Vitamin for thyroid function. Vitamins and Minerals: The Key to Optimal Thyroid Function
What are the essential vitamins and minerals for thyroid health? How can deficiencies impact thyroid function? Discover the role of vitamins A, B complex, C, D, and more in maintaining a healthy thyroid.
The Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Thyroid Health
Maintaining a healthy thyroid gland is crucial for overall well-being, as the thyroid plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, energy levels, and various bodily functions. Proper nutrition, including the right balance of vitamins and minerals, is essential for optimal thyroid function. In this comprehensive article, we will explore the key nutrients that support thyroid health and how deficiencies can impact thyroid function.
Vitamin A: The Converter for Thyroid Hormones
Vitamin A is a crucial nutrient for thyroid health. It is required by the body to convert the inactive thyroid hormone T4 (thyroxine) into the active form, T3 (triiodothyronine). Without adequate vitamin A, the thyroid gland’s ability to produce TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is limited, leading to potential thyroid dysfunction. If you find that your vision is affected or you struggle with night driving, a vitamin A deficiency may be the culprit. To ensure proper vitamin A levels, it’s important to consume vitamin A-rich foods, such as liver, eggs, and dark leafy greens, rather than relying solely on carotenoids like beta-carotene.
The B-Complex: Multitaskers for Thyroid Function
The B-complex vitamins, including B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), and B6 (pyridoxine), play a vital role in thyroid health. Each B vitamin has a specific function:
- B1 is crucial for individuals with an overactive thyroid, as it helps to regulate thyroid hormone production.
- B2 is necessary for the proper secretion of thyroid and adrenal hormones.
- B3 is essential for maintaining the efficiency of all the body’s cells, including the endocrine glands.
- B6 is required for the efficient utilization of iodine, the raw material for thyroid hormone production.
Additionally, individuals with an underactive thyroid or those who have had their thyroid removed may struggle to absorb vitamin B12, leading to potential neurological disorders and mental health issues.
Vitamin C: The Thyroid’s Antioxidant Sidekick
Vitamin C is a vital nutrient for thyroid health, as it helps to keep the thyroid gland healthy. A long-standing deficiency in vitamin C can cause the thyroid gland to secrete too much hormone, leading to an overactive thyroid. People with an overactive thyroid are particularly susceptible to vitamin C depletion, as the hormone secretion process can drain this crucial antioxidant from the body’s tissues.
Vitamin D: The Sunshine Vitamin for Thyroid Balance
Vitamin D is another essential nutrient for thyroid function. It plays a role in regulating the production of thyroid hormones and can help to mitigate the effects of autoimmune thyroid disorders, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease. Many people, especially those living in areas with limited sunlight exposure, may be deficient in vitamin D, which can contribute to thyroid imbalances. Regular sun exposure or supplementation may be necessary to maintain optimal vitamin D levels.
Iodine: The Cornerstone of Thyroid Health
Iodine is a crucial mineral for thyroid function, as it is the raw material used by the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Deficiency in iodine can lead to an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) and the development of goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland. Conversely, excessive iodine intake can also disrupt thyroid function, leading to an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). It’s essential to maintain a balanced intake of iodine to support optimal thyroid health.
Selenium: The Thyroid’s Antioxidant Protector
Selenium is a trace mineral that plays a vital role in thyroid function. It is a key component of the enzymes that convert T4 (thyroxine) to the more active T3 (triiodothyronine) form. Selenium also acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect the thyroid gland from oxidative stress and potential autoimmune attacks. Ensuring adequate selenium intake is crucial for maintaining a healthy thyroid.
In conclusion, a balanced intake of essential vitamins and minerals is crucial for optimal thyroid function. Deficiencies in these nutrients can contribute to various thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and autoimmune thyroid conditions. By incorporating a nutrient-rich diet or targeted supplementation, individuals can support their thyroid health and overall well-being.
