What are thyroid nodules and how do they affect the body. What causes thyroid nodules to develop. How are thyroid nodules diagnosed and treated. What are the potential complications of thyroid nodules.

Understanding Thyroid Nodules: What They Are and How They Form

Thyroid nodules are lumps that develop within or around the thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck. These nodules can vary in size and composition, ranging from small, undetectable growths to larger masses that may be visible or palpable. While thyroid nodules are relatively common, affecting an estimated 20 to 76 percent of adults in the United States, only 4 to 7 percent are actually palpable.

There are several types of thyroid nodules, including:

• Fluid-filled cysts
• Benign solid nodules
• Hormone-secreting nodules
• Cancerous nodules (in rare cases)

The formation of thyroid nodules can be attributed to various factors, such as iodine deficiency, inflammation, hormonal imbalances, or genetic predisposition. In some cases, the exact cause may remain unknown.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Thyroid Nodules

Many thyroid nodules are asymptomatic, meaning they don’t cause any noticeable signs or symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they often depend on the size and location of the nodule. Some common symptoms include:

• A visible or palpable lump in the neck
• Difficulty swallowing or breathing
• Hoarseness or changes in voice
• Discomfort or pain in the throat
• Swollen lymph nodes

In rare cases, individuals may experience pain that radiates to the ear or jaw. It’s important to note that the presence of symptoms doesn’t necessarily indicate a serious condition, but it’s always best to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation.

Exploring the Various Causes of Thyroid Nodules

Thyroid nodules can develop due to several underlying factors. Understanding these causes can help in prevention and early detection. Some of the primary causes include:

Iodine Deficiency

Iodine is crucial for the production of thyroid hormones. When the body lacks sufficient iodine, it can lead to the enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter) and the formation of nodules. To prevent iodine deficiency, the American Thyroid Association recommends using iodized salt in one’s diet.

Thyroid Inflammation

Subacute thyroiditis, a rare condition characterized by inflammation of the thyroid gland, can sometimes result in the formation of nodules. This condition often follows viral infections such as the flu, upper respiratory infections, or mumps.

Hyperthyroidism

Some thyroid nodules produce excess thyroid hormone, leading to a condition known as hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include unintended weight loss, nervousness, rapid heartbeat, and heat intolerance.

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

This autoimmune disorder causes the body’s immune system to attack the thyroid gland. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors may include a family history of thyroid disease, radiation exposure, or excessive iodine intake. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is more common in women than in men.

Thyroid Cancer

Although rare, some thyroid nodules can be cancerous. The American Thyroid Association reports that over 90% of thyroid nodules are benign. However, certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of thyroid cancer, such as being female, exposure to radiation, and having a family history of thyroid disorders.

Diagnostic Approaches for Thyroid Nodules

Accurate diagnosis of thyroid nodules is crucial for determining the appropriate course of treatment. Healthcare providers employ various diagnostic tools and techniques to evaluate thyroid nodules:

Physical Examination

A thorough physical examination of the neck can help detect palpable nodules. However, many nodules are too small or deep within the thyroid tissue to be felt during a physical exam.

Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique that provides detailed information about the size, location, and composition of thyroid nodules. It can help distinguish between solid and fluid-filled nodules and identify potentially suspicious characteristics.

Blood Tests

Blood tests are used to assess thyroid hormone levels and other relevant markers. These tests can help determine if the nodule is affecting thyroid function or if there are other underlying thyroid conditions.

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy

FNA biopsy involves removing a small sample of cells from the nodule using a thin needle. This sample is then examined under a microscope to determine if the nodule is benign or potentially cancerous.

Nuclear Thyroid Scan

In some cases, a nuclear thyroid scan may be recommended to evaluate the function of the nodule. This test involves ingesting a small amount of radioactive iodine and then imaging the thyroid gland to see how the nodule absorbs the iodine.

Treatment Options for Thyroid Nodules

The treatment of thyroid nodules depends on various factors, including the size of the nodule, whether it’s causing symptoms, and the results of diagnostic tests. Here are some common treatment approaches:

Watchful Waiting

For small, benign nodules that aren’t causing symptoms, a healthcare provider may recommend periodic monitoring through ultrasound and physical examinations.

Thyroid Hormone Suppression Therapy

In some cases, taking thyroid hormone medication can help suppress the growth of nodules by reducing the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Radioactive Iodine Treatment

For overactive nodules causing hyperthyroidism, radioactive iodine treatment may be used to shrink the nodule and reduce hormone production.

Surgery

Surgical removal of the nodule or part of the thyroid gland may be necessary for large nodules, suspicious or cancerous nodules, or nodules causing significant symptoms.

Potential Complications and Long-Term Outlook

While most thyroid nodules are benign and don’t cause significant health issues, there are potential complications to be aware of:

• Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism due to hormone imbalances
• Difficulty breathing or swallowing if the nodule becomes large
• Anxiety or stress related to the presence of the nodule
• In rare cases, development of thyroid cancer

The long-term outlook for individuals with thyroid nodules is generally positive. With proper monitoring and treatment, most people can manage their condition effectively and maintain good thyroid health.

Preventive Measures and Lifestyle Considerations

While it’s not always possible to prevent thyroid nodules, there are steps you can take to promote overall thyroid health:

• Ensure adequate iodine intake through a balanced diet or supplements
• Avoid unnecessary exposure to radiation, especially in the neck area
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a nutritious diet
• Attend regular check-ups and screenings, especially if you have risk factors for thyroid disorders
• Manage stress levels, as chronic stress can impact thyroid function

By understanding thyroid nodules, their causes, and available treatment options, individuals can take proactive steps to manage their thyroid health effectively. Regular medical check-ups and open communication with healthcare providers are key to early detection and successful management of thyroid nodules.

Thyroid nodules: Symptoms, causes, and diagnosis

Thyroid nodules are lumps that can appear in the thyroid gland in front of the throat. A thyroid nodule can feel like a bump on the side or in the middle of the throat.

Sometimes, people can identify them as a lump in the front of the neck, but often they cannot see or feel them.

The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones. These hormones have various functions. Organs need them to work properly, and the body needs them to create energy and warmth.

A nodule can develop for different reasons. It may be a cyst, a sign of iodine deficiency, or, in some cases, cancerous.

Share on PinterestVarious problems can lead to thyroid nodules, which may feel like a lump in the throat.

Thyroid nodules are lumps that develop in or around the thyroid gland. A person may have one or more nodules. They are common, affecting an estimated 20 to 76 percent of adults in the United States.

Some nodules are easy to feel, but others may be deep in the thyroid tissue or low in the gland, making them hard to find or detect. In fact, only 4 to 7 percent of thyroid nodules are palpable.

There are different types and forms of nodule, including:

• a thyroid cyst or nodule that is filled with fluid or blood
• a benign nodule, as is usually the case, although some are cancerous
• a nodule that secretes thyroid hormone, although others do not do this

If a nodule produces more thyroid hormone than the body needs, this can lead to complications.

Often, a thyroid nodule has no signs or symptoms. When there are symptoms, these may depend on where the nodule is.

