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Rashes Caused by Candida Infections

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida, a yeast. There are over 20 species of Candida yeasts, but the one that most commonly causes infections is called Candida albicans. It’s found in the digestive tract, genital area, and on the surface of your skin.

Thanks to the fungi-fighting bacteria in your body and your immune system, this type of Candida normally doesn’t cause problems. But when it overgrows, it can cause infections and yeast rashes.

When the infection is on your skin, it’s called cutaneous (skin) candidiasis, aka a yeast infection on the skin.

Kateryna Kon / Science Photo Library / Getty Images

Common Types

Candida yeasts set up residence in a number of different areas of the body, especially those that are warm, dark, and moist. They include:

  • Skin folds, such as under the breasts and buttocks and in the navel
  • In and around the vagina
  • On and around the penis
  • In the mouth and around the outside corners of the lips
  • In the nail beds, particularly toenails that spend a lot of time covered by sweaty socks
  • In the digestive tract

When Candida yeast is allowed to grow unabated, it can cause a number of infections and rashes, including:

Vaginal Yeast Infection

Vaginal yeast infections (vaginal candidiasis) are fairly common, affecting about 1 million women in the United States every year. They are most prevalent in women 20 to 40 years of age.

Symptoms include a red, itchy vagina and vulva (the outer area of the vagina), a burning sensation while urinating, and—in about 10% of cases—an odorless, whitish discharge from the vagina that may look similar to cottage cheese.

Diaper Rash

Along with irritants like stool, urine, and detergents/soaps, yeast can be a common cause of diaper rash.

A yeast diaper rash is bright red and inflamed, often with patches that ooze and weep. It’s commonly bordered by red, raised, pimple-like bumps. It is worse in skin folds that have limited ventilation, such as under the buttocks.

Candidal Paronychia

This is a yeast infection affecting the skin around the fingernails and toenails. When the skin around the nail beds is irritated—because of nail biting, for example—yeast can gain entry and set up residence.

Skin will be red and itchy. Left untreated, this cutaneous candidiasis may break down the cuticle and cause the nail to eventually harden, separate from the skin, and fall off.

Balanitis

Balanitis is an inflammation of the head of the penis and is most common in uncircumcised men and boys. It affects up to 10% of males at some point in their lives.

Most cases of balanitis are caused by yeast. The dark, moist environment under the foreskin of the penis (which is left intact in uncircumcised males) provides the perfect place for Candida to live and multiply.

In addition to inflammation around the tip of the penis, balanitis causes the head of the penis to be itchy and red and can make urinating painful. There may also be a white, smelly discharge from under the foreskin.

Less Common Types

Intertrigo is inflammation of the skin folds, seen where skin rubs against skin, especially in the presence of moisture. This can lead to overgrowth or infection of the area by bacteria or fungus, including Candida. The red rash might be seen in the groin, armpits, under the belly or breasts, buttocks, neck creases, or between the toes.

While the following fungal skin infections are most often caused by dermatophytes (fungi that feed off keratin, the building blocks of skin, hair, and nails), it is possible for an overgrowth of Candida to produce these conditions:

  • Athlete’s foot, or tinea pedis, most commonly appears on the side of the foot and in between the toes. This rash is typically red, scaly, itchy, and burning.
  • Jock itch is an infection common in athletes. It flourishes in people who wear damp, sweaty clothing and in moist locker room environments. It causes a red, raised, scaly, itchy, and oozing rash that can cover the penis, scrotum, inner thighs, and anal area.

Causes and Risk Factors

What makes naturally occurring Candida overgrow and cause a yeast infection on the skin? 

Diabetes

People with diabetes are prone to yeast infections and the rashes that come with them. That’s because yeast thrive on sugar. The higher the sugar content of your urine, sweat, and other secretions, the more opportunity for yeast to flourish on your skin.

Diabetes can also suppress your immune system, making it more likely your body won’t be able to adequately fight off an infection, whether it’s from yeast, bacteria, or a virus. This makes it particularly important to get diabetes under control.

Hormonal Imbalances

The hormone estrogen, which is higher in females, can stimulate the growth of Candida. As such, people who are experiencing surges in estrogen can get more Candida yeast infections, particularly vaginal yeast infections. People with high estrogen levels may include:

Antibiotic Use

In addition to killing off disease-causing bacteria, some antibiotics can also kill off the “good” bacteria that keep yeast levels in check. Taking broad-spectrum antibiotics may increase this risk in some people.

Reducing Your Risk of Candidiasis When Taking Antibiotics

Taking antibiotics may put you at risk of candidiasis because antibiotics kill the bacteria that normally reside on the body. Steps to offset this risk may include:

  • Talk to your doctor. In addition to an antibiotic, your healthcare professional may prescribe an oral antifungal medication to keep yeast in check if you are at increased risk of invasive candidiasis.
  • Keep skin clean and dry.
  • Ask your doctor about using probiotics or eating yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus to help replenish the good bacteria that antibiotics can wipe out. Some small studies have shown promising results.

Compromised Immune System

People with weakened immune systems—because of things like having HIV, undergoing chemotherapy, using certain steroid drugs, or having recently been sick—are at increased risk of candidiasis.

When your body’s immune system isn’t working properly, it can’t properly regulate and fight against invading bacteria and fungi. As a result, yeast may multiply and grow unchecked, causing infections and skin rashes. 

Excess Weight

Besides having an increased risk of diabetes, individuals who are overweight or obese can have more skin folds. These dark and often moist crevices provide the perfect breeding ground for yeast.

Diagnosis

A healthcare professional will examine your skin and ask about your symptoms. A small section of skin may be scraped away (or in the case of a vaginal infection, vaginal fluid will be removed) and examined under a microscope or sent to a lab to be cultured.

Treatment

Treating the yeast infection will, in turn, help treat the yeast rash. Your doctor may recommend an over-the-counter (available without a prescription) antifungal cream, ointment, powder, or suppository (for vaginal yeast).

For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe stronger antifungals. For candidiasis that occurs in the mouth (thrush), your doctor may recommend an antifungal mouthwash.

Home Remedies

Antifungals are the gold standard when it comes to treating skin yeast infections. But they’re not the only weapon in the arsenal. Some others include:

  • Essential oils: Some research shows that certain essential oils, including mint and lavender, can stop vaginal growth of Candida albicans better than some antifungals (talk to your doctor about the risks before using).
  • Diet: Eat a balanced diet, including not overdoing added sugars in drinks and foods. If you have diabetes, maintain good blood sugar control.
  • Environment: Avoid situations that create hot, moist environments on your skin and skin folds, such as sitting in a hot tub.
  • Refraining from douching: Douches can disrupt the balance of good and bad bacteria in the vagina.
  • Coconut oil: At least one study showed that coconut oil has antifungal properties and may be even better than probiotics at reducing levels of Candida albicans.


It’s important to keep using your medicine as directed, even if the rash disappears. Yeast rashes generally clear up in a few days to a few weeks.

One thing you shouldn’t do is use an anti-itch cream containing steroids on the rash. Some of these products can actually make the infection worse. Talk to your healthcare professional first.

Complications

While uncomfortable and sometimes unsightly, most yeast infections of the skin are not serious.

In some cases, however, a Candida infection can get into the body, infecting the bloodstream and bones as well as internal organs, such as the heart and brain. This serious, sometimes life-threatening infection is called invasive, or systemic, candidiasis.

It’s most often seen in people with weakened immune systems and in those who have been hospitalized or who have recently had surgery and other invasive medical procedures, particularly those who:

  • Have been in the intensive care unit
  • Have catheters or receive nourishment through a vein
  • Have received a lot of antibiotics
  • Have had abdominal surgeries
  • Are on hemodialysis (a treatment for filtering waste from the blood)

Get immediate medical help if the rash:

  • Develops suddenly
  • Covers a lot of your body
  • Is painful or blistered
  • Is accompanied by a fever

Prevention

Skin that’s clean and dry is less likely to develop a yeast rash. Other tips for preventing cutaneous candidiasis include:

  • Change socks frequently.
  • Wear breathable shoes.
  • Don’t share shoes, socks, unwashed clothing, or towels. While not typical, a Candida infection can be contagious, especially if you have risk factors.
  • Promptly change out of wet bathing suits or sweaty clothes.
  • Sprinkle a drying powder in skin folds.
  • Keep nails short, and use separate nail clippers for your healthy and unhealthy nails.

A Word From Verywell

Fungi like yeast are all around us. Normally we coexist perfectly well. But under certain situations, the yeast can grow out of control and cause infections.

Most of these skin infections are nothing to be alarmed about—they can be treated effectively with antifungal medications and go away in days to weeks. If you think you have a Candida infection or rash, see your healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment.

Baby Rashes: Types, Symptoms & More

Practically every parent knows that babies have very sensitive skin, making them more prone to rashes than adults and older kids. But what you may not know is exactly what that baby rash is, what’s causing it or how to treat it. Seeing a red or bumpy reaction on baby’s skin can be alarming for parents, likely conjuring up questions for you like, is baby uncomfortable? Are they itchy or in pain? And how exactly do you know if baby has a harmless diaper rash or something more serious?

Because there are so many different kinds of baby rashes, it’s important to know what symptoms to look out for and when to be concerned. To help you better identify a baby rash on the body, we’ve provided a handy guide to all things rashes. Read on as we break down the common types of baby rash, tell-tale signs and symptoms, and what the best remedies are.

When it comes to baby rashes, there are many types and many culprits. Some common causes include:

• Irritants. Common irritants that can bother baby’s sensitive skin are saliva and drool, poop, baby wipes, detergents, soaps, sunscreen and nickel.

• Allergies. Allergic reactions can cause a baby rash to appear in a bunch of different forms. Rashes can be itchy, welt-like hives or dry, itchy patches. Eczema is the most common version of a baby rash caused by allergies.

• Infections. Infections can lead to different types of baby rash, the most common of which are fungal rashes. Sometimes, however, a viral baby rash can develop. “These rashes occur when babies have specific viral illnesses and may be associated with fever or other symptoms,” says Anna Bender, MD, a pediatric dermatologist at Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian. A viral baby rash can appear as small dots on the torso and sometimes arms and legs, and can last for several days to a week. It may spread for a few days and then begin to clear up.

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“Baby’s skin barrier is especially fragile because it’s thinner, immature and the skin is still developing, so that makes it a lot more vulnerable to damage and dryness. It’s also more reactive, especially to things that could be irritants,” explains Lauren R. Crosby, MD, FAAP, a pediatrician at LaPeer Pediatrics in Beverly Hills, California. Baby’s skin is typically ultra-sensitive from birth until around age 2, although diaper rash can continue to rear its head past that age until kids are potty trained.

In our guide below, we outline the different ways baby rashes look and behave. Keep reading for the most common types of baby rash to keep an eye out for, plus how to prevent and treat them. From heat rashes to chicken pox, we help make sense of any bumps or blotches you may find on baby.

Breakouts aren’t just for teenagers—it’s actually totally normal for babies to get acne. “Also known as neonatal acne, it’s a common rash in babies during the first month of life,” Bender says. “It’s thought that maternal hormones—those that pass from mother to baby in utero—may cause baby acne to flare.”

