What is PMS and how does it affect women. How common is PMS among menstruating individuals. What are the most prevalent symptoms of PMS. How can PMS be effectively managed. What are the key differences between PMS and PMDD. How does PMS impact daily life and relationships. Can lifestyle changes alleviate PMS symptoms.

Defining Premenstrual Syndrome: More Than Just Mood Swings

Premenstrual Syndrome, commonly known as PMS, is often misunderstood and oversimplified. While many associate it with emotional turbulence and physical discomfort, the reality is far more complex. PMS is a medical condition characterized by a cluster of physical, behavioral, and emotional changes that occur in the days leading up to menstruation. These symptoms can vary widely among individuals and may significantly impact daily life.

To meet the clinical criteria for PMS, symptoms must:

• Present during the five days before menstruation for at least three cycles
• End within four days of the period’s onset
• Interfere with normal activities

Healthcare providers consider the number, type, and severity of symptoms when diagnosing PMS. This comprehensive approach helps differentiate between occasional premenstrual discomfort and a more severe condition requiring medical attention.

Dispelling Common PMS Myths: Not Every Woman Experiences It

One of the most pervasive myths about PMS is that all women and people with menstrual cycles experience it. This misconception stems from the tendency to attribute any premenstrual symptoms to PMS. However, experiencing some premenstrual symptoms does not necessarily equate to having PMS.

PMS is a specific medical diagnosis (ICD-10-N94.3) that involves multiple symptoms, including both emotional and physical discomforts. For a diagnosis of PMS, these symptoms must significantly impact a person’s life. Many individuals who use the term “PMS” are often referring to their individual premenstrual symptoms rather than the medical condition itself.

The Spectrum of Premenstrual Experiences

Premenstrual experiences can range from mild discomfort to severe symptoms that disrupt daily life. For instance:

• A headache a few days before menstruation might be uncomfortable but may not significantly impact daily functioning.
• Recurrent experiences of depression, insomnia, and extreme fatigue that significantly affect well-being could meet the criteria for PMS or even Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD).

Is PMS as prevalent as commonly believed? The reported rates of PMS vary widely, making it challenging to determine its exact prevalence. This variation is likely due to the frequent use of “PMS” as a catch-all term for any premenstrual symptoms, rather than strictly referring to the medical diagnosis.

Beyond the Mood Swing Stereotype: The Multifaceted Nature of PMS

Contrary to popular belief, the premenstrual phase is not solely characterized by negative moods. Scientific research supports the idea that premenstrual experiences are not inherently negative for everyone, despite cultural and societal suggestions to the contrary.

Why does the idea of negative premenstrual mood persist so strongly? It’s largely due to cultural perceptions of menstruation. Individuals socialized to expect negative premenstrual experiences may be more likely to report problems, contributing to overall negative attitudes towards the menstrual cycle.

The Role of Research Bias

Many studies on PMS have been criticized for methodological errors that may have skewed results towards negative experiences. For example, some research participants were given mood assessment options that only included negative choices, potentially leading to biased outcomes.

How can we gain a more accurate understanding of PMS? Future research should aim to:

1. Include a broader range of mood options in assessments
2. Consider socio-cultural contexts in addition to biological factors
3. Explore both positive and negative premenstrual experiences

The Biological Basis of PMS: Hormonal Fluctuations and Symptoms

While the exact cause of PMS remains unclear, hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle play a significant role. The interplay between estrogen and progesterone levels can affect various bodily systems, leading to the diverse symptoms associated with PMS.

Common PMS Symptoms

PMS can manifest in a wide range of symptoms, which may include:

• Mood changes (irritability, anxiety, depression)
• Physical discomfort (bloating, breast tenderness, headaches)
• Fatigue and sleep disturbances
• Changes in appetite and food cravings
• Difficulty concentrating

How do these symptoms impact daily life? The severity and combination of symptoms can vary greatly from person to person. For some, PMS may cause minor inconveniences, while for others, it can significantly disrupt work, relationships, and overall quality of life.

PMS vs. PMDD: Understanding the Difference

While PMS is a common condition, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a more severe form of premenstrual distress. PMDD is characterized by intense emotional and physical symptoms that can be debilitating.

Key Differences Between PMS and PMDD

How can one distinguish between PMS and PMDD? Here are some key differences:

• Severity: PMDD symptoms are typically more severe and disruptive than those of PMS.
• Emotional Impact: PMDD often involves more severe mood symptoms, including depression and anxiety.
• Diagnostic Criteria: PMDD has specific diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5, while PMS does not.
• Treatment Approach: PMDD may require more intensive treatment, including medication and therapy.

Is PMDD more rare than PMS? Yes, PMDD affects a smaller percentage of menstruating individuals, estimated at 3-8% compared to the higher prevalence of PMS.

Managing PMS: Lifestyle Changes and Treatment Options

While PMS can be challenging, various strategies can help manage its symptoms effectively. A combination of lifestyle changes and medical interventions can significantly improve quality of life for those experiencing PMS.

Lifestyle Modifications for PMS Relief

What lifestyle changes can help alleviate PMS symptoms?

• Regular exercise: Engaging in physical activity can help reduce mood swings and bloating.
• Balanced diet: Reducing salt, sugar, and caffeine intake may help minimize symptoms.
• Stress management: Techniques like yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises can help manage stress-related symptoms.
• Adequate sleep: Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule can help regulate mood and energy levels.
• Limiting alcohol and tobacco: These substances can exacerbate PMS symptoms.

Medical Treatments for PMS

When lifestyle changes aren’t sufficient, medical treatments may be recommended. These can include:

• Over-the-counter pain relievers for physical symptoms
• Hormonal birth control to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce symptoms
• Antidepressants, particularly SSRIs, for severe mood-related symptoms
• Diuretics to reduce bloating and fluid retention

How effective are these treatments? The effectiveness can vary from person to person, and it may take some trial and error to find the most suitable approach. Consulting with a healthcare provider is crucial for developing an individualized treatment plan.

The Impact of PMS on Relationships and Work Life

PMS can significantly affect various aspects of a person’s life, including relationships and work performance. Understanding these impacts is crucial for both individuals experiencing PMS and those around them.

PMS and Interpersonal Relationships

How does PMS affect personal relationships? PMS symptoms, particularly mood changes, can strain relationships with partners, family members, and friends. Open communication about PMS and its effects can help foster understanding and support.

Tips for managing relationships during PMS:

• Educate loved ones about PMS and its symptoms
• Communicate needs and boundaries clearly
• Plan for potential mood changes and discuss coping strategies
• Seek support when needed

PMS in the Workplace

Can PMS affect work performance? For some individuals, PMS symptoms like fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and mood changes can impact productivity and workplace interactions. However, it’s important to note that the severity of these effects varies widely among individuals.

Strategies for managing PMS at work:

• Track symptoms to anticipate challenging days
• Plan important tasks around the menstrual cycle when possible
• Take short breaks for self-care during the workday
• Discuss accommodations with employers if symptoms are severe

Tracking and Understanding Your Menstrual Cycle

One of the most effective ways to manage PMS is to gain a thorough understanding of your menstrual cycle and associated symptoms. Tracking can help identify patterns, predict symptom onset, and inform treatment strategies.

Benefits of Menstrual Tracking

Why is tracking your menstrual cycle important for managing PMS?

• Identifies symptom patterns and trends
• Helps predict when symptoms may occur
• Provides valuable information for healthcare providers
• Empowers individuals to take control of their menstrual health

Tools for Menstrual Tracking

Various tools are available for tracking menstrual cycles and PMS symptoms:

• Mobile apps like Clue, which offer comprehensive tracking features
• Traditional paper calendars or journals
• Wearable devices that track physiological changes

How can you choose the right tracking method? Consider factors such as ease of use, privacy concerns, and the level of detail you wish to record. Experiment with different methods to find what works best for you.

Breaking the Stigma: Fostering Open Conversations About PMS

Despite its prevalence, PMS remains a topic often shrouded in stigma and misconception. Breaking down these barriers is crucial for improving understanding, support, and overall menstrual health.