The thyroid gland sits in front of the throat, next to the windpipe and the food pipe. If a nodule presses on the windpipe or food pipe, the person may have:

• a hoarse voice
• a tickling feeling in the throat
• breathing difficulties
• problems with swallowing
• choking sensation when lying flat
• swollen lymph nodes

Rarely, a person may have pain at the site of the nodule that travels to the ear or jaw.

Thyroid nodules can happen for different reasons, as described here:

Iodine deficiency

Iodine is an essential part of the diet. Without it, the body cannot make enough thyroid hormone. When this happens, a goiter, or enlarged thyroid, can develop. Nodules may also form.

The American Thyroid Association recommend that people use iodized salt to prevent iodine deficiency.

Inflammation

Occasionally, a thyroid nodule happens because of an inflammation of the thyroid gland, known as subacute thyroiditis.

This condition is rare, but it can happen after a viral infection such as an upper respiratory virus, the flu, or mumps.

With subacute thyroiditis, the thyroid may be tender or painful, and it may feel bumpy.

Hyperthyroidism

Some thyroid nodules produce more of the hormone known as thyroxine. This is one of the hormones that the thyroid gland secretes.

Symptoms can include:

• unintended weight loss
• nervousness and tremor
• fast or irregular heartbeat
• intolerance to heat

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Scientists do not know why this happens.

Possible risk factors for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis include:

• having a family member with thyroid disease
• exposure to radiation
• excessive iodine exposure

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis affects women more often than men.

Cancer

The American Thyroid Association note that more than 90 percent of nodules are benign, but some may be cancerous.

According to the National Cancer Institute, risk factors for thyroid cancer include:

• being female
• being between 25 and 65 years of age
• signs that the nodule has grown
• exposure to any type radiation to the head or neck during childhood
• a family history of thyroid cancer, goiter, or another thyroid disease
• certain genetic conditions

A doctor may suspect cancer if the nodule has the following characteristics:

• a size of at least 4 centimeters
• a firmness when touched
• appears to be fixed to nearby tissues

In 2018, the U. S. National Cancer Institute expect that there will be 53,990 new diagnoses of thyroid cancer, equivalent to 3.1 percent of all cancer diagnoses.

The number of new cases of thyroid cancer is around 14.5 for every 100,000 adults. Roughly 1 percent of these will be fatal.

Other causes of nodules

Other causes of thyroid nodules include:

• a benign overgrowth known as a colloid adenoma, which is usually harmless
• a cyst, which may contain fluid or blood

People often cannot see or feel a thyroid nodule. They may learn that they have one when they have an imaging test for another condition.

Tests to investigate unusual thyroid activity include:

• an ultrasound to see if a nodule is present, how big it is, and if it contains fluid
• a blood test to assess hormone levels and other factors
• a biopsy to remove and test a small piece of tissue
• a nuclear thyroid scan

A fine needle biopsy or aspiration can show whether a nodule is malignant or not. The doctor will insert a thin needle into the thyroid gland and suction out a few cells for testing.

If biopsy results suggest cancer, the doctor may recommend surgery to remove the nodule and to examine the tissue more closely.

A nuclear thyroid scan can show whether the thyroid gland is working properly. For this test, the individual takes radioactive iodine by mouth or intravenously. They then undergo a scan to see how well the thyroid gland is working and if there are any nodules.

Treatment for thyroid nodules will depend on their cause.

If a nodule is benign, the doctor will continue to monitor the person closely with physical exams and an ultrasound every few months.

If the nodule is producing hormones, the individual may need medication to regulate these hormone secretions.

Surgery

If the doctor suspects cancer, they may recommend surgery to remove the cancerous tissue.

They may also suggest surgery if any of the following occur:

• the nodule is large or growing rapidly
• an ultrasound scan reveals a complex cyst
• there are signs of compression of the windpipe or food pipe

Most nodules are not cancerous. Even if cancer is present, the American Thyroid Association note that most are curable, and they rarely become life-threatening.

If a nodule is not cancerous, it may still need treatment, monitoring, or both.

Thyroid nodules: Symptoms, causes, and diagnosis

Thyroid nodules are lumps that can appear in the thyroid gland in front of the throat. A thyroid nodule can feel like a bump on the side or in the middle of the throat.

Sometimes, people can identify them as a lump in the front of the neck, but often they cannot see or feel them.

The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones. These hormones have various functions. Organs need them to work properly, and the body needs them to create energy and warmth.

A nodule can develop for different reasons. It may be a cyst, a sign of iodine deficiency, or, in some cases, cancerous.

Share on PinterestVarious problems can lead to thyroid nodules, which may feel like a lump in the throat.

Thyroid nodules are lumps that develop in or around the thyroid gland. A person may have one or more nodules. They are common, affecting an estimated 20 to 76 percent of adults in the United States.

Some nodules are easy to feel, but others may be deep in the thyroid tissue or low in the gland, making them hard to find or detect. In fact, only 4 to 7 percent of thyroid nodules are palpable.

There are different types and forms of nodule, including:

• a thyroid cyst or nodule that is filled with fluid or blood
• a benign nodule, as is usually the case, although some are cancerous
• a nodule that secretes thyroid hormone, although others do not do this

If a nodule produces more thyroid hormone than the body needs, this can lead to complications.

Often, a thyroid nodule has no signs or symptoms. When there are symptoms, these may depend on where the nodule is.

The thyroid gland sits in front of the throat, next to the windpipe and the food pipe. If a nodule presses on the windpipe or food pipe, the person may have:

• a hoarse voice
• a tickling feeling in the throat
• breathing difficulties
• problems with swallowing
• choking sensation when lying flat
• swollen lymph nodes

Rarely, a person may have pain at the site of the nodule that travels to the ear or jaw.

Thyroid nodules can happen for different reasons, as described here:

Iodine deficiency

Iodine is an essential part of the diet. Without it, the body cannot make enough thyroid hormone. When this happens, a goiter, or enlarged thyroid, can develop. Nodules may also form.

The American Thyroid Association recommend that people use iodized salt to prevent iodine deficiency.

Inflammation

Occasionally, a thyroid nodule happens because of an inflammation of the thyroid gland, known as subacute thyroiditis.

This condition is rare, but it can happen after a viral infection such as an upper respiratory virus, the flu, or mumps.

With subacute thyroiditis, the thyroid may be tender or painful, and it may feel bumpy.

Hyperthyroidism

Some thyroid nodules produce more of the hormone known as thyroxine. This is one of the hormones that the thyroid gland secretes.

Symptoms can include:

• unintended weight loss
• nervousness and tremor
• fast or irregular heartbeat
• intolerance to heat

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Scientists do not know why this happens.

Possible risk factors for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis include:

• having a family member with thyroid disease
• exposure to radiation
• excessive iodine exposure

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis affects women more often than men.

Cancer

The American Thyroid Association note that more than 90 percent of nodules are benign, but some may be cancerous.

According to the National Cancer Institute, risk factors for thyroid cancer include:

• being female
• being between 25 and 65 years of age
• signs that the nodule has grown
• exposure to any type radiation to the head or neck during childhood
• a family history of thyroid cancer, goiter, or another thyroid disease
• certain genetic conditions

A doctor may suspect cancer if the nodule has the following characteristics:

• a size of at least 4 centimeters
• a firmness when touched
• appears to be fixed to nearby tissues

In 2018, the U. S. National Cancer Institute expect that there will be 53,990 new diagnoses of thyroid cancer, equivalent to 3.1 percent of all cancer diagnoses.

