Caffeine: How does it affect blood pressure?

How does caffeine affect blood pressure?

Answer From Francisco Lopez-Jimenez, M.D.

Caffeine may cause a short, but dramatic increase in your blood pressure, even if you don’t have high blood pressure. It’s unclear what causes this spike in blood pressure. The blood pressure response to caffeine differs from person to person.

Some researchers believe that caffeine could block a hormone that helps keep your arteries widened. Others think that caffeine causes your adrenal glands to release more adrenaline, which causes your blood pressure to increase.

Some people who regularly drink caffeinated beverages have a higher average blood pressure than do those who drink none. Others who regularly drink caffeinated beverages develop a tolerance to caffeine. As a result, caffeine doesn’t have a long-term effect on their blood pressure.

If you have high blood pressure, ask your doctor whether you should limit or stop drinking caffeinated beverages. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration says 400 milligrams a day of caffeine is generally safe for most people. However, if you’re concerned about caffeine’s effect on your blood pressure, try limiting the amount of caffeine you drink to 200 milligrams a day — about the same amount as is generally in two 8-ounce (237-milliliter) cups of brewed coffee. Keep in mind that the amount of caffeine in coffee, energy drinks and other beverages varies by brand and method of preparation.

Also, if you have high blood pressure, avoid caffeine right before activities that naturally increase your blood pressure, such as exercise, weightlifting or hard physical labor.

To see if caffeine might be raising your blood pressure, check your blood pressure before drinking a cup of coffee or other caffeinated beverage and again 30 to 120 minutes afterward. If your blood pressure increases by about 5 to 10 points, you may be sensitive to the blood pressure raising effects of caffeine. If you plan to cut back on caffeine, do so gradually over several days to a week to avoid withdrawal headaches.

With

Francisco Lopez-Jimenez, M.D.

June 08, 2021

Show references

1. Papakonstantinou E, et al. Acute effects of coffee consumption on self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms, blood pressure and stress indices in healthy individuals. Nutrition Journal. 2016;15:26.
2. Xie C, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2018; doi:10.1038/s41371-017-0007-0.
3. Giardina E-G. Cardiovascular effects of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. https://www.uptodate.com/content/search. Accessed May 6, 2021.
4. De Giuseppe R, et al. Caffeine and blood pressure: A critical review perspective. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2019; doi:10.1017/S0954422419000015.
5. Caffeine. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed May 6, 2021.
6. 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U. S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov. Accessed May 6, 2021.
7. Temple JL, et al. The safety of ingested caffeine: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2017;8:1.
8. Chrysant SG. The impact of coffee consumption on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 2017; doi:10.1080/14779072.2017.1287563.
9. FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov. Accessed. Accessed May 6, 2021.

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Coffee consumption and blood pressure

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Although the precise nature of the relationship between coffee and blood pressure is still unclear, overall the research to date suggests that regular intake of caffeinated coffee does not increase the risk of hypertension.

A 2008 review concluded that data from cross-sectional studies suggest an inverse linear or U-shaped association between habitual coffee intake and blood pressure in different populations³³. The authors suggested that prospective studies showed a protective effect of coffee intake (4 or more cups per day) against hypertension, mainly in women. The study stated that further investigation was needed to discover whether abstainers are at a lower or higher risk of hypertension than occasional coffee drinkers (1–2 cups per day). The same study also found that randomised controlled trials, which are mostly of short duration (1-12 weeks), suggest that coffee intake of around 5 cups per day may cause a small elevation in blood pressure (1-2mmHg) when compared to abstinence or use of decaffeinated coffee.

• A 2011 review of 5 trials concluded that the administration of 200-300mg caffeine produced a mean increase of 8.1mmHg in systolic blood pressure (BP) and of 5. 7mmHg in diastolic BP. The increase in BP was observed in the first hour after caffeine intake and lasted for 3 hours. However, in studies over a 2 week period, no increase in BP was observed after coffee consumption. The authors concluded that in hypertensive individuals, caffeine intake can produce a short-term acute increase in BP. Current research does not support an association between longer-term coffee consumption and increased BP, or between habitual coffee consumption and an increased risk of CVD in hypertensive subjects³⁴.
• A dose-response meta-analysis of 172,567 participants and 37,135 incident hypertension cases showed an inverse J-shaped curve, with hypertension risk increasing up to 3 cups per day and decreasing with higher intakes. The results suggest that habitual coffee consumption of >3 cups per day was not associated with an increased risk of hypertension compared with <1 cup per day; however, a slightly elevated risk appeared to be associated with light-to-moderate consumption of 1-3 cups per day³⁵.
• A large prospective study concluded that neither caffeinated coffee nor caffeine intake was associated with mean systolic or diastolic blood pressure, but decaffeinated coffee intake was associated with a small but clinically irrelevant decrease in mean diastolic blood pressure. Intakes of caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and caffeine were not associated with the risk of incident hypertension. These findings suggest that caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and caffeine are not risk factors for hypertension in postmenopausal women³⁶.
• A 2012 study considered the variability in the effect of caffeine intake on blood pressure, suggesting that compared with decaffeinated coffee, caffeinated coffee was associated with a significant increase in blood pressure. The authors suggested that the variability in the acute BP response to coffee may be partly explained by genetic polymorphisms of the adenosine A2A receptors and α2-adrenergic receptors³⁷.
• A 2017 dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies concluded that increased coffee consumption is associated with a modest decrease in risk of hypertension in prospective cohort studies. Smoking status is a potential effect modifier on the association between coffee consumption and risk of hypertension³⁸.
• Results from a cohort of 13,374 individuals from the Spanish SUN Project suggested an inverse association between regular coffee consumption and the risk of hypertension in women, which was strongest among women with a suboptimal food pattern, particularly a low adherence to the Mediterranean diet³⁹.
• A further dose-response meta-analysis suggested a significant protective effect of coffee consumption on hypertension starting from the consumption of 3 cups of coffee per day⁴⁰.
• A 2018 systematic review and data analysis, including 243,869 individuals and 58,094 incident cases of hypertension suggested that consumption of coffee was inversely associated with the risk of hypertension in a dose–response manner. The hypertension risk was reduced by 3%, 5%, 8% and 10% for 2, 4, 6, and 8 cups/day, respectively, compared with individuals with no coffee intake⁴¹.
• Research published in 2018 reviewed associations between coffee consumption and blood pressure in relation to the incidence of a nucleotide polymorphism associated with risk of high blood pressure. The authors concluded that there was a significant interaction effect between coffee consumption and genetic risk of high blood pressure in those consuming more than 3 cups of coffee per day. This is a new area of research and further investigation is required before conclusions can be drawn⁴².

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7 Effective Home Remedies for Low Blood Pressure

While you may have heard of hypertension or high blood pressure, suffering from low blood pressure can be as dangerous as well. An optimal blood pressure reading is less than 120mm Hg and above 80 mm Hg.  The first number indicates the systolic pressure or the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and fills with them with blood. The second number represents the diastolic pressure which is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. Low blood pressure or hypotension may cause inadequate blood flow to the heart, brain, and other vital organs. A sudden drop in blood pressure often occurs when someone suddenly rises from a lying down or sitting position. This is called postural hypo-tension and may cause light-headedness and dizziness. There are some home remedies for low blood pressure that you can employ in order to deal with the symptoms of erratic blood pressure. But if you’ve been feeling the following symptoms for a while, consult your doctor and get your blood pressure measured –

• Fatigue
• Light-headedness
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Clammy skin
• Loss of consciousness
• Blurry vision

Once your doctor confirms that your blood pressure is low, follow his advice and take medication if required. A healthy low blood pressure diet is important for low blood pressure treatment. Along with that, here’s more homely help. Your diet plays a crucial role in maintaining your blood pressure.

Dr. Rupali Datta, Clinical Dietitian at Fortis-Escorts Hospital, suggests some home remedies for low blood pressure:

 1. Eat small portions frequently: Sneak healthy snacking sessions in-between the major meals of the day to avoid long gaps. Eating small portions several times of the day helps in preventing the sudden drop in blood pressure that one may experience after meals. So, if you are eating three full meals a day, it would be better to rather have them distributed in to five small meals a day. This one’s a great home remedy for also people who have diabetes. 
 

(Also Read: 7 Best Home Remedies for Anaemia)_{Home remedies for low blood pressure: eat small portions frequently}

 
2. Have adequate salt: Excess salt is bad, but on the other hand it is required by your body in moderate quantities. According to the World Health Organisation, your daily diet must contain at one teaspoon of added salt besides what you derive from natural from fruits and vegetables. In summers or if you exercise daily, keep some lime water with a pinch of salt handy. Salt works like an instant pick-me-up. Make sure you do not have too much salt too that may lead to problems like water retention along with high blood pressure. 
 

(Also Read: 7 Effective Ways To Cure Water Retention)_{Home remedies for low blood pressure: Excess salt is bad, but it is required by your body in moderate quantities}

3. Drink more fluids: Drink at least 2 to 3 litres of water every day. Besides this, include drinks like coconut water, bael ka sharbat and aam panna in your low blood pressure diet. These will give you the necessary electrolytes required to maintain the fluids in your body. Dehydration is a common cause of low blood pressure. Pomegranate juice is rich in antioxidants called polyphenols and may help you lower your blood pressure. One of the best ways to fight dehydration is water; so, do not forget to load up on enough water for the day. 
 