Vitamins and minerals and their importance for the Thyroid – Thyroid UK
We all know that we should eat the right foods in order to obtain all the necessary vitamins and minerals to maintain good health. Lack of certain vitamins and minerals can cause thyroid deficiency
Deficiency
“a lack of, or shortage of something”
and if you have thyroid deficiency, the vitamins you are taking in are unable to be processed properly.
Dr Ridha Arem in his book, “The Thyroid Solution – A Revolutionary Mind-Body Program for Regaining Your Emotional and Physical Health”, tells us that people with thyroid problems should make sure they get enough vitamins and minerals, either by eating plenty of the foods containing these vitamins or by supplements.
Many people now lead very busy lives and don’t have time to eat properly.
Many young people miss meals altogether to lose weight without realising that this can cause problems for their thyroid gland. Even if you try and eat properly, by the time we purchase, prepare and cook everyday foods, most of the nutrients have disappeared and sometimes supplements are essential to maintain a healthy thyroid.
Lack of protein in a vegetarian or vegan diet can also cause problems for the thyroid. One thing doctors don’t tend to do now unless you go to an alternative therapist is check you for vitamin and mineral deficiencies. You might be surprised to find that you are deficient in quite a few of these especially vitamin D and vitamin B12. We are hearing more and more that people are suffering from pernicious anaemia
Pernicious Anaemia
“a deficiency in the production of red blood cells through a lack of vitamin B12”
.
Make sure you are checked for these deficiencies next time you see your doctor.
Here is a list of vitamins and minerals that play a role in your thyroid health:
Vitamin A (not carotene)
Carotene is a precursor of vitamin A. An underactive thyroid gland cannot efficiently convert carotene to usable vitamin A so however many carrots etc. you eat, it won’t help. Vitamin A must also be accompanied by protein to make it available to the body, so if you are on a low protein diet, you may be deficient in this vitamin. If you are low on vitamin A, your ability to produce TSH is limited. This vitamin is required by the body to convert T4 to T3. If you find that lights are too bright or night driving is a problem, try taking vitamin A supplements along with more protein and see if it helps.
Vitamin B Complex
All the B vitamins are vital for good thyroid function but they all have a different role to play:
Bl (Thiamine)
This vitamin is drastically needed if you have an overactive thyroid.
B2 (Riboflavin)
The lack of vitamin B2 suppresses thyroid function in that the thyroid and adrenal glands fail to secrete their hormones.
B3 (Niacin)
This is needed to keep all the body’s cells (including the endocrine glands) in efficient working order.
B6 (Pyridoxine)
Without this vitamin, the thyroid cannot utilise its iodine raw material efficiently to make the hormones. Pyridoxine B6 is needed even more by an overactive thyroid. Muscle weakness is very common in people with an overactive thyroid and in those who are also lacking in B6.
B12
People with an underactive thyroid or people with no thyroid cannot absorb vitamin B12. A serious lack of B12 can cause mental illness, various neurological
Neurological
“relating to the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system”
disorders, neuralgia, neuritis and bursitis.
Some doctors believe the “normal range” of B12 is too low and that the normal range should be at least 500 – 1,300pg/ml (rather than 200 – 1,100).
Vitamin C
The thyroid gland needs vitamin C to keep it healthy. Long-standing deficiency causes the thyroid gland to secrete too much hormone. People with an overactive thyroid need extra vitamin C as this is actually drained from the tissues
Tissues
“groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function”
in their bodies.
Vitamin D
It has been found that when people with an overactive thyroid take vitamin D, it counteracts the usual rapid excretion of calcium
Calcium
“a mineral found in many foods.
The body needs calcium to maintain strong bones and to carry out many important functions. Almost all calcium is stored in bones and teeth, where it supports their structure and hardness”
and osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
“medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D”
can be avoided.
Vitamin E
Lack of vitamin E encourages the thyroid gland to secrete too much hormone, as well as too little TSH by the pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
“the major endocrine gland, a pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain that is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands”
.
A higher intake of this vitamin is often needed by people with an overactive thyroid to counteract the large amounts of the vitamin depleted from the system.