But how can you tell if it’s baby acne or a baby rash? Baby acne typically looks like a bunch of small, red bumps, as opposed to the lacy red of a baby rash.

Image: iStock

Baby acne symptoms

• Pimples. Baby acne usually involves clusters of tiny red pimples and whiteheads.
• Irritated cheeks. Baby acne usually develops on the cheeks, but it can also appear on baby’s nose, forehead and sometimes behind the ears and on the scalp.
• Persistent symptoms. Baby acne can last up to three to four months.

Prevention and treatment

Usually, baby acne clears up on its own with gentle cleansing. Once in a while parents might need to see a dermatologist if it’s persisting beyond the normal three to four months, but that’s pretty rare.

Baby heat rash tends to happen when baby’s sweat glands become blocked and trap sweat under the skin, Crosby says. It’s usually seen in warm weather or when baby is overdressed. How do you know if the baby rash is caused by heat?

Image: Shutterstock

Heat rash symptoms

• Tiny red bumps. These typically appear on baby’s head, neck and shoulders, and sometimes on the chest.
• Itching. Sometimes heat rash can be itchy, so take note if baby is scratching at their irritated skin.

Prevention and treatment

To prevent baby heat rash, dress baby in lighter clothing to make sure they aren’t getting overheated or sweaty. In warm climates, it’s fine to let them sleep in just a onesie and diaper, and run a fan in the bedroom to keep the air cool and circulating. When baby heat rash does strike, “I recommend a daily bath with a non-fragrant sensitive skin cleanser to help clear out the sweat and keep the skin clear,” Crosby says. A baby rash from heat usually goes away on its own in three to four days, as long as baby isn’t overdressed and stays in a cool environment.

It’s pretty self-explanatory where you can expect to see this baby rash. “ Diaper rash can occur due to irritation from wet diapers and friction,” Bender says. Baby diaper rash is even more common in older babies who sleep through the night longer and may have wetter diapers in the morning.

Image: Shutterstock

Diaper rash symptoms

• Red patches. These typically appear on the rounded part of baby’s bottom.
• Puffy, warm skin. In some cases, baby’s skin may be slightly raised and feel warm to the touch.

Prevention and treatment

“Diaper rash can improve with frequent diaper changes and use of over-the-counter diaper paste containing zinc oxide, which helps in acting as a barrier to prevent friction and irritation in the diaper area,” Bender says. Ward off baby diaper rash by making sure the skin is completely dry before you put on a fresh diaper. In the past, baby powder was the go-to trick for absorbing moisture and protecting baby’s skin, but doctors no longer recommend using powder for diaper rash, since inhaled powder can irritate baby’s lungs.

Sometimes a rash on baby’s butt can actually be a yeast rash caused by fungus that lives on our skin.

Image: iStock

Yeast rash symptoms

• Pink patches. These patches usually appear in baby’s skin folds, accompanied by small pink dots or pustules around the edge.

Prevention and treatment

To treat a baby yeast rash, apply a topical, over-the-counter antifungal cream a few times a day. Prevent yeast rash by keeping baby clean and dry.

Meningitis is when the lining around the brain and spinal cord (the meninges) is inflamed, and “is a serious infection because it can be present in the blood and brain and cause organ damage, permanent brain damage or death,” Bender says.

While the viral form of meningitis is serious, it’s almost never life-threatening, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Bacterial meningitis, however, can be deadly and calls for immediate medical attention. There’s a vaccine for bacterial meningitis, but it typically isn’t given until later in childhood or before college. You can’t tell the difference between a baby rash caused by bacterial or viral meningitis, and in many cases a rash won’t appear at all.

Image: iStock

Meningitis symptoms

• High fever. Take baby’s temperature, since a high fever is a classic sign of meningitis.
• Lethargy. If baby is less active than usual, it could be another signal of meningitis.
• Vomiting. This symptom is more common in infants, along with a loss of appetite and irritability.
• Rashes. Meningitis rashes can vary in appearance, but the most common ones include pink or red dots all over, purple rashes that can look like tiny bruises or broken capillaries in the skin, and an itchy, red rash.

Prevention and treatment

Viral meningitis usually clears up on its own in seven to 10 days, but bacterial meningitis requires immediate medical attention so antibiotics can be given as soon as possible. Serious cases may call for hospitalization. If you think baby might have meningitis, call your doctor right away—she can determine if baby has the disease and the type of meningitis.

A strep rash on baby is another type of viral baby rash. Your child is more prone to strep rash if other family members have been exposed to strep throat.

Image: iStock

Strep rash symptoms

• Bright red skin. Strep rash on baby can be bright red and beefy-looking with wet, oozing patches in neck folds, or as a bright red circle patch in the area around baby’s anus, Bender says.
• Blisters and scabbing. Spotting scabs and blisters on baby’s skin is another common sign of strep.

Prevention and treatment

Since strep can spread from person to person through close contact, keep baby away from infected people. Unlike your run-of-the-mill neck rash, which can be treated with over-the-counter antifungal creams, strep requires a visit to the doctor. Once the diagnosis of strep rash is confirmed—typically with a skin swab test—your pediatrician may prescribe an oral antibiotic as treatment.

Chicken pox appears as a baby rash on the body. Before the chicken pox—or varicella—vaccine became available in 1995, practically every child came down with chicken pox before age 9, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Nowadays, it’s pretty rare for babies to get chicken pox, thanks to the vaccine. It’s a super-contagious viral infection caused by the varicella zoster virus, so avoid contact with infected people to keep baby safe.

Image: Shutterstock

Chicken pox symptoms

• Red bumps and blisters. Chicken pox causes a blister-like baby rash on the skin, starting on the back, tummy or face and spreading all over baby’s body. The blisters are often in different stages of healing, so some may look like pink bumps, some look like scabbed bumps and others may look like blisters.
• Itchiness. Chicken pox rashes are renowned for their intense itchiness.
• Fever. A temperature of 101 to 102 degrees Fahrenheit is common with chicken pox.

Prevention and treatment

Doctors recommend daily baths and keeping baby’s nails short so they can’t scratch and dig into their skin, which could cause a secondary infection. Typically, the course of treatment for chicken pox is to wait it out—it can last five to seven days—but in severe cases (which aren’t common), an antiviral medication may be prescribed. To prevent chicken pox, the APP recommends that healthy babies get the first dose of the vaccine between 12 and 15 months old, followed by a second dose at age 4 to 6.

Noticing a baby rash on your little one’s face? When babies’ saliva glands turn on, usually around 3 or 4 months of age, they start to drool. A lot. “If you think about it, saliva is part of your digestive track,” Crosby says. “It’s not just water, so it’s irritating.

Image: Courtesy of Wissabo/Instagram

Baby drool rash symptoms

• A red, irritated baby rash on the face. Because the skin around baby’s mouth, chin and neck is constantly wet, these areas are especially prone to drool rash.
• Flaking skin. Baby rash from drool can also appear slightly flaky and dry-looking.

Prevention and treatment

One way to prevent and heal a baby rash caused by drool? Have a soft bib handy to keep the skin on baby’s face and chest dry. Apply a gentle over-the-counter ointment before and after meals as a barrier to prevent saliva from touching the skin, so baby’s drool rash can heal underneath it.

Eczema, often-chronic red, dry patches of skin, is one of the most common skin disorders in babies—in fact, 60 percent of infants get eczema in the first year of life. “Sometimes babies scratch so much, it can lead to bleeding and can interfere with sleep,” Bender says. “Babies with eczema often scratch more in the evening when they’re put to bed or at night when they aren’t distracted by other activities. ” Eczema can get infected if not treated, leading to scabbing and oozing skin spots.

Image: iStock

Baby eczema symptoms

• Itchiness. The more severe baby’s eczema is, the more itchy the rash. • Dry skin patches. This is a common sign of mild eczema.
• Pinker patches of dry, flaky skin. This signifies a moderate case of eczema.
• Red, flaky patches of skin. If baby’s skin is a darker red, it signifies severe eczema, which usually comes with worsened symptoms and intense itchiness across more of the body.

Prevention and treatment

Keeping baby’s skin well moisturized with a daily application of a thick cream can prevent the onset of eczema in infants who are at higher risk for the condition—aka those who have a strong family history of eczema or eczema-related diseases. A mild case of this baby rash can sometimes be treated with just moisturizer, while moderate eczema may need a cortisone cream or ointment to treat it. Severe eczema is treated with over-the-counter products.

“Hives can occur soon after baby eats something they’re allergic to or if baby is fighting a virus, in which case the hives may last for several days off and on,” Bender says. They can appear anywhere on the body, even if caused by food. If the baby rash is sparked by something your child touched, it usually appears on the part of baby’s body that came in contact with the allergen. If hives are accompanied by wheezing or if baby’s mouth or tongue starts to swell, see a doctor immediately.

Image: Shutterstock

Hive symptoms

• Pink, blotchy welts. These welts can come and go on baby’s skin.
• Itching. Hive welts are often very itchy.

Prevention and treatment

An oral antihistamine, such as Benadryl, can help treat hives. For a more natural remedy, try dabbing calamine lotion on the welts to soothe hives.

As you expose baby to new products, foods and materials, there’s always a small chance they could be allergic to a certain ingredient or chemical. These rashes can be caused by food or medication that baby’s allergic to, or when baby’s skin comes into contact with an irritant, Crosby says.

So what does an allergy rash look like on a baby? A baby allergy rash can manifest in different ways, but the two most common signs are hives and eczema. As mentioned above, hives usually show up as pink blotchy welts, while eczema appears as red, dry, flaky patches. Both rashes are itchy.

Image: Shutterstock

Allergy symptoms

If you notice the following symptoms, take baby to the ER:

• Swelling of the lips or face. If baby’s lips or face become swollen, it’s a sign of a severe allergic reaction and should be treated by a doctor immediately.
• Wheezing. Any sign of difficulty breathing is a red flag.

Prevention and treatment

“Treatment depends on the age of the child and what is triggering it,” Crosby says. “You want to remove the allergen or trigger if you can, and use a topical or oral allergy medicine. ” Sometimes a blood or skin test might be needed to figure out what baby is having an allergic reaction to, and then a baby rash treatment can be prescribed.

A fungal baby rash is often caused by chronically wet or irritated skin. A yeast infection is the most common type of fungal rash. It can also appear in babies if another family member or family pet has ringworm.

Image: iStock

Fungal rash symptoms

• Pink, ring-like flaking patches of skin. These flaky patches can pop up anywhere on the skin, including the scalp and diaper area.

Prevention and treatment

“A fungal rash needs a special antifungal cream, or if it’s on the scalp and hair, it may need an oral antifungal medication,” Bender says. To prevent fungal baby rash, keep the skin clean and dry.

Essentially dandruff for babies, cradle cap is relatively common and typically caused by yeast. This type of baby rash usually shows up in the first month of life but can occur any time, Crosby says.

Image: iStock

Cradle cap symptoms

• Flaky skin. Rough, yellowish or pink crustry or oily scaly patches on the scalp are a classic sign of this type of baby rash.
•A slight oily scent. This results from the buildup of oil on baby’s scalp in moderate to severe cases.