(Also Read: 6 Home Remedies for Migraine)_{Home remedies for low blood pressure: Drink at least 2 to 3 litres of water every day}

 
4. Caffeine helps: Caffeinated beverages like tea or coffee may help boost your blood pressure temporarily.  When your blood pressure dips suddenly, a cup of coffee or tea can get your circulation going. It causes short, but dramatic increase in your blood pressure. Although nobody knows why this happens, but it is believed to help your improve your blood pressure. 
 

_{Home remedies for low blood pressure: Caffeinated beverages like tea or coffee may help boost your blood pressure}

 
5. Tulsi Leaves:  “A home remedy from our granny’s treasure trove. Chew five to six tulsi leaves every morning,” suggests Dr. Rupali. Tulsi leaves have high levels of potassium, magnesium and vitamin c which can help in regulating your blood pressure. It is also loaded with an antioxidant called Eugenol which keeps the blood pressure under control and lowers cholesterol levels.
 

(Also Read: Effective Home Remedies to Treat Diarrhea) _{Home remedies for low blood pressure: Chew five to six tulsi leaves every morning}

 
6. Almond Milk: Soak 5 to 6 almonds overnight, peel them in the morning, make a paste and boil them into a drink. Drink this every day to prevent your blood pressure from falling. There is no cholesterol or saturated fat in almond milk. In fact, it is rich in healthy fats like Omega-3 fatty acids. Include this milk in your low blood pressure diet; basically, you can add it to your cereals, smoothies, et al and enjoy the goodness of the almond milk. 
 

(Also Read: 6 Natural Home Remedies For Diabetes)_{Home remedies for low blood pressure: Soak 5 to 6 almonds overnight, peel them in the morning}

 
7. Munakka: Another remedy from granny’s kitchen. You can soak some munakka overnight and then boil it with milk and have it in the morning. Or you can just add a fistful of soaked munakkas in your breakfast regimen. It increases vitality and blood and helps in better circulation, which further helps you lower blood pressure. This Indian raisin is exactly what you need to ensure a healthy blood pressure. 

Bring these home remedies for low blood pressure to your rescue. 

Does drinking coffee affect your blood pressure?

As a stimulant, coffee makes people more alert and awake. Over 154 million adults, or 75% of the US population, are reported to consume some form of it every day. Due to its popularity, there needs to be a better understanding of how it can impact your health. Experts agree that in moderation coffee is not unhealthy, but how does it affect your blood pressure?  

Coffee raises blood pressure in the short term

The FDA recommends that adults don’t drink more than 400 milligrams of caffeine a day, the average cup of coffee contains 80 to 100 milligrams of caffeine whereas a can of caffeinated soft drink contains 30-40 milligrams. According to a review of 34 studies, caffeine may raise your blood pressure, especially if you are not a regular coffee drinker. The review found that in general, drinking anywhere between 200-300 milligrams of caffeine can raise your systolic blood pressure by 8 mm Hg while boosting your diastolic blood pressure by 6 mm Hg. The caffeine, however, will usually only raise blood pressure levels for around 3 hours.

Are there any long-term effects? 

Since coffee is a beverage that people drink on a daily basis and it does raise your blood pressure in the short term, the question of if there are any long-term effects of drinking coffee is a legitimate concern. The results are conflicting. Some evidence suggests that drinking coffee regularly does not have a long-term impact on your blood pressure, nor does it appear to increase your risk of cardiovascular health problems.

Other evidence suggests negative reactions to caffeine like caffeine withdrawal, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, or jitteriness. If you’re considering drinking coffee every day, it’s important to do so in moderation, and figure out what works the best for you, your body and your lifestyle. One way to consume coffee in a healthy way is to never drink it on an empty stomach, before having your morning coffee, you should have at least a small meal. In case of gastrointestinal distress, an option is to add collagen protein into your coffee. 

Staying on top of your health

Monitoring your blood pressure is important to ensure that your heart is healthy, whether you regularly drink coffee or not. With QardioArm,  you can monitor your blood pressure wherever and whenever. It is completely wireless and connects to a state-of-the-art app. QardioArm is ideal for anyone looking for an efficient, practical way to monitor their blood pressure. 

Contributed by Daniel Spielberger 

Coffee Intake and Risk of Hypertension: The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study | Complementary and Alternative Medicine | JAMA Internal Medicine

Background 
Whether the increase in blood pressure with coffee drinking seen in clinical trials persists over time and translates into an increased incidence of hypertension is not known.

Methods 
We assessed coffee intake in a cohort of 1017 white male former medical students (mean age, 26 years) in graduating classes from 1948 to 1964 up to 11 times over a median follow-up of 33 years. Blood pressure and incidence of hypertension were determined annually by self-report, demonstrated to be accurate in this cohort.

Results 
Consumption of 1 cup of coffee a day raised systolic blood pressure by 0.19 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.35) and diastolic pressure by 0.27 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.39) after adjustment for parental incidence of hypertension and time-dependent body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity in analyses using generalized estimating equations. Compared with nondrinkers at baseline, coffee drinkers had a greater incidence of hypertension during follow-up (18.8% vs 28.3%; P = .03). Relative risk (95% confidence interval) of hypertension associated with drinking 5 or more cups a day was 1. 35 (0.87-2.08) for baseline intake and 1.60 (1.06-2.40) for intake over follow-up. After adjustment for the variables listed above, however, these associations were not statistically significant.

Conclusion 
Over many years of follow-up, coffee drinking is associated with small increases in blood pressure, but appears to play a small role in the development of hypertension.

A LINK BETWEEN coffee drinking and increased blood pressure has been postulated for at least 60 years.¹ Administration of coffee has been demonstrated to raise blood pressure acutely,² but adaptation to the cardiovascular effects of coffee drinking occurs quickly. A recent meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials with a median duration of 56 weeks, however, demonstrated a persistent relationship between coffee intake and an increase in blood pressure.³

No prospective studies of coffee drinking and risk of developing hypertension have been performed. Such studies are necessary to determine if the pressor effect of coffee drinking seen in clinical trials is maintained over time and whether it translates into an increased risk of developing hypertension over the long-term. We examined the long-term effect of coffee drinking on blood pressure and risk of hypertension in The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study,⁴ a prospective longitudinal study of former medical students. The availability of repeated measures of coffee intake from young adulthood to age 60 years, as well as validated self-reports of blood pressure and hypertension, offers a unique opportunity to address this important issue.

Study population and measurements

The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study was designed and initiated in 1947 by the late Caroline Bedell Thomas.⁴ The 1337 students who matriculated into the graduating classes of 1948 to 1964 of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine were eligible for the study. Between 1948 and 1964, 1160 male and 111 female students (95% of those eligible) were enrolled. In medical school, participants completed questionnaires about their medical history, family history of hypertension, health habits, and dietary habits including coffee intake and cigarette smoking.⁴ Participants also underwent a standardized medical examination that included measurement of weight, height, blood pressure, and total serum cholesterol.⁵ Blood pressure was assessed on multiple occasions (median of 9 measurements) in medical school using a standardized protocol. For the present analysis, the mean level of all measurements was used to estimate blood pressure at baseline.

Women were excluded from this analysis because of their small numbers. Seventeen men with average systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher in medical school were also excluded. The remaining 1017 white men who provided coffee information in medical school are the study population for the present analysis.

Assessment of coffee consumption

Usual coffee intake was assessed up to 11 times: in medical school; every 5 years after graduation until 1984; and in 1978, 1986, 1989, and 1993. Information on cups of coffee consumed per day in medical school, in 1978 and later was obtained in response to an open-ended question. At the 5-year follow-ups, participants indicated their current intake based on 8 possible responses ranging from 0 to 7 or more cups a day. After 1986, participants were asked specifically about caffeinated coffee. Only information on caffeinated coffee was included in the analyses.

Information on cigarette smoking, body weight, physical activity, and alcohol intake was obtained at baseline and at the same time points during follow-up as coffee drinking. Self-reports of smoking behavior and body weight have been validated in this cohort.⁶

Methods of assessment of physical activity and alcohol intake varied over follow-up. Physical activity was assessed in medical school and over follow-up using the question, “How much physical training have you had in the past month?” Possible responses were none, little, moderate, and much. In 1978, 1986, 1989, and 1993, participants were asked the number of times per week that they engaged in physical activity vigorous enough to work up a sweat.⁷ Based on data from the years in which both questionnaires were administered, all responses were categorized based on the number of times per week the participants worked up a sweat. Alcohol intake was assessed in medical school, and every 5 years after graduation until 1984 by asking, “How much do you drink?” Possible responses were “never,” “occasional,” “varies,” and “regular.” In 1978, 1986, and later, a quantity-frequency measure of alcohol consumption was administered. Based on data from years when both questions were asked, alcohol intake from all questionnaires were converted to a quantity-frequency scale. Responses to both questions have been strongly related to the incidence of hypertension in this cohort.^8,9 Prevalence of hypertension in parents was assessed at baseline and incidence of hypertension in parents was assessed annually after graduation.