The number of new cases of thyroid cancer is around 14.5 for every 100,000 adults. Roughly 1 percent of these will be fatal.

Other causes of nodules

Other causes of thyroid nodules include:

• a benign overgrowth known as a colloid adenoma, which is usually harmless
• a cyst, which may contain fluid or blood

People often cannot see or feel a thyroid nodule. They may learn that they have one when they have an imaging test for another condition.

Tests to investigate unusual thyroid activity include:

• an ultrasound to see if a nodule is present, how big it is, and if it contains fluid
• a blood test to assess hormone levels and other factors
• a biopsy to remove and test a small piece of tissue
• a nuclear thyroid scan

A fine needle biopsy or aspiration can show whether a nodule is malignant or not. The doctor will insert a thin needle into the thyroid gland and suction out a few cells for testing.

If biopsy results suggest cancer, the doctor may recommend surgery to remove the nodule and to examine the tissue more closely.

A nuclear thyroid scan can show whether the thyroid gland is working properly. For this test, the individual takes radioactive iodine by mouth or intravenously. They then undergo a scan to see how well the thyroid gland is working and if there are any nodules.

Treatment for thyroid nodules will depend on their cause.

If a nodule is benign, the doctor will continue to monitor the person closely with physical exams and an ultrasound every few months.

If the nodule is producing hormones, the individual may need medication to regulate these hormone secretions.

Surgery

If the doctor suspects cancer, they may recommend surgery to remove the cancerous tissue.

They may also suggest surgery if any of the following occur:

• the nodule is large or growing rapidly
• an ultrasound scan reveals a complex cyst
• there are signs of compression of the windpipe or food pipe

Most nodules are not cancerous. Even if cancer is present, the American Thyroid Association note that most are curable, and they rarely become life-threatening.

If a nodule is not cancerous, it may still need treatment, monitoring, or both.

Thyroid nodules: Symptoms, causes, and diagnosis

Thyroid nodules are lumps that can appear in the thyroid gland in front of the throat. A thyroid nodule can feel like a bump on the side or in the middle of the throat.

Sometimes, people can identify them as a lump in the front of the neck, but often they cannot see or feel them.

The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones. These hormones have various functions. Organs need them to work properly, and the body needs them to create energy and warmth.

A nodule can develop for different reasons. It may be a cyst, a sign of iodine deficiency, or, in some cases, cancerous.

Share on PinterestVarious problems can lead to thyroid nodules, which may feel like a lump in the throat.

Thyroid nodules are lumps that develop in or around the thyroid gland. A person may have one or more nodules. They are common, affecting an estimated 20 to 76 percent of adults in the United States.

Some nodules are easy to feel, but others may be deep in the thyroid tissue or low in the gland, making them hard to find or detect. In fact, only 4 to 7 percent of thyroid nodules are palpable.

There are different types and forms of nodule, including:

• a thyroid cyst or nodule that is filled with fluid or blood
• a benign nodule, as is usually the case, although some are cancerous
• a nodule that secretes thyroid hormone, although others do not do this

If a nodule produces more thyroid hormone than the body needs, this can lead to complications.

Often, a thyroid nodule has no signs or symptoms. When there are symptoms, these may depend on where the nodule is.

The thyroid gland sits in front of the throat, next to the windpipe and the food pipe. If a nodule presses on the windpipe or food pipe, the person may have:

• a hoarse voice
• a tickling feeling in the throat
• breathing difficulties
• problems with swallowing
• choking sensation when lying flat
• swollen lymph nodes

Rarely, a person may have pain at the site of the nodule that travels to the ear or jaw.

Thyroid nodules can happen for different reasons, as described here:

Iodine deficiency

Iodine is an essential part of the diet. Without it, the body cannot make enough thyroid hormone. When this happens, a goiter, or enlarged thyroid, can develop. Nodules may also form.

The American Thyroid Association recommend that people use iodized salt to prevent iodine deficiency.

Inflammation

Occasionally, a thyroid nodule happens because of an inflammation of the thyroid gland, known as subacute thyroiditis.

This condition is rare, but it can happen after a viral infection such as an upper respiratory virus, the flu, or mumps.

With subacute thyroiditis, the thyroid may be tender or painful, and it may feel bumpy.

Hyperthyroidism

Some thyroid nodules produce more of the hormone known as thyroxine. This is one of the hormones that the thyroid gland secretes.

Symptoms can include:

• unintended weight loss
• nervousness and tremor
• fast or irregular heartbeat
• intolerance to heat

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Scientists do not know why this happens.

Possible risk factors for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis include:

• having a family member with thyroid disease
• exposure to radiation
• excessive iodine exposure

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis affects women more often than men.

Cancer

The American Thyroid Association note that more than 90 percent of nodules are benign, but some may be cancerous.

According to the National Cancer Institute, risk factors for thyroid cancer include:

• being female
• being between 25 and 65 years of age
• signs that the nodule has grown
• exposure to any type radiation to the head or neck during childhood
• a family history of thyroid cancer, goiter, or another thyroid disease
• certain genetic conditions

A doctor may suspect cancer if the nodule has the following characteristics:

• a size of at least 4 centimeters
• a firmness when touched
• appears to be fixed to nearby tissues

In 2018, the U. S. National Cancer Institute expect that there will be 53,990 new diagnoses of thyroid cancer, equivalent to 3.1 percent of all cancer diagnoses.

The number of new cases of thyroid cancer is around 14.5 for every 100,000 adults. Roughly 1 percent of these will be fatal.

Other causes of nodules

Other causes of thyroid nodules include:

• a benign overgrowth known as a colloid adenoma, which is usually harmless
• a cyst, which may contain fluid or blood

People often cannot see or feel a thyroid nodule. They may learn that they have one when they have an imaging test for another condition.

Tests to investigate unusual thyroid activity include:

• an ultrasound to see if a nodule is present, how big it is, and if it contains fluid
• a blood test to assess hormone levels and other factors
• a biopsy to remove and test a small piece of tissue
• a nuclear thyroid scan

A fine needle biopsy or aspiration can show whether a nodule is malignant or not. The doctor will insert a thin needle into the thyroid gland and suction out a few cells for testing.

If biopsy results suggest cancer, the doctor may recommend surgery to remove the nodule and to examine the tissue more closely.

A nuclear thyroid scan can show whether the thyroid gland is working properly. For this test, the individual takes radioactive iodine by mouth or intravenously. They then undergo a scan to see how well the thyroid gland is working and if there are any nodules.

Treatment for thyroid nodules will depend on their cause.

If a nodule is benign, the doctor will continue to monitor the person closely with physical exams and an ultrasound every few months.

If the nodule is producing hormones, the individual may need medication to regulate these hormone secretions.

Surgery

If the doctor suspects cancer, they may recommend surgery to remove the cancerous tissue.

They may also suggest surgery if any of the following occur:

• the nodule is large or growing rapidly
• an ultrasound scan reveals a complex cyst
• there are signs of compression of the windpipe or food pipe

Most nodules are not cancerous. Even if cancer is present, the American Thyroid Association note that most are curable, and they rarely become life-threatening.