Prevention and treatment

Most cases of cradle cap can be treated with regular shampooing and a soft scalp brush to loosen the flakes. If that doesn’t cut it, your pediatrician may recommend a medicated shampoo.

In general, the trick to preventing baby rash is keeping your child’s skin healthy. It’s best to keep baths to 10 minutes or less and use lukewarm water, since “during a bath, skin can really lose moisture, and babies are much more prone to getting dry skin,” Crosby says. Hydrating baby’s skin regularly is crucial. The best time to apply lotion? The first five minutes after a bath, to lock in moisture. “The skin is the largest organ in the body and it’s there to protect us from the elements and infections,” Crosby says. “The importance of really caring for it from infancy through adulthood can’t be stressed enough.”

Do baby’s lumps or bumps not line up with any of those listed in this guide? Baby can also develop a rash as a result of bug bites, sunburns, poison ivy and even dry skin. If you’re still not sure about baby’s rash, don’t hesitate to give your pediatrician a call or schedule an appointment.

When to Be Concerned About Baby Rashes

Now that you are familiar with some of the most common kinds of baby rashes, you’re probably wondering, “when should I be concerned about my baby’s rash?”

The truth is, many baby rashes are harmless, and some will come and go on their own without any medical treatment. The other good news is that there are vaccinations to prevent many serious rashes from developing in the first place.

With that said, there are some signs you should keep an eye out for when you notice a baby rash on the body. Some baby rashes can indicate a potentially grave condition, particularly if the rash is persistent or if baby is experiencing swelling or wheezing.

Contact a doctor if baby experiences any of the following:

  • If there is pain at the site of the rash
  • If baby runs a fever
  • If the rash develops bruise-like lesions
  • If the rash oozes, bleeds or blisters
  • If the rash continues to spread across baby’s body
  • If baby develops any cold symptoms (coughing, wheezing, etc.)
  • If baby has swollen neck glands or swollen lips
  • If the baby rash doesn’t go away after two days

It’s true babies tend to get rashes left and right, but that doesn’t mean you should shrug them off as nothing. Whenever you notice a baby rash on their face or body, keep a watchful eye on it and look out for other symptoms. When it comes to baby’s health, it’s always best to be precautious and proactive.

Anna Bender, MD, is a pediatric dermatologist at Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian. She earned her medical degree from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 2007. After completing her residency training in dermatology at New York Presbyterian Hospital – Weill Cornell Medical Center, Bender completed an additional year of specialized fellowship training in pediatric dermatology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Lauren R. Crosby, MD, FAAP, is a parenting expert and pediatrician at LaPeer Pediatrics in Beverly Hills, California. She earned her medical degree at UCLA School of Medicine and afterwards trained at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, during which time she served as chief resident. She is a member and official spokesperson of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Please note: The Bump and the materials and information it contains are not intended to, and do not constitute, medical or other health advice or diagnosis and should not be used as such. You should always consult with a qualified physician or health professional about your specific circumstances.

Plus, more from The Bump:

13 Diaper Rash Creams That Work Wonders

The Best Baby Eczema Creams, Shampoos and Washes

Pityrosporum Folliculitis – American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD)

 

Pityrosporum folliculitis is a condition where the yeast, pityrosporum, gets down into the hair follicles and multiplies, setting up an itchy, acne-like eruption. Pityrosporum folliculitis sometimes turns out to be the reason a case of acne isn’t getting better after being on antibiotics for months. It is especially common in the cape distribution (upper chest, upper back) and the pimples are pinhead sized and uniform.

This yeast is a normal skin inhabitant, different from the yeast that causes thrush and from baker’s or food yeast. Everyone has it on his or her skin but in most cases it causes no problem. The condition affects young to middle-aged adults of either sex. It is associated with a tendency to seborrheic dermatitis or severe dandruff.

Pityrosporum folliculitis is not an infection as such; it is an overgrowth of what is normally there. The yeast overgrowth may be encouraged by external factors and/or by reduced resistance on the part of the host. The reasons why a particular patient develops pityrosporum folliculitis are not fully understood but the following are believed to be important:

  • The yeast tends to overgrow in hot, humid, sweaty environments, clothing that doesn’t “breathe” especially synthetics, which encourages sweating.
  • Application of greasy sunscreens and oily emollients such as coconut oil.
  • An oily-skin tendency – the yeast feeds on skin oil. Skin oil production mainly depends on hormone factors.
  • Decreased resistance to microorganisms (immunity).
  • Stress or fatigue.
  • Diabetes.
  • Oral steroids such as prednisone.
  • Oral contraceptive pill.
  • Being overweight, resulting in more sweating and tighter clothing.

Oral antibiotics can aggravate pityrosporum folliculitis because skin-inhabitant bacteria and yeasts are normally in competition on the skin surface. When antibiotics suppress the bacteria the pityrosporum yeasts can over grow.

The rash consists of tiny itchy rounded pink pimples with an occasional tiny whitehead. The spots are located mainly on the upper back, shoulders and chest. Sometimes spots are found on the forearms, back of the hands, lower legs and face. The tendency to scratch spots is greatest on the forearms, face and scalp. Most patients have oily skin.

 Most patients seek advice because of the itch. This may have led their doctors to suspect scabies or other mite infestations. The itch tends to come in episodes, accompanied by a stinging sensation. Some patients notice the itch is worse after sweat inducing exercise or after a hot shower. When scratched, the spots may display a local hive-like reaction with a surrounding red flare.

Patients may also have tinea versicolor or seborrheic dermatitis. In these conditions an overgrowth of the same pityrosporum yeast is believed to be involved. Patients may also have true acne accompanying the pityrosporum folliculitis. This is not surprising because increased skin oil also encourages acne but in this case there is an overgrowth of the normal skin bacteria rather than yeast.

Treatment must deal with both the yeast overgrowth and any predisposing factors, otherwise the condition will recur. Unfortunately we often either do not know, or cannot correct, all the factors that make one susceptible so the condition has a tendency to return once the anti-yeast treatment is stopped.

Topical therapy is not always effective, and may be worth a try. These include Nizoral or Selsun shampoos, applied for about 10 minutes and washed off in the shower. This is repeated once a week. Other topical treatments include 50% propylene glycol in water applied twice daily with a gauze pad for 3 weeks, then twice a week or Lamisil solution, sprayed on the skin surface, for 14 days then weekly or for just a few spots apply Loprox or Nizoral cream twice a day.

Oral treatments are the most effective. The two used are Nizoral and Sporonox. One will need to wait a week or two for clearing, and recurrences are to be expected. A last resort is Accutane pills. These are general guidelines and a dermatologist can help decide the best treatment.

 

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The medical information provided in this site is for educational purposes only and is the property of the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. It is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice and shall not create a physician – patient relationship. If you have a specific question or concern about a skin lesion or disease, please consult a dermatologist. Any use, re-creation, dissemination, forwarding or copying of this information is strictly prohibited unless expressed written permission is given by the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.

Intertrigo | DermNet NZ

Author: Hon A/Prof Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Hamilton, New Zealand, 1998. Revised and updated August 2015. Updated by Janet Dennis, November 2018. Technical Editor: Mary Elaine Luther, Medical Student, Ross University, Barbados. DermNet Editor in Chief: Adjunct A/Prof Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Hamilton, New Zealand. Copy edited by Gus Mitchell. January 2020.


What is intertrigo?

Intertrigo describes a rash in the flexures, such as behind the ears, in the folds of the neck, under the arms, under a protruding abdomen, in the groin, between the buttocks, in the finger webs, or in the toe spaces. Although intertrigo can affect only one skin fold, intertrigo commonly involves multiple sites. Intertrigo is a sign of inflammation or infection.

Who gets intertrigo?

Intertrigo can affect males or females of any age. Intertrigo is particularly common in people who are overweight or obese (see metabolic syndrome).

Other contributing factors are:

In infants, napkin dermatitis is a type of intertrigo that primarily occurs due to skin exposure to sweat, urine, and faeces in the diaper area.

Toe-web intertrigo is associated with closed-toe or tight-fitting shoes. Lymphoedema is also a cause for toe-web intertrigo.

What are the clinical features of intertrigo?

Intertrigo can be acute (recent onset), relapsing (recurrent), or chronic (present for more than six weeks). The exact appearance and behaviour depend on the underlying cause(s).

The skin affected by intertrigo is inflamed, reddened, and uncomfortable. The affected skin can become moist and macerated, leading to fissuring (cracks) and peeling.

Intertrigo with secondary bacterial infection (eg, pseudomonas) can cause a foul odour.

What causes intertrigo?

Intertrigo is due to genetic and environmental factors.

  • Flexural skin has a relatively high surface temperature.
  • Moisture from insensible water loss and sweating cannot evaporate due to occlusion.
  • Friction from the movement of adjacent skin results in chafing.
  • Intertrigo occurs more easily in environments that are hot and humid.
  • Diabetes, alcohol, and smoking increase the likelihood of intertrigo, especially the infectious form.

The microbiome (microorganisms normally resident on the skin) on flexural skin includes Corynebacterium, other bacteria, and yeasts. Microbiome overgrowth in warm moist environments can cause intertrigo.

Intertrigo is classified into infectious and inflammatory origins, but they often overlap.

  • Infections tend to be unilateral and asymmetrical.
  • Atopic dermatitis is usually bilateral and symmetrical, affecting the flexures of the neck, knees and elbows.
  • Other inflammatory disorders also tend to be symmetrical affecting the armpits, groins, under the breasts, and the abdominal folds.

Infections causing intertrigo

Thrush: Candida albicans

  • Characterised by its rapid development
  • Itchy, moist, peeling, red and white skin
  • Small superficial papules and pustules

Candida albicans

Erythrasma: Corynebacterium minutissimum

  • Persistent brown patches
  • Minimal scale
  • Asymptomatic (painless and non-itchy)

Erythrasma

Tinea: Trichophyton rubrum + T. interdigitale

  • Tinea cruris (groin) and athletes foot (between toes)
  • Slowly spreads over weeks to months
  • Irregular annular plaques
  • Peeling, scaling

Tinea cruris

Impetigo: Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

  • Rapid development
  • Moist blisters and crusts on a red base
  • Contagious, so other family members may also be affected

Impetigo

Boils: Staphylococcus aureus

  • Rapid development
  • Very painful follicular papules and nodules
  • Central pustule or abscess

Boil

Folliculitis: Staphylococcus aureus

  • Acute or chronic
  • Superficial tender red papules
  • Pustules centred on hair follicles
  • Can be provoked by shaving, waxing, epilation.

Folliculitis

Skin inflammations causing intertrigo

Flexural psoriasis

  • Well-defined, smooth or shiny red patches
  • Very persistent
  • Common in submammary and groin creases
  • Symmetrical involvement
  • May fissure (crack) in the crease
  • Red patches on other sites are scaly

Flexural psoriasis

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

  • Ill-defined salmon-pink thin patches
  • Common in axilla and groin creases
  • Fluctuates in severity
  • May be asymmetrical
  • Often unnoticed
  • Red patches on the face and scalp tend to be flaky.