Blood pressure after graduation was assessed by means of annual questionnaires. Participants were asked to measure their blood pressure in a seated position. The average number of years that participants reported their blood pressure was 11, with a range from 1 (n = 39) to 27. Self-reports of blood pressure in a subset of this cohort have been found to be remarkably accurate.⁶ The correlation between measured and reported blood pressure was 0.67 for systolic blood pressure and 0.56 for diastolic blood pressure.

The annual questionnaires also asked about a diagnosis of and treatment for hypertension. A diagnosis of hypertension was assigned after review of annual questionnaires, blood pressure reports, and medical records by a committee of 5 internists trained in epidemiology without knowledge of the participant’s coffee intake. The committee’s criteria for hypertension were a reported blood pressure greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg on 1 annual questionnaire, greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg on 2 or more annual questionnaires, or hypertension requiring drug therapy. In persons who met the criteria for hypertension, onset was defined as first reported elevated reading. The present analysis was based on events reported through December 31, 1995, representing a median follow-up of 33 years. Yearly response rates varied from 68% to 78%, with 87% to 94% of the cohort responding at least once during every 5-year period. Vital status of nonrespondents was ascertained by contacting family members, scanning obituaries, and searching the National Death Index. Vital status was known for greater than 99% of the cohort.

The association of coffee drinking and blood pressure was assessed in longitudinal data analysis using the generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach developed by Liang and Zeger.¹⁰ The GEE accounts for correlation of blood pressure within individuals over time, allowing valid inferences from longitudinal data. For this analysis, coffee intake was parameterized as a continuous variable: 0 to 7 cups per day. The participants often reported more than 1 blood pressure reading on an annual questionnaire, so the mean of all blood pressures reported was used in the analysis. Blood pressures within 2 years after a report of coffee consumption were assigned to that measure of coffee intake. The number of years in which coffee intake was assessed was fewer than the number of years that blood pressure was reported. Blood pressure values were excluded from the analysis if data on coffee intake were not available within the prior 2 years. Observations were censored once a participant met the criteria for hypertension.

The cumulative incidence of subsequent hypertension associated with coffee intake at baseline was calculated for 4 categories of coffee consumption: none, 1 to 2 cups daily, 3 to 4 cups daily, and 5 or more cups daily, using Kaplan-Meier analysis.¹¹ The difference in hypertension incidence between coffee intake levels was tested using the log-rank test.¹² Age was the time variable used in all survival analyses. Coffee drinking was also modeled as a time-dependent categorical variable in Cox proportional hazards analysis.¹³ In these analyses, coffee consumption was defined by the level of most recent coffee intake prior to the first report of elevated blood pressure among those with hypertension in comparison with coffee consumption at the same age among those without elevated blood pressure. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were developed to adjust for possible confounding variables including incidence of hypertension in parents as well as time-dependent data during follow-up on number of cigarettes smoked, body mass index, physical activity, and alcohol intake. The models were stratified by calendar time periods to adjust for potential differences in baseline risk factors over time and possible secular trends in hypertension risk. Persons with missing data were excluded from the multivariate analysis. To examine the hypothesis that risk of hypertension varied by method of coffee preparation, calendar time was also used as a surrogate for preparation method.¹⁴ Time-dependent coffee intake was modeled as 3 calendar time-specific variables: before 1975, 1975 to 1984, and after 1984. These cut points were chosen because methods of coffee preparation began to shift toward use of automatic drip coffee makers around 1975, and a report on the relation of coffee drinking to coronary heart disease incidence in this cohort was published in 1984.¹⁴ Because coffee drinking has been suggested to interact with cigarette smoking to increase blood pressure,¹⁵ analyses were also performed within strata of lifetime smoking status. Estimates of relative risk and corresponding 2-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) relating coffee consumption to risk of hypertension were computed from the Cox models.¹³ All tests of significance were 2-tailed with an α level of .05.

Characteristics of the men in medical school and during follow-up are displayed in Table 1. Eighty-two percent drank coffee. The median category of coffee drinking was 1 to 2 cups per day with a median intake of 2 cups per day among drinkers. The men were young, with desirable mean levels of body mass, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum cholesterol. The heaviest coffee drinkers tended to be slightly older than the men who drank less or no coffee. Men who drank more coffee were more likely to drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes. Coffee intake in medical school was not related to physical activity, body mass index, or blood pressure at baseline.

The total number of blood pressure measurements reported were 21 457 and these were averaged to yield 11 666 annual mean blood pressure estimates. Coffee drinking was reported within the previous 2 years for 7768 and these were included in the GEE analysis. Table 2 summarizes the results of the unadjusted GEE analysis. In analyses using coffee drinking as a continuous variable, 1 cup of coffee per day was associated with a 0.21 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.03-0.38 mm Hg; P = .02) higher systolic and 0.26 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.14-0.38; P<.001) higher diastolic pressure. After adjustment for age, cigarette smoking, incidence of hypertension in the participants’ mother and father, as well as changes in alcohol intake, physical activity, and body mass index during follow up, the effect of coffee intake on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was similar and remained highly significant. In multivariate analyses, consumption of 1 cup of coffee a day increased systolic blood pressure by 0.19 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.02-0.35) and diastolic pressure by 0.27 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.15-0.39). There were no statistically significant interactions in the association of coffee drinking with blood pressure for cigarette smoking or any of the other variables included in the multivariate analysis.

During a median follow-up of 33 years, 281 men developed hypertension at a median age of 53 years. The unadjusted incidence of hypertension was 26.5% at age 60 years and 51.7% at age 77 years. Hypertension incidence varied by level of coffee intake (Figure 1). Estimates of incidence at the end of follow-up were highly variable because the staggered enrollment over 17 years resulted in a small number of men with follow-up to age 70 years. Thus, incidence rates at age 60 years are given in Table 3. The incidence of hypertension by age 60 years was greater in men who drank coffee in medical school (28.3%) than in those who did not (18.8%) (log-rank P = .03). Hypertension incidence increased progressively in men drinking 1 to 2 cups a day and 3 to 4 cups a day compared with non–coffee drinkers (Table 3). In the heaviest coffee consumption group, however, incidence of hypertension fell to 25.8%, less than that in the 1 to 2 cups a day group.

Results of Cox proportional hazards analysis assessing the risk of hypertension associated with coffee drinking at baseline and during follow-up are given in Table 4. Compared with men who did not drink coffee at baseline, the relative risk of hypertension was greater in all categories of coffee drinking but relative risk estimates increased only slightly with successive levels of coffee drinking, and, as in the Kaplan-Meier analysis, decreased somewhat in the heaviest drinkers. Risk of hypertension was statistically significantly greater in those drinking 3 to 4 cups a day compared with the men who abstained. After taking into account differences among coffee intake categories in incidence of hypertension in parents and the number of cigarettes smoked, alcohol intake, physical activity, and body mass index during follow-up, the association of coffee drinking with hypertension incidence was not statistically significant. When coffee drinking in closer proximity to the onset of hypertension was examined by modeling coffee intake during follow-up as a time-dependent covariate, results were similar to those seen for baseline coffee intake.

In analyses stratified by smoking status at baseline, the unadjusted relative risk of hypertension associated with drinking 5 or more cups of coffee a day (modeled as a continuous variable) was similar for smokers (relative risk, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.35-2.03) and nonsmokers (relative risk, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.93-2.25) alike, providing no evidence of effect modification of an association of coffee drinking with hypertension by cigarette smoking status. Likewise, risk of hypertension associated with coffee intake did not differ by calendar time of assessment of coffee intake. The unadjusted relative risk of hypertension associated with drinking 5 cups of coffee per day was 1.54 (95% CI, 0.99-2.38) before 1975, 1.16 (95% CI, 0.71-1.88) between 1975 and 1984, and 1.10 (95% CI, 0.63-1.91) after 1984 (P for interaction = .21). Results were unchanged in multivariate analyses.

In this long-term prospective study, drinking 1 cup of coffee a day was associated with small increases in blood pressure. Despite this persistent pressor effect, long-term coffee drinking did not substantially increase the risk of developing hypertension in this cohort. Nondrinkers were at lower risk of hypertension than coffee drinkers but there was no progressive increase in risk associated with higher levels of coffee intake. Relative risk estimates associated with coffee drinking were all less than 2.0 and, after adjustment for a number of factors associated with hypertension incidence, the risk associated with coffee drinking was no longer statistically significant.

The lower risk of hypertension in the heaviest coffee drinkers at baseline compared with more moderate coffee drinkers appeared to be explained by change in amount of coffee consumed during the long period of follow-up. When most recent, rather than baseline, coffee intake was considered, risk was higher in the heaviest drinkers (Table 4, column 3). Given the long follow-up and expected variation in coffee drinking over one’s lifetime, time-dependent analyses using most recent intake is the preferred approach.