Calcium
Many of us consume too little calcium in the form of dairy products. This is needed to combat bone loss, especially important in overactive people.
Magnesium
Magnesium is required for the conversion
Conversion
“the change from one hormone to another
of T4 into T3 so this mineral should be supplemented. Some people may lose magnesium at a great rate through urination. Also, it seems that a diet high in refined food and caffeine will encourage magnesium loss.
Selenium
Selenium is a crucial component of the enzyme
Enzyme
“a protein that creates a chemical reaction in the body”
that converts T4 to T3 in the body.
Without it, T3 cannot be produced in the right amounts, and organs will function as if they were hypothyroid even though blood test levels are normal.
Zinc
Research has shown that both hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism
“a term used to describe an under-active thyroid gland”
and hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
“a term used to describe an over-active thyroid gland”
result in zinc deficiency. It also plays a role in the functioning of the immune system
Immune system
“the organs and processes in the body that work together to resist infections”
.
Low zinc levels have been found in obese people. Zinc is needed to convert T4 into T3, so this mineral is a must.
Dr Arem recommends that if you are overactive, you should take supplements even if your levels are high. If you are hypothyroid, he feels it is safer to start taking them when your levels are normal or close to normal. He informs us that if you take iron at the same time as thyroid hormone, it will bind with some of the thyroid hormone and block its absorption. Fibre and calcium carbonate if taken simultaneously with thyroid hormone, may also interfere with absorption of the hormone.
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Date updated: 24/10/22 (V1.6)
Review date: 09/04/23
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Thyroid Vitamins and Thyroid Health
Thyroid vitamins and minerals are a group of dietary supplements designed to help people with hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid.
The thyroid gland, which is in the neck, produces hormones
that regulate the body’s metabolism by releasing the two thyroid hormones, thyroxine
(T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
When the thyroid is underactive, it can cause the body’s
metabolism to slow down, causing a host of symptoms such as fatigue, weight
gain, and difficulty concentrating.
Thyroid supplements contain a variety of
different compounds that help to stimulate the thyroid and increase its hormone
production and can be used to help treat and manage a variety of thyroid
conditions.
Iodine For Thyroid Health
Iodine is an essential compound found in foods such as dairy
products and seaweed. It plays an important role in the function of the thyroid.
The deficiency of iodine is rare in the United States due to
iodized salt. Iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, which makes the thyroid
produce less hormone. Supplementation with iodine, which is found in iodized
salt, has been proven to reduce the risk of hypothyroidism in people with
iodine deficiency.
Hypothyroidism, which can prompt fatigue and weight gain,
dry skin, and hair loss, is a more common condition as compared to
hyperthyroidism.
Hyperthyroidism
occurs when the thyroid is producing too much thyroid hormone. Hyperthyroidism
causes the body to use a lot of energy and to make unusually large amounts of
thyroid hormone.
When the body makes too much thyroid hormone, it grows too
fast. Over time, it may cause problems such as weight gain, fatigue, and high
blood pressure. Excess amounts of iodine can also lead to hyperthyroidism,
individuals taking iodine supplements are usually not advised.
Nutrients For Thyroid Health
In addition to iodine, there are some other vitamins and
minerals that you may need to include in your regular diet or take as
supplements.
Individuals need to add various vitamins and minerals to
their daily diet or take supplements for healthy thyroid and body including
iodine. Such as:
- Vitamin
A. This nutrient is generally related to healthy skin, good vision,
and teeth; however, it also improves thyroid hormone metabolism. - Selenium. It
is another important mineral that your body needs to perform various
functions that include thyroid hormone metabolism. The right amount of
selenium consumption prevents thyroid
disease.
- Zinc. The
deficiency of zinc can impact thyroid function. - Vitamin
D. A study states that hypothyroidism is often supplemented by
Vitamin D deficiency. Multivitamins with vitamin D and Vitamin D
supplements are sufficient if an individual doesn’t get enough through
daily meals. - Iron. The
right amount of iron along with other vitamins and minerals in your diet
plays an important role to keep your thyroid healthy.