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis

  • First occurs in infancy
  • Common in elbow and knee creases
  • Characterised by flares
  • Very itchy
  • Acute eczema is red, blistered, swollen
  • Chronic eczema is dry, thickened, lined (lichenified).

Atopic dermatitis

Contact irritant dermatitis

  • Acute, relapsing or chronic

Irritants include:

  • Body fluids: sweat, urine
  • Friction due to movement and clothing
  • Dryness due to antiperspirant
  • Soap
  • Excessive washing.

Irritant contact dermatitis

Contact allergic dermatitis

  • Acute or relapsing
  • The allergen may be:
    • Fragrance, preservative or medicament in deodorant, wet-wipe or other product
    • Component of underwear (rubber in elastic, nickel in bra wire).

Allergic contact dermatitis

Hidradenitis suppurativa

  • Chronic disorder
  • Boil-like follicular papules and nodules
  • Discharging sinuses and scars

Hidradenitis suppurativa 

Hailey-Hailey disease

  • Intermittent painful shallow blisters that quickly break down
  • Rare inherited condition
  • Often starts age 20–40 years
  • Most troublesome during summer months

Hailey-Hailey disease

Granular parakeratosis

  • Red-brown scaly rash
  • Can be itchy
  • Rare
  • A biopsy is essential for diagnosis.

Granular parakeratosis

Fox-Fordyce disease

  • Dome-shaped follicular papules in armpits
  • Often persistent
  • Asymptomatic or itchy
  • Reduced sweating
  • Excoriations and lichenification eventually occur as a result of scratching.

Fox-Fordyce disease

Toe-web intertrigo

  • Common in persons wearing tight-fitting shoes
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common organism
  • Mild toe-web intertrigo presents with erythema and scaling (athlete’s foot)
  • Chronic intertrigo (longer than six months) causes burning pain, exudation, maceration, and inability to move the toes
  • A serious complication is cellulitis, often spreading to ankles and knees.

Toe-web intertrigo

What investigations should be done?

Investigations may be necessary to determine the cause of intertrigo.

What is the treatment for intertrigo?

Candida – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

Candida is the scientific name for a genus of fungi. Candida infections, also called candidiasis, are often referred to as yeast or fungal infections. When they occur in the mouth and throat, Candida infections are called thrush. The most common sites of infection include the mouth and throat, the genitals, and moist skin folds. Candida can also cause a systemic, or body-wide, infection, but this is very rare, occurring in less than 0.1% of cases every year in the United States (Source:
CDC).

Candida can cause inflammation in the infected tissues. Cutaneous, or skin, Candida infections tend to appear as red, weepy, scaly areas. Candida infections can also cause pus-filled bumps. In the mouth and throat, the infection often forms thick, white patches. Genital Candida infections often produce a thick, white vaginal discharge.

Candida occurs naturally in the environment and may also be present on skin surfaces, in the mouth and digestive tract, and in the vagina without causing problems. However, infections can occur in otherwise healthy people when they take antibiotics or have areas of skin that are constantly moist. People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of developing Candida infections, including systemic infections.

Treated appropriately, Candida infections often resolve, although they may recur.

Candida infections are rarely serious or life threatening unless they are systemic infections.
Seek immediate medical care (call 911) for serious symptoms, such as fever and chills that don’t improve, confusion, lethargy, loss or change in level of consciousness, seizure, decreased urine output, rapid heart rate, chest pain, severe abdominal pain, and unusual irritability or poor feeding in a child.

Seek prompt medical care if you have never had a
Candida infection before and believe you have one, if you are being treated for
Candida but symptoms recur or are persistent, or if you have any other concerns. Also seek prompt medical care if you have fevers and chills that are not responsive to therapy or have difficulty swallowing.

Can teething cause a rash? | Crest

 
Teething Rash Solutions
When Should I Call A Doctor?

What Is A Teething Rash?

In addition to swollen gums, fussiness, sleeplessness, and refusal to eat, babies can get a rash from teething around their mouth, neck, or chest. This rash may be a result of teething, known as a teething rash, drool rash, or teething diaper rash. During teething, new teeth can stimulate excess saliva leading to a drooly baby. In the saliva, there is a digestive enzyme that can lead to irritated skin. When a baby’s drool dries on their cheeks, neck, or chest it can irritate the skin and cause a rash that consists of red splotches and bumps and can also be foul-smelling.

It is common for a teething rash to reappear more than once. In fact, they can occur at any time during teething and may continue into toddlerhood. It is easy to mistake a teething rash on the face for other skin rashes such as eczema or a yeast infection. For this reason, it is necessary to consult a medical professional to officially diagnose your child’s rash.

Teething Rash Solutions

There are several at-home methods parents can use to treat and prevent their baby’s teething rash, such as:

  • Keep your baby dry by continuously wiping excess drool from their skin and change them out of wet clothes when necessary.
  • Create a protective barrier on the irritated areas by using a thin coat of a lubricants and/or creams such as petroleum jelly or Aquaphor on their baby’s irritated skin.
  • Apply petroleum jelly as a preventative measure before a rash develops.
  • Apply lanolin ointment on the irritated skin to prevent the rash from worsening. Lanolin is a cream ointment made from the wax in sheep’s wool and is often used to moisturize and heal dried skin.
  • Apply coconut oil, which is anti-fungal, anti-microbial, and an effective, natural way to create a protective barrier to combat irritated skin.
  • Keep baby clean by using a mild, unscented baby wash at bath time, followed by an unscented moisturizer on dry skin. Do not scrub too hard when bathing the irritated area as that can worsen the rash.

When Should I Call A Doctor?

In most cases a teething rash is minor and will go away with routine treatment at home. However, if the rash is not improving or is red, cracked or painful you should contact your baby’s doctor. If necessary, a doctor can order prescription-strength creams that will heal the rash and relieve pain faster.

Newborn Rashes and Skin Conditions

Topic Overview

What are the most common skin conditions in newborns?

It’s very common for newborns to have rashes or other skin problems. Some of them have long names that are hard to say and sound scary. But most will go away on their own in a few days or weeks.

Here are some of the things you may notice about your baby’s skin.

  • It looks like pimples.
    • Babies often get pimples on their cheeks, noses, and foreheads. This baby acne may show up during the first few weeks of life and usually clears up on its own within a few months. Baby acne has nothing to do with whether your child will have acne problems as a teenager.
    • Tiny white spots very often appear on a newborn’s face during the first week. The spots are called milia (say “MIL-ee-uh”). Sometimes white spots appear on the gums and the roof of the mouth (palate), where they are called Epstein pearls. The white spots go away by themselves in a few weeks and aren’t harmful.
  • The baby’s skin looks blotchy.
    • During the first day or two of life, many babies get harmless red blotches with tiny bumps that sometimes contain pus. This is called erythema toxicum (say “air-uh-THEE-mah TOK-sik-um”). It may appear on only part of the body or on most of the body. The blotchy areas may come and go, but they will usually go away on their own within a week.
    • A rash called pustular melanosis (say “PUS-chuh-ler mel-uh-NOH-sis”) is common among black infants. The rash is harmless and doesn’t need treatment. It causes pus-filled pimples that may break open and form dark spots surrounded by loose skin. Babies are born with it, and it usually goes away after the first few days of life. Sometimes dark spots may last for a few weeks or months.
    • When cold, your newborn may get a blotchy, lacy rash (mottling) on the limbs and torso. Remove your baby from the cold source, and the rash will usually go away. Mottling usually doesn’t occur past 6 months of age.
  • The baby has a rash.
    • Babies can get heat rash, sometimes called prickly heat, when they are dressed too warmly or when the weather is very hot. This is a red or pink rash usually found on the body areas covered by clothing. It often itches and makes your baby uncomfortable. Doctors call this rash miliaria (say “mil-ee-AIR-ee-uh”). To help the rash go away, remove your baby from the warm setting. Dress your child in light, loose clothing and give him or her a cool bath. For more information, see the topic Heat Rash.
    • Diaper rash is red and sore skin on a baby’s bottom or genitals that is caused by wearing a wet diaper for a long time. Urine and stool can irritate the skin. Diaper rash can happen when babies sleep for many hours without waking. Sometimes an infection from bacteria or yeast can cause a diaper rash. If your baby has diaper rash, take extra care to keep him or her as dry as possible. For more information, see the topic Diaper Rash.
    • Many babies have a rash off and on around the mouth or on the chin. It’s caused by drooling and spitting up. Clean your baby’s face often, especially after he or she eats or spits up. For more information, see the topic Spitting Up.
  • The baby sometimes has tiny red dots on the skin.
    • You may notice tiny red dots on your newborn’s skin. These red dots are called petechiae (say “puh-TEE-kee-eye”). These are specks of blood that have leaked into the skin. They are caused by the trauma of being squeezed through the birth canal. They will disappear within the first week or two.
  • The baby’s scalp is scaly.
    • Many babies get what is called cradle cap. This scaly or crusty skin on the top of the baby’s head is a normal buildup of sticky skin oils, scales, and dead skin cells. Unlike some other rashes, cradle cap can be treated at home with shampoo or mineral oil. Cradle cap usually goes away by age 1 year. For more information, see the topic Cradle Cap.

What are the common birthmarks?

Birthmarks come in different sizes, shapes, and colours. Some are flat and some form a raised area on the skin. Most are harmless and need no treatment. They often fade or disappear as a child grows older.

  • Salmon patches, also called stork bites or angel kisses, are flat, pink patches that occur mainly on the back of the neck, the upper eyelids, the upper lip, or between the eyebrows. Most go away by age 2 years, although patches on the back of the neck usually last into adulthood.
  • Moles are brown bumps that can occur anywhere on the body.
  • Café-au-lait spots are flat, brown birthmarks that are usually oval in shape. They may get bigger and darker, and your baby may get more of them throughout childhood.
  • Mongolian spots are smooth, flat, blue or blue-gray birthmarks, usually on the lower back and buttocks. They often look like bruises. They are very common among darker-skinned newborns. They usually fade by school age, but they may never disappear entirely.
  • Port-wine stains are pink-red at birth and then become a darker red-purple colour. These birthmarks are formed by blood vessels that did not develop properly. They can be large. Light port-wine stains may fade, but about half get bigger as the child grows. Sometimes they get thicker and darker.
  • Hemangiomas (say “hee-man-jee-OH-muhs”) are raised, blue, red, or purple birthmarks formed by a clump of blood vessels that can be any size or shape. Most of them grow for about a year, then turn white and start shrinking.

For more information, see the topic Birthmarks.

What about jaundice?

Many newborn babies have a yellow tint to their skin and the whites of their eyes. This is called jaundice. In newborns, jaundice usually goes away on its own within a week and does not need treatment. But in rare cases, jaundice gets worse and can cause brain damage. That is why it is important to call your doctor if you notice signs that jaundice is getting worse. If you think that your baby’s skin or eyes are getting more yellow, or if your baby is more tired or is not acting normally, call your doctor. For more information, see the topic Jaundice in Newborns.

When should you call a doctor?

Always call a doctor if you have any concerns, if your baby is not acting normally, or if the skin shows signs of being infected. The signs can include:

  • Increased pain, swelling, or warmth in the area.
  • Red streaks extending from the area.
  • Pus.
  • Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, or groin.
  • Fever of38°C (100.4°F) or higher.
  • An extra fussy baby.
When to call a doctor

Skin problem

Call your doctor if:

Diaper rash

  • The rash isn’t better after 2 or 3 days. Your baby may have a yeast diaper rash.