Challenges in Discussing PMS

Why is PMS still a difficult topic to discuss openly? Several factors contribute to the ongoing stigma:

• Cultural taboos surrounding menstruation
• Misconceptions about the nature and severity of PMS
• Gender biases in healthcare and research
• Lack of comprehensive menstrual health education

Promoting Open Dialogue

How can we foster more open and honest conversations about PMS?

• Encourage accurate and comprehensive menstrual health education in schools
• Promote diverse representations of PMS experiences in media and popular culture
• Support research initiatives that explore the full spectrum of premenstrual experiences
• Encourage workplace policies that accommodate menstrual health needs
• Normalize discussions about menstrual health in healthcare settings

By promoting open dialogue and accurate information, we can help destigmatize PMS and ensure that individuals receive the support and care they need.

Future Directions in PMS Research and Treatment

As our understanding of PMS continues to evolve, new avenues for research and treatment are emerging. These developments hold promise for improving the lives of those affected by PMS.

Emerging Areas of PMS Research

What are some exciting areas of ongoing PMS research?

• Genetic factors influencing PMS susceptibility
• The role of neurotransmitters in PMS symptoms
• Connections between PMS and other health conditions
• Potential benefits of alternative therapies like acupuncture and herbal remedies
• Personalized medicine approaches to PMS treatment

Innovative Treatment Approaches

How might PMS treatment evolve in the future? Some promising areas include:

• Development of more targeted hormonal therapies
• Exploration of non-hormonal treatment options
• Integration of digital health technologies for symptom management
• Holistic approaches combining traditional and alternative medicine

As research progresses, it’s likely that our approach to PMS will become more nuanced and personalized, leading to more effective management strategies for individuals experiencing this common yet complex condition.

Top PMS symptoms – PMS myths and common misconceptions

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When you hear the three letters P-M-S, odds are your gut reaction is a four-letter word. The typical perception is, if you have premenstrual syndrome (PMS), you become a bloated, emotional mess for a few days every month. While that may be accurate for some people, it doesn’t capture the true range of premenstrual experiences — and there is much more to PMS than the stereotypical pool of bad symptoms (1).

PMS is a cultural catch-all for everything from eating a whole tub of ice cream to discrediting women in places of power. PMS is given unfounded weight to validate certain behaviors and make people victims of their biology. In reality, the premenstrual experience varies dramatically from person to person, ranging from one or two mild complaints to several near-debilitating symptoms.

Clue created a tool to help people learn about their bodies and dispel myths and misinformation about the menstrual cycle. PMS is one of the biggest misconstructions.

Track your period, PMS, cravings, and more in the Clue app.

4.8

2M+ ratings

First, let’s clarify what we mean when we say PMS. 

What is PMS, really?

PMS is a cluster of physical, behavioral, and emotional changes in the time before menstruation that recur with most or all menstrual cycles and affect a person’s normal life (2). Medical diagnostic criteria for PMS requires symptoms that:

1. Are present during the 5 days before the period starts for at least three menstrual cycles 

2. End within 4 days of when the period starts

3. Interfere with normal activities (2)

To make a clinical diagnosis of PMS, your healthcare provider will consider the number, type, and severity of your symptoms. Approaching your premenstrual symptoms with this in mind is helpful in assessing your own experience.

Myth #1: All women and people with cycles have PMS.

This myth comes from the popular misconception that  any symptoms that occur before the period are directly related to PMS. In truth, just because a person experiences some premenstrual symptoms does not mean they have PMS.

Premenstrual syndrome is a medical diagnosis (ICD-10-N94.3) of multiple symptoms including both emotional and physical discomforts (3). While some people might experience premenstrual symptoms of low to moderate intensity, if they don’t have a significant negative effect on a person’s life, this is not considered PMS (from a medical perspective) (4).

Reported rates of PMS vary so widely that it’s nearly impossible to say how many people experience it. This is probably because PMS is sometimes used as a catch-all term for experiencing any premenstrual symptoms, and not only the diagnosis of PMS.

Many people who use the phrase “PMS” to define their premenstrual experiences are referring to their cluster of individual symptoms, rather than a medical diagnosis. For example, a headache that happens a few days before a person’s period might not have a significant negative impact on their day-to-day functioning, even though it’s uncomfortable. In this case, the headache is a mild premenstrual symptom.  A recurrent experience of depression, insomnia, and extreme fatigue, on the other hand, might significantly impact someone’s well-being and therefore meet the criteria for PMS or even premenstrual dysphoric disease (PMDD) (5).

Fact #1: The experience of premenstrual symptoms is not the same as premenstrual syndrome.

Myth #2: The premenstrual phase is all about bad moods.

Science supports that the premenstrual experience is not inherently negative for everyone, despite what culture, society and media suggest. Culturally and socially it’s more common to talk about negative premenstrual experiences, but this limits the true experience of the premenstrual phase, because it includes positive factors as well (1).

Current research has primarily connected negative moods to biologic mechanisms, like hormone fluctuations (1). Most PMS research has deduced a linear relationship between biology and behavior, and failed to reflect the real experience of  PMS within a socio-cultural context (6).

Researchers have pointed out that many of the studies of PMS suffer from major methodological errors. It was reported that in many studies, research participants were asked about their mood but were given a list to choose from that only included negative options. If researchers only study negative moods, it doesn’t accurately reflect the experience of PMS (1).

Without clear scientific evidence, why is the idea of negative premenstrual mood so pervasive? It boils down to cultural  perceptions of menstruation. People who are socialized to expect a negative premenstrual experience are primed to report more problems, contributing to negative attitudes towards the cycle (1).

PMS is not a one-size-fits all experience, rather, each person’s experience is filtered through social and cultural beliefs that influence how they process symptoms.

Fact #2: Bad moods and the premenstrual experience do not go hand in hand for everyone.

Myth #3: Bad moods in your premenstrual phase can be blamed exclusively on hormone fluctuations.

Hormones play a major role in an individual’s menstrual cycle (7), but aren’t the only reason for bad premenstrual moods. Overall mental and physical health have a greater impact on mood than menstrual cycle phase.

Participants of a recent study (7) tracked daily mood and health data over six months to test a commonly stated fact amongst researchers that the premenstrual phase is the source of depressed, irritable moods and mood swings (8-11). The study tracked both positive and negative moods, collected data from every cycle phase (not just the premenstrual phase) and followed several consecutive menstrual cycles.

The conclusion was surprising; data did not support the idea of a negative mood prevailing in the premenstrual phase. Social support, physical health, and perceived stress were more significant as predictors of daily mood than menstrual cycle phase (12).

Still, it could be true that hormones may be the cause of premenstrual syndrome for some people. Lower levels of estradiol in the premenstrual phase may cause decreased levels of serotonin and dampened mood (13).

Fact #3: Physical and emotional health have a greater impact on your daily mood than your menstrual cycle.

What is PMDD?

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, or PMDD, is a more recent entry into the medical lexicon. PMDD, like PMS, is a diagnostic label given when the experience of premenstrual symptoms is very severe, but it is considered a psychiatric diagnosis rather than a gynecological one. A PMDD diagnosis requires at least five symptoms during the luteal phase that are present 5-7 days before menstruation and improve within four days of menstruation (14).     

Take note: the existence of PMDD is controversial. Some scientists contend that classifying severe PMS as a psychiatric disorder is a dangerous precedent, and that PMDD was created to justify a new pharmaceutical market and representative of the over-medicalization of women’s reproductive biology (15). Whatever we name this extreme form of PMS, studies estimate the prevalence to be 2–8% (14).

What does PMS mean for you?

True PMS is a medical diagnosis given by a healthcare provider after considering the number, type, and severity of a person’s premenstrual symptoms. In order to start the PMS conversation with a healthcare provider, a person can record and report the characteristics of their premenstrual symptom pattern. Carefully tracking your cycle in the Clue app can help you track how you feel both emotionally and physically each day, to help you determine your pattern of premenstrual symptoms.

Symptom tracking is a valuable tool even if you don’t feel the need to have a PMS conversation with your healthcare provider. Getting familiar with your premenstrual symptom pattern can be useful for letting you know where you are in your cycle, helping you plan ahead to mitigate uncomfortable symptoms , and identifying triggers that exacerbate symptoms and/or selecting relief strategies.