Diet For Healthy Thyroid
There are many food varieties available that are a good
source of iodine, thyroid vitamins, and minerals. Diet for healthy thyroid
includes:
- Seafood:
Whitefish, Cod, and shrimp are good sources of protein for your diet. Tuna
and other varieties of fish are an excellent source of iodine since they
naturally hold iodine in seawater. - Iodized
salt: The right amount of iodized salt is necessary for your body; an
increased quantity of iodized salt can lead to high blood pressure and
edema (also known as water retention). - Seaweed:
It is another good source of iodine that you add to your diet. There
are three types of seaweed you can use – wakame, kombu, and nori. - Leafy
green vegetables: It is good to add leafy green vegetables to your
diet such as spinach which is a good source of vitamins A and iron to keep
your thyroid healthy. - Dairy
products: It includes milk, yogurt, and cheese. It is always
recommended to take dairy products that are low in fat to avoid any health
issues related to the consumption of excess saturated fat. - Eggs:
Adding eggs to your diet is one of the easiest ways to get nutrients
such as protein, iron from the egg yolk, selenium, and vitamin A & D.
There are some other sources of iron-rich food that you can
choose to add to your meals such as red meat, shellfish, and legumes, it also
contains selenium.
Supplements For Thyroid Vitamin
A healthy diet is always considered better than taking
supplements for thyroid vitamins and minerals in pill form.
Supplements can be
used as an alternative in case you don’t get ample nutrients from the food you
eat.
- Selenium. In
a few cases, it is observed that for people who have autoimmune thyroid
disease, supplements with selenium have shown positive improvements. For people
who take selenium supplements, it is important to take the appropriate
dose of the supplements as prescribed by your doctor. - Zinc. It
is observed in research that zinc supplement is also helpful to keep your
thyroid hormone level in control. - Vitamin
A. This vitamin helps lower the risk of hypothyroidism in people
who are at higher risk.
Supplements to Support Thyroid
There are various multivitamins and vitamins available in
the market that state an ideal source for “Thyroid Vitamin” or Thyroid Health.
Supplement pills for thyroid vitamins and minerals might be the
easiest way to fulfill your daily nutrient requirement along with many herbal
supplements like ashwagandha.
Be careful before using them, herbal supplements might be safe,
and you receive positive results. But not all supplements are tested or
scrutinized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) like other medicines.
A few of the supplements may have some ingredients that are
not listed on the composition label. Some of the pills don’t have an exact
composition of ingredients for each pill mentioned on the label.
There are certain thyroid support supplements that contain
synthetic thyroid hormone, that can create an imbalance in thyroid hormone
levels in the body. It doesn’t make a difference if they are prescribed or not.
It is always proposed to consult your doctor before taking
any thyroid support supplements, vitamins, or minerals.
What are the risks and demerits of taking supplements?
People who have hypothyroidism and take synthetic
supplements to boost hormones can get a positive outcome with healthy hormone
levels. But there are certain supplements, medicines, and food you need to avoid
if you are taking thyroid hormone.
These are:
- supplements
or multivitamins that have iron - a
few ulcer medicines and sucralfate - medicines
that are used to lower the cholesterol and that have colestipol and cholestyramine - antacids
that include aluminum or magnesium - calcium
supplements - soybean
flour, walnuts, and cottonseed meal - supplements
and foods that have soy
You can take them, but it is always advised to consume after
a couple of hours before or later taking the thyroid hormone medicine. You can
also speak to your physician about your daily plan that will help reduce the
risks of elements that can hamper your health.
How to keep your thyroid healthy?
A healthy diet can balance all your nutrient needs to keep
your thyroid healthy and maintain overall health.
You can speak to your doctor about your diet plan that
includes iodine, vitamins A, D, magnesium, selenium, and zinc. In case you need
supplements for your thyroid health, you can get in touch with your doctor and
only take prescribes medicines and supplements.