Birthmarks

  • The birthmark bleeds or grows quickly.

Blisters

  • Your baby has a rash with blisters.

Jaundice

  • Your baby’s yellow tint gets brighter or deeper, or it hasn’t decreased by your baby’s 5th day of life.
  • Your baby seems very sleepy, is not eating well, or does not act normally.
  • Your baby shows signs of dehydration, such as having fewer wet diapers.
  • Your baby has a rectal temperature that is less than36.6°C (97.8°F) or is38°C (100.4°F) or higher. Call if you cannot take your baby’s temperature but he or she seems hot.
  • Your baby has any new symptoms or does not get better as expected.

If you have concerns about what lotions or other products to use on your baby’s skin, talk with your baby’s doctor at the next visit. Not all newborn skin conditions need to be treated with lotions and creams. You don’t usually need to use lotions and other products on healthy newborn skin.

Credits

Current as of: August 22, 2019

Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: Susan C. Kim, MD – Pediatrics
Thomas M. Bailey, MD, CCFP – Family Medicine
Kathleen Romito, MD – Family Medicine
Adam Husney, MD – Family Medicine
John Pope, MD, MPH – Pediatrics

Current as of: August 22, 2019

Author: Healthwise Staff

Medical Review:Susan C. Kim, MD – Pediatrics & Thomas M. Bailey, MD, CCFP – Family Medicine & Kathleen Romito, MD – Family Medicine & Adam Husney, MD – Family Medicine & John Pope, MD, MPH – Pediatrics

90,000 Candida: why everyone is talking about her and how it affects the skin condition :: Beauty :: RBK Style

© daria nepriakhina / unsplash

author

Yulia Vakhonina

07 March 2018

Recently, candida has become one of the most discussed topics not only among doctors, but also among cosmetologists. Pink talks about this type of fungus, its effect on the skin and the basic principles of getting rid of.

Many people mistakenly attribute Candida exclusively to thrush. This is a misconception, since Candida is a type of fungus that, among other things, causes this disease, as well as many other ailments, and is even capable of infecting any organs.In the body of a healthy person, the fungus can be present for years and not manifest itself. However, under unfavorable conditions, Candida immediately begins to multiply rapidly and cause the first symptoms.

Antibiotics are considered to be one of the most well-known causes of candida growth, as they weaken the body’s defenses. Immunity problems, endocrine, oncological diseases can also cause the spread of the fungus. Another common cause is considered to be an unbalanced diet, namely the abuse of sweets.

In addition to such basic symptoms as thrush and a white coating on the tongue, candida manifests itself in other ways. Cravings for sweets, irritability, apathy, memory impairment, sleep disturbances, mood swings, headaches, gastrointestinal problems, constant fatigue, persistent illnesses – all this can also signal that this type of fungus is actively thriving in the body.

© Ruben Hutabarat / Unsplash

Effect on skin

By the way, the deterioration of the quality of the skin – rashes, eczema and even acne – is also a symptom of the presence of candida in the active phase of reproduction.The fact is that the fungus first manifests itself as redness, and then develops into a rash with active inflammation. Therefore, it is not surprising that competent cosmetologists and doctors never begin skin treatment without a large number of tests to identify internal causes.

Of course, Candida should be treated exclusively under the supervision of specialists. The fight against this type of fungus can be divided into several stages, since it must be complex.

In addition to taking the necessary antifungal drugs, it is important to follow a special diet that excludes sugar and any sugar substitutes, alcohol, vinegar, sauces, fruits and dried fruits, sweet types of vegetables, cereals, dairy products, coffee, foods that contain yeast (bread, beer, cheeses).Coconut oil is added to the diet, as it contains lauric acid, which inhibits the activity of candida. As well as ginger, chili, cinnamon and almost all green vegetables and herbs.

In addition, it is important to check all used preparations for the presence of yeast, fungi, and sulfur in the composition. The fact is that in laboratory conditions, biochemists add sulfur-containing substances to germinate candida. That is why preparations with sulfur in the composition do not help at all, but only turn getting rid of candida into a cyclical process.

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90,000 Causes of rash in children

Naturally, only a pediatrician, dermatologist or allergist can correctly determine the cause of the rash , diagnose and prescribe treatment for a child. But the parents themselves can provide initial help, relieve itching and help the baby, knowing the main signs and causes of the rash .At the first stage, it is important to determine the nature of the rash – infectious , allergic or not related to any of the above.

Causes of rashes in children:

1. Neonatal acne . It may first occur in newborns at the age of 1 – 2 months. As a rule, such rashes are hormonal in nature, not contagious and are not allergies . A rash in the form of pimples, sometimes with a white dot in the middle, appears on the head, body of the baby.If there are no purulent sections, then the rash goes away on its own and does not require treatment. Acne can also occur in adolescents. They most often appear on the face in the form of blackheads and are associated with hormonal changes in the adolescent’s body and increased work of the sebaceous glands. To prevent acne, there are cosmetic lotions, cleansing gels, and other products. In case of inflammation, it is better to seek advice from a pediatric dermatologist or cosmetologist, because antibiotic treatment may be needed;

2. Urticaria is an allergic reaction on the child’s skin, accompanied by itching and the appearance of blisters on various parts of the body, in some cases the temperature may rise and child’s stool is disrupted. Blisters appear suddenly and can disappear just as quickly, but sometimes they only go away after a few days. The causes of urticaria can be various factors: hormonal disorders, malfunctioning of the liver, kidneys, consumption of foods that caused an allergic reaction (fish, eggs, citrus fruits, etc.).etc.), insect bites, reactions to sunlight, temperature changes, emotional stress, etc. Urticaria can be chronic and not go away for a long time, and acute – disappearing after a few hours. For the treatment of urticaria, it is important to identify the underlying cause of it;

3. Food allergy manifests itself in the form of spots pinkish-red in color. It is slightly convex, edematous at the sites of scratching, and is accompanied by itching.It is localized, as a rule, on the baby’s cheeks, but can appear on other parts of the body. It can occur in both infants and adolescents. If the baby is breastfed, then the allergy that has arisen is associated with the products consumed by the mother. If the newborn is bottle-fed, then an allergic reaction may appear to the mixture. In older children, food allergies can be caused by fish, eggs, nuts, chocolate, strawberries and other foods;

Allergies, as a rule, are accompanied by edema, which in turn, with inadequate treatment and untimely assistance, cause suffocation .In the event of an allergy of any nature, a pediatrician consultation is required to help select the optimal mixture for the baby, or a pediatric dermatologist – allergist for referral to laboratory tests of older children;

4. Household allergies . It can occur in both newborns and older children. It manifests itself, as a rule, in the form of pimples all over the body and is accompanied by tearing, sneezing. The causes of such a reaction of the body can be washing powder and other detergents, dust, plants, animal hair, etc.e. An allergic rash differs from an infectious rash in that with it the child does not have fever, he does not have general ailments, there is no loss of appetite, drowsiness;

5. Prickly heat . It occurs mainly in infants. It manifests itself as red pimples all over the body, especially in the groin area. The affected areas must be smeared with a special baby cream, more often to arrange air baths for the baby and change the diaper;

6. Roseola (infectious erythema) is a childhood acute viral disease that affects only children under 2 years of age.Very often roseola is confused with ARVI or rubella . At the beginning of the disease, the baby’s temperature rises sharply, which lasts for 3 to 5 days, and after that the child becomes covered with a red-pink rash that disappears in 5 to 7 days. This is not a dangerous disease, it does not require treatment, and if it appears, the child should be given only antipyretic drugs;

7. Chickenpox . It is a common childhood infectious disease that requires treatment. The incubation period of this disease can last from 11 to 21 days.It occurs at any age. It is accompanied by a rash on the skin and mucous membranes in the form of red spots, in the center of which blisters with a yellowish liquid are localized. It is accompanied by itching. As the disease progresses, the blisters burst, forming crusts that leave scars if the child scratches the blister and gets an infection. The disease can also cause fever and headache;

8. Measles is an acute infectious disease that is quite rare due to the use of vaccinations.In addition, this virus is rarely activated in babies under 8 months of age. they are protected by the immunity transmitted by the mother. The disease begins with symptoms of a common cold – coughing, tearing, sneezing and fever up to 40 C. Further, the child has white spots on the mucous surface of the cheeks, nasal discharge, severe headache, photophobia. Then, within a few days, red spots of various shapes appear on the face, neck, near the head and further throughout the body. The disease is contagious within a week of the first signs.The virus is dangerous with complications such as: meningitis , pneumonia , the development of deafness, brain damage and even death;

9. Scarlet fever is an acute infectious streptococcal disease. It begins with sore throat, high fever, enlargement of the tonsils , in some cases with plaque. Further, a small punctate rash appears on the back, chest, knees, armpits, groin and quickly spreads throughout the body and face.Only the area around the mouth remains white. The throat and tongue become very red. By the end of the disease, peeling of the skin on the toes and hands begins;

10. Rubella is acute infectious disease . The disease begins with a slight increase in temperature and swollen lymph nodes in the parotid and cervical region. A small rash also appears on the face and behind the ears, and then all over the body. Rubella is very dangerous for pregnant women, and complications can occur in older children and adolescents.In babies, the disease is fairly mild;

11. Meningitis is an inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord. A meningitis rash is not the main symptom. However, with this disease, rashes appear on the back of the pharynx, as well as on the thighs, back, buttocks in the form of a red rash of various shapes. With meningitis, symptoms such as a very high fever, severe headache, vomiting, photophobia, and neck muscle tension are observed. At the slightest suspicion of meningitis, parents should immediately consult a doctor.Timely help with this disease will save the child’s life;

12. Streptoderma is a skin infectious disease caused by staphylococcus aureus. The disease usually affects the paranasal and perioral region. At the beginning, redness appears around the nose and mouth, then small bubbles of liquid. When they burst, yellow crusts remain. The disease may be accompanied by an increase in temperature;

13. Herpes is an infectious disease accompanied by the appearance of blisters on the skin and mucous membranes, in children it is most often located on the lips.This disease is extremely rare in newborns, because maternal immunity is passed on to them. Children from 3 to 4 years old are exposed to it. In addition to a rash, the disease can be accompanied by a sore throat, fever.

Skin rashes and diseases in children are great, they can be very similar, but some are completely harmless to the health of your child, while others pose a threat not only to the general condition, but also to children’s life! Do not take risks, and if you have the slightest doubt, if any spots, rashes and other symptoms appear, contact your pediatrician, who, if necessary, will refer you and your child to a pediatric dermatologist, allergist, neurologist or other specialized specialist, depending on the nature of the rash and the severity of the skin disease.


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90,000 Here’s how to tell if your baby has a yeast infection

Young children can also have a yeast infection, just like adults, but it is not easy to detect because toddlers cannot tell you when they will feel sick.

Yeast infection in babies is usually caused by prolonged contact with wet or dirty diapers. Urine can change the pH of the skin and cause yeast overgrowth, leading to a yeast infection.

