncontrolled.
• Sex: Though a yeast infection is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, it can be passed from person to person through sexual contact.

Over-the-counter antifungal creams, ointments or suppositories (with clotrimazole or miconazole) are the most common ways to treat yeast infections. These can take from 1 to 7 days. Your doctor may also choose to prescribe an oral antifungal medication, such as fluconazole (Diflucan) or ibrexafungerp (Brexafemme). 

If you’re pregnant, it’s safe to use creams or suppositories but avoid oral medications. 

It’s important for you to know that some yeast infection medications weaken condoms or diaphragms. That makes it easier for you to get pregnant or contract a sexually transmitted disease. Be sure to read instructions and warnings before using.

If you have diabetes or a weakened immune system, you may get yeast infections over and over again. It’s a condition called recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). If you get yeast infections at least four times a year, your doctor may recommend that you take a weekly fluconazole pill for 6 months to fight them. Oteseconazole (Vivjoa) has been approved for those with recurring problems with infections who will not be reproducing.

Some studies have shown that eating probiotic yogurt or taking Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements may slow the growth of yeast in the vagina, lowering the risk for infections. But more research is needed before a clear connection can be made.

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Vaginal yeast infection Information | Mount Sinai

Yeast infection – vagina; Vaginal candidiasis; Monilial vaginitis

Vaginal yeast infection is an infection of the vagina. It is most commonly due to the fungus Candida albicans.

This microscopic film shows a fluorescent stain of Candida. Candida is a yeast (fungus) that causes mild disease, but in immunocompromised individuals it may cause life-threatening illness. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

External structures of the female reproductive anatomy include the labium minora and majora, the vagina and the clitoris. Internal structures include the uterus, ovaries, and cervix.

Yeast infections may follow a course of antibiotics that were prescribed for another purpose. The antibiotics change the normal balance between organisms in the vagina by suppressing the growth of protective bacteria that normally have an antifungal effect.

Secondary infection occurs during or after treatment of a primary infection because the normal bacterial flora is destroyed, allowing yeast to flourish.

The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.

The uterus is a muscular organ with thick walls, two upper openings to the fallopian tubes and an inferior opening to the vagina.

Causes

Most women have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. Candida albicans is a common type of fungus. It is often found in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, digestive tract, and on the skin. Most of the time, it does not cause infection or symptoms.

Candida and the many other germs that normally live in the vagina keep each other in balance. Sometimes the number of candida increases. This leads to a yeast infection.

This can happen if:

• You are taking antibiotics used to treat another infection. Antibiotics change the normal balance between germs in the vagina.
• You are pregnant
• You are obese
• You have diabetes
• You are taking medicines or have an illness that suppresses your immune system.

A yeast infection is not spread through sexual contact. However, some men may develop symptoms after having sexual contact with an infected partner. These symptoms may include itching, rash or irritation of the penis.

Having many vaginal yeast infections may be a sign of other health problems. Other vaginal infections and discharges can be mistaken for a vaginal yeast infection.

Symptoms

Symptoms include:

• Abnormal vaginal discharge. Discharge can range from slightly watery, white discharge to thick, white, and chunky (like cottage cheese).
• Itching and burning of the vagina and labia
• Pain with intercourse
• Painful urination
• Redness and swelling of the skin just outside of the vagina (vulva)

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will do a pelvic exam. It may show:

• Swelling and redness of the skin of the vulva, in the vagina, and on the cervix
• Dry, white spots on the vaginal wall
• Cracks in the skin of the vulva

A small amount of the vaginal discharge is examined using a microscope. This is called a wet mount and KOH test.

Sometimes, a culture is taken if:

• The infection does not get better with treatment
• The infection recurs

Your provider may order other tests to rule out other causes of your symptoms.

Treatment

Medicines to treat vaginal yeast infections are available as creams, ointments, vaginal tablets or suppositories and oral tablets. Most can be bought without needing to see your provider. If you do need to see your provider, you may wish to ask them about the use of boric acid for yeast infections.