The magnitude of the systolic blood pressor effect associated with drinking 1 cup of coffee (0.21 mm Hg) in this study was less than that seen in clinical trials of coffee drinking, but the effect for diastolic pressure (0.26 mm Hg) was almost identical. In a recent meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials lasting longer than 2 weeks (median duration, 56 weeks),³ the effect of drinking 1 cup a day was estimated to be 0.52 mm Hg for systolic pressure and 0.25 mm Hg for diastolic pressure.³ The blood pressure effects of drinking coffee are due to its caffeine content¹⁶ and adaptation to these effects occurs rapidly.¹⁷ Continued adaptation over the long period of follow-up in this study may explain why the effect on systolic pressure is less than that seen in clinical trials. In the Busselton Study, the only prospective study of coffee drinking and blood pressure of which we are aware, persons who decreased their coffee intake experienced a fall in blood pressure over 6 years of follow-up.¹⁸ The risk of developing hypertension associated with coffee drinking has not been examined previously, to our knowledge, but studies of the association of coffee drinking with risk of hemorrhagic stroke, a marker of uncontrolled hypertension, have also not shown an association.¹⁹

In contrast to the relatively consistent results from clinical trials, cross-sectional studies where coffee intake and blood pressure were assessed at the same time have yielded mixed results.^20-26 A problem with such studies is that persons with high blood pressure are often advised to moderate their coffee intake.²⁷ Thus, inverse or J-shaped associations may result from selective decrease of coffee intake in those with elevated blood pressure. An advantage of the present study is that it is unlikely that knowledge of high blood pressure affected level of coffee intake because first elevation of blood pressure was used to define time of onset of hypertension, often years before a clinical diagnosis was made and medication was started.

Method of coffee preparation has been shown to be an important determinant of the effects of coffee drinking on serum lipid levels because passing boiled coffee through a paper filter removes terpenes that raise serum cholesterol levels.²⁸ Specific information about method of coffee preparation from the participants would be desirable but was unavailable. Calendar time, although suboptimal, was used as a marker for method of coffee preparation in the present study because automatic drip coffee filters did not come into widespread use until after 1975. Thus, most of the coffee consumed prior to that time was probably percolated and unfiltered. Calendar time did not modify the association of coffee drinking with blood pressure or hypertension incidence, suggesting that method of coffee preparation does not affect hypertension risk.

Strengths of this study include the assessment of coffee intake prior to development of hypertension, very high response rates at baseline and follow-up, validity of self-reported blood pressure, and the repeated measures of coffee intake during a median follow-up of 33 years. The information on parental incidence of hypertension and the repeated measures of alcohol intake, physical activity, cigarette smoking, and body mass from an average age of 22 to 65 years, allowed adjustment for these possible confounding variables. Another unique strength is the ability to examine the effect of coffee drinking not only on risk of hypertension, but also on blood pressure. Utilization of GEE analysis allowed inferences of the impact of coffee drinking on blood pressure while taking into account changes in blood pressure due to age, intraindividual correlation in blood pressure over time, and the influence of other confounders.

The results presented herein are strictly generalizable only to high socioeconomic status white men. The prevalence of hypertension in this cohort in 1995 was 28%, somewhat less than that for non–Hispanic white men aged 50 to 69 years in the United States as a whole.²⁹ Information on other dietary factors associated with hypertension incidence, such as dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and fiber, were not available. In a cross-sectional study of 1194 white men in the United States, however, coffee intake was not associated with dietary intake of bran fiber, fiber from fruit, or cruciferous vegetables.³⁰ Cups of coffee per day were associated with levels of physical activity and alcohol intake, variables that were included in this analysis. More complete adjustment for the intensity and magnitude of possible confounders, however, may have entirely eliminated any association of coffee drinking with hypertension incidence. Because of the concern that the association of coffee drinking with hypertension risk may not be causal and that incidence rates of hypertension might not be generalizable, we did not calculate estimates of population attributable risk of hypertension associated with coffee intake.

Clinical trials conducted in persons with established hypertension have demonstrated that cessation of coffee drinking lowers blood pressure.³¹ Our results may not apply to such persons. In groups similar to our study population, however, coffee drinking does not appear to play a major role in the incidence of hypertension.

Accepted for publication July 30, 2001.

We wish to thank the members of The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study cohort, whose dedicated participation over 48 years has made this work possible.

This work was supported by grants AG01760, DK02856 and DK07732 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md. Computational assistance was received from NIH grant RR00035.

Corresponding author and reprints: Michael J. Klag, MD, MPH, The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study, 2024 E Monument St, Suite 2-200, Baltimore, MD 21205-2223.

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Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies

Does Coffee Increase Blood Pressure?

Coffee and low blood pressure are polar opposites because caffeine is known to raise blood pressure. As coffee is already an essential part of the modern human diet, it has sparked several controversies, like how long does caffeine raise blood pressure?

Coffee manufacturers have already crossed the border of beverages, and they now produce a variety of coffee-based products. Does decaf coffee raise blood pressure? Does coffee raise blood pressure or lower it?

The answers to these questions deepened on the actual caffeine content of what you’re consuming.

Caffeine is a natural stimulant found in tea, chocolate, and coffee. It works by stimulating the brain and central nervous system. Once it succeeds, it can keep a person alert and reduce the effects of mental and physical fatigue.

Caffeinated drinks became a huge hit since the late 1800s, and its popularity has continued up to today. One of the downsides of regular consumption of coffee, however, is it can trigger a dramatic increase in your blood pressure.

Caffeine Content of Some Coffee-based Products

Through the years, coffee-based products have become a staple in every American home. From coffee-infused drinks to candies, caffeine has become a mainstay in modern diets.

Caffeine can be found in the seeds, nuts, and leaves of certain plants, not just the coffee bean plant. For people to enjoy the caffeine in coffee, coffee beans are harvested and processed to produce various caffeinated beverages and food items.

Below are some popular coffee-based products and their caffeine content:

Coffee

Eight ounces of regular coffee may contain 102-200 milligrams of caffeine. Researchers have identified that 200-300 milligrams of caffeine can produce an 8.1 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure and 5.7 mmHg increase in diastolic BP. This effect tends to dissipate after 3 hours.

Espresso

Espresso is an Italian way of coffee-making wherein a small amount of boiling water is pushed through finely-ground coffee beans. This method extracts a considerably concentrated amount of caffeine per cup. A small cup of espresso coffee may contain 240-720 milligrams of caffeine. This ridiculous amount of caffeine can expose a person to a higher risk of heightened blood pressure, with slower recovery time.  

Carbonated Drink

Some carbonated drinks are infused with coffee. These beverages tend to have 50-160 milligrams of caffeine. Despite the lower caffeine content, additional ingredients like sucrose can also trigger a rise in blood pressure. Researchers believe that caffeine can block some hormones inside the body that is responsible for keeping blood vessels dilated.

Chocolate

Like carbonated drinks, chocolates are also combined with caffeine (in the form of beverages or solid bars). These coffee-chocolate products can have as much as 35 milligrams of caffeine. This amount of caffeine is effective only in stimulating the CNS and is not likely to cause high blood pressure.

Decaffeinated Coffee

Decaffeinated coffee, also known as decaf coffee, is the product of a manufacturing process that removes a portion of the natural caffeine present in coffee beans.

Decaf coffee only contains 2-7 milligrams of caffeine. With its lower caffeine content, it can stimulate your brain and nervous system without affecting your heart. Recent studies show that decaf coffee, due to its lower caffeine content, can even lower high blood pressure and reduce the risk of hypertension.

Caffeine and Blood Pressure

Taken in moderation, caffeine is a helpful compound. It works not just as a stimulant – it can also improve your mood and brain function.

A cup of coffee can decrease depression and elevate a person’s mood. Caffeine can also improve one’s metabolism by stimulating the central nervous system—increasing general metabolism by 12% and the body’s fat-burning capacity by as much as 13%.

The right amount of caffeine can lower the risk of heart disease in both men and women. Caffeine found in coffee, tea, and chocolates is linked to 18% lower risk of heart disease, 20% lower risk of stroke, and 29% lower risk of type 2 diabetes.

If you are a certified coffee drinker, you may experience regular spikes in your blood pressure.

People who drink caffeinated beverages regularly may have higher than average blood pressure than those who drink fewer cups per week. Regular consumption, however, can eventually teach the body to respond less negatively to the presence of caffeine, which cuts the incidence of hypertension in regular coffee consumers.  

For people who are already hypertensive and/or may have inborn heart disease, the effects of caffeine from the regular consumption of coffee and other caffeinated products must be monitored regularly by an attending physician.

Is It Safe To Drink Coffee While Taking Antihypertensive Medication?

As mentioned earlier, people who are exposed to some risks due to pre-existing medical conditions (i.e., hypertension, inborn heart disease, and other heart complications) must consider the advice of their physicians.

Researches published in medical journals have found that patients with hypertension are actually decreasing the effects of their prescribed medications. Caffeine can affect a person from three hours to as long as two days.

Additional studies suggest that drinking coffee before taking any blood test can increase the chances of getting higher blood pressure after. Abstaining in the consumption of coffee for two days is required to eliminate the caffeine from the bloodstream completely.

People who are not accustomed to drinking caffeinated products may experience a rapid increase in their blood pressure.

Hypertensive patients who regularly consume coffee and other caffeinated beverages must wait for one to two days before visiting their GP for a checkup. The caffeine in the bloodstream may provide a false blood pressure reading, which may result in the over-prescription of blood pressure medication. Also, you must tell your physician that you have been drinking beverages like alcohol and coffee during your checkups, as your physician will correlate your diet with what’s happening with your body.

90,000 Low pressure coffee: can you drink

Doctors themselves say that there are very few drugs that increase blood pressure – only about a dozen varieties. Almost all of them are administered intravenously, which makes it impossible for a person to independently carry out correction.