An imbalance in bacteria and yeast can also cause yeast infection. This can happen if your baby is taking antibiotics.

Yeast infections can cause a type of diaper rash called yeast diaper rash, which is easily confused with diaper rash caused by irritation or allergies.

Maite Torres / Getty Images

Yeast infection against diaper rash

A fungal infection is often mistaken for a diaper rash, but they are not the same thing. A diaper rash is usually a patchwork of sore and cracked areas on your baby’s skin. On the other hand, a fungal infection causes deep redness of the skin and bumps or red spots around the edges of the inflammation.

Signs suggestive of a yeast infection include:

  • The affected area appears dark red with rough edges.
  • Irritation in the front and in folds of the skin or at the point of contact with the skin.
  • Fungal infections cannot be cured with diaper rash creams.

Yeast infection in babies

Yeast rash from diapers occurs not only in the diaper area, but also on other parts of the body. Yeast tends to grow in moist areas and folds of the skin.

When testing a yeast infection in your child, please note that they may also have it:

Therefore, it is important to change baby diapers frequently.Monitor your toddler if he goes through potty training as accidents can still happen.

Are yeast infections contagious in babies?

Yeast infections are usually not contagious, but breastfeeding can cause disease transmission. It can be passed from mother to child and vice versa.

Treatment of yeast infections in babies

One way to treat yeast infections on your baby’s skin is to apply an antifungal ointment such as miconazole to the affected areas.Your pediatrician may also recommend oral antifungal medications such as fluconazole for a yeast infection in the mouth called oral thrush.

Yeast infections usually resolve within two weeks after starting treatment. You can also speed up your child’s recovery by reducing sugar intake (yeast feeds on sugar) and adding more vegetables to meals.

For this reason, it is best not to place yoghurt on toddler’s buttocks, as it contains natural sugars that promote yeast growth.Consider adding probiotics to your toddler’s diet using Greek yogurt that is low in sugar and high in probiotics, as it contains bacteria that can help balance the yeast.

You should not use toddler suppositories without instructions from your doctor. You should consult your doctor before trying to treat your baby.

When to see a doctor

Yeast infections usually resolve within two weeks after treatment, but in cases that last longer, see your doctor immediately.Your child needs medical attention if he or she has one of the following:

  • The rash spreads quickly over the diaper area.
  • Frequent relapses of yeast infection
  • Pus or fluid coming out of bumps or red spots on the skin

Prophylaxis

Ways to prevent yeast infections in your baby include: 3

  • Frequent diaper changes and time without diapers: Soiled and wet diapers can increase the risk of yeast infections in babies, as yeast thrives in humid environments.Changing them often will help keep the diaper area dry.
  • Wash your baby’s bottom with mild soap after each potty change: be sure to blot it with a clean, dry towel. Change the towel every day to prevent bacteria from accumulating in the towel and causing complications.
  • Sterilize your baby’s pacifiers and nipples in hot water after each use: Candida albicans dies at temperatures above 120 F. Therefore, it is best for you to sterilize your baby’s nipples and nipples in hot water often.

Summary

If your baby has a yeast infection, you can treat him with antifungal creams and medications. Changing your baby’s diapers frequently and keeping their instruments, such as pacifiers, clean are essential in preventing and treating yeast infections. If you notice a worsening of symptoms, take your child to the doctor.

Word from Verywell

As a parent, especially if you are a new parent, you may be worried about yeast infections in your little one.However, yeast infections in babies can be easily treated with suitable antifungal ointments and oral medications. You can also try natural remedies, such as making healthier meals for your baby and limiting sugar intake. However, if you notice any complications, do not hesitate to consult your pediatrician.

90,000 Fungal acne (which is not actually acne)

Acne is a very common skin condition, and it occurs in some form in 80% of people.But it often happens that other skin conditions that are similar to acne, but in fact are not, are confused with acne.

It often happens that people use all types of anti-acne drugs that are prescribed in the guidelines, but there is no result. This can happen because they have no acne at all (or not really acne). In this case, it is logical that these tools do not help. Sometimes anti-acne drugs are used for this condition, which only make it worse.

So, for example, rosacea, simple irritations, milia are confused with acne, but most often a disease such as Malassezia Folliculitis is confused with acne.Quite often, both diseases occur together, and then everything becomes completely incomprehensible. This disease is called fungal acne, although it has nothing to do with acne.

Here is a gigantic, very detailed post about Malassezia Folliculitis. If you read in English and you are very interested in this question, I advise you to fall back. Seriously, this is clearly a sore subject for the dude, which he has been studying for years with frightening pedantry.

How to Distinguish Malassezia Folliculitis from Acne

Malassezia Folliculitis is very similar to acne, and the causes actually overlap.But there are still differences in causes and manifestations. And, of course, there are differences in treatment.

Acne is usually expressed in inflammation of various types and forms. These are blackheads, superficial purulent acne, deep inflammation, cysts, subcutaneous tissue. Inflammations are small or large, with or without pus. It appears on various parts of the face, but most often on the lower third and on the back.

Fungal acne usually presents as a uniform type of inflammation. They are all roughly the same shape and the same small size.They are not squeezed out (or squeezed out, but with difficulty.) Most often, these inflammations occur on the forehead and chest, and they often itch and itch. Classic acne usually does not itch, and this is an important difference.

It is actually not very difficult to distinguish one from the other, but if it is possible, then it is better to go to the doctor and have an analysis done. Because in the end it may turn out to be completely different from what you think.

Where does Malassezia Folliculitis

come from?
If, in the case of acne, the bacteria cause inflammation p.acnes (more on this here), in the case of Malassezia Folliculitis, the rash is caused by the fungus Malassezia. These same fungi cause other dermatitis and dandruff. In general, these fungi are a normal part of the skin microbiome, but when there are too many of them, problems arise.

Too many of them are usually due to increased production of sebum. They, like the bacteria that cause acne, love sebum, and live where there is a lot of it.

This disease also sometimes manifests itself in high humidity: in the tropics, or with heavy sweating.Because fungi love it too.

Another, no less serious reason – antibiotics, both internal and superficial. Antibiotics play a role here because they kill bacteria (both good and bad), and this gives the fungi the opportunity and space to reproduce. Quite often, Malassezia Folliculitis occurs against the background of taking antibiotics, including surface antibiotics used for acne.

What is customary to treat Malassezia Folliculitis

The very first thing that is prescribed for fungal acne is antifungal ointments and pills.They always work if the diagnosis is correct. These are ketoconazole, fluconazole and some other substances. When diagnosed, this should be the first, if not the only, treatment.

Antifungal shampoos with ketoconazole (nizoral and others like it) are also used as a means for washing (because there are practically no special washers for this). They need to wash their face every day or every other day for 5-10 minutes. If you don’t have access to a doctor who can diagnose, or you don’t have the money for such a doctor, and by all indications it looks like you have fungal acne, I advise you to try washing your face with ketoconazole shampoo and see what happens.

They also use UV therapy. In Denmark, it is even included in the guideline (protocol) for the treatment of fungal acne. Not to be confused with sunburn and sun exposure: UV therapy uses a certain narrow wavelength spectrum and the exposure time is very short.

What ingredients should not be used for fungal acne.

Fungi are living organisms, and in care and in cosmetics, it is worth avoiding substances and formulas that they can feed on and on the basis of which they can multiply.Antibiotics should be avoided in the first place, because they kill bacteria, change the composition of the microbiome and give the fungus a field for reproduction.

Creams with a high content of fatty acids and oils with a high content of fatty acids . Linoleic, oleic, linolenic, palmitic. The most common oils with these acids are rosehip, jojoba, grape seed, olive, and almond. Fungi are very, very fond of fatty acids, and if you use very saturated and fatty creams with them, you can only make things worse.I love the fatty acids in my skincare and they are great for classic acne. But for a fungus – no. Good options for oils that fungi won’t thrive on are squalane, caprylic triglycerides (highly refined coconut oil), and mineral oil. These oils do not contain or practically do not contain fatty acids, and there is especially nothing for the fungi to feed on. It is better not to use creams with other oils and other pure oils.

Ethers . In cosmetics, esters are a combination of fatty acids with alcohol.Fungi love them too, and grow well on them. Malassezia fungi come in many different types. and some love some esters and fatty acids, others – others. In principle, you can get confused and find out what kind of fungi you have, read a dozen studies and find out in more detail what exactly does not suit you, but I would not try so hard and would just avoid all fatty acids and fatty acid esters. Without going into details, the ingredients ending in -ate are esters of fatty acids. Examples: isopropyl palmitate, ethyl oleate.The name of the ingredient is the combination of the names of the alcohol and the fatty acid of which it is composed. Isopropyl palmitate is a combination of isopropyl alcohol and palmitic acid.

Fermented yeast and ingredients with yeast. These are often found in Asian cosmetics. For example, the famous essence of SK-II contains them. All in all, there is an ingredient Galactomyces – not for you.

Polysorbates . Fungi use them as a source of lipids. As part of the search for Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate 40, Polysorbate 60, Polysorbate 80.Or Twin 20, 40, 60, 80, respectively.

What ingredients can (and should) be used for fungal acne.

Those that provoke the development of “good” bacteria and inhibit the growth of fungi. And those that simply do not “feed” the fungi. I will not write about ketoconazole again, this section is more about general care for skin prone to fungal acne. In order to reduce the likelihood of manifestations. Of course, it is important to make sure that there are no ingredients in the product that are indicated in the previous paragraph.

All of these products DO NOT TREAT fungal acne, but they can be used as adjuvants.

Again, creams based on squalane (not squalene), caprylic triglycerides and mineral oil. Or pure squalane, for example.

Probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics. They not only suppress fungi, but help bacteria live and multiply. And with Malassezia Folliculitis, it is quite important that the population of the fungus decreases. And one way is to increase the bacterial population so that there is less room for the fungi.

Salicylic acid . It exfoliates, reduces oil, unclogs pores and has an anti-fungal effect.

Azelaic acid . It shows results on laboratory cells, and in the case of Malassezia Folliculitis, this can be transferred to a living person, because the fungi are on the surface of the skin and the agents act directly on them. In addition, azelaic acid also works for acne, so if in doubt what you have, it makes sense to give it a try.

Urea . This, again, is a keratolytic (exfoliates and removes dead cells along with fungi from the skin). But, unlike azelaic and salicylic acids, it also moisturizes. And there is evidence that it directly destroys Malassezia fungi.


Sulfur. It also exfoliates (which means it helps to remove fungi from the skin). Even when applied to the skin, it forms a substance that kills Malassezia fungi.

Cosmetics

If you are pedantic, then, in general, you yourself can figure out which creams are right for you and which are not.But for lazy people and people who do not have time for this, here is a list of one thousand three hundred remedies suitable for fungal acne. I chose from it several of those that can be bought relatively easily in Russia.

As usual, the treatment should consist of the following steps:

Morning:
– Washing
– Active care
– Moisturizing and / or Sanskrin

Evening:
– Washing
– Active leaving
– Moisturizing.

As an active care, I advise you to first take one ingredient, then gradually add others if necessary.