If a nodule is not cancerous, it may still need treatment, monitoring, or both.

Thyroid Cancer Symptoms

Thyroid cancer doesn’t always have symptoms, so it can be hard to detect and diagnose. In fact, some of the possible symptoms aren’t actually caused by thyroid cancer itself. Instead, these symptoms can be caused by a thyroid nodule—and thyroid nodules aren’t necessarily cancerous.

We have an article on thyroid nodules so that you can learn more about how these develop, but when it comes to thyroid cancer and thyroid nodules, here’s the most important thing to keep in mind: most thyroid nodules are not cancerous. Most adults have thyroid nodules, and as you age, you develop more nodules. Keep in mind that 95% of all thyroid nodules are not cancerous; they are benign¹.

However, most people diagnosed with thyroid cancer usually find out first that they have a thyroid nodule. Through further testing, they can be diagnosed with a type of thyroid cancer. There are 4 main types of thyroid cancer: papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. 

Learn more about the types of thyroid cancer in our Patients’ Guide to Thyroid Cancer.

Initially, though, people may go into the doctor because they notice the following symptoms and signs:

• Lump in the Neck: Not all thyroid nodules are big enough to cause a noticeable lump. Some people, though, may notice a lump in the front of their neck. You may be able to see it, or perhaps you can’t see it but you can feel it. Other people may notice a lump in your neck when you swallow. The most common way that a thyroid lump (and potential thyroid cancer) is detected, however, is when a doctor performs a thyroid exam and feels your thyroid.
• Swollen Lymph Node: Swollen lymph nodes in the neck are another symptom of thyroid cancer (a symptom not related to thyroid nodules). Thyroid cancer can spread to the lymph nodes, which are scattered throughout your body to help you fight infection. The lymph nodes in your neck (you can feel them under your jaw) become swollen when you have a cold or sore throat, for example. When the infection is gone, they should return to their normal size, so if the lymph nodes in your neck stay enlarged for an extended period—and you aren’t sick—you should talk to your doctor.
• Hoarse Voice: Your thyroid gland sits just below the larynx (more commonly known as your voice box). A thyroid nodule (which may be thyroid cancer) may be pressing on the voice box, causing hoarseness or voice changes. This is an uncommon way that thyroid cancer is detected.
• Difficulty Swallowing or Breathing: The thyroid is on top of your trachea—the windpipe. A developing thyroid cancer may put pressure on your trachea, making breathing more difficult. Your esophagus is below your trachea, so again, a developing thyroid cancer can cause trouble swallowing. This is also an uncommon way that thyroid cancer is detected.
• Neck Pain: Pain is usually a clue that something in your anatomy isn’t working quite as it should. If you have neck pain that lasts longer than a few weeks, you should make an appointment with your doctor to figure out what’s causing it. Thyroid cancer is a rare cause of neck pain but if you have neck pain combined with some of these other symptoms, be sure to mention that to your doctor.
• Throat Pain: Similar to neck pain, if you have throat pain that won’t go away, you should go to see your doctor. It’s a possible symptom of thyroid cancer.

The above symptoms are associated with thyroid nodules of all types, not just cancerous nodules. Since most thyroid cancers develop in thyroid nodules, it’s essential to be aware of these symptoms and signs that may point to thyroid cancer. Keep in mind, however, that the majority of thyroid nodules are not cancerous, and most adults will have a thyroid nodule (or even a few of them).

The symptoms of thyroid cancer are hard to detect—and usually the noticeable symptoms are caused not by the cancer itself but by the thyroid nodule where the thyroid cancer is developing. If you notice any of these signs or symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor.

Updated on: 07/06/18

Thyroid Nodules: When to Worry

Suppose you go to your doctor for a check-up, and, as she’s feeling your neck, she notices a bump. Then, suppose she tells you there’s a nodule on your thyroid. Is it time to panic?

No, say experts at Johns Hopkins’ Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. Thyroid nodules — even the occasional cancerous ones — are treatable.

Here’s what you need to know about thyroid nodules and how concerned you should be if you develop one. 

How common are thyroid nodules?

Thyroid nodules are very common, especially in the U.S. In fact, experts estimate that about half of Americans will have one by the time they’re 60 years old. Some are solid, and some are fluid-filled cysts. Others are mixed.

Because many thyroid nodules don’t have symptoms, people may not even know they’re there. In other cases, the nodules can get big enough to cause problems. But even larger thyroid nodules are treatable, sometimes even without surgery.

Are thyroid nodules cancer?

The vast majority — more than 95% — of thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous). If concern arises about the possibility of cancer, the doctor may simply recommend monitoring the nodule over time to see if it grows.

Ultrasound can help evaluate a thyroid nodule and determine the need for biopsy. A thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy can collect samples of cells from the nodule, which, under a microscope, can provide your doctor with more information about the behavior of the nodule.

What’s the treatment for a thyroid nodule?

Even a benign growth on your thyroid gland can cause symptoms. If a thyroid nodule is causing voice or swallowing problems, your doctor may recommend treating it with surgery to remove all or part of the thyroid gland.

If the doctor recommends removal of your thyroid (thyroidectomy), you may not even have to worry about a scar on your neck. Some patients are good candidates for a scarless thyroid procedure, where the surgeon reaches the thyroid through an incision made on the inside of your lower lip.

A newer alternative that the doctor can use to treat benign nodules in an office setting is called radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Radiofrequency ablation uses a probe to access the benign nodule under ultrasound guidance, and then treats it with electrical current and heat that shrinks the nodule. It’s simple: Most people treated with RFA are back to their normal activities the next day with no problems.

But what if it’s thyroid cancer?

A cancer diagnosis is always worrisome, but even if a nodule turns out to be thyroid cancer, you still have plenty of reasons to be hopeful.

Thyroid cancer is one of the most treatable kinds of cancer. Surgery to remove the gland typically addresses the problem, and recurrences or spread of the cancer cells are both uncommon. People who undergo thyroid gland surgery may need to take thyroid hormone afterward to keep their body chemistry in balance. 

Whether it’s benign or not, a bothersome thyroid nodule can often be successfully managed. Choosing an experienced specialist can mean more options to help personalize your treatment and achieve better results. 

What Is Thyroiditis?

What Is Thyroiditis?

Thyroiditis is a swelling of your thyroid gland. It mostly affects women from early adulthood to middle age, but anyone can get it.

The thyroid is the butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your throat, just below your Adam’s apple. It controls your metabolism by making hormones that influence how fast or slow your heart, brain, and other parts of your body work.

There are different types of thyroiditis, but they all cause inflammation and swelling of your thyroid. They can make it produce too many or not enough hormones. Too many can make you feel jittery and possibly make your heart race. Too few and you may feel tired and depressed.

About 20 million Americans have a form of thyroid disease. Like the others, thyroiditis can be a serious illness. Treatment will depend on the type you have and the symptoms it causes. 

Thyroiditis phases

Thyroiditis has three phases:

• Thyrotoxic phase. The thyroid is swollen and releases too many hormones.
• Hypothyroid phase. After a few weeks or months, too much of the thyroid hormone is released and leads to hypothyroidism, when you don’t have enough left.
• Euthyroid phase. In this phase, thyroid levels are normal. It can happen between the first two phases or at the end, after the swelling has gone down.