Addiction to them also has a bad effect on further well-being – the body requires higher doses and addiction arises. Can coffee be drunk at low pressure if the drink temporarily relieves symptoms?

First you need to understand the symptoms of this condition, the reasons for its appearance and the possible danger to the body, and then decide whether coffee can help with low pressure and how many servings you need to drink to improve your well-being.

Contents of article

Symptoms and Causes of Low Blood Pressure

It is believed that hypertension is much more dangerous than hypotension, therefore a second diagnosis is rarely made in the hospital and treatment is rarely prescribed. However, constant fatigue, headache or dizziness, frequent loss of consciousness, lack of oxygen in all organs can harm no less than high pressure in the vessels.

With low blood pressure, a person gets tired quickly and is unable to work productively, he constantly wants to sleep.If the work requires attention, then it is partially missing.

Stimulants are required – medications or herbal remedies that increase blood pressure. You have to use them all the time. Natural coffee beans are one of the natural low pressure stimulants.

Hypoxia is especially dangerous if a person already has any deviations in health, for example, poor blood supply to the brain due to vasoconstriction – atherosclerosis. This indicates a poor metabolism and the possibility of a stroke.

Low blood pressure may be associated with insufficient work of the endocrine system, decreased vascular tone – vegetative-vascular dystonia, as well as with the use of certain drugs.

Coffee against hypotension

The positive effect of reduced pressure coffee is the work of caffeine. When it enters the body, the following occurs:

• Metabolic processes and glucose breakdown are accelerated.

• The brain starts to function better due to the intake of energy in the form of glucose components.

• Vessels narrow and blood moves faster, respectively, more oxygen enters the tissues. This allows you to quickly cleanse the body of decay products that have stagnated due to a low blood flow rate.

• A person revives, muscle tone rises – glucose acts again.

• The efficiency of digestive enzymes increases, the body independently dissolves the harmful cholesterol accumulated in the vessels.

Symptoms of increased blood pressure begin to appear 90,020 15 – 20 minutes after drinking a portion of espresso and last approximately 90,020 3 – 5 hours, depending on the type of beans, their heat treatment and variety.

What types of grains affect hypotensive patients

The natural content of caffeine in arabica is lower than in robusta, therefore, to make the process of stimulation of the body and blood vessels softer, it is recommended to brew arabica.Robusta contains twice as much caffeine, so the hypertensive properties will be more pronounced.

In this case, there is a danger that after the end of the action of the alkaloid, a pressure drop will occur, which may drop even lower than at the initial values. For information – blood pressure is considered low 60/90 Hg. To prevent this from happening, Robusta must be drunk in the form of an Americano or brewed with a smaller amount of ground grains.

Green grains work best.From them, there are no negative symptoms in the gastrointestinal tract. There is more caffeine and nutrients – vitamins, minerals – since grains are not heat treated at high temperatures, therefore, chemical compounds are not destroyed.

Green coffee beans can be drunk under reduced pressure 3 – 5 times a day, to maintain performance. Natural, unroasted grains have a strong diuretic effect, so you become dehydrated more quickly.

In order not to disrupt the balance of fluid and electrolytes in the body, you need to observe the water regime: before drinking green espresso, it is recommended to drink at least 0.5 liters of pure non-carbonated water. In total, a person with hypotension should drink 90,020 up to 2 liters of water per day, not counting the liquid in food juices, compotes, first courses.

Overdose of caffeine with decreased tone

Even hypotensive people can overdose on caffeine, so caution should be exercised and strict control over the number of servings per day. Symptoms of excess caffeine intake:

• acceleration of heart rate – tachycardia;

• trembling of the limbs;

• dizziness or loss of consciousness;

• nausea, with severe poisoning – vomiting.

Symptoms of poisoning can be eliminated by yourself by drinking about a liter of water. This will gradually lower the concentration of caffeine in your blood and help your kidneys move it out.

Side effects of coffee in hypotonic patients

Caffeine not only increases alertness, but also helps to lose weight.Hypotensive patients are often overweight due to poor metabolism and decreased secretion of the digestive system. In addition, blood sugar normalizes, which contributes to its thinning.

Video: Coffee raises or lowers blood pressure

Sugar crystals are very large when observed under a microscope. Because of this, blood cannot enter the small capillaries. People with high blood sugar – diabetics or those with pancreatitis – always have cold extremities.

In severe cases, this can lead to tissue necrosis and gangrene, leading to amputation. Preventive dosages of coffee, especially green coffee, prevent these situations from occurring and reduce the risk of diabetes.

Hypotensive patients due to poor cerebral circulation have a high risk of developing Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease in old age. Atony of blood vessels contributes to the deposition of fatty plaques on the walls and an even greater narrowing of the lumen.Stimulation of metabolic processes allows you to regularly maintain the working condition of the vessels of the brain and the whole body.

Low Pressure Instant or Decaffeinated Coffee

Is it possible to drink coffee at reduced pressure if there is no caffeine in its composition – it is possible, only there will be no tonic effect. The drink can be drunk just for the company or for the sake of taste. To achieve a vigorous state, hypotonic patients need natural caffeine, which is contained in any drinks – green tea, guarana, mate.

Eleutherococcus, wild rose, hawthorn, cinnamon, ginseng are also suitable. For emergency assistance to yourself, if your health has deteriorated sharply, you need to keep one of the options with you than to replace coffee with low pressure.

Particular attention should be paid to soluble varieties, especially cheap analogs. In order for a person to feel a surge of strength and good mood, artificially synthesized caffeine is often added to the granules.

The drink may help temporarily eliminate negative symptoms, but natural grains will make it softer and safer.After artificial analogs, the body’s reaction can be unpredictable, so it is better not to risk it away from home.

What products increase tone

To cheer up, you can drink a drink made from cocoa beans with sugar or eat dark chocolate with a high cocoa content. Good cognac can be drunk in a course for a month in a tablespoon or add it to black coffee.

Important! If dehydration is the cause of a sharp drop in tonometer readings, you must first normalize the water regime so that caffeine does not cause an even greater deterioration in well-being

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90,000 How does coffee affect blood pressure: are there patterns?

Coffee is probably one of the few products that doctors and true drinkers are constantly arguing about.

The centuries-old traditions of drinking it have shown that we still know very little about it. So, for some he raises the pressure, others complain about his decrease. How is this possible? And is coffee possible with pressure?

Let’s try to understand its secret properties. To begin with, we all eat different types and varieties of coffee. And if we add to this that the drink may have an initially different composition, then it is quite logical that all these details have a certain effect on our body.Therefore, we will clarify that further we will talk about natural grain types.

How many servings can I have?

When we think about whether coffee raises blood pressure, we most likely mean caffeine. After all, everyone knows its exciting effect. It has been experimentally proven that this substance comes to us from a soluble or granular product in full volume, and from a ground product – only a certain part.

This dose can be adjusted further by decreasing the concentration.Ground coffee is a mixture of at least two grinds. At the same time, they are selected in such a way that one of them creates saturation, and the other is responsible for the strength.

Despite numerous works, it is impossible to find such studies of its effect on the body. There are no medical statistics on whether coffee pressure increases or decreases. Therefore, everyone here is looking for his own path, relying on someone else’s and his own experience.

However, he also gives a lot of data.

At what pressure can you drink coffee?

It is not for nothing that coffee cups are made half or three times less in volume than tea cups. It has long been not customary to drink coffee in large sips or in one gulp. On the contrary, it is savored little by little. First of all, it allows you to feel all the aroma and flavor notes. Saturation will occur sooner, and you will no longer want to. It should be.

But what we have in practice: in the morning coffee is consumed to wake up, in the afternoon – to cheer up for fruitful work, and in the evening – so as not to fall asleep.A natural question arises, is it possible to drink it in such quantities? To whom is it contraindicated? And how are they related: coffee and pressure?

The relationship is obvious: coffee actually activates the cardiovascular system. But he acts on everyone in his own way. With an initial normal blood pressure in a healthy person, it increases it, but insignificantly and only for a few minutes. Then the condition returns to normal.

However, with high blood pressure, that is, with hypertension, the picture is slightly different.Having risen once, the pressure remains at this mark for a long time, and it can be difficult to lower it. Oddly enough, coffee also helps lower blood pressure. After three cups drunk in a row, the indicators begin to fall.

At the same time, at low blood pressure, the reaction is opposite. Reviews show that drinking coffee at a pressure below normal is not just desirable, but necessary. This drink becomes medicine. Relieves weakness, headaches and dizziness, improving the quality of life.

Therefore, drinking coffee with pressure for hypotensive patients is a settled question.

Choose your variety in the VKUS Company store. There are also coffeemakers and coffee machines from established brands. Put them together to get only a healthy drink.

How coffee affects pressure

Almost everyone will tell you that coffee increases blood pressure.This is a generally recognized fact and, in a sense, a stereotype. In fact, the topic is much deeper and more serious than it might seem at first glance. If you use strong espresso, then it will directly affect the blood vessels and the heart. But does the drink raise or lower blood pressure? One thing is for sure – changes will occur immediately after consumption.

How does coffee affect blood pressure? It’s simple, there is caffeine inside the real beans. Together with its use, the production of a special hormone begins, which improves mood, improves well-being.After the alcoid enters the bloodstream, a person is saturated with positive emotions, becomes more cheerful, blood circulation accelerates, the walls of blood vessels expand. So does coffee raise blood pressure or lower it?