While you’re tracking your symptoms, remember to:

• Record data every day as you experience it. (Rather than recalling how you felt several days ago, which can be less accurate.)

• Track for several (not just one) complete menstrual cycles. This will help capture cycle-to-cycle variation.

• Track data in every cycle phase, not just the premenstrual phase. If you only collect data in one phase, it won’t be possible to compare and then conclude that one phase is different from another.

• Record both positive and negative symptoms.

• Provide life context. Include notes about stress, skin problems, diet, relationships, and other important factors because your cycle is just one of many things that can affect you and your well-being (12).

How to know if you have PMS

Once you’ve tracked several cycles of data, it’s time to evaluate. Here are the basic steps:

Visualize your premenstrual phase: Count back 14 days before each period began. That span of time, from ovulation to the start of your period, is roughly your luteal phase. Clue will identify this phase for you.

Look for patterns: Do any symptoms regularly come up in the premenstrual phase? Or are they distributed throughout your cycle? You might be surprised to learn that the constipation or mood swings you thought only occurred premenstrually are actually happening throughout your cycle.

Assess severity: Are any symptoms severe enough to impact your life in some way? Missing work or school may indicate a moderate/severe case of PMS.

Tracking your premenstrual symptoms with Clue can help you get an overall picture of your cycle health. Having this powerful information all in one place can help you make healthcare decisions. If you’re concerned about how PMS might be impacting you, and what you can do about it, talk to your healthcare provider.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Cedars-Sinai

Not what you’re looking for?

What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Premenstrual syndrome or PMS is a
group of physical and emotional symptoms many women may have in the days before their
period starts. Symptoms usually stop once the period starts. It’s thought to be related
to the changing hormone levels of the menstrual cycle.

Lifestyle changes and sometimes medicine are used to treat PMS.

What causes PMS?

The cause of PMS is unclear. It seems to be related to hormone fluctuations in the
body. Changes in brain chemicals may also play a role.

What are the symptoms of PMS?

Symptoms may be slightly different for each woman. The following are the most common
symptoms of PMS.

• Irritability and mood swings
• Trouble sleeping
• Anxiety
• Bloating and fluid buildup
• Constipation or diarrhea
• Backache or headache
• Tender breasts
• Forgetfulness and trouble concentrating
• Acne
• Food cravings

The symptoms of PMS may look like other conditions or medical problems. Talk with
a healthcare provider for diagnosis.

How is PMS diagnosed?

Aside from a complete health history and physical and pelvic exam,
there are very few additional tests. Your healthcare provider may ask that you keep
a
journal of your symptoms for several months to better assess the timing, severity,
onset, and duration of symptoms.

How is PMS treated?

Your healthcare provider will consider your age, overall health, symptoms and other
factors when finding the best treatment for you.

Lifestyle changes and sometimes
medicines can help manage PMS symptoms. Medicines include:

• Water pills (diuretics) before symptoms start to reduce fluid buildup
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen, to reduce pain
• Birth control pills  
• Medicines used to temporarily stop ovaries from making estrogen and progesterone
• Antidepressants

Lifestyle changes:

• Changing the diet to increase protein and decrease sugar and caffeine intake
• Vitamin supplements such as vitamin B-6, calcium, and magnesium
• Regular exercise

Can PMS be prevented?

For some women, making lifestyle changes helps to reduce the occurrence of PMS symptoms.
These changes may include:

• Get regular exercise 3 to 5 times each week
• Eat a well-balanced diet. Eat more
  whole grains, vegetables, and fruits, while eating less salt, sugar, caffeine, and
  alcohol.
• Get enough sleep and rest
• Don’t smoke

When to call your healthcare provider

Call your healthcare provider if you have symptoms of PMS that interfere with your
ability to carry out your normal daily activities.

Key points about premenstrual syndrome

• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of physical and emotional symptoms many women
  may have in the days before their period starts.
• It’s thought to be related to the
  hormone changes of a woman’s menstrual cycle.
• Lifestyle changes and sometimes medicines are used to treat PMS.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells
  you.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments,
  or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also
  know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that
  visit.
• Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.

Medical Reviewer: Irina Burd MD PhD

Medical Reviewer: Donna Freeborn PhD CNM FNP

Medical Reviewer: Heather M Trevino BSN RNC

© 2000-2021 The StayWell Company, LLC. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional’s instructions.

Not what you’re looking for?

PMS – Meaning, Symptoms and Treatment

Typical PMS Symptoms

The symptoms differ from woman to woman and are mostly not experienced all at once.

Physical symptoms include:

–
Feelings of tension in the breasts (tender breasts)

–
Painful breasts that are particularly sensitive to touch (chest pain)

–
Abdominal pain, tension in the abdomen

–
Water retention in the tissue (edema), body weight increases and many feel “bloated”; the water is preferentially stored in the breasts (the breasts suddenly become larger), in the face (eyelids) and on the hands, feet and legs.

–
Head, back, muscle and joint pain

–
Premenstrual syndrome can cause nausea, digestive problems such as flatulence, constipation or bloating.

–
Sleep disorders: increased need for sleep, insomnia

–
Premenstrual syndrome can cause increased sweating and hot flashes.

–
Impure skin (pimples) up to acne
hunger pangs, e.g. unrestrained craving for sweets, or the opposite: loss of appetite

Premenstrual syndrome also causes psychological symptoms, for example:

–
Fatigue, exhaustion, loss of performance
dejectedness, insecurity, reduced self-esteem

–
Listlessness, lack of energy, lack of drive
mood swings, anxiety, tension, depressive moods

–
Premenstrual syndrome can also lead to depression

–
Irritated mood, aggressiveness, outbursts of anger

–
Concentration difficulties

–
Feeling of loss of control over the body and feelings

As long as this list of symptoms may seem, not every woman with premenstrual syndrome necessarily develops all symptoms, and not to the same degree. There can be two, but also a dozen symptoms. What is clear is that PMS significantly affects everyday life and reduces the quality of life.

In up to five percent of women, the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome are so severe that normal everyday life or work is no longer possible. This severe form of PMS, which is associated with mental complaints, has its own name: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD).

Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

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Sherwin BB.
A prospective treatment study of premenstrual symptoms using a triphasic oral contraceptive. J Psychosom Res.
1992;36(3):257–266.

29. Lopez LM,
Kaptein AA,
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Oral contraceptives containing drospirenone for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2009;(2):CD006586.

30. Yonkers KA,
Brown C,
Pearlstein TB,
Foegh M,
Sampson-Landers C,
Rapkin A.
Efficacy of a new low-dose oral contraceptive with drospirenone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Obstet Gynecol.
2005;106(3):492–501.

31. Megivern D.
Evaluation of a unique oral contraceptive in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J Womens Health Gend Based Med.
2002;11(2):95–96.

32. Coffee AL,
Kuehl TJ,
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Sulak PJ.
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2006;195(5):1311–1319.

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2008;42(7):967–978.

34. Freeman EW,
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A double-blind trial of oral progesterone, alprazolam, and placebo in treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome. JAMA.
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35. Landén M,
Eriksson O,
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1995;74(10):803–808.

is there a difference? – O&G Magazine

The name says it all. Or does it? Are premenstrual tension (PMT), premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) one and the same or variants of the same affliction, or are they separate entities? Are they afflictions at all, or just part of the human condition? We aim to disentangle any confusion that has arisen.

It has long been recognised that many women experience a predictable, cyclic pattern of moliminal symptoms, which begin in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and end shortly after menstruation begins. The symptoms may cluster and include physical, emotional, psychological and behavioural components and constitute a syndrome or a disorder, depending on their impact. However, from the outset, it needs to be recognised that for many women, symptoms represent a premenstrual exacerbation of an underlying condition (PME), such as a major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder or eating disorder that may be undiagnosed and untreated, partially treated, or treatment non-responsive. It has been suggested that a significant percentage of women who seek treatment for premenstrual symptoms are in this category.