A physical health check can also determine your thyroid
health. In case you encounter any symptoms of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism,
you can speak to your physician for treatment.
Appointment
For more information on Thyroid, Thyroid Problems, Hyperthyroidism, or Hypothyroidism. You can contact our healthcare experts today at +1(817) 748-0200.
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Posted on | by Sophie
Analysis for Vitamins and trace elements involved in the regulation of thyroid function (I, Se, Mg, Cu, vitamin B6) in St. Petersburg
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Biomaterial and collection method
| Type | Center | Home | Self | Venous blood |
|---|
Deadline: up to 6 days.
Synonyms (rus)
iodine, selenium, magnesium, copper, vitamin B6 (pyrodixin)
Synonyms (eng)
Iodine, Selenium, Magnesium, Copper, Vitamin B6, Pyroxine
This laboratory study of trace elements such as iodine, selenium, magnesium, copper and vitamin B6 concentrations makes it possible to evaluate the functioning of the thyroid gland. Iodine is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Its deficiency during pregnancy and infancy can cause neurological and psychological deficits in children. In the case of moderate deficiency among adults, more frequent development of hypothyroidism is possible. Selenium is involved in the production of thyroid hormones, its significant lack can lead to thyroid dysfunction, cause the development of autoimmune diseases or their progression. A decrease in the concentration of magnesium in the body is possible with thyrotoxicosis.
Copper is an important element of antioxidant protection. Vitamin B6 is a coenzyme, a decrease in its amount can cause hypothyroidism.
- do not eat fatty foods a few hours before the test, preferably not eat for 4 hours;
- shortly before taking blood, drink 1-2 glasses of plain non-carbonated water;
- , if possible, refuse to take medication at least a day before the test;
- when taking tests against the background of taking medications, this fact must be indicated in the referral form;
- do not play sports on the day of the test;
- exclude increased emotional stress;
- a few minutes before taking blood, take a comfortable position (sit down), relax, calm down;
- refrain from drinking alcohol for 72 hours prior to testing;
- do not smoke for at least 30 min. before taking blood.
| Test code | Test name | Unit | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 45-80 | Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | ng/ml | 8. 6 – 27.2 |
| 81-160 | Iodine (in serum) | µg/l | 30.00 – 60.00 |
| 40-01 | Magnesium (in serum) | mmol/l | women 0.77 – 1.03 Men 0.73 – 1.06 Newborns (from 3 days to 1 month) 0. Children (from 1 month to 18 years) 0.60 – 0.95 |
| 81-80 | Copper (in serum) | µmol/l | Men 11.00 – 22.00 women 12.60 – 24.40 |
| 81-120 | Selenium (in serum) | µg/l | 23. 00 – 190.00 |
48 – 1.05 Important!
If an examination is to be carried out using the CITO service, pack the sample in a separate bag and label it with the CITO sticker.
Vacuum Tube, Clot Activator, Gel (yellow cap), 4 ml
Sample Processing
- Mix 5-6 times Clot formation at room temperature (35-40 min.)
- Centrifuge at 2000-2200g for 10 min.
- Transfer serum after centrifugation, store and transport -20
Sample storage
at +2…+8°C
Sample transport
at +2…+8°C
K2-EDTA Vacuum Tube (purple cap), 6 ml + transport tube (-20°C)
Sample processing
- Collect blood in a chilled tube
- Stir 8-10 times
- Centrifuge immediately at 2000-2200 g for 10 min
- Transfer plasma to transport tube
- Store and transport sample at -20°C
Sample storage
at -20°C
Sample transport
at -20°C
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 is involved in almost all metabolic processes in the body, participates in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, affects the synthesis of antibodies in the immune system and improves lipid metabolism.
The body receives vitamin B6 with food (pork, veal, beef liver, poultry, potatoes, cereals, bread) and its deficiency can lead to pathological processes in the body.
Read more
Study / 117
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin, cobalamin, Cobalamin)
Term
1 – 2 days.