Cleansing

Since fungi are very fond of fats, it is better to refuse oil cleansing. I choose wash basins that have a lot of oils and oil-like ingredients.

Bioderma Sensibio
Micellar Water Garnier
Avene Cleansing Foam
Dermalogica UltraCalming Cleanser
La Roche Posay Toleriane

Moisturizing


Again, it is best to avoid products with classic oils and leave only those containing caprylic triglycerides, squalane and mineral oil.

The Ordinary Squalane Oil – Pure squalane, can clog pores.
Timeless Squalane Oil – Higher quality pure squalane than The Ordinary.
Hada Labo Hyaluronic Acid Lotion – A thick moisturizing lotion for dehydrated skin.
Kiehl’s Iris Extract Activating Treatment Essence – A thick moisturizing lotion for oily and dull skin.
Timeless Hyaluronic Acid Serum – Simple moisturizing cream.
Timeless Hyaluronic Acid Vitamin C Serum – simple moisturizing cream + radiance.
Avène Tolérance Extrême Emulsion – For very sensitive skin
Bioderma Hydrabio Gel Cream – For oily skin.
CeraVe Cream – For normal to dry skin, I wrote about it here.
Kielh’s Oil-free Gel-Cream – For oily skin
La Roche-Posay Hyalu B5 Creme – For all skin

Sun protection

Sun protection is very difficult, because the filters are mostly fat-soluble, and the formulas themselves are quite bold.I can advise you to pay attention to the mineral Sanskrins, and here are several examples of different ones.

CeraVe AM SPF 30 – moisturizing sunscreen.
Cetaphil Redness Relieving Daily Facial Moisturizer – Tinted Mineral Sanskrin.
Colorescience Sunforgettable Total Protection SPF 50 Face Shield – Mineral Sanskrin.
Hada Labo Perfect UV Gel SPF50 + PA ++++ – Light moisturizing gel, wrote about it here.
La Roche Posay Anthelios Ultra Comfort Cream SPF 30 is a classic moisturizing sunscreen.
La Roche Posay Anthelios Ultra Comfort Cream SPF 50 is a classic moisturizing sunscreen.

Additional care

In fact, everything with sulfur will do. urea, salicylic acid and other ingredients, which I wrote about above. Only you should avoid fatty acids, but you already understood that.

Stridex – discs with salicylic acid.
Bravura London 2% Salicylic Acid Peel – Salicylic Acid
Bravura London 10% Glycolic Acid Peel – Lactic Acid
COSRX BHA Blackhead Power Liquid – Salicylic Acid
Skinoren – Azelaic Acid
Kate Somerville Eradikate Acne Acne Sulfur and Salicylic Treatment259 List Beta Hydroxy Acid – Salicylic Acid
iS Clinical Active Serum – Many Different Acids

Cat Skin Diseases: Symptoms and Treatment

If you have a cat, you probably noticed how carefully she looks after herself.But a well-groomed appearance often makes it difficult to notice in time skin diseases that cause discomfort to the animal. In fact, you may not notice any irritation at all until you see severe itching, hair loss, and sores on the skin.

How to find the problem

Are you worried if your cat suffers from a skin disease? Ideally, your cat’s coat should be clean and fluffy. The skin should feel smooth to the touch. It should not show any redness, swelling, peeling, or other signs of irritation.If you find red spots, pimples, crusts, open wounds, scales, hair loss, peeling, your cat may need treatment. Pay attention to changes in the smell of the skin, any excessive scratching, licking or biting in certain places on the pet’s body.

Does the cat itch? It can appear as a result of a number of skin conditions.

Common infections

Fungal infections are most common. Ringworm and yeast can cause skin problems in an animal.Please note that these infections are quite easily transmitted to the rest of the family, so it is very important to identify them in time.

Naturally, cats, like humans, are susceptible to infection with parasites and viruses. Fleas and ticks not only cause itching in the animal, but can also lead to more serious skin conditions. Even if your cat is kept at home, use anti-ectoparasite medications for prevention. Seek advice from your veterinarian. Some infections have a side effect in the form of skin irritation.The causative agent of one of these infections is the vaccinia virus, which, according to the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, cat becomes infected by contact with infected rodents.

Environmental factors

There are three major environmental factors known to cause illness and irritation to your pet’s skin:

  • Allergy to environmental factors. Pollen, dust and mold are the three most common allergens that cause skin conditions.Your veterinarian will help diagnose the problem. It is better not to let your pet walk in places where there may be pollen, dust and mold. Remove all allergens thoroughly before putting your cat in there.
  • Skin reactions may result from food allergies. A cat with digestive upset such as vomiting or diarrhea may also experience skin reactions.
  • Medicines. If the cat is taking medications, a skin reaction may be a side effect of these medications.Check with your veterinarian before stopping treatment or changing medication.

What Can Be Done

You may sincerely not understand why your cat is constantly grooming and itching. Visit your veterinarian and he will advise on a medication to alleviate the condition of the animal, or select a suitable dietary food. You may even need to use certain medications to treat skin reactions. It is important to observe the cat during treatment to ensure that the condition is improving and not vice versa.If the problem persists, you may be dealing with a different skin condition. During the examination, the veterinarian will provide the pet with the necessary assistance. Make a list of all the symptoms you see in your cat to help the doctor diagnose the condition more easily.

You love your cat and will not watch her suffer. Despite the fact that the pet carefully monitors its appearance, regularly check its skin and coat to detect any problems. Pay attention to changes in the smell of the skin, the appearance of itching, changes in the ritual of washing.The sooner you spot a problem, the better for your cat.

Contributor Bio

Erin Ollila

Erin Ollila believes in the power of words, in the fact that her message can give a lot to people and even change them. Her articles can be found all over the internet and in print, and include interviews, articles, blog posts, and creative non-fiction. Erin is a fan of SEO and all social media. She graduated from Fairfield University with a Master of Arts in Creative Writing.You can find her on Twitter @ReinventingErin or find out more about her at http://erinollila.com.

90,000 Infections controlled by means of immunoprophylaxis – City Polyclinic 69, Moscow

Measles

Measles is an acute viral infectious disease accompanied by fever, general intoxication, rash, damage to the conjunctiva and upper respiratory tract. The human body is extremely sensitive to the measles virus: upon contact with sick people, who have not been vaccinated and have not previously had measles, fall ill in 100% of cases.

Distribution. The source of infection is a sick person who releases the virus into the external environment. The measles virus is spread by airborne droplets. It can spread over considerable distances with a stream of air.

Complications. The most serious complication of measles is encephalitis, which causes death in 10% of cases.

Prevention. The only effective means of preventing measles is vaccination, both among children and among adults.Vaccination creates reliable, long-term immunity.

Routine measles immunization is carried out within the framework of the regional immunization schedule:

– Children – at the age of 12 months; revaccination – at the age of 6 years.

– Adults who have not been vaccinated and have not been sick before – under the age of 35.

– Persons from risk groups (employees of medical and educational organizations, trade organizations, transport, utilities and social spheres, persons working on a rotational basis, employees of state control bodies at checkpoints through the state.border) – up to 55 years.

Unfortunately, the number of measles cases has been on the rise lately. The main reason for this is the increase in the number of unvaccinated patients, mainly due to refusals of preventive vaccinations. In order to reduce the number of measles cases, it was decided to carry out additional immunization against measles in 2019 ( Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated 06.03.2019 No. 2 “On carrying out mopping up immunization against measles in the territory of the Russian Federation”).

From April 1 to October 1, 2019, a large-scale campaign for additional vaccination of citizens against measles is taking place in Moscow. Anyone who has not previously been vaccinated against measles or who has not received the full course of vaccination can get vaccinated.

Vaccinations for adults and children are carried out in medical organizations at the place of attachment, as well as in kindergartens and schools. Vaccinations are carried out after a mandatory examination by a doctor.

The vaccination procedure will take you very little time and will help protect against measles.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B – anthroponous (a disease, the causative agent of which is capable of parasitizing in natural conditions only in the human body), a viral disease caused by the causative agent of hepatitis B.

People of all ages are sick with hepatitis B.

You can become infected when the virus enters the bloodstream, if the skin and mucous membranes are damaged.The source of infection is an infected person, a patient with both acute and chronic forms. The virus is found in blood, semen, saliva, and vaginal secretions. A characteristic property of the virus is its high activity and resistance in the environment. For infection, it is enough to enter the body of the smallest amount of blood infected with the virus (only 0.0001 ml!). Transmission occurs from an infected mother to a child during its passage through the birth canal, during sexual contact with an infected person, with intravenous drug administration, in families of patients with chronic hepatitis B using shared shaving razors, toothbrushes, etc., in isolated cases with violations of the sanitary and anti-epidemic regime during a variety of medical and diagnostic manipulations.

General clinical signs: Most people do not experience any symptoms during the acute stage of infection. Some people may show general symptoms: fatigue and fatigue, loss of appetite, jaundice, nausea, discomfort in the right hypochondrium, changes in the color of urine (darkens) and feces (brightens), joint pain. For incipient hepatitis B, it is characteristic when a sick person, against the background of an increase in temperature and intoxication (malaise, deterioration of health), appears darkening of urine and jaundice develops.In hepatitis B, in addition to biochemical signs of damage to liver cells, corresponding markers are found in the blood. The presence of HBsAg, anti-HBc IgM, anti-HBc total, HBeAg, anti-HBe (markers of hepatitis B), HBV-DNA in the blood serum confirms the presence of hepatitis B. Different combinations of the results of these tests indicate the presence of infection in the present or past, acute or the chronic phase of hepatitis B, virus activity. Based on the test results, it is possible to determine the indications for treatment and evaluate its effectiveness.

Hepatitis B is a serious global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and put people at high risk of dying from cirrhosis and liver cancer.

If you suspect a disease, suspicion of contact with an infection, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Carrying out a full course of vaccination (at least 3 vaccinations, without violating the vaccination scheme) leads to the formation of specific antibodies to the hepatitis B virus in a protective titer.Vaccination is carried out within the framework of the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations. The vaccination course consists of 3 vaccinations and is carried out according to the scheme: 0-1-6 months.

Vaccines are used: ▪ Regevac B ▪ Recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine ▪ Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (rDNA) ▪ Shanvak B ▪ Engerix B ▪ Eberbiovac.

What are the complications of the vaccine administration? Side effects of hepatitis B vaccination are rare. Soreness at the injection site, redness and induration at the injection site, as well as a slight increase in temperature, complaints of malaise, fatigue, joint pain, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, nausea are possible in 5-10%.These reactions develop mainly after the first two injections and disappear after 2-3 days. It is extremely rare that allergic reactions of an immediate type can develop in particularly sensitive individuals.

Contraindications for vaccination include hypersensitivity to yeast and other components of the vaccine, a strong reaction or complication to the previous administration of the drug, acute diseases (vaccination is postponed until the end of acute manifestations of the disease and exacerbation of chronic diseases).

Rubella

Acute viral infectious disease caused by rubella virus, characterized by a small-spotted rash, swollen lymph nodes, moderate fever

The source of infection is a person with a clinically expressed or erased form of rubella. The transmission routes are airborne (when talking with a patient, kissing) and vertical (from mother to fetus). The patient becomes contagious 1 week before the onset of the rash and continues to shed the virus for 5-7 days after the onset of the rash.