PMT is said to involve the experience of one or more of the following symptoms: tender swollen breasts, headaches and/or migraines, abdominal cramping and bloating, backache, acne outbreaks, fluid retention, weight gain, constipation and/or diarrhoea, food cravings, emotional irritability, anxiety, nervous tension, lowered coping ability, impairment of concentration, reduced libido, aggression, mood swings, depression, clumsiness, lethargy, insomnia and tearfulness. PMS is the same thing. However, many argue that the latter label better describes the symptom cluster, with the term ‘syndrome’ de-emphasising the emotional and psychological symptoms implied in the term ‘tension’. Overall, diagnostically, it is a loose and informal label, as it only requires one or two symptoms to qualify and is reported to be experienced by up to 50 per cent of women globally.

While PMS is generally manageable and minimally impairs psychosocial functioning, it has been recognised that three to eight per cent of women experience multiple symptoms that can significantly affect their quality of life and daily interpersonal and occupational functioning, to the point of transient impairment. The term premenstrual dysphoric disorder aims to capture this sub-group.

The clustering of more severe premenstrual symptoms was first described by Frank in 1931 and he coined the phrase PMT. His view was that ovarian functioning needed to be obliterated with oophorectomy or radiation therapy in order to restore order in the home and the workplace. The term PMS was later introduced in 1953 by Green and Dalton, who felt that the condition was responsible for decreased worker productivity, increased divorce rates and even murder. Later, Mortola was the first to recognise that depressive mood symptoms sometimes only occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

In 1987, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) introduced the diagnostic category of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in the appendix as a proposed diagnostic category needing further study. Prior to the release of the DSM-IV in 1994, there was much debate as to whether the category should be elevated to a distinct diagnosis, kept in the appendix, or entirely eradicated. They decided to keep it in the appendix with an elaboration of diagnostic criteria to aid further study. In 1995, a large study, subsidised by Eli Lilly, suggested that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine assisted 60 per cent of women with symptom relief. In reaction, some argued that such symptoms were a culture-bound syndrome and represented ‘an unnecessary pathologising of cyclical changes in women’, with the diagnostic category potentially being harmful, as it could lead to women believing that they are mentally ill, leading others to mistrust them in situations as important as job promotions or child custody cases. Others argued that it represented a valid condition that was only poorly studied because it didn’t affect men.

The DSM-IV-TR, published in 2000, again decided to keep the condition in the appendix. This view was further supported in 2003 by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products requirement for the manufacturer of Prozac (fluoxetine) to remove PMDD from the list of indications for fluoxetine sold in Europe. However, with the 2013 introduction of DSM-V, PMDD was introduced as a formal diagnostic category. Soon afterwards, in 2014, a published review addressed reservations regarding this introduction, finding that such a label does not harm women economically, politically, domestically or legally, that financial conflict of interest concerns did not render the diagnosis invalid or the research unusable, and that the condition had been identified worldwide. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), first published in 2010, introduced the diagnostic category of premenstrual tension syndrome, with broad and easily endorsed criteria compared with the DSM-V’s narrow and specific criteria. This difference in diagnostic criteria has impaired research and therapeutic guideline development, as the former criteria captures 91.4 per cent of the female population and the latter only 3.7 per cent, when applied to a sample of college students. In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Administration recognises the validity of the diagnosis of PMDD, however, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme does not reimburse the cost of SSRIs used for its treatment.

In order to meet the DSM-V definition of PMDD, a patient must meet the following specific criteria.

Criterion A

For most menstrual cycles during the past year, at least five of the following 11 symptoms (including at least one of the first four) must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the week post-menses:

• Marked lability (for example, mood swings)
• Marked irritability or anger
• Markedly depressed mood
• Marked anxiety and tension
• Decreased interest in usual activities
• Difficulty in concentration
• Lethargy and marked lack of energy
• Marked change in appetite (for example, overeating or specific food cravings)
• Hypersomnia or insomnia
• Feeling overwhelmed or out of control
• Physical symptoms (for example, breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of ‘bloating’ and weight gain).

Criterion B

One (or more) of the following symptoms must be present:

• Marked affective lability (for example, mood swings, feeling suddenly sad or tearful, or increased sensitivity to rejection)
• Marked irritability, anger or increased interpersonal conflicts
• Marked depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness or self-deprecating thoughts
• Marked anxiety, tension and/or feelings of being ‘keyed up’ or on edge.

Criterion C

One (or more) of the following symptoms must be present, additionally, to reach a total of five symptoms when combined with symptoms from Criterion B above:

• Decreased interest in usual activities (for example, work, school, friends, hobbies)
• Subjective difficulty in concentration
• Lethargy, easy fatigability or marked lack of energy
• Marked change in appetite, overeating or specific food cravings
• Hypersomnia or insomnia
• A sense of being overwhelmed or out of control
• Physical symptoms, such as breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of ‘bloating’ or weight gain.

The aetiology of PMS and PMDD remains an active area of research. While the timing of symptom occurrence and disappearance suggests that sex hormone flux is relevant, there are no demonstrable differences in reproductive hormone levels in women who do or don’t experience symptoms. Thus, hormone levels and flux alone appear to be irrelevant, however, the relevant neurobiological and physiological changes may represent an underlying sensitivity to such changes. There is evidence that oestrogen acts as a neuro-modulator, with diverse effects on the central nervous system through its influence on the serotonergic, dopaminergic and GABA neurotransmitter systems, as well as exerting influence on the expression and responsiveness of androgens, progesterone, prolactin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone, all of which have been shown to have effects on immunomodulation.1 Some women may thus have an abnormal central nervous system response to normal hormone levels and variation. Symptoms are no longer considered to be simply cultural or psychological phenomenon, but biologically based occurrences, with hormonal, neurobiological, genetic and epigenetic aetiological components.

In a recent publication, Jablensky suggests that ‘there is little evidence that the majority of recognised mental disorders are separated by natural boundaries and that diagnostic categories defined by their clinical syndromes should be regarded as ‘valid’ only if they have been shown to be truly discrete entities’. The disorders PMT, PMS and PMDD, to date, have not met such a standard. However, they may possess ‘utility’ by virtue of the information they convey about presenting symptoms, outcome and treatment response. A greater understanding of aetiology is essential before we commit to these diagnostic categories unconditionally. Hopefully, research into genetics, epigenetics, neurobiology and population epidemiology will allow a conceptual reconciliation between the emerging continuum and dimensional view of the variation in symptomatology, and the categorical approach embodied in current classifications such as ICD-10 and DSM-5.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS, PMT) | Symptoms and Treatment

Symptoms

What are the symptoms of PMS?

Dr Sarah Jarvis MBE

Many different symptoms have been reported. The most common are listed below. You may have just one or two symptoms, or have several:

• Mental (psychological) symptoms include: tension, irritability, tiredness, feelings of aggression or anger, low mood, anxiety, loss of confidence, and feeling emotional. You may have a change in your sleep pattern, in sexual feelings and in appetite. Relationships may become strained because of these symptoms.
• Physical symptoms include: breast swelling and/or pain, tummy (abdominal) bloating, swelling of the feet or hands, weight gain and an increase in headaches. If you have epilepsy, asthma, migraine or cold sores, you may find that these conditions become worse before a period.

How is premenstrual syndrome diagnosed?

There is no test for PMS. The diagnosis of PMS is based on your symptoms.

Sometimes it is difficult to tell if your symptoms are due to PMS, or if they are due to other conditions such as anxiety or depression. Your doctor may ask you to keep a diary of symptoms over a couple of months. It is when the symptoms occur that indicates PMS, not just their nature or type.

If you have PMS you may have:

• Symptoms that start sometime after ovulation (when you release an egg from an ovary each month), which occurs about two weeks before the start of a period. Typically, symptoms occur during the five days before a period. However, some women have symptoms for two weeks or so leading up to a period. Typically, symptoms gradually become worse as the period approaches.
• Symptoms that go within three to four days after your period starts.

Symptoms that occur all the time are not due to PMS.

Causes

What causes PMS?

Dr Sarah Jarvis MBE

The cause is not known. It is not due to a hormone imbalance, or due to too much or too little of any hormone (as was previously thought). However, the release of an egg from an ovary each month (ovulation) appears to trigger symptoms. It is thought that women with PMS are more sensitive to the normal level of progesterone. This hormone is passed into the bloodstream from the ovaries after you ovulate.