Important! For each person, this process occurs in different ways, it directly depends on the individual characteristics of the organism.

Blood pressure and changes after a cup of coffee

Strong coffee has a direct effect on blood pressure.Almost everyone claims that the drink increases it, but this is not always the case. Providing a healthy body and a stable level of blood pressure in a person, espresso has a beneficial effect on our well-being. The blood vessels dilate, there is a slight diuretic effect and the pressure decreases.

You heard right, coffee lowers blood pressure, just like that. It should be borne in mind that this fact applies only to a high-quality drink that is properly prepared.Scientists from Harvard University obtained similar results, having tested 100 people. This is the number of subjects who drank a cup of espresso. After a short period of time, they were tested on various equipment.

Interesting fact! The result showed that coffee lowers blood pressure in 15% of cases.

What if coffee is drunk by those with low blood pressure? We are talking about hypotonic patients. In this case, the drink will raise the pressure to normal levels, but you should not overdo it with its use.It has been proven that hypotensive patients need to take espresso carefully, especially if it is very strong. It is also worth limiting yourself in the amount of coffee you drink, preferably no more than 2 cups a day.

But for people with hypertension, coffee does not help, but strongly raises blood pressure. And here the point is not at all whether blood pressure decreases or rises. It is about the general effect on the body. Drinking a cup of espresso causes vasodilation and blood circulation.Since such a condition is considered the norm in hypertensive patients, an extra load does not lead to anything good, only to wear of the vascular tissues.

The truth is that anyone can drink natural coffee and not get any harm. But hypertensive patients should not use it daily. Scientists are constantly testing and the answers to their questions are often ambiguous.

Can the pressure be raised with coffee? Of course, the drink always affects the human body, no matter what it is.Coffee lowers blood pressure and increases. Let’s take a closer look at the effects of the drink on our body:

• If a hypertensive person takes coffee, then the drink in this case has no benefit. Blood pressure may spike, which is not beneficial for people with this disease. Vessels begin to wear out, especially with constant use. Doctors do not advise risking their health in this case and recommend giving up the drink. If a hypertensive person drinks just one cup of espresso, his blood pressure level will return to normal for a long time.
• Normotonists hardly notice any visible changes. Their standard blood pressure ranges from 110/60 to 130/80. The drink still affects the body, but very insignificantly. What makes coffee with pressure in normotonics? Increases by a few points, nothing more. The person himself cannot notice these changes and in which direction they occurred.
• But hypotensive patients feel an increase in mood, vivacity and a general surge of strength. Doctors not only do not prohibit the use of the drink, but also advise to drink it.In this case, coffee increases blood pressure and has a beneficial effect on the body. Often, hypotonic people feel weakened, with malaise. A small portion of espresso completely relieved them of such sensations, of course, only for a while.

Interesting fact! Hypotonic people can cheer up not only with a cup of espresso, but also with any caffeinated product. For example, chocolate, Coca-Cola and others.

There are many different stereotypes among the people about the use of this drink.For example, black coffee with cognac is believed to lower blood pressure. Indeed, such a mixture can constrict blood vessels. The pressure slows down, but your body will not receive any beneficial effect. How does coffee work in this case? Negatively, especially with prolonged use, arrhythmia and liver disease are possible.

Experts advise to drink coffee carefully and then you will get only a beneficial effect from the drink. No more than 2 cups a day.

Pressure level at which coffee should not be drunk

Blood pressure is directly influenced by coffee when it is consumed. It often rises and sometimes falls. As we have already said, hypertensive patients are contraindicated to take espresso and other drinks of this type. Stroke, heart attack and other possible illnesses can sneak up unnoticed. Do not overestimate the state of your body, even if you feel normal after one cup of espresso.

However, not everyone knows and understands whether they are hypertensive or not. Only a cardiologist can analyze and diagnose. During the day, our blood pressure level is constantly changing. For example, when we are angry, happy, resting, playing sports – in all cases, the blood pressure level will be different. But one thing is for sure, if the pressure level is above 140/90, then it is better to go to the doctor for a checkup.

Most likely you are hypertensive.The main problem of the disease is its symptoms. Many do not even feel that they have high blood pressure. Swelling after sleep, puffiness of the face, redness, memory loss – these are all symptoms of hypertension. It has several stages. We have listed the symptoms of the first, in the second stage, headaches can be added. The third degree begins from the moment when the patient’s blood pressure does not fall below 180/110.

In this case, not only migraines are possible, but also a constant feeling of nausea, weakness, dizziness.Often, elderly people become hypertensives of the third stage. How does coffee work under these conditions? Kills, without exaggeration.

Interesting fact! Instant and natural coffee – which option increases or decreases blood pressure more? Scientists have proven that there is really no difference if the drink is of good quality.

Conclusions

Does the coffee raise the pressure? Yes, but also reduces in some cases. Try to drink the drink carefully and you have nothing to fear.How long does it take for a cup of espresso to take effect on your body? Almost instantly, the peak of effectiveness occurs within 10 minutes after consumption.

90,000 Does coffee raise or lower blood pressure?

Coffee is a very common drink and its effect on the body has been well studied. It would be more correct to say that the effect is not of the drink as such, but of the biologically active substances contained in it. The main one is caffeine, which very actively stimulates the nervous system and blood flow, invigorating the entire body.

Then the question is natural: when stimulating blood circulation, how will blood pressure behave? Or in another way: coffee raises or lowers pressure ? Let’s look for the answer to this question.

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Effect of coffee on blood pressure

It has long been proven that coffee, one way or another, increases blood pressure. The caffeine contained in it, when it enters the bloodstream, causes vascular microspasms, as a result of which blood pressure will rise for a while.In addition, caffeine stimulates the adrenal glands to release the hormones adrenaline and cortisol, which in turn have the ability to increase blood pressure. Thus, we see that a temporary increase in blood pressure when drinking coffee is an indisputable medical fact. However, do not be intimidated and give up your favorite drink, because a slight and short-term increase in blood pressure under the influence of caffeine remains unnoticed for a healthy person. But for those who suffer from chronic low blood pressure (hypotension), a cup of strong black coffee will help you feel much better.

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Drinking coffee at elevated pressure

It is possible to drink coffee with chronic high blood pressure (hypertension), but adhering to several proven recommendations:

It would be best to consult with your doctor, who will tell you for sure whether you can drink coffee with your type of hypertension.

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How coffee affects blood pressure

The effect of coffee on pressure will depend on how much pressure a person will have at the time of drinking.

1. With reduced pressure, coffee will raise it to normal levels and relieve the symptoms of hypotension (weakness, drowsiness, headache).
2. At pressure, within the normal range of a healthy person (BP 120/80 – 130/85 mm Hg), the effect of coffee will be insignificant in the form of a smooth and small growth.
3. In case of hypertension, coffee will not so much increase blood pressure as will prevent it from decreasing.

It should be noted that with prolonged use of coffee, its effect on the body will be less pronounced, a person develops immunity, as it were, and the effect on blood pressure will be imperceptible.

We hope that in this article you have found the answer to the question: “does coffee lower or increase blood pressure”?

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How to increase pressure: 5 quick ways that will definitely help

Let’s start with the good news: low pressure is unpleasant, but most often safe. However, attacks of hypotension should by no means be ignored.

What is low pressure and why is it dangerous

Remember the borderline ^{level – 90/60. As long as the tonometer shows you these or higher values, everything is in order.But as soon as any of the numbers decreases – even the first, even the second – we can talk about low pressure.}

There is an important nuance here. If everything is unambiguous with high blood pressure: it is categorically dangerous for everyone, then low blood pressure may just be your feature. As long as it does not spoil life with ailments, it is not considered a violation, there is no need to fight it.

It’s another matter if the following symptoms appear:

• weakness;
• dizziness, to the point where it seems that you are about to lose consciousness;
• blurred vision;
• nausea;
• chills;
• sweating;
• decrease in concentration.

This complex seriously spoils life, interferes with work and communication. But most importantly: low blood pressure, if accompanied by unpleasant symptoms, is actually also just a symptom.

The reasons for a drop in blood pressure can be very different: from simple dehydration and stress to hormonal disorders, internal bleeding and myocardial infarction.

It is important to find out what exactly causes the hypotension and start treatment. When the underlying disease is defeated, the pressure will return to normal by itself.

When to call an ambulance

As soon as you notice that you or a loved one has not only a very low blood pressure, but also

• cold, clammy and pale skin;
• rapid shallow breathing;
• weak and fast pulse;
• confusion.

These are signs of the so-called acute arterial hypotension (collapse, shock). This condition is life threatening. It can lead to hypoxia of the brain and internal organs.Therefore, it is impossible to hesitate in seeking medical help.

How to quickly increase blood pressure at home

We remind you: if low blood pressure has unpleasant symptoms, go to a therapist. Otherwise, you run the risk of missing a possible hidden and much more global disease. But until you go to the doctor or the specialist has not yet established the causes of the ailment, you can use simple home methods to increase blood pressure. Choose the most comfortable one for you or combine them.