Price
$5.99
$8.00
Research / 928
25-OH vitamin D (25-OH vitamin D, 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxycalciferol) 900 47
Deadline
1 – 2 days.
Price
$139
$149
Research / 45-370
Vitamin D, 25-hydroxy (calciferol), HPLC-MS/MS
Deadline
up to 6 days.
Price
2 390 ₽
Research / 45-490
Vitamin K2
Term
up to 6 days.
Price
1 900 ₽
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Influence of vitamin E on the function of histohematic barriers of endocrine glands in animals of different age groups | Kotelnikov
Antioxidants, especially vitamin E (α-tocopherol), which has antiradical properties and has a stabilizing effect on cell membranes, play an important role in the processes of permeability of histohematic barriers (HGB) [2]. It is known that in the process of aging of the organism, the provision of the body with antioxidants decreases and the processes of lipid peroxidation are activated [4, 5], which may affect the protective properties of HGB [6]. Nevertheless, there is evidence that the effects of vitamin E depend on its dose and the sex of the animal [1].
At the same time, the role of antioxidants, primarily vitamin E, in the regulation of the HGB permeability of the endocrine glands and its change in the process of ontogenesis is practically not studied, which determines the relevance and the need for additional research.
Materials and methods
The study was performed on 168 white rats of both sexes of three age groups: immature animals aged 6 weeks with an average body weight of 45 g; young mature animals aged 6 months with an average body weight of 250 g; old animals aged 27 months with an average body weight of 340 g.
Animals were divided into groups according to the nature of exposure: control; animals treated with vitamin E at a dose of 1 mg per 100 g of body weight; animals treated with vitamin E at a dose of 2 mg per 100 g of body weight. Vitamin E (D, L-oc-tocopherol acetate) was administered orally as a 10% oil solution for 3 weeks daily.
The permeability of HGB was determined by the amount of neutral red dye that penetrated into the tissues [3].
In females, barrier permeability was studied during diestrus or metestrus. The thyroid gland, adrenal glands and gonads were taken for analysis. For anesthesia, chloral hydrate was used at a dose of 25 mg/100 g of animal body weight.
The obtained results were statistically processed and analyzed using Student’s t-test.
Results and discussion
Thyroid gland. In the thyroid gland of animals of all age groups, there were no significant gender differences in the permeability of HGB (Table 1).
With aging, there is a significant increase in the permeability of HGB in both males and females.
Additional administration of different doses of vitamin E to immature animals caused a decrease in the permeability of the thyroid gland HGB (see Table 1). A particularly significant decrease in the permeability of HGB was noted with the introduction of vitamin E at a dose of 1 mg per 100 g of body weight: in males by 60% p < 0.001), and in females by 42% (p < 0.
01). An increase in the dose of vitamin E led to a weakening of its effect, but also contributed to a decrease in the permeability of the barriers by an average of 30% (p < 0.05).
Table 1. Effect of vitamin E on thyroid HGB permeability 1 hkg of dye per 1 mg dry tissue weight; M ± t)
Impact | Animal age | ||
6 weeks (n = 10) | 6 months (l = 10) | 27 months (l = 8) | |
Control | Males 0.99 ± 0.069 1.13 ± 0.038 | 1.49 ± 0.115** ,+ | |
Vitamin E (1 mg/100 g) | 0.62 ± 0.04*** | 1.03 ± 0.04 | 1.27 ± 0.082 |
Zitamin E (2 mg/100 g) | 0. | 1.04 ± 0.039 | 0.92 ± 0.095* |
76 ± 0.031*Females
Control | 0.95 ± 0.078 | 1.23 ± 0.062* | 1.94 ± 0.239***’ + |
Zitamin E 1 mg/100 g) Zitamin E 2 mg/100 g) | 0.67 ± 0.03* 0.75 ± 0.083 | 1.26 ± 0.035 1.40 ± 0.063 | 2.07 ± 0.256 1.48 ± 0.103* |
Here and in Table. 2, 3 significance of differences: with immature animals: # – p < 0.05; ## – : < 0.01; ### - р < 0.001; with young mature animals: + – p < 0.05; ++ — p < 0.01; +++ - p < 0.001; by exposure: * – p < 0.05; ** – /? < 0.01; *** — p < 0.001.