Thyroiditis Symptoms

Common symptoms include fatigue, swelling at the base of your neck, and sometimes some pain in the front of your throat

However, other symptoms will vary, depending on whether your thyroid is underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism).

Symptoms of hypothyroidism may include:

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include:

Thyroiditis Causes and Types

Many things can make your thyroid swell. You may have gotten an infection from a virus or bacteria. You may be taking a drug like lithium or interferon. Or you may have problems with your immune system.

One form of thyroiditis shows up after childbirth. Pregnancy has a major impact on the thyroid in general.

These are the most common causes:

• Hashimoto’s disease. This is the most common type of thyroiditis. Your immune system attacks your thyroid and slowly weakens the gland until it can’t make enough thyroid hormones.
• Subacute thyroiditis. This type is often triggered by an infection. There’s usually a pattern of how the thyroid functions. First, the thyroid and neck area are painful. Then, the thyroid makes too much hormone, called hyperthyroidism. Then, your thyroid works normally, followed by a time where the thyroid produces too little thyroid hormone. This is called hypothyroidism. After about 12 to 18 months, thyroid function returns to normal.
• Postpartum thyroiditis. This type begins within a year after childbirth, particularly in women with a history of thyroid issues. With treatment, the thyroid usually recovers within 18 months.
• Silent thyroiditis. As the name suggests, there are no symptoms with this type. It’s similar to postpartum thyroiditis, and recovery usually takes up to 18 months. It starts with a phase of too much hormone production, followed by a longer period of the thyroid making too little.

Thyroiditis Diagnosis

Your doctor may give you one or more of these tests.

• Blood test. Thyroid hormones circulate in your blood, and their levels can help your doctor figure out the specific kind of thyroiditis you have.
• Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU). Because iodine collects in your thyroid gland, a doctor or nurse gives you radioactive iodine as a pill or liquid. Over the next 24 hours, your doctor will check at several points to see how much iodine your thyroid has absorbed.
• Thyroid scan. You get a shot of radioactive iodine. You lie faceup on a table with your head bent back, exposing your neck. Your doctor uses a device to take images of your thyroid.
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate). This test measures swelling by how fast your red blood cells fall. High ESR may mean you have subacute thyroiditis.
• Ultrasound. A sonogram of your thyroid can show a nodule or growth, a change in blood flow, and the texture or density of the gland.

Thyroiditis Treatment

Treatment depends on the type of thyroiditis you have.

Doctors usually treat hypothyroidism with synthetic versions of thyroid hormone. They come in pills that you swallow. As your metabolism returns to normal, your doctor may adjust the dosage.

The treatment of hyperthyroidism depends on the type of inflammation and on any symptoms you have.

Beta-blockers often treat symptoms like a fast heart rate and palpitations. Antithyroid medicines can lower the amount of hormones that your thyroid is making. Sometimes, your doctor may prescribe a form of radioactive iodine to shrink the thyroid and reduce any symptoms.

If you have thyroid pain, your doctor may recommend nothing more than aspirin or ibuprofen. Severe pain may be treated in other ways.

It’s rare, but you may need surgery if other treatments don’t work.

What are the Symptoms and Signs of Thyroid Cancer?

In its early stages, thyroid cancer may not show any signs or symptoms. In many cases, thyroid cancer is discovered during a routine neck examination or during an imaging scan performed to diagnose another condition.

Early warning signs of thyroid cancer

The most common early sign of thyroid cancer is an unusual lump, nodule or swelling in the neck. If you notice a new or growing lump, you should see your doctor, who can run additional tests to identify the cause and determine if it is a tumor. Most nodules on the thyroid are usually benign, but it is important to have any unusual growths examined by a health care professional.

Other early warning signs of thyroid cancer include:

• Fatigue
• Hoarseness
• Swollen glands in the neck
• A cough that persists and is not caused by a cold

Other possible symptoms of thyroid cancer include:

Neck pain: In many cases, neck pain starts in the front. In some cases, the neck pain may extend all the way to the ears.

Voice changes: Experiencing hoarseness or other voice changes that do not go away could be a sign of thyroid cancer.

Breathing problems: Sometimes thyroid cancer patients say it feels like they are breathing through a straw. This breathing difficulty is often a symptom of the disease.

Trouble swallowing: A growth or nodule on the thyroid gland may interfere with swallowing.

Recurrent thyroid cancer

Signs and symptoms of thyroid cancer recurrence may include:

• Neck swelling or a lump in the neck that may grow rapidly
• Neck pain that starts in the front of the neck and sometimes extends to the ears
• Trouble breathing or swallowing
• Voice changes or hoarseness
• Continuous cough not related to a cold

Early thyroid cancer relapse symptoms may not be apparent, so regular screenings and follow-up appointments are strongly recommended. At the follow-up appointments, you may undergo a physical exam, blood tests or imaging tests, such as radioiodine scans or ultrasounds. These tests are designed to screen for cancer recurrence and other health concerns. Make sure to discuss with your doctor any symptoms you may be experiencing. The timing and frequency of recommended follow-up appointments depend on many factors, including the stage and size of the original tumor.

As for the recurrence rate, up to 30 percent of thyroid cancer patients may develop cancer recurrence. Of these patients, an estimated 80 percent develop thyroid cancer recurrence only in the neck area. The other 20 percent diagnosed with recurrent disease develop distant metastases, tumors that form in other areas of the body, such as the lungs, liver and bone. A number of treatment options are available for primary and recurrent thyroid cancer, but early detection is key.

Next topic: What are the types of thyroid cancer?

90,000 Pain syndrome in diseases of the thyroid gland

In the thyroid gland, as in other organs, pathological processes accompanied by pain syndrome can develop.

These are inflammatory changes in the tissue called thyroiditis, and hemorrhages in a node or cyst of the thyroid gland, and an inflammatory reaction around the neoplastic formation of the gland.

Acute thyroiditis, as a rule, does not occur often and develops when a streptococcal or staphylococcal infection of the oral cavity penetrates the gland.Manifested by sharp pain when swallowing, fever, chills, headache and malaise. An enlarged and severely painful thyroid gland can put pressure on the trachea, leading to shortness of breath and impaired swallowing. A later visit to a doctor is fraught with the development of phlegmon of the soft tissues of the neck.

The disease requires treatment in a surgical hospital using antibacterial, detoxification therapy, and, if necessary, a surgical aid.

Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain’s thyroiditis) is a viral inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland.It occurs more often, mainly in spring and autumn, the course of the inflammatory process is more favorable. The onset of the disease is preceded by an acute respiratory viral infection, chickenpox, and mumps. The clinical picture consists of a pain syndrome – pains in the anterior surface of the neck disturb, radiating to the lower jaw, ear, teeth, symptoms of intoxication – low-grade fever, weakness, sweating appear. Due to the destruction of tissue follicles by a viral agent, a significant amount of thyroid hormones enters the bloodstream, which is accompanied by the development of symptoms of thyrotoxicosis.The gland becomes dense, painful.

Laboratory studies reveal a sharply accelerated ESR, an increased content of thyroid hormones in the blood, and specific signs of inflammation are noted during an ultrasound examination of the gland.