One effect of over-sensitivity to progesterone seems to reduce the level of brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) called serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This may lead to symptoms, and may explain why medicines that increase the level of the brain chemical serotonin work in PMS.

What can I do to help?

Is it possible to prevent PMS?

Dr Sarah Jarvis MBE

The following may help:

• Read about it. It may help you to understand what is happening. This may relieve some of the anxiety about symptoms. It may be useful to keep a chart or diary. Note the days you feel irritable, low, or anxious, or have any other symptom that you feel may be part of PMS. See how long symptoms last before a period. Then it may be worth noting in a diary when your periods are due. As you can predict when your PMS symptoms are likely to occur, you can expect them and be ready for them. For example, it may be possible to avoid doing important things on the days when symptoms are expected.
• Talk about it with your family, friends or partner. It may help them to understand how you are feeling. It may be best to do this after your period when symptoms have eased.
• Exercise. Some women who exercise regularly say they have less of a problem with PMS. Try doing some regular exercise several times a week.
• Food and drink. Some people claim that various diets help to ease PMS. However, there is little evidence from research trials that this is true. Reducing the amount of sugar, sugary drinks and refined carbohydrates you eat before your period may help your symptoms. Carbohydrates with a lower glycaemic index give a slower steadier release of sugar, and may be a better choice for some women with PMS. (eg, granary/wholemeal bread rather than white bread). Smaller more frequent meals may suit better than infrequent large meals.
• Reduce caffeine and alcohol intake. Some women find that alcohol or caffeine (found in tea, coffee, cola, etc) makes their symptoms worse. So, it may be worth a trial of not having alcohol or caffeine prior to periods to see if this helps.

What are the treatment options for premenstrual syndrome?

What can you do to cure PMS?

Dr Sarah Jarvis MBE

Many treatments for PMS have been tried over the years. There are very few that have been proven to work. Treatments for PMS may take a while to work fully. If you start a treatment, try it for several months before deciding if it is helping or not.

It can be difficult to remember how things were several months ago. If you keep a diary of symptoms, it will help you to decide if you are better with treatment than you were before. Treatments may not cure symptoms completely. However, the symptoms often become a lot easier or less frequent with treatment.

Not treating is an option

Understanding the problem, knowing when the symptoms are coming and planning a coping strategy are all that is required for many women. Some women find the self-help measures listed above and such things as avoiding stress or doing relaxation exercises prior to a period can help.

Treatments that you can buy without needing a prescription

Various herbal products, vitamins and minerals are sold for the treatment of PMS. The ones which have been studied most include magnesium, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), calcium, and agnus castus. The evidence is mixed and it is not clear yet if they have any effect. Some studies suggest some of them are helpful, whereas others suggest they are not. There is not enough evidence yet to know if they can be recommended, and if so, in what dose. They are unlikely to do much harm as long as you do not exceed the dose suggested on the label, so you may wish to give one or more of these treatments a try.

Evening primrose oil or simple painkillers such as ibuprofen or paracetamol may help with breast tenderness.

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

CBT is a talking treatment (psychological treatment), during which, ways to find more adaptive ways of coping with premenstrual symptoms are explored. This has been shown to be effective for some women. If it is helpful, it avoids the need for taking medicines, which may potentially have side-effects, so it is worth considering as an option.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

An SSRI medicine (for example, fluoxetine or citalopram) may be prescribed to treat more severe PMS. These medicines were developed to treat depression. However, they have also been found to ease the symptoms of PMS, even if you are not depressed. They work by increasing the level of serotonin in the brain (see above in ‘What causes premenstrual syndrome?’). You have a good chance that symptoms of PMS will become much less if you take an SSRI.

Research suggests that taking an SSRI for just half of the cycle (the second half of the monthly cycle) is just as effective as taking an SSRI all of the time. Side-effects occur in some women, although most women have no problems taking an SSRI. There are various types and brands. Although commonly used for PMS, and licensed for it elsewhere, these medicines are not licensed for PMS specifically in the UK.

The combined oral contraceptive (COC) pill

In theory, preventing ovulation should help PMS. This is because ovulation, and the release of progesterone into the bloodstream after ovulation, seems to trigger symptoms of PMS. The COC pill (known as ‘the pill’) works as a contraceptive by preventing ovulation.

However, pills do not always help with PMS, as they contain progestogen hormones (with a similar action to progesterone). One type of COC pill contains a progestogen called drospirenone which may not have the downside of other progestogens. (The first of these was called Yasmin® although there are now other brands with the same hormones.) This may be better than other pills for PMS symptoms, but research is ongoing. If you have PMS and require contraception then the pill may be a possible option to use for both effects. If you take the pill, your doctor may advise you to take it without having a break between packets, as this may have further benefits.

Oestrogen

Oestrogen given via a patch or gel has been shown to improve symptoms by suppressing egg production. Oestrogen tablets are not effective though. However, you will also need to take progestogens if you have not had a hysterectomy. These can be taken as tablets or an intrauterine system (IUS) can be inserted. The doses of oestrogen in a patch are much lower than in the COC pill, so the patch is not a method of contraception, but the IUS is.

Other treatments

Other methods of suppressing ovulation include medicines called gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues. These medicines are only used for very severe PMS. They are usually advised by specialists and given by injection and with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to protect your bones and prevent symptoms of menopause.

A medicine called danazol is occasionally used by specialists. It may cause side-effects (such as weight gain, excess hair, acne and a deeper voice) so it is not used very often. It is extremely important to use contraception when taking danazol as it can cross the placenta and damage the baby if a pregnant woman takes it.

Surgery to remove the womb and both ovaries (hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) also prevents ovulation and will cure PMS, although is a drastic option. Because of this, it is only done in the most severe cases where nothing else has helped.

What is the outlook (prognosis)?

How troublesome or otherwise PMS is seems to fluctuate. So there may be times in your life when you are not affected by it, and other times when it is very severe. It may get worse at certain times – for example, in times of stress. In one study, about a third of women diagnosed with PMS did not have it a year later.

What does PMS stand for? The Free Dictionary

Category filter: Show All (213)Most Common (2)Technology (30)Government & Military (44)Science & Medicine (43)Business (24)Organizations (63)Slang / Jargon (25)