Treating yourself at home is probably OK if:

• Your symptoms are mild and you do not have pelvic pain or a fever
• This is not your first yeast infection and you have not had many yeast infections in the past
• You are not pregnant
• You are not worried about other sexually transmitted infections (STI) from recent sexual contact

Medicines you can buy yourself to treat a vaginal yeast infection are:

• Miconazole
• Clotrimazole
• Tioconazole
• Butoconazole

When using these medicines:

• Read the packages carefully and use them as directed.
• You will need to take the medicine for 1 to 7 days, depending on which medicine you buy. (If you do not get repeated infections, a 1-day medicine might work for you.)
• Do not stop using these medicines early because your symptoms are better.

You doctor can also prescribe a pill that you only take by mouth once.

If your symptoms are worse or you get vaginal yeast infections often, you may need:

• Medicine for up to 14 days
• Azole vaginal cream or fluconazole pill every week to prevent new infections

To help prevent and treat vaginal discharge:

• Keep your genital area clean and dry. Avoid soap and rinse with water only. Sitting in a warm, but not hot, bath may help your symptoms.
• Avoid douching. Although many women feel cleaner if they douche after their period or intercourse, it may worsen vaginal discharge. Douching removes healthy bacteria lining the vagina that protect against infection.
• Eat yogurt with live cultures or take Lactobacillus acidophilus tablets when you are on antibiotics. This may help to prevent a yeast infection.
• Use condoms to avoid catching or spreading other infections.
• Avoid using feminine hygiene sprays, fragrances, or powders in the genital area.
• Avoid wearing tight-fitting pants or shorts. These may cause irritation and sweating.
• Wear cotton underwear or cotton-crotch pantyhose. Avoid underwear made of silk or nylon. These can increase sweating in the genital area, which leads to growth of more yeast.
• Keep your blood sugar level under good control if you have diabetes.
• Avoid wearing wet bathing suits or exercise clothing for long periods of time. Wash sweaty or wet clothes after each use.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Most of the time, symptoms go away completely with proper treatment.

Possible Complications

A lot of scratching may cause the skin to crack, making you more likely to get a skin infection.

A woman may have diabetes or weak immune system (such as in HIV) if:

• The infection recurs right after treatment
• The yeast infection does not respond well to treatment

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your provider if:

• This is the first time that you have had symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection.
• You are not sure if you have a yeast infection.
• Your symptoms don’t go away after using over-the-counter medicines.
• Your symptoms get worse.
• You develop other symptoms.
• You may have been exposed to an STI.

Dinulos JGH. Superficial fungal infections. In: Dinulos JGH, ed. Habif’s Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 13.

Eckert LO, Lentz GM. Genital tract infections: vulva, vagina, cervix, toxic shock syndrome, endometritis, and salpingitis. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 23.

Kauffman CA, Pappas PG. Candidiasis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 318.

Oquendo Del Toro HM, Hoefgen HR. Vulvovaginitis. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 564.

Last reviewed on: 7/13/2021

Reviewed by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Thrush (vaginal candidiasis) – opinion and recommendations of gynecologists of the MediArt clinic

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Thrush (vaginal candidiasis)

Thrush or in medical terms vaginal candidiasis is an inflammatory disease caused by fungal microorganisms of the genus Candida.

Characteristic features – white, cheesy plaque on the mucosa. In 70-75% of women, exacerbations of thrush occur repeatedly and are one of the most common reasons for visiting a gynecologist.

Causes and symptoms of vaginal candidiasis

The causative agent of thrush is a microscopic yeast-like fungus of the genus Candida. In 80-90% of cases, this is a variety of Candida albicans, although there are about 20 other species of this genus of fungi. Candida is an opportunistic fungus that normally lives in the human body.

Normally, the natural suppression of the activity of Candida fungi is provided by a healthy microflora of the vagina. The problem with active growth can arise with a decrease in immunity and from the influence of external factors.