The main clinical signs: the incubation (latent) period lasts from 11 to 24 days (usually 16-20). A rash is a common manifestation of rubella.

The rash, which appears in 50–80% of cases, usually first appears on the face and neck, then within 24 hours it appears on the trunk and extremities. The rash persists for 1–5 days. The elements of the rash are round or oval pink-red small spots. The rash is especially common on the back, buttocks, outer arms and front of the legs.There is no rash on the soles and palms. Sometimes at the same time, small single rashes appear on the mucous membrane of the mouth.

Swollen lymph nodes behind the ears and in the neck are the most common clinical signs. Rubella is most severe in adults: it is characterized by an increase in body temperature (up to 38–39 ° C), headache, muscle pain, loss of appetite, arthritis with pain in the joints, which usually lasts 3–10 days.

What is the danger of the disease? Rubella is especially dangerous in the first 3 months of pregnancy – while severe congenital malformations of the child (congenital rubella syndrome) often develop, intrauterine fetal death is possible.The highest risk of CRS is for women of childbearing age who are not immune to the disease (either from vaccinations or from previous rubella).

Treatment is carried out under the supervision of a physician and usually does not require hospitalization. No specific treatment is required.

The most effective preventive measure is vaccination.

Monovaccines: rubella vaccine. Combined vaccines: “Priorix” – measles, mumps, rubella vaccine.

Complications of vaccine administration: reactions to rubella vaccine administration can be mild and are rare: short-term temperature rise to low numbers, hyperemia at the injection site, less often – inflammation of the lymph nodes. Sometimes from the 5th to the 12th day after vaccination, symptoms of rubella are noted: an increase in the occipital and posterior cervical lymph nodes, a short-term rash. All reactions are characterized by a short-term course.

Contraindications for vaccination:

▪ severe forms of allergic reactions to aminoglycosides (gentamicin sulfate) and chicken eggs;

▪ primary immunodeficiency states, oncological diseases;

▪ strong reaction (temperature rise above 40 degrees, edema, hyperemia or edema more than 8 cm.in diameter at the injection site) or a complication of a previous vaccination;

▪ pregnancy.

Pneumococcal infection

Pneumococcal infection is a group of diseases caused by pneumococcus with different clinical manifestations. It is more often characterized by damage to the lungs, but it can also cause other diseases (meningitis, sepsis, sore throat, endocarditis, etc.)

People over 65 years old, people with chronic diseases of the lungs, cardiovascular system, liver, etc. are often sick.

Infection is transmitted by airborne droplets. The source of infection can be a person (patients with various forms of pneumococcal infection and healthy bacteria carriers).

Main clinical signs: symptoms depend on the form and can manifest themselves as symptoms of pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, etc.

Infection is dangerous with complications, among which are pneumococcal sepsis, acute otitis media, pneumonia, pneumococcal meningitis, which are characterized by a severe course, can lead to disability or death.Treatment: antibiotic therapy (with determination of sensitivity to antibiotics) under the supervision of a physician, on an outpatient basis or in a hospital, depending on the severity of the disease.

Disease prevention: vaccinations against pneumococcal infection.

What vaccines are used? “Prevenar” – 13-13-valent conjugate vaccine, Pneumo 23-23-valent polysaccharide.

Vaccine complications: Generally no major complications. Local: redness, induration / swelling, soreness.General: fever, irritability, drowsiness, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite. Serious complications (lymphadenopathy, anaphylactoid reactions, collaptoid reactions, convulsions, dermatitis, pruritus, urticaria) are rare when using the pneumococcal vaccine.

Contraindications for vaccination: strong reactions to the previous dose and hypersensitivity to vaccine components.

90,000 how to cure a person if spots appear

Fungal diseases are widespread and affect the skin of the human body.Infection – a parasitic fungus – penetrates deep into the tissues, harming both the skin itself and the entire human body. People of different ages, both adults and children, suffer from this disease. It is not at all easy to cure this disease on the neck.

When a disease occurs, itchy, unaesthetic spots of various, sometimes quite large sizes appear on the skin. On bare areas of the body, especially in the neck, such formations are clearly visible and especially unpleasant.Such spots visually spoil the appearance, the skin affected by the infection constantly itches, exfoliates and gets wet, which causes discomfort and complicates the life of a sick person, reduces its level.

Types of infection

Skin diseases are caused by various types of fungi, as well as dermatophytes and yeasts.

Dermatophytes

These are mycoses caused by a pathogenic fungus:

  • Ringworm or ringworm. This infection manifests itself on the skin in the form of large red spots.Skin affected by fungus often flakes, the outer part of the patch is slightly raised, and the skin in the middle looks healthy. The disease affects the surface of the neck, scalp, and often a glossy itchy rash descends to the forehead. Ringworm is a highly contagious disease. You can catch an infection both through the clothes of a sick person, in case of non-observance of hygiene rules, using other people’s towels and things, and from pets, livestock.
  • Shingles.This infection affects the scalp, causing the hair to fall out and give the impression of being cut on purpose. From the head area, the fungus often goes below and settles on the neck. People of any age are susceptible to infection. The disease affects both the adult and the child. Children are more susceptible to this disease. The symptoms of shingles are the appearance of spots, redness, blisters with itchy scales, the appearance of weeping pustules. You can catch the fungus by using other people’s personal hygiene items: combs, towels, clothing items of a sick person.
  • Microsporia. Small pink patches often develop on the neck, chin and forehead, which are mistaken for skin allergies. Such diseases are caused by fungal spores and are called microsporia or lichen rosacea. Often, the disease manifests itself as a result of the weakening of the body after illness and stress.

Yeast lesions

A fungus on the skin is also caused by yeast infections. Yeast is a type of mycosis caused by candidiasis, the most common type of fungus.

  • Diaper rash. On the neck it appears in the form of weeping wounds in the area of ​​skin folds.
  • Pityriasis versicolor. This type of lichen is caused by a yeast infection called malassezia. The fungus often infects young people. The surface is covered with scales that itch a lot, the skin often changes its color to pink or red, sometimes brown. In people with dark skin, the affected areas may appear lighter than others.

Treatment of cervical fungal infections

When the first symptoms appear on the skin, it is necessary to immediately consult a dermatologist.Treatment involves the appointment of special antifungal ointments, tablets, immunostimulating drugs, vitamins, and a special diet.

Antibacterial ointments

These medicines help to neutralize the fungus. They are applied to dry and clean skin.

  • Clotrimazole – is used to eliminate the activity of the fungus in the body. Used to treat adults, children, pregnant women. To effectively get rid of candidiasis, treatment will be required for 4-5 months.The remedy is applied for one more month after the symptoms of the disease disappear, so that there is no relapse.
  • Triderm – mycosis ointment. It contains gentamicin, dipropionate, clotrimazole, betamethasone. The tool is endowed with antibacterial, fungus-destroying, anti-inflammatory, vasoconstrictor and antipruritic effects. With the help of this medicine, pityriasis versicolor, acute weeping inflammations, is treated. Apply the cream in a thin layer to the painful area surrounding the tissue in the morning, at night.Not suitable for children 2 years of age. You cannot apply it to wounds. Pregnant women should use this cream with caution.
  • Terbinafine. The medicine has a characteristic odor. The active substance is terbinafine hydrochloride, which acts on the fungus trichophyton, candida, microsporum, epidermophyton – effective treatment of yeast infections, diaper rash, and varicoloured lichen. It is used to treat adults, children over 12 years old. Apply to dry, clean skin.
  • Mycozoral. Has fungistatic effect.The active agent, ketoconazole, affects the lipid composition of the fungus. Improvement occurs quickly. It is applied once a day for 2-4 weeks, this time is enough to destroy the fungus. Treatment with this remedy sometimes causes allergic reactions: itching, rash.
  • Mycozone. The active ingredient is miconazole nitrate. Has a bactericidal effect on bacteria, destroys fungal spores. Apply to the skin in the morning and evening. Rarely causes allergic reactions.It is forbidden for children under 12 years of age and pregnant women.
  • Zalain. The active substance is Sertaconazole. Destroys mycosis, prevents its spread and the growth of infection. Apply twice a day. The treatment lasts about a month.
  • Lamisil. On sale in the form of an emulsion, cream, ointment. The active ingredient is terbinafine. Apply once a day. The healing effect occurs when used for four weeks.
  • Zinc ointment. Apply 5 times a day. Quickly affects the fungus.
  • Salicylic ointment. It is applied to the skin, you can make a compress at night.
  • Sulfuric ointment. Heals and soothes the skin, the substance easily penetrates deeply, neutralizing the spores of the parasitic fungus. Inexpensive and effective remedy in the fight against shingles. The course of treatment is approximately 10 days, applied once a day before bedtime.
  • Exoderil. The active substance is Naftifine hydrochloride. The drug has the effect of accumulating in the skin. Has antifungal and antibacterial effects.It is applied to the skin previously cleaned with an antiseptic. A good therapeutic effect is achieved 8 weeks after the start of the drug.
  • Mikoseptin. It is used in the treatment of skin lesions by fungal infections.
  • Sinaflan. Treats all chronic, especially acute inflammations. It is used as an accompanying remedy for the treatment of inflammation, eliminates itching. Apply to cleansed areas. Duration of exposure up to 10 days.
  • Ekalin. It has a good effect on dermatophytes, Candida fungi, blocks their activity in the body, and penetrates well deep into tissues.Apply in a thin layer in the morning and evening.

Lotions, solutions and sprays

Another range of fast-acting fungal treatments:

  • Clotrimazole Microspray. An effective antiseptic. The principle of action in suppressing the morphogenesis of the fungus. The infection is blocked early in the disease. Lotion treatment does not cause allergic reactions. It is also used for prophylaxis.
  • Miramistin spray. It has a pronounced antifungal, antiviral and antimicrobial effect.The action on the skin is gentle. No contraindications have been identified. It is applied by spraying on the contaminated surface.
  • Disiskrub spray. The active substances are chlorhexidine bigluconate, ethyl alcohol. Good for Candida yeast.
  • Ekalin spray. Blocks the vital activity of fungi. Spray from a distance of approximately 10 cm.
  • Naftifine solution (Exoderil). Antifungal agent – a clear solution, yellowish in color, contains the smell of alcohol.Destroys the cell walls of spores, has antibacterial activity, affects yeast. Apply once a day for 4 weeks.
  • Nitrofungin. A solution with a pungent ethanol odor. Suppresses the cell walls of spores, eliminates itching and inflammation. The solution is applied with a cotton swab for 6 weeks.

Tablet therapy

In the treatment of lesions, antimycotic drugs are used – various tablets. When it enters the stomach, the drug quickly dissolves and affects the harmful bacteria from the inside, causing the death of a large number of parasites.

  • Fluconazole. Acts on the membrane of spores, blocks and stops the growth of infections inside the body. Has an effect on fungi. It is prescribed for adults and children over 15 years of age. Duration of application is from 7 to 14 days. It is recommended to use in conjunction with a cream.
  • Nizoral. The active substance is ketoconazole – affects the fungus.
  • Ketoconazole. Assign once a day.