Treatment is carried out by an endocrinologist. Corticosteroid preparations are used due to their anti-inflammatory effect, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, symptomatic treatment. In rare cases of recurrence of the disease, radiation therapy is used to the thyroid gland.

Symptomatic improvement occurs quickly, however, the treatment process itself takes from 2 to 4 months. The function of the thyroid gland after suffering subacute inflammation is not impaired.

Hemorrhage in a node, a cyst of the thyroid gland is characterized by a sudden sharp soreness in the thyroid gland. The cause of hemorrhage can be physical stress, neck injury, high blood pressure. In this case, a painful swelling occurs on the front of the neck, possibly an increase in temperature.

Ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland allows you to verify the diagnosis. The endocrinologist and surgeon determine the method of treatment in each case.

In clinical practice, there are less and less cases of so-called perifocal inflammation around the neoplastic formation of the thyroid gland. This is due to the early detection of such changes in the tissues of the gland.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid nodules and subsequent examination of the material with a high degree of reliability can reveal or suspect a tumor change in the tissue.Treatment in such cases is only surgical.

Nodules in the thyroid gland – I’m not afraid of them! – GKB named after A.K. Eramishantseva

You underwent an ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the thyroid gland, and – oh, horror – there is a node! Or a lot of nodes! When pronouncing this magic word, a chain of associations immediately arises – “I have cancer”, “urgent operation”, “life has come to an end.”

But let’s see what is a node in the thyroid gland?
For an experienced doctor, a “knot” is not even a diagnosis.This is just a formation more than one centimeter in diameter, which is detected both during a normal examination (palpation, or, as doctors say, palpation) and an ultrasound or radioisotope study, and sometimes when examining the vessels of the neck or computed tomography. We will immediately agree that the simplest and most accurate method for diagnosing a thyroid nodule is ultrasound, available in any hospital or clinic.
If a lesion in the thyroid gland is less than a centimeter in diameter, then it is called focal hyperplasia, not a node, and, as a rule, is only subject to dynamic observation.
The second question that torments everyone: how is it, my thyroid hormones are normal! Remember that a node is a concept of structure, and the level of thyroid hormones is a concept of its function, and there is usually no relationship between them.
So, to figure out what kind of disease this is – a “node”, you need to perform a simple study – fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the node. Sounds awful too?
Then let’s immediately decide: no one is going to pinch off anything from you. With a very thin needle, and, of course, under the control of ultrasound, and not at random, the doctor takes a few cells for examination.And it’s all. The question is often asked – will they freeze? Well, when they take your blood for analysis from a vein, do they carry out anesthesia? But the needle is thicker there, and the procedure takes longer, and not seconds, as with a biopsy!
And of course, you are worried about the question – is it the neck? Yes, the neck, the thyroid gland is very close under its skin, AND NOBODY AND NEVER has ever damaged the respiratory organs or the gland itself during puncture. And nothing has grown in it after the puncture!
You are going home a couple of minutes after the puncture.And the next day you get the result.
What can be in the analysis? 99 percent of nodules are goiter caused by iodine deficiency, which affects most of the country’s population. It is extremely rare, but neoplasms are also found, so for the sake of finding them, the research we are talking about is being carried out. There are borderline conditions that require further diagnosis.
What to do if you have found a node or nodes in the thyroid gland?
Of course, show yourself to an experienced endocrinologist. He will immediately decide whether a biopsy is needed at all.And second – after completing it, show the doctor the result, he will tell you what to do in the future.

Well, what if an operation is required?
Don’t worry, we do it well too. And if such a need has arisen, then a whole team is involved in the case, which will quickly and efficiently solve all your problems.

Remember that the most important thing is to see a doctor on time.
And if you have found thyroid nodules, can we do it tomorrow?

Make an appointment with an endocrinologist at the A.K. Eramishantseva You can always call: 8 (499) 940-04-30.

Nodules in the thyroid gland

Problems with the thyroid gland are quite common. According to the WHO, about 700 million people in the world suffer from various diseases of the thyroid gland. And every year this number is increasing by 5%. That is, almost everyone has friends or relatives in their environment who have encountered this. Basically, this ailment worries women.

What is the thyroid gland?

This is a small soft organ (weighing 25-40 g) which is located on the front of the neck and rests on the tracheal rings.The gland is named so because it is located in front of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. It has two lobes (left and right), which are interconnected by an isthmus.

What is she responsible for ? The thyroid gland has a huge impact on the functioning of all organs. The lack or excess of production of thyroid hormones in everyone manifests itself in different ways, depending on which organ in a person is more vulnerable.

Possible signs of decreased thyroid hormones:

• You freeze for no reason.You wear warm clothes even when it’s hot outside, and in the summer you sleep under a warm blanket.

• Sleepiness. You wake up hard in the morning, and during the day you feel sleepy.

• Excessive moisture or dryness of the skin.

• Swelling of the face appeared.

• Hair splits and falls out.

• Hoarseness of voice.

• In women – problems with the menstrual cycle, decreased libido, infertility.

• Frequent constipation, stones in the gallbladder, the tongue is enlarged with dental prints.

• Anemia, high cholesterol.

• Depression and apathy.

• Poor concentration and memory problems.

When the production of hormones is increased, the metabolism is significantly accelerated. Accordingly, all organs begin to work at an accelerated pace and “wear out” faster. This primarily affects the heart and nervous system.

Signs of increased hormone levels:

1. Accelerated metabolism. Weight loss with good appetite.

2. Periodic temperature rise for no apparent reason.

3. Excessive excitability of the nervous system, increased heart rate, irritability, insomnia.

4. Hands trembling.

5. Increased blood pressure.

6. Abdominal pain for no apparent reason, diarrhea and constipation.

7. Increased sweating.

The function of the thyroid gland is to produce hormones that regulate metabolism.

Frequent thyroid diseases:

• Nodular goiter – formation of local tissue in the thyroid gland. Depending on the number of nodes, a single or multinodular goiter is isolated.

• “Knot” or nodule – this includes benign and malignant tumors.

The danger lies in the fact that the node may not manifest itself at all and symptoms are also not always present in diseases of the thyroid gland, respectively, a person may simply not be aware of the existing ailment. If the node is small, then only the doctor will see it on the ultrasound, and if the lymph nodes have increased and press on other organs located on the neck, then the patient himself.

In most cases, the nodes are not a tumor and do not pose any danger to a person, but if it is found in a patient, it is important to understand whether this formation is benign or not.If atypical cells are found in the puncture of the node, then surgery is indicated.

• Diffuse toxic goiter – the production of antibodies in the body, the excess of which causes poisoning of the entire work of organs. This ailment is characterized by weight loss, irritability, insomnia, absent-mindedness, tachycardia

• Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis – slow destruction of thyroid tissue and its replacement with connective tissue.

• Thyroid cancer or malignant formation – found in 5% of patients with thyroid disease.It is important to note that the sooner a node is identified, the faster a puncture biopsy of the tissue should be performed. Despite the shocking numbers of deaths from various forms of cancer, thyroid cancer is highly treatable.