Lead to aggravation:

• taking antibiotics and hormonal drugs;

• infectious diseases, immunodeficiencies;

• unbalanced diet;

• synthetic, tight underwear;

• diabetes;

• stress;

• infection with atypical fungi – Candida tropicalis species or others;

• pregnancy – fungal growth occurs in a third of women, due to increased acidity of the vagina and hormonal changes;

• mucosal injuries during gynecological manipulations, during childbirth;

• chemotherapy.

If the balance of the microflora of the vagina is disturbed, fungi begin to actively multiply and cause inflammation of the mucous membranes. Formed white plaque can be in the mouth or on the genitals (the most common manifestation in women).

The inflammatory reaction is explained by a change in the pH level of the mucosa and the immune response to the ingestion of the waste products of Candida fungi into the blood.

Typical symptoms of vaginal candidiasis are:

• copious white discharge;

• itching, discomfort in the genitals;

• painful intercourse, urination;

• reddened, edematous mucosa of the vulva.

Manifestations may intensify in the heat, weaken in the chronic course (after 7-10 days of the acute phase).

In this case, relapses can occur 3-4 times a year, provoke the appearance of other infections on the inflamed mucosa.

How to treat vaginal candidiasis

Diagnosis is carried out by a gynecologist. The doctor makes a preliminary diagnosis according to the patient’s complaints and external signs that are noticeable during a gynecological examination.

For accurate diagnosis use:

• microscopic examination of secretions to assess the number of microorganisms and the degree of inflammation;

• bacterial culture of secretions to identify the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to medicines.

Based on the results of the examination, the gynecologist will prescribe a comprehensive treatment regimen to relieve inflammation, normalize the microflora, cure concomitant diseases and eliminate the causes of relapses.

With an exacerbation of thrush, attention is also paid to diet. It is recommended to exclude sweets and alcohol from the diet, increase the amount of fruits, vegetables, and lactic acid products.

Treatment of vaginal candidiasis by folk methods will not work. They are suitable for strengthening immunity, alleviating the symptoms of inflammation, but do not affect the fungus itself.

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Itching of the vulva with thrush

Vaginal candidiasis is characterized by mucosal lesions caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Itching of the vulva with thrush is permanent or periodic, accompanied by white curdled discharge, painful sensations during urination and sexual intercourse.

Causes of thrush

Candidiasis is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection. Intrauterine and oral contraception, endocrine diseases (diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders, hypothyroidism), anorexia, and pregnancy contribute to the imbalance of vaginal microbiosis and intensive reproduction of pathogenic microflora. One of the important factors is a decrease in immunity against the background of somatic diseases of an inflammatory and infectious nature. Active growth of pathogenic microflora can be observed with a sharp change in climate, during pregnancy, against the background of stressful situations. The disease is characterized by a long course and a tendency to frequent relapses, while the main risk factors are distinguished:

• neglect of hygiene rules;
• tampons and scented pads;
• regular use of antibacterial gels and soaps;
• wearing wet clothes;
• hypothermia;
• visits to swimming pools and open water;
• excessive consumption of carbohydrates.

An adverse effect on the vaginal biocenosis is exerted by antibacterial drugs prescribed for the relief of inflammatory processes in the digestive tract, nasopharynx, urogenital and broncho-pulmonary systems. Intestinal dysbacteriosis leads to the spread of the fungus in a downward type and the development of vaginal candidiasis.

Characteristic symptoms

Thrush accompanied by severe itching and burning in the vulva. Characteristic are cheesy discharges of heterogeneous consistency. After intimacy, water procedures and at night, an increase in symptoms is observed: the amount of discharge increases, the itching becomes intolerable. During a gynecological examination, redness and swelling of the labia minora and labia majora are observed.

Quite often, vaginal candidiasis occurs with mild symptoms, which spontaneously disappear after menstruation. Chronization of thrush contributes to the addition of inflammatory and infectious lesions, can disrupt the normal course of pregnancy and labor.