1.Eat something salty

A piece of herring, pickled cucumber, a couple of slices of feta cheese or other brine cheese, a spoonful of rice generously seasoned with soy sauce …

Sodium chloride (the same table salt) raises blood pressure ^{. Sometimes sharply, therefore, salt is categorically contraindicated for people suffering from hypertension. But we have the opposite case.}

Attention! You can not constantly increase the pressure salty. Excess sodium can lead to heart failure, especially in the elderly.

2. Drink a glass of water

A better two, if it fits. The fluid will increase the volume of blood (as a result – its pressure on the walls of blood vessels), and also eliminate possible dehydration.

3. Put on compression socks or stockings

Elastic stockings are commonly used to reduce swelling and pain in varicose veins. But they also reduce the volume of blood in the legs. The displaced blood will increase the pressure in the major vessels of the body.

4. Get into the correct posture

This is a kind of alternative to compression stockings.

If sitting, cross your legs. This will decrease the blood volume in the lower extremities and increase the pressure in the main vessels ^{. By the way, therefore, for people suffering from hypertension, such a pose is contraindicated.}

If you are standing, you can cross your hips like scissors and squeeze them tightly. The effect will be about the same.

Another option: put one foot on a chair or bench in front of you and bend your whole body forward as deeply as possible.

5. Drink coffee

This is one of the most popular ways, but not the fact that it is effective.Caffeine can actually raise blood pressure ^{in non-coffee drinkers. But if you are a coffee lover, the desired effect will not necessarily come.}

How to increase blood pressure for a long time without medication

Let’s repeat: with the help of a doctor who will establish the causes of your condition and prescribe a treatment regimen. To relieve symptoms, a doctor will prescribe medications that return low blood pressure to normal.

However, you can help your body by making some lifestyle changes.Here’s what doctors advise ^{to do in case of hypotension:}

1. Drink plenty of water, especially if it’s hot outside or you have a fever.
2. Limit alcohol consumption. If possible, give up alcohol altogether.
3. Exercise regularly or at least walk more: physical activity improves vascular tone.
4. Try not to stand in one place for a long time. If you have a standing job, warm up more often: walk. squat, jump, dance.
5. Avoid prolonged hot baths.A healthier option is a contrast shower.
6. Reduce the amount of carbohydrates in your diet. For sweets, eat fruit.

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low pressure, how and how to increase the pressure

Only 4% of the population suffers from low blood pressure. Compared to hypertension, which occurs in 40% of people, this figure seems insignificant. But the risk is not reduced by this either.

The main danger of low blood pressure is that mild symptoms cannot always be detected at the initial stage of the development of pathology. And, if it seems that rapid fatigue, loss of concentration and loss of strength are a common condition for an adult, sooner or later hypotension can lead to impaired brain function, heart attack, loss of vision and hearing.

Why does the pressure drop?

120/80 – optimal pressure for an adult.A slight decrease in this indicator within 20 mm Hg is considered a relative norm. Such fluctuations are temporary and do not threaten the human condition. After rest, blood pressure quickly returns to normal and does not affect well-being.

When low blood pressure is observed for a long time, and the tonometer values ​​do not exceed the limits of 100/60, one can judge the developing pathology. This condition is called hypotension, and it can be caused by a number of factors:

• Prolonged depression
• Lack of vitamins
• Stress
• Infectious diseases
• Tuberculosis
• Physical and mental fatigue
• Exhaustion of the body
• Bleeding
• Renal and cardiac insufficiency
• Pregnancy period

Low pressure can also be caused by sensitivity to weather changes, high humidity, radiation.

A sharp decrease in pressure occurs against the background of anaphylactic shock, profuse blood loss due to trauma, poisoning or dehydration.

How to understand that the pressure is low?

When the pressure drops, the walls of the vessels dilate, and blood is less well delivered to vital organs. Not only the cardiovascular system suffers from this, but also the brain – from a lack of oxygen, its functioning decreases.

Not always when you feel worse, there is a tonometer at hand to make sure that blood pressure is lowered.Therefore, you need to listen to your body in order to notice low pressure in time and know what to do and how to raise it.

The most common symptoms of low blood pressure include:

• Drowsiness
• Weakness, distraction and malaise
• Decreased performance, lethargy
• Memory impairment
• Pale skin
• Dizziness
• Nausea in the heart
• Chills
• Increased sweating

In critical situations, symptoms can be replenished by severe headache, fainting, bouts of vomiting and shortness of breath.

This condition cannot be ignored. It affects the performance of a person and his life in general, but most importantly, it harms the body and can cause the development of more serious diseases, and sometimes death.

Why is low pressure dangerous?

Low blood pressure has a negative effect on the body and can cause some complications:

1. The memory function is impaired.
2. The brain begins to experience a lack of oxygen.
3. The heartbeat speeds up to deliver blood to the organs faster.
4. Consciousness becomes cloudy and leads to fainting.
5. The walls of the vessels are wearing out.
6. Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, dementia.
7. Oxygen starvation of the fetus occurs during pregnancy.

When should I call a doctor?

Blood pressure is an individual parameter for each person. The optimal norm for blood pressure is 120/80. However, some feel good at lower rates, while others, on the contrary, experience fatigue and dizziness.

In medicine, the following conditions are distinguished:

• 100/70 – low blood pressure
• 90/60 – arterial hypotension
• 70/50 – fainting
• 50/35 – a threat to life human

It is believed that 90/60 is the limit below which it is undesirable to allow a drop in pressure. 50/35 – critically low pressure for a person, which can be dangerous even for a hypotonic person who is accustomed to underestimated figures on the tonometer.

Many hypotensive patients do not experience discomfort or symptoms of low blood pressure. The fact is that the human body finds an ideal balance in which all its internal organs function like a clock. To maintain vitality and energy, you just need to change your sedentary lifestyle to a more active one, adjust your diet and normalize sleep.

If your general condition worsens with low blood pressure, you need to know how to quickly increase it at home, because you don’t always have the right medicine in your pocket.

In acute hypotension, the following are observed:

• Confusion of consciousness
• Rapid breathing
• Cold and clammy skin
• Rapid heart rate

Such signs are a warning signal in which home remedies may be useless. In such a situation, it is better to seek medical help as early as possible and call a doctor.

How to increase blood pressure at home?

Do not rush to open your home first-aid kit – medications should be taken only at the insistence of the therapist, so as not to aggravate the condition and not harm the body even more.With low blood pressure, the usual “home” methods can often cope.

Beverages

Treating low blood pressure can be both beneficial and enjoyable. Some drinks increase blood pressure, energize and improve the general condition of the body:

• Coffee. Caffeine has a tonic and vasoconstrictor effect, therefore a cup of natural, strong coffee will raise blood pressure. But do not overuse such “treatment”. Excitable people or avid coffee lovers are advised to replace the drink with black tea.
• Tea. An effective alternative to coffee is strong, freshly brewed black or green tea. You can add milk to dilute the strength of the drink.
• Cognac. In case of fatigue, it is recommended to drink 50 g of cognac, which tones the blood vessels.

Tinctures

Pharmaceutical herbal tinctures raise blood pressure well, but have their own contraindications and side effects, which are indicated on the package. Before increasing the pressure with tincture, read the instructions for the drug.For a lasting result, it is recommended to drink a monthly course, which will help to normalize the general condition.

• Eleutherococcus tincture. The drug should not be taken before bedtime, as it has an invigorating effect and may cause insomnia.
• Immortelle tincture. Only 20-30 drops a day will help strengthen and tone blood vessels, as well as normalize sleep.
• Ginseng tincture. The versatility of the product lies in the fact that it can be taken at both low and high pressure – it will normalize any deviations.
• Tincture of Chinese magnolia vine. Lemongrass is taken for anxiety, insomnia, depression and even a hangover. However, this tincture is considered a potent remedy that should not be taken by children under 12 years old and people suffering from tachycardia and cardiovascular diseases.

Foods

If you follow the correct diet, do not skip breakfast, do not skip meals and do not follow a strict diet, it will be much easier to maintain pressure within normal limits.

With a slight decrease in blood pressure, doctors recommend:

• Salt. Salty foods or a pinch of salt placed under the tongue can help relieve ailments. However, do not overuse this method, as an excess of salt leads to edema and fluid retention in the body.
• Chocolate. The most delicious cure for the disease is dark chocolate without impurities. Like coffee, chocolate constricts blood vessels and makes you feel better.
• Cinnamon. To normalize blood pressure, this spice is used not only by hypotensive patients, but also by hypertensive patients, since cinnamon brings any pressure fluctuations to normal.

The following can also quickly increase the pressure:

• Salted cheese
• Herring
• Eggs
• Pickled cucumbers
• Pomegranate juice
• Dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, prunes, dates

9000 Massage , relaxes muscles and increases pressure.The massage is carried out pointwise, without strong pressure and rubbing. The emphasis should be on 4 main points:

• The area between the lips and the nose
• The area of ​​the carotid artery
• The back of the head
• The pads of the little finger

In case of severe dizziness and a feeling of loss of consciousness, massage the earlobes. To increase the blood flow to the head, the pressure should, on the contrary, be strong, causing mild painful sensations. With the right massage, you will feel a warming sensation in the neck area.