Acronym	Definition
PMS	Pantone Matching System (color matching for publishing)
PMS	Premenstrual Syndrome
PMS	Property Management System
PMS	Probability and Mathematical Statistics (various organizations)
PMS	Property Management Services (various locations)
PMS	Pain Management Service (Australia)
PMS	Practice Management System
PMS	Performance Management System
PMS	Pavement Management System
PMS	Project Management System
PMS	Private Messaging System (software)
PMS	Peninsula Medical School (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, UK)
PMS	Provincial Management Service (Pakistan)
PMS	Pre Main Sequence (astronomy)
PMS	Professor of Military Science
PMS	Personal Medical Services
PMS	Program Managers
PMS	Pantone Matching System
PMS	Privilege Messaging Service
PMS	Preferred Message Storage
PMS	Polyserve Matrix Server
PMS	Programmable Memory Scan
PMS	Plug-in Modules
PMS	Payment Management System
PMS	Piping Material Specification (engineering)
PMS	Peacock Mantis Shrimp
PMS	Presidential Management Staff (Philippines)
PMS	Post-Marketing Surveillance (monitors ongoing safety of marketed drugs)
PMS	Production Monitoring System (various businesses)
PMS	Paesi Meno Sviluppati (Italian: Least Developed Countries)
PMS	Preventive Medicine Service
PMS	Philips Medical Systems
PMS	Phenazine Methosulfate
PMS	Performance Measurement System
PMS	Power Management System
PMS	Presbyterian Mutual Society (savings plan)
PMS	Pre-Marital Sex
PMS	Presbyterian Medical Services (Santa Fe, NM)
PMS	Publication Management System (software)
PMS	Piedmont Middle School (California)
PMS	Premium Motor Spirit (fuel)
PMS	Performance Monitoring System
PMS	Potential Murder Suspect (law enforcement)
PMS	Portfolio Management System
PMS	Pass My Shotgun
PMS	Program Management Support
PMS	Preventive Maintenance System
PMS	Poor Me Syndrome
PMS	Personnel Management System
PMS	Pandora’s Mighty Soldiers
PMS	Performance Management Solutions
PMS	Package Management System (computer software)
PMS	Program Management System
PMS	Productive Members of Society (recovery oriented)
PMS	Process Management System
PMS	Permanent Magnet Synchronous (motor)
PMS	Project Management Specialist
PMS	Party Management System (web-based application; Assembly Organizing)
PMS	Project Management and Scheduling (Workshop)
PMS	Preventive Maintenance Service
PMS	Pontifical Mission Societies (Catholic association)
PMS	Personal Mission Statement
PMS	Portable Meteorological Subsystem (US DoD)
PMS	Preventative Maintenance System (US DoD)
PMS	Please Make It Stop
PMS	Post More Soon
PMS	Perinatal Mortality Survey (UK)
PMS	Poverty Monitoring Survey (various nations)
PMS	Pissy Mood Syndrome
PMS	Poverty Monitoring System
PMS	Pueblo Municipal Shooters, Inc. (Pueblo, CO)
PMS	Power Monitoring Software
PMS	Pharmacy Management System
PMS	Postmeiotic Segregation
PMS	Petros and Money Show (radio program)
PMS	Platform Management System
PMS	People’s Medical Society
PMS	Postgraduate Medical School
PMS	Periodic Monthly Statement (automated clearinghouse method for duty payment to customs)
PMS	Project Manager Ships
PMS	Pack My Suitcase
PMS	Processor Memory Switch
PMS	Parked Motorcycle Syndrome (winter blues)
PMS	Powell Middle School (Brooksville, FL)
PMS	Pacific Masters Swimming
PMS	Plant Monitoring System
PMS	Parking Management System
PMS	Patient Monitoring System
PMS	Participating Member States (European Defence Agency)
PMS	Procurement Management System
PMS	Precious Metals Sector
PMS	Personnel Management Specialist
PMS	Pedestal Mounted Stinger
PMS	Martinique Socialist Party
PMS	Pipeline Management System
PMS	Personal Management System
PMS	Parallel Math School (Bangladesh)
PMS	Project Master Schedule
PMS	Palmetto Middle School (Miami, FL)
PMS	Percent of Market Share
PMS	Password Management System
PMS	Plant Management System
PMS	Precise Mousing Surface (3M mousepad)
PMS	Post-Marketing Survey
PMS	Problem Management System
PMS	Public Message System
PMS	Program Management Specialist
PMS	Pretty Mean Sisters (WWF wrestling)
PMS	Power Money Sex
PMS	Particle Measurement System
PMS	Peyton Marie Sawyer (One Tree Hill character nickname; Peyton Elizabeth Sawyer)
PMS	NAVSEA Program Manager
PMS	Picturephone Meeting Service (AT&T)
PMS	Préparation Militaire Supérieure (France)
PMS	Production Management Specialist
PMS	Phillips Middle School (Iowa)
PMS	Personal Mailing System
PMS	Postmenstrual Syndrome
PMS	Purchase More Shoes
PMS	Public Message Service
PMS	Plaza Middle School
PMS	Phased-Mission System
PMS	Physical Media Specific
PMS	Pershing Middle School (Missouri)
PMS	Periodic Maintenance Schedule
PMS	Psychotic Men Slayerz (gaming clan)
PMS	Pour More Scotch (alcoholic slang)
PMS	Periodic Mesoporous Silica (chemistry)
PMS	Pamper Me Softly, Inc.
PMS	Patapsco Middle School (Maryland)
PMS	Program Master Schedule
PMS	Plantation Middle School (Plantation, Florida)
PMS	Pittsford Middle School (Pittsford, NY)
PMS	Primary Medical Services Contract (National Health Service; UK)
PMS	Pure Motor Stroke (medical)
PMS	Perpetual Motion Squad (TV show The Big Bang Theory)
PMS	Prospect Management System
PMS	Pardon My Swag
PMS	Palms Middle School
PMS	Probability of Mission Success
PMS	Pepperoni Mushroom & Sausage
PMS	Practically My Sister
PMS	Pennichuck Middle School
PMS	Propulsion Module Subsystem (US NASA)
PMS	Pulse, Motor, Sensation
PMS	Pacoima Middle School
PMS	Philomath Middle School (Oregon)
PMS	Phase Measurement System
PMS	Park Maitland School (Maitland, Florida)
PMS	Pardon My Stupidity
PMS	Paint Mixing System(s)
PMS	Pines Middle School (Pembroke Pines, FL)
PMS	Pre-Millennium Stress
PMS	Permitted Maximum Signal (ITU-T)
PMS	Pollicita Middle School (Daly City, CA)
PMS	Production and Marketing Systems
PMS	Program Manager Surface
PMS	Portable Monitoring System
PMS	Pollard Middle School (Needham, MA)
PMS	Plainfield Middle School
PMS	Program Management Squadron
PMS	Parkside Middle School (various locations)
PMS	Program Manager Sea
PMS	Portable Monitoring Set
PMS	Phantom Menace Syndrome (Star Wars)
PMS	Permanent Measurement System
PMS	Primary Message System
PMS	Picacho Middle School (Las Cruces, New Mexico)
PMS	Pac Man Syndrome (song)
PMS	PAC II Project Management System
PMS	Poe Middle School
PMS	Parras Middle School
PMS	Principal Marine Surveyor
PMS	Passport Management System
PMS	Passe Musikalske Studiner
PMS	Portable Memory Stick
PMS	Post Meal Sleepies 🙂
PMS	Poor Motivational Syndrome (band)
PMS	Pennbrook Middle School
PMS	Pueblo Middle School
PMS	Pharmaceutical Marketing Society (UK)
PMS	Pepperell Middle School
PMS	Palmer Middle School (Kennesaw, GA)
PMS	Power Modulation Symposium
PMS	Process Measurement System
PMS	Penndale Middle School
PMS	Proud Marin Sisters
PMS	Payson Middle School
PMS	Physical Media Section
PMS	Project/Program Manager, Ship (Naval Sea Systems Command)
PMS	Pony Motor Starting
PMS	Program/Project Manager, Sea (NAVSEA)
PMS	Phoenix Missile System
PMS	Penn Middle School (Claridge, PA)
PMS	Pines Montessori School (Kingwood, TX, USA)
PMS	Polymethysilane (polymer)
PMS	Peru Middle School (Peru, New York)
PMS	Post-Millennium Stress
PMS	Professional Military Studies
PMS	Propellant Management Subsystem
PMS	Provisioning Monitoring System
PMS	Pollution Monitoring Satellite
PMS	Pike and Musket Society (English civil wars living history group; Australia)
PMS	Penfield Middle School
PMS	Programme Maghrébo-Sahélien
PMS	Pressure Modulation System
PMS	Planned Maintenance Schedule/Systems
PMS	Profiler Meteorological System
PMS	Planned Maintenance System/Subsystem
PMS	Particle Measure Systems
PMS	Punahou Middle School (Hawaii)
PMS	Peshawar Medical Services
PMS	Penalty Mail System (US Postal Service)

Youth slang dictionary – pms

Oh, these women !!! We cannot live without them, and it is terribly difficult to be with them. Unfortunately, the reproductive instinct does terrible things to men. Without access to a woman’s pussy, any man loses his will to live, some have thoughts of suicide. As the hero said in one film, “ Women, we cannot live without them, and they cannot write while standing “. Sex hormones have a strong effect on the human psyche, and if for guys this does not pose any particular problems, then under the influence of these substances women can be compared to schizophrenics.You have noticed more than once outbursts of unmotivated aggression, mood swings, tears, laughter, hatred literally from scratch, this is one of the signs of an upset psyche. And when a young lady has PMS, the load on her already small brain increases noticeably, and it begins to malfunction. What does PMS mean? This abbreviation stands for “ premenstrual syndrome “, in fact, this is not a separate disease, but a set of symptoms that appear in pretty girls just before menstruation.As a rule, almost half of all women “get sick” to one degree or another, and it manifests itself three to five to seven days before the onset of menstruation. PMS is a whole complex of negative symptoms and signs that manifests itself in 70 to 80 percent of girls before the onset of menstruation. However, as the female ages, the symptoms of PMS worsen, for example, before the age of 30, every fifth woman experiences PMS syndrome, and after thirty years already in half of all cases 90,010 Many women are very worried about the question, Does PMS in men ? The fact is that some men, for the sake of a joke, sometimes say that “ I have a PMS “, and many young ladies take it for “face value”.Dear ones, they stole, men do not have PMS, because they did not have female sex hormones when they were born, well, almost everyone. Some bearded Eurovision winners seem to have them.