Malignant tumors – thyroid cancer. During the survey, much attention is paid to single nodes. Solitary (solitary) lesions are often malignant . When such nodes are identified, doctors strive to carry out the most complete diagnosis.You can’t hesitate here.

Causes of nodes:

• Iodine deficiency

• Effects of ionizing radiation on the body

• Poisoning

• Genetic predisposition.

In order to determine how your thyroid gland is working, you need to donate blood for thyroid hormones (TSH, etc.)e).

In order to understand the nature of the cellular composition of the “node” in a number of cases shows a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (TAB) of the thyroid gland.

What is TAB? This is the most modern method of obtaining diagnostic material by puncturing a suspicious neoplasm in the area of ​​the thyroid gland. Aspiration biopsy is performed under ultrasound guidance using a conventional 5 ml or 10 ml syringe with a standard needle.The injection practically does not cause pain, it takes about 1-2 minutes. Most often, after the first attempt, the doctor makes an accurate diagnosis and prescribes treatment.

If you have thyroid nodules and normal TSH, then everything is fine.

It is obligatory to monitor the dynamics of node growth once a year.

If you suspect that you have any problems with the thyroid gland or your lymph nodes have enlarged, do not delay, make an appointment with an endocrinologist.

Make an appointment with an endocrinologist

90,000 what is, symptoms, causes, treatment

What is nodular goiter

Thyroid nodules are the most common pathology of the endocrine system.A thyroid nodule is a limited violation of the structure of the tissue of the gland, which is detected by external examination, palpation or by ultrasound examination. Nodal formation can be single or multiple. All nodes are subdivided into benign (colloidal nodes), which never develop into a malignant tumor, and tumor nodes of the thyroid gland, which can be both benign (adenomas) and malignant.

Reasons for development

One of the reasons for the development of thyroid nodules is iodine deficiency.This element is essential for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. Almost the entire territory of Russia, except for Sakhalin, belongs to the iodine-deficient zone. In women, thyroid nodules are diagnosed about five times more often than in men. Such statistics are due to the characteristics of the female body, which is more susceptible to hormonal disruptions: during menstruation, lactation and menopause.

Goiter often develops in adolescence, when hormonal changes occur in the body.Age over 50 is also considered a risk factor for the development of nodular goiter, because age-related changes affect the disruption of the endocrine glands.

Pathologies causing the development of thyroid nodules

• Nodular colloid goiter is the most common cause of thyroid nodules, accounting for about 90% of all diagnoses. It is formed due to the accumulation of a special liquid in the follicles – a colloid. Follicles are structural units of the gland, in shape they resemble a tiny sac, no more than 1 mm in diameter.It is in the follicles that the hormones T4 and T3 are produced.
• Thyroid adenoma is a benign tumor. Education develops as a result of a violation of the genetic program of one of the cells. The cells continue to divide uncontrollably, forming a tumor surrounded by a capsule.
• Thyroid cancer is a malignant growth. With the growth of the tumor, the cells of the neoplasm can penetrate beyond the gland and with the flow of blood or lymph spread throughout the body, forming new foci of inflammation (metastasize).
  Autoimmune diseases – disorders in the functioning of the immune system lead to the appearance of proteins containing iodine in the blood. The immune system perceives them as dangerous and begins to produce special antibodies to fight them. As a result of the immune attack, thyrocytes are also destroyed – thyroid cells, which also contain high concentrations of iodine. Instead of dead cells, expanding scar tissue appears, which forms nodes.
• A thyroid cyst is a formation containing a fluid inside, caused by a violation of the outflow of colloidal secretions.In most cases, the cyst is benign. Formations up to 3 mm in size are considered a normal variant and do not require observation.
• Tuberculosis of the thyroid gland – Mycobacterium tuberculosis, getting into the thyroid gland, provoke a focus of inflammation in it. Over time, a dense calcium shell forms around the lesion.

Provoking factors

• Deficiency of iodine and other minerals and trace elements. To provide the body with the necessary amount of hormones, the thyroid gland needs iodine.If the iodine content in the blood is insufficient, the iron begins to increase the number of cells that capture it. Often this process is localized unevenly throughout the body, and in certain areas – nodes.
• Stagnation of blood and lymph. Violation of lymph and blood flow in the thyroid gland can be caused by atherosclerosis – vascular damage. Congestion in certain areas and an increase in the concentration of metabolic products can cause edema and accelerate cell division.
• Genetic predisposition.There are some characteristics of the body in which the thyroid gland works more actively to produce more hormones: accelerated metabolism, decreased sensitivity to thyroid hormones.
• Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Dysfunction of nerve endings in a specific area of ​​the thyroid gland can lead to the formation of a node.
• Poor environmental situation. Especially dangerous is the increased background radiation, water polluted with nitrates, high content of calcium in water, lack of selenium, manganese, copper, cobalt in food.These disorders affect primarily the health of the thyroid gland, causing mutations in its cells.

Risk factors

• Some psychoemotional disorders and head injuries disrupt the function of the central and peripheral nervous system, weaken the immune system. Disruption of innervation causes a spasm of certain muscle groups, resulting in impaired blood circulation.
• Hormonal fluctuations. Transitional age, pregnancy, lactation, menopause are always accompanied by hormonal surges.Changes in hormonal levels affect all components of the endocrine system, including the thyroid gland. She begins to function at the limit of possibilities.
• Deterioration of immunity against the background of infectious and inflammatory processes. As a result, the regulation of cell growth and division is disrupted. Inflammatory processes in the neck area can affect active cell proliferation.

Symptoms

Nodes can appear in different parts of the organ and do not manifest themselves in any way.Not all patients regularly examine the thyroid gland, therefore, in most cases, nodules are an accidental finding during the diagnosis of other pathologies.

If the node is large, there may be difficulty in swallowing, breathing, choking while eating, a feeling of “lump in the throat”, hoarseness, attacks of suffocation. Well-being may worsen, dizziness, noise in the head may appear.

Aesthetic defect often appears.

Nodular goiter in most cases does not disrupt the thyroid gland, but sometimes complications such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism may occur.

With hypothyroidism, the risk of bronchitis, pneumonia, ARVI increases; pain in the region of the heart, hypotension, drowsiness, depression, nausea, decreased appetite may appear. Dry skin and hair loss are noted. Children may experience stunted growth and development. In women, the menstrual cycle may be disturbed, there may be difficulties with conception. In men, sexual activity decreases. The presence of thyrotoxicosis is indicated by a prolonged increase in body temperature, tremors in the hands, sleep disturbances, irritability, constant hunger, weight loss, tachycardia, etc.

Symptoms to pay special attention to: dense consistency of the knot, an increase in size of more than 5 mm or more than 50% within 6 months. If the enlargement of the node is combined with an enlargement of the lymph nodes and a violation of the voice. If you have any of the above symptoms, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Classification of nodular goiter (types and degrees)

There are the following types of nodular goiter: colloid, diffuse-nodular (mixed), benign and malignant tumor nodules (thyroid adenoma, thyroid cancer).

Almost 90% of all thyroid nodules are nodular colloid proliferating goiter; about 8% are benign adenomas; 2% – thyroid cancer. Oncological diseases are subdivided into follicular, papillary, medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancer.