Medicines

If attacks of low blood pressure are observed due to a disease, it is necessary to coordinate the medication intake with your therapist. Most often, hypotension is prescribed:

• Glucose. In case of severe weakness, 1-2 glucose tablets will improve your well-being.
• Caffeine. Preparations that contain caffeine are taken when it is necessary to sharply increase blood pressure. These include: Adolorin, Askofen-P, Algon, Acepar, Pentalgin, Sedal-M, Saridon, Trimol, Citramon P, Citrapar, Caffeine sodium benzonate, Excedri.Caffeine-containing ones are contraindicated in people with impaired cardiovascular function.
• Paracetamol, ibuprofen. These drugs relieve low pressure headaches.
• Tranquilizers. Grandaxin, Trioxazine eliminate anxiety, fear and anxiety.

How to increase blood pressure during pregnancy?

During the period of childbearing, the woman’s body undergoes many changes that affect blood pressure:

• Regular stress
• Hormonal imbalance
• Toxicosis
• Decreased activity
• Improper diet and lifestyle
• Weather conditions

From low pressure affects about 12% of pregnant women.When the indicator falls below 90/60 mm Hg, weakness and fatigue, headache and severe dizziness are observed.

The most important thing in keeping blood pressure at an optimal level is a healthy diet and daily routine. At home, to stabilize the pressure of pregnant women will help:

1. Acupressure massage of the pads of the little finger and index finger, as well as the area between the nose and upper lip, between the chin and lower lip.
2. Pouring cold water over the feet or taking a contrast shower.
3. Respiratory gymnastics.
4. Tincture of Chinese magnolia vine or ginseng.
5. Broths and infusions of yarrow, pink radiola, St. John’s wort.
6. Several dark chocolate bars.

To raise low blood pressure, drinking coffee during pregnancy is not recommended, and taking hot baths is strictly prohibited.

How can hypotensive patients maintain normal blood pressure?

For many hypotensive patients, low blood pressure has long become the norm.In order to take sick leave less often due to poor health and to eliminate the risk of complications, it is necessary to maintain blood pressure at a normal level and strengthen blood vessels. For this it is recommended:

1. Observe the correct diet.
2. Include nuts, chocolate, coffee, eggs, fish, cheese and salt on the menu.
3. Engage in moderate physical activity.
4. Drink plenty of fluids, especially during the hot season.
5. Reduce alcohol consumption.
6. Avoid or minimize hot baths.
7. Take walks in the fresh air.
8. Normalize sleep and get more rest.

Despite the fact that hypotension is 10 times less common than hypertension, the cause of both pathologies is often the same – stress, prolonged depression and overwork. To prevent the development of the disease and control the pressure within the normal range, it is necessary to observe preventive measures and monitor your lifestyle.

Low pressure: what happens and how to increase

Photo: Pixabay

Hypotension occurs less often than hypertension, but brings not less problems.Low pressure not is dangerous for life, however significantly reduces its quality. Often people badly feels bad, but not suspects that the cause of lies in in hypotension. I will tell you how to understand that you have low pressure, what do in such cases.

Low pressure: what to do

What to do if low pressure is found? First of all, I recommend contacting a medical facility. At your appointment, your doctor will tell you that the best panacea for hypotension is good sleep and an active lifestyle. If you sleep less than seven hours, constantly get tired, you may well feel all the delights of hypotension.

Sport also helps to cope with low blood pressure. Running, swimming, biking, gymnastics, or long walks are excellent remedies for hypotension.But from sports with strong physical activity, where you need to move sharply, do somersaults, jumps, give up. This type of activity can make you feel dizzy and unwell.

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Folk remedies will help to cope with low blood pressure. Unlike pills, they are gentle, but no less effective.

I will tell you what folk remedies will help you quickly cope with low blood pressure:

• Tea, natural black coffee and low pressure

Coffee, green and black tea with sugar are the most famous ways to fight low blood pressure.Why does this method work? Caffeine helps to raise blood pressure quickly. Sugar enhances the effect. However, researchers say that you should not get carried away with tea and coffee to raise blood pressure. Drinks will help at first, but then the body gets used to it, and tea or coffee becomes doping with a constant desire to increase the dose.

Coffee with sugar: Pixabay

• Dark chocolate.

The cocoa found in chocolate helps to cope with low blood pressure.

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I recommend my patients to choose dark dark chocolate: it has the highest cocoa content.

Dark Chocolate: Pixabay

Regular consumption of cocoa and chocolate will help keep blood vessels in good shape. But you should not get carried away in this way – eat sweets in moderation.

• Movement and low pressure.

Another good way to deal with low blood pressure is to normalize movement. Working in one position, static loads for a long time negatively affect the course of the disease. E.V. Kudin, I.I. Rachek, V.N. Larina note the effectiveness of walking at a moderate pace, light jogging, swimming.

A contrast shower works well under reduced pressure. If possible, use this method.

Start with hot water, then switch to cool but not icy water. Alternate procedures for a minute. Be sure to finish with cool water.

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I recommend taking a contrast shower daily. The procedure will increase the vascular tone. However, remember that a contrast shower has contraindications.Before proceeding with the procedure, consult with your doctor.

For the prevention and treatment of hypotension, use the following means:

• Freshly squeezed carrot juice.

Drinking a glass of fresh carrot juice every day for a month will help to increase vascular tone and forget about hypotension.

• Tincture of ginseng root.

The tonic properties of ginseng root are scientifically based. Researchers from the Samara State Medical University write about this.Pour alcohol over the ginseng root and leave for 10 days. At 1 st. l. raw materials will need 5 tbsp. l. alcohol. Take your medication on an empty stomach daily.

Now you know how to raise the pressure quickly. Use one of the suggested methods to bounce back.

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Low blood pressure: symptoms and causes

Each person has their own blood pressure indicators. The numbers 120/80 are considered the norm, but they can be slightly lower or higher – this will also be normal pressure.

To determine what pressure you have, you need to measure it with a special device – a tonometer. Diagnose in the morning and evening for several days. Take the average – these are the metrics that are specific to you.

If it is found that the pressure is constantly below normal by 20-30 units, we can talk about hypotension. In this condition, blood vessels and the brain are less well supplied with blood. As a result, some diseases may develop.

Headache: Pixabay

Low blood pressure is not as dangerous as hypertension, but you should not let the disease take its course.It is better to seek the advice of a doctor.

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Hypotension is determined without a tonometer. It is enough to listen to the body. According to researchers of the Kazan State Medical Academy, there is also physiological hypotension, which a person may not notice, since his state of health does not change.

WebMD says that the following symptoms of low blood pressure are distinguished:

• Headache.

It is most often felt in the temples or forehead. The pain can be sharp and sharp or dull and aching.

• General weakness, lethargy, numbness in the arms or legs.
• Impaired thermoregulation (feeling that you are cold).
• Cold hands and feet, although there is no reason for this.
• Dependence on weather conditions.
• Dizziness.
• Pale skin.

Such symptoms can speak of other diseases, therefore, it is impossible to be guided only by them to determine hypotension.But it’s worth measuring the pressure.

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Hypotension is acute and chronic. Acute hypotension is characterized by a sharp drop in blood pressure downward. As a rule, this condition is caused by specific reasons – severe blood loss, severe poisoning, allergies, traumatic brain injury.

Chronic hypotension is characterized by a stable low blood pressure. In this case, the person may not even feel bad.If a person has low blood pressure since birth, as a rule, he does not need treatment.

Primary and secondary hypotension are also distinguished. The reasons for the primary low blood pressure are difficult to establish. Secondary hypotension is mainly due to another disease.

Based on practical experience, I will tell you what are the causes of low pressure:

• overwork;
• stress;
• lack of adequate sleep;
• problems with the thyroid gland;
• hormonal disorders;
• lack of vitamins of group B, C, E and important microelements, such as magnesium and iron;
• problems with the musculoskeletal system;
• poor blood supply;
• Low tone and poor vascular elasticity.

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To avoid problems associated with low pressure, carry out constant monitoring with a tonometer. If you notice systematically lowered blood pressure, be sure to contact a medical institution and do not self-medicate.

You have learned about the causes and symptoms of hypotension, as well as how to instantly raise blood pressure without pills and medications. Be healthy!

Attention! The material is for informational purposes only.You should not resort to the treatments described in it without first consulting your doctor.

Sources:

1. Abdrakhmanova A.I., Tsibulkin N.A. Arterial hypotension in clinical practice // Bulletin of modern clinical medicine. – 2013. – T.6. – S. 20-24. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/arterialnaya-gipotenziya-v-klinicheskoy-praktike
2. Akushskaya A.S., Kurkin V.A., Shnytko M.V., Klein L.A. Standardization of raw materials and preparations of ginseng // Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.- 2012. – No. 5 (3). – T. 14. – S. 688-692. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/standartizatsiya-syrya-i-preparatov-zhenshenya
3. Kudina E.V., Rachek I.I., Larina V.N. Arterial hypotension: diagnosis, non-drug and drug treatment methods // General Medicine. – 2015. – No. 2. – S. 4-9. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/arterialnaya-gipotenziya-diagnostika-nemedikamentoznye-i-medikamentoznye-metody-lecheniya
4. Suzanne R. Steinbaum. What are the symptoms of low blood pressure? // WebMD.- 2019. – 3 July. – Access mode: https://www.webmd.com/heart/qa/what-are-the-symptoms-of-low-blood-pressure

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