These are strong mood swings, intolerance, aggressiveness, tearfulness, strong resentment. All this you yourself know, if you are, of course, a girl. And if you are an alpha, then such a female state can plunge into a quiet panic. Therefore, there is an opinion that you need to have several women, then today you meet with one maramoyka, tomorrow you choose a feisty chicken, and then you go to your most kawaii cutie. Therefore, I recommend having a calendar and celebrating the days of your lady, and as soon as PMS comes, you urgently need to disappear for a few days, or better for a week, at the same time you will miss your period.

Some life-wise men decipher PMS as “ period of male suffering “. Therefore, in order not to invent such transcripts and to experience all the delights of a mad woman, just disappear from sight. Well, you understand, right, guys? All the best to you, health and patience to survive this nightmare.Do not forget about Fey, they will always come to your aid, though for the cash. 90,015 90,000 PMS – what is it (decoding), symptoms and treatment of the syndrome

Updated July 22, 2021 Views: 67685 Author: Dmitry Petrov

1. What is PMS
2. Types and stages of PMS
3. Causes
4. Syndrome treatment
5. How to improve yourself condition with PMS

Hello, dear readers of the blog KtoNaNovenkogo.ru. You can often find among women the excuse for their inappropriate behavior with the words: “What did you want? I have PMS! ”

There are a lot of jokes about this on the Internet and at the speeches of comedians. This medical term has long been common among ordinary people.

But does everyone really know what PMS is in girls? How does it manifest itself in different representatives, what is the reason for this? And the most important question that torments many: is it necessary to endure, or can it be avoided?

What is PMS

According to statistics, only 10% of women have never experienced PMS symptoms. Everyone else has suffered from this at least once, or they do it all the time. Typically occurs between the ages of 20 and 40.

Premenstrual Syndrome is what PMS stands for. “Pre”, in turn, denotes the period before menstruation, which lasts from 2 to 10 days. Also, this condition may be after. Then the PMS transcript will be like “postmenstrual syndrome.”

Manifestations of PMS in women and girls can be associated with the emotional sphere:

1. irritability;
2. internal tension;
3. depressed mood (what is it?);
4. aggressiveness; 90 026 90 025 anxiety;
5. deterioration in concentration;
6. tears flow for no apparent reason;
7. feelings of loneliness and uselessness;
8. insomnia;
9. decreased libido (what is it?).

PMS is also physical symptoms :

1. headaches;
2. constant feeling of hunger and thirst;
3. weight gain due to puffiness;
4. body aches: muscles and joints hurt;
5. skin rash (mostly on the face);
6. enlargement of the mammary glands or separately the nipples; 90 026 90 025 diarrhea (what’s this?).

Types and stages of PMS

You can describe the syndrome based on the classification of this condition:

1. Edematous form – occurs due to fluid retention in tissues, in the chest, in particular, since the functioning changes slightly for a couple of days kidneys.Edema is noticeable on the arms and legs, face, abdomen.
2. Cephalic form – disorders associated with the nervous and vascular systems. Symptoms such as headache, migraine (what is it?), Dizziness with possible nausea and vomiting are characteristic.
3. Neuropsychic form – formed against the background of a failure of the emotional and nervous systems. Such girls quickly get tired, may suffer from insomnia, cry for no reason, get irritated and nervous for any reason, and demonstrate increased sensitivity.

   Aggressive form prevails in adolescents, depressive in older women. Hearing and sense of smell can also be exacerbated. In addition, bloating and constipation.

4. Crisis form – characterized by dysfunction of the kidneys, digestive and cardiovascular systems. Pressure rises, tachycardia appears, chest pain. There may be unreasonable panic attacks. It often happens in the period before menopause.
5. Mixed form – a complex of several types.As a rule, this is an edematous form with an emotional one.
6. Atypical form – the appearance of signs that are rare. For example, fever and a feeling of suffocation.

Also, there are stages of PMS , depending on when it fades:

1. Compensatory – all symptoms disappear when menstruation begins. Over the years, the syndrome does not progress, all the same minor signs remain.
2. Subcompensated – a pronounced syndrome that does not allow a woman to perform normal daily activities and tasks.
3. Decompensated – the extreme level of PMS severity, the girl feels severe discomfort. At this stage, the syndrome can be during menstruation, and a couple of days after.

Causes of PMS

The medical profession knows what PMS is (symptoms), but the factors that cause it are still little known.

After many studies, scientists have formed several theories of its origin. Hormonal has proven to be the most recognized due to its extensive description and evidence base.

For the normal functioning of the girl’s body, the balance of sex hormones is needed :

1. estrogens – female hormones – for the body to function according to the female type;
2. androgens – male hormones – for the normal functioning of the reproductive system, libido;
3. progesterone – the hormone of pregnancy – helps to carry the fetus.

In the second phase – before menstruation – this hormonal balance changes. That is, a failure occurs, in contrast to their normalized work.

The brain reacts inadequately to such a disorder. Therefore, different symptoms appear. It is worth noting that how much the period before menstruation will manifest itself, is genetically transmitted .

Also, there are factors that additionally affect on the nature of the symptoms of PMS:

1. lack of vitamin B6 – can cause swelling, increased breast sensitivity, fatigue, disturbance of the emotional background;
2. magnesium deficiency – leads to dizziness, headache, tachycardia;
3. overweight – especially if the body mass index is more than 30;
4. if earlier there were complications during childbirth, abortion, diseases of the reproductive system;
5. smoking – 2 times more likely that the syndrome will occur;
6. stresses.

Separately, it is worth noting a decrease in serotonin levels and such a mental disorder as depression.

It has been noticed that in such a state during PMS mood will deteriorate significantly. Up to apathy (what is it?) And strong melancholy.

Treatment of the syndrome

It is necessary to consult a doctor about PMS if it is severe; there are several signs that significantly reduce performance.

Since such symptoms are characteristic of many diseases of the hormonal, nervous, reproductive systems, the diagnosis can be made on the basis of recurrence before menstruation.Also, the specialist needs to take into account the psychological state of the girl throughout the entire time in order to exclude pathology in this area.

Since there is an opinion in medicine that PMS is a hormonal imbalance, hormone-containing drugs are prescribed for treatment.

They often have side effects , therefore, attributing to yourself without consulting a specialist is strictly prohibited.

If the premenstrual syndrome is aggravated by a lack of some vitamins , then the doctor ascribes them separately or in combination.The selection of vitamin and mineral preparations can significantly improve a woman’s condition.

Herbal preparations, herbal tablets or drops will help with a mild form of PMS. They have diuretic properties, so they are able to relieve swelling.

And also have a sedative effect, which normalizes the emotional state and sleep of a woman. Sedative medications can also have this effect.

Diuretics help against edema . If cramps, headaches, discomfort in the chest and pelvis are concerned, the doctor may prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

How to independently improve the condition with PMS

If the symptoms of PMS are not very pronounced, then you can independently work on your condition without using medication.

For example, limit your intake of chocolate and coffee as they increase mood swings and anxiety. It is also best to avoid a lot of red meat and fat-rich foods. But increase your intake of fruits and vegetables, as they contain a lot of healthy fiber.

It also makes sense to control water intake so that swelling does not occur. And regular physical activity increases the level of endorphins (how about?), And therefore reduces the anxiety and depression before menstruation.

Yoga, swimming pool, Pilates (what is it?), Dancing also improve blood circulation in the pelvis and chest, as well as get rid of negative thoughts.