In some cases, pseudo-nodes (inflammatory infiltrates and other nodular changes) and cysts are formed. Depending on the number, a single node, a multinodular goiter and a conglomerate goiter (a mass consisting of several interconnected nodes) are isolated.Classification of nodular goiter (nodular goiter can be single-nodular and multinodular, the diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasound).

Degrees

The size of the thyroid nodules can vary from an invisible seal to a huge goiter that deforms the neck and causes severe discomfort. Since 2001, the WHO classification by degrees has been used: degree 0 – the thyroid gland is not palpable or not enlarged, degree 1 – enlarged on palpation, but not visually visible, degree 2 – enlarged and visually noticeable.Normally, the thyroid gland can be palpable, but its palpable part should not be larger than the distal phalanx of the first finger, and it should be uniform.

Diagnostics

Basic methods for diagnosing thyroid nodules:

• Palpation. When probing an organ, the doctor can determine the presence, number and size of nodes. At the same time, palpation allows you to check the condition of the lymph nodes.
• Ultrasound examination (ultrasound).Most frequently recommended and most accurate research. With the help of ultrasound, the presence, size, localization and structural features of the nodules are determined.
• – Laboratory tests (blood test for hormones). Mandatory examination – determination of the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). If the TSH is not normal, the doctor may additionally prescribe the determination of mv T4 and mv T3, antithyroid antibodies if necessary.

If TSH is below normal, thyroid scintigraphy may be recommended – a study of the functional activity of thyroid tissue and nodules by assessing the accumulation of a radio indicator.

• Fine needle puncture biopsy. It is prescribed by an endocrinologist if the size of the nodes is more than 1 cm or if there is a suspicion of the presence of malignant processes in the tissues of the thyroid gland. A biopsy allows you to diagnose the nature of the nodule (colloid node, cyst, adenoma, or malignant tumor). The biopsy material is taken with a thin needle under ultrasound control and examined in a pathomorphological laboratory. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia. If there are many nodes, each formation is punctured.

CT and MRI in the diagnosis of nodes are not very informative.

Treatment of nodular goiter

The node, which is a common colloidal one, does not carry health risks, therefore, no therapeutic or surgical treatment is required. Dynamic observation by an endocrinologist and a diet with an adequate iodine content, salting food with iodized salt is recommended.

In nodular colloid goiter, the nodes, as a rule, grow slowly and do not become malignant.The operation is performed only in case of neck compression or significant cosmetic defect. The probability of re-formation of a node after removal is quite high and ranges from 50 – 80%.

Adenoma of the thyroid gland requires surgical treatment if the node increases to 3 cm or more, and the results of a biopsy reveal suspicious cells. Removal of the adenoma is recommended in any case, since in about 15 – 20% of cases, the adenoma can be follicular cancer, which cannot be distinguished by the results of a cytological examination.The final diagnosis is confirmed by histological examination of the removed tissue. In this case, there can be both partial and complete removal of the thyroid gland. After complete removal, the patient is prescribed hormone replacement therapy for life.

The operation is carried out minimally traumatic, through a small puncture in the neck. The surgeon sees the smallest details of the operating field thanks to a mini-video camera, which is located at the end of the endoscope. This ensures a short rehabilitation period and a quick return to normal life.

Forecast and prevention

Preventive dispensary examination according to the order of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation No. 869n of 2017 is recommended for persons over 18 years old 1 time in 3 years.

Determination of the TSH level is recommended once every 3 years, more often – individually according to indications, when planning pregnancy and in the 1st trimester. In case of violation of the functional state or palpation of formations – ultrasound of the thyroid gland.

Preventive examinations are especially important for those who are at risk:

• adults with a family history of thyroid disease, including cancer;
• patients after radiation therapy for head and neck cancers;
• people living in areas of high radiation.

For prevention, it is very important to include in the diet foods rich in iodine: seafood, fish, seaweed, persimmon, feijoa.

Use iodized salt daily for salting food.

Diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases in EMC

European Medical Center invites for examination and treatment of patients with thyroid diseases. For you, a consultation with an endocrinologist, ultrasound examination (ultrasound), a blood test for hormones, if necessary, a puncture biopsy of the nodes and examination of the resulting thyroid tissue, scintigraphy, therapeutic and surgical treatment of any complexity.

Doctors of the European Medical Center have extensive experience in the diagnosis and treatment of the thyroid gland. Modern diagnostic equipment and many years of practice make it possible to accurately establish a diagnosis.

All EMC clinic specialists work in accordance with international standards. Best practices and best practices to protect your health.

Ito Clinic

Subacute thyroiditis

What is subacute thyroiditis?

Subacute thyroiditis is a disease of thyroid pain and fever that causes inflammation of the thyroid gland.The word “subacute” indicates that symptoms last longer than acute disorders but do not become chronic. Women are about 12 times more susceptible to this disease than men. It develops mainly in women between the ages of 30 and 40.

Causes

The causes of subacute thyroiditis are not yet clear. Since symptoms similar to SARS often appear, it is believed that its development may be associated with the virus, but the final conclusion has not yet been made.

Symptoms

Symptoms of subacute thyroiditis usually appear during severe inflammation and then naturally relieve.

(1) Symptoms due to inflammation

• ・ Pain in the thyroid gland Varying levels, from feeling mild pain when swallowing and touching to severe shooting pain in the ears and chest, regardless of external influences.
• ・ Swelling of the thyroid gland Swelling and induration of the entire thyroid gland, or only its left or right side. A characteristic feature is the migration of pain from left to right, etc. over time.
• ・ Fever Low-grade to high fever. In some cases, the fever does not appear clearly.

(2) Symptoms caused by thyroid hormones

Inflammation in the thyroid gland destroys the follicular cells that produce thyroid hormones, so the hormones stored in the thyroid gland are released into the blood.As a result, the level of thyroid hormones in the blood rises and symptoms such as tremors, shortness of breath, etc., characteristic of Basedow’s disease, appear. After a period of high levels of thyroid hormones, the amount of hormones decreases, and then gradually normalizes. With a decrease in hormone levels, symptoms are practically not observed.

Survey

Diagnostics is carried out according to the results of the following examinations and symptoms.

(1) Blood test

• Increased levels of CRP, which is an indicator of inflammation.
• Increase in the level of thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin in the blood due to the destruction of thyroid cells.

(2) Ultrasound

• Confirmation of thyroid swelling and inflammatory changes.

(3) Radioisotope survey (using radioactive iodine)

• Is carried out if necessary to differentiate from other diseases that cause an increase in the level of thyroid hormones.

Treatment

This disease can be cured naturally. However, in cases of severe fever and pain, or palpitations caused by high thyroid hormone levels, medication is taken according to the symptomatology.

• ・ Fever and pain Adrenal cortex hormone or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are selected depending on the severity of the symptoms. Preparations of the adrenal cortex hormone, depending on the condition, are taken, as a rule, for 2-3 months, and then the amount of the drug is reduced. Don’t make spontaneous decisions yourself.
• ・ Heartbeat Medication to lower the heart rate may be prescribed if symptoms are present.

Crisis

In most patients, symptoms improve within 2-3 months, and thyroid hormone levels return to normal. However, some patients experience decreased thyroid activity and require thyroid hormone medications. Relapses of the disease are very rare, but can occur after 10 years or more.

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