We must not forget about the benefits of regular sex, which boosts immunity, reduces stress, normalizes the emotional background and sleep.

During PMS, libido often rises as a clue from the body that intercourse can help normalize the condition.

Article author: Marina Domasenko

Good luck! See you soon on the pages of the blog KtoNaNovenkogo.ru

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Useful Information

90,000 PMS

You can be infinitely right, but what does it matter if your woman has PMS 😁😉

PMS is when everything at once:

• zhor (+ pangs of conscience for him)
• loss of strength, apathy, do not want / cannot train
• nervousness, psychos, desire to blow up this world
• sensitivity, vulnerability, “sorry for the bird” 😩

And much more.To infinity.

There are many reasons.

From internal (genetic, physiological, biochemical) to external (stress, gynecological operations, physical inactivity, nutritional imbalance).

In fact, premenstrual syndrome (“premenstrual tension”) is a psychoemotional vegetative-vascular disorder that negatively affects a woman’s usual lifestyle. Classified by WHO as a disease of the 10th revision. And this means, girls, that we have an official mitigating circumstance 😂

What to do in this state?

1. Get enough sleep (!) To help the surging hormones.Hang up until 23:00.
2. Plan your diet more carefully than ever. Better ahead to avoid a requiem for kilos of chocolate / rolls / ice cream / cappuccino / burgers.
3. Drink herbal teas. Preferably with mint as part of 😉
4. Exercise in moderation. This means – without high intensity, heavy weights and heavy loads on the abdominal area.
5. Meditate. In the morning, a few minutes alone with myself, alone and with my eyes closed. This will set the mood and state of the day.
6. Self-massage. Earlobes, temples. You can put half a drop of orange oil on your fingers beforehand. (Checked – it helps.)
7. More fresh air. Ventilate, walk, walk.
8. Breathe. People who master the techniques of breathing practices can more easily control their mood and mental state, relax the nervous system. Variants:

Belly Breathing

Standing or sitting. On a deep breath, the stomach puffs out.When exhaling slowly, it falls off. Inhalation duration is 3-4 seconds, hold your breath for a couple of seconds, then exhale for 4-5 seconds. The interval between breathing cycles is 2-3 seconds.

Stress Relief Breath

In any comfortable position. Take a deep breath. Hold the breath. Imagine a circle and exhale slowly. Exhale in this way for three more circles. Then imagine a square and also mentally exhale it a couple of times.

Breathing-yawning.

Sitting.Close your eyes, open your mouth wide, tighten the muscles of the lower jaw and take a deep breath. At the same time, do stretching with your hands, arching your back. This will stimulate blood flow to the muscles of the face and neck, increase blood flow to the brain, saturate it with oxygen, and remove carbon dioxide.

If your symptoms during PMS are pronounced and are not relieved by anything – get tested for vitamins, minerals, trace elements. Perhaps the body is experiencing an acute lack of calcium, magnesium, vitamins B ₆ , D, etc.

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What is PMS and how to deal with it

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What is PMS and how to deal with it

What is PMS and how to deal with it – RIA Novosti, 29.02. 2020

What is PMS and how to deal with it

Tearfulness, irritability, swelling, headaches and pain in the lower abdomen. These are all signs of premenstrual syndrome – PMS – which is a disease, not a temporary discomfort, as is commonly believed.

2011-09-06T15: 30

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broadcast, video, female biological cycle: time to lose weight and time to relax, Moscow, health, russia

15:30 09/06/2011 (updated: 14:38 02/29/2020)

Tearfulness, increased irritability , swelling, headaches and pain in the lower abdomen. These are all signs of premenstrual syndrome – PMS – which is a disease, not a temporary discomfort, as is commonly believed.

A couple of thoughts – Miss Understanding – LiveJournal

Hormones during the menstrual cycle and PMS

In order to understand what PMS is, you must first understand what female hormones are and how they affect the reproductive system of women, because they control all the processes associated with the menstrual cycle – from the first menstrual period to the very last, every cycle without the exceptions depend on hormones.

Hormones affect not only menstruation, but also mood, ability to perform physical work, and even eating habits. Despite the fact that the menstrual cycle in all women depends on the same hormones, someone tolerates such changes easily and imperceptibly for themselves, and for some it becomes a monthly test.

What is PMS?

PMS is a condition that affects mood, fitness and behavior on certain days of the menstrual cycle, usually a few days before the onset of your period.

PMS, like many other aspects of women’s health that are not directly related to childbirth, is still little studied, and clear criteria for assessing PMS still do not exist.

Research shows that 5 to 97 percent of women suffer from PMS to varying degrees.

In fact, it is worth distinguishing premenstrual dysphoric syndrome (PDS), which is observed in about 3-8% of women, from the myth of PMS.

PMS is a monthly recurring condition before menstruation, in which there are at least 5 PMS symptoms so severe that they interfere with a woman’s daily life.

One way or another, many women experience symptoms every month that are related to PMS, and they are very real.

What are the symptoms of PMS?

PMS symptoms are usually mild to moderate.

About 80% of women experience at least one of the PMS symptoms to a degree that does not interfere with their daily lives. About 20-30% of women experience palpable symptoms that can affect certain aspects of daily life. 3-8% have PDS.

The severity of symptoms can vary from cycle to cycle and also depends on the individual assessment of each woman.

• Increased breast tenderness
• Swelling
• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Acne and skin rashes
• Irritability
• Bloated belly
• Increased appetite
• Anxiety
• Sadness
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Abdominal pain
• Sensitivity to light and sound

Why do PMS symptoms occur?

The causes of PMS are still not clear, but many researchers associate it with changes in the volume of hormones and serotonin levels in the period 5-10 days before the onset of menstruation.

Levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone first rise and fall sharply just before menstruation, and this is likely to cause anxiety, irritability, and mood swings as they modulate activity in areas of the brain associated with PMS symptoms. Serotonin is one of the neurotransmitters that strongly affects mood and emotions, it is also called the “hormone of happiness.”

How do female hormones work?

The hormone estrogen and progesterone play a huge role in the human body and are part of its endocrine system, which controls almost all functions of our body.

Moreover, these hormones are also produced by the male body, only in smaller quantities, therefore they are usually called female hormones. In the female body, they control the reproductive system and sexual health, including libido. It is because they play such an important role that it is important to understand how they work.

Estrogen

Estrogen is a female hormone secreted by the ovaries, the level of which rises in the first two weeks of the menstrual cycle, causing the growth of endometrial tissue in the uterus.This phase of the cycle is called follicular. A sharp drop in estrogen (and progesterone) levels causes menstrual bleeding. It also affects heart and bone health. Active production of estrogen begins in adolescence and decreases with age until it reaches menopause, when menstruation stops.

Progesterone

Progesterone levels rise after ovulation, during the second half of the menstrual cycle. If conception occurs, then the level of progesterone continues to rise, maintaining the thickness of the uterine endometrium for the further development of pregnancy.If there was no conception, then the level of progesterone falls, giving a signal to the body to begin rejection of the thickened endometrium. Some of the unpleasant symptoms of PMS, such as breast tenderness, acne, and swelling, have been linked to this hormone.

When does PMS usually start?

PMS symptoms in women occur in the second half of the cycle, after ovulation. Most often, the most severe psychological and physical symptoms of PMS are observed 3-4 days before menstruation, and then disappear with the onset of bleeding.PMS symptoms can start and end at other times: for example, some women begin to experience symptoms immediately after ovulation, and for some they may disappear after the end of their period, rather than when it starts.

How do I know if I have a PMS?

To understand if you have PMS, it is most convenient to use a diary of symptoms that you need to mark in the same calendar in which you mark your cycle. If you have a smartphone, now there are many applications in which it is convenient to do this and which can even prompt your statistics on their own.If symptoms appear at about the same time every cycle, then the most likely cause is PMS.

When should I see a doctor?

If physical pain or other symptoms persist or seriously affect your daily life, see a doctor.

PDS is diagnosed if you have one of the symptoms on a regular basis and then disappear on other days. However, these symptoms can be associated with many other conditions, such as endometriosis, thyroid disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, anemia, connective tissue disease and rheumatism, and the doctor will need to rule them out.