In young mature animals after the administration of vitamin E, no statistically significant changes in the permeability of the HGB of the thyroid gland were observed.
In old animals, vitamin E reduced the permeability of the barrier, especially at a dose of 2 mg per 100 g of body weight. In this case, there was a decrease in permeability in males by 28%, and in females by 31% compared to the control (p < 0.05 in both cases).
Adrenal glands. Significant sex differences in the permeability of the HGB of the adrenal glands were noted only in young mature animals, and in males the permeability of the barrier was 40% higher than in females (d < 0.05) (Table 2).
As in the thyroid gland, with age there was an increase in the permeability of the HGB of the adrenal glands in animals of both sexes.
The following regularities were revealed in the pattern of changes in the HGB permeability of the adrenal glands after the administration of vitamin E.
In the organs of immature animals of both sexes, a significant decrease in the permeability of the barrier was noted only after the administration of vitamin E at a dose of 1 mg per 100 g of body weight.
With this exposure, the decrease in HGB permeability in males was 35%, and in females – 41% compared with that in control animals (d < 0.05 in both cases).
In young mature animals, depending on the sex, a multidirectional reaction was observed in the change in the permeability of the HGB of the adrenal glands in response to the administration of α-tocopherol. At a dose of 1 mg per 100 g of body weight, the bioantioxidant reduced the barrier permeability in males by 24%, and in females, on the contrary, increased it by 48% compared with the control (p < 0.05 in both cases).
The HGB permeability of the adrenal glands of young adult males after exposure to vitamin E at a dose of 2 mg per 100 g of body weight did not differ significantly from the control values, i.e., with an increase in the dose of vitamin E, its protective effect weakened. In females, an increase in the dose, as in the first case, contributed to an increase in the permeability of the barrier by 44% compared with control animals (d < 0.
05).
After administration of different doses of vitamin E to old animals, both in males and females, no specific patterns in the change in HGB permeability were found.
Table 2. Effect of vitamin E on the permeability of HGB of the adrenal glands (in μg of dye per 1 mg of dry tissue weight; M ± t)
6 month (n — 10)
27 months (n = 8)
Males
Control | 0.85 ± 0.069 | 1.13 ± 0.068* | 1.83 ± 0.11 ## ++ |
Vitamin E (1 mg/100 g) | 0.63 ± 0.031* | 0.91 ± 0.048* | 2.00 ± 0.156 |
Vitamin E (2 mg/100 g) | 0.80 ± 0.055 | 1.02 ± 0.03 | 1.63 ± 0.092 |
Control | 0. | Females 0.81 ± 0.108° | 2.17 ± 0.165** #,++ |
Vitamin E (1 mg/100 g) | 0.54 ± 0.04* | 1.20 ± 0.088* | 2.39 ± 0.055 |
Vitamin E (2 mg/100 g) | 0.70 ± 0.044 | 1.17 ± 0.119* | 2.08 ± 0.144 |
76 ± 0.122Reliability of gender differences: ° — р < 0.05.
Table 3. Effect of vitamin E on gonadal HGB permeability (in μg of dye per 1 mg of dry tissue mass; M ± t)
Impact | Animal age | ||
6 weeks (n = 10) | 6 months (l = 10) | 27 months (l = 8) | |
Control | 0. | Males 0.60 ± 0.011*** | 0.71 ± 0.038*** ,+++ |
Vitamin E (1 mg/100 g) | 0.34 ± 0.021** | 0.60 ± 0.036 | 0.69 ± 0.024 |
Vitamin E (2 mg/100 g) | 0.37 ± 0.025* | 0.64 ± 0.026 | 0.58 ± 0.024* |
Control | 0.65 ± 0.057° | Females 1.66 ± 0.063***’°° | 2.21 ± o.225***’°°°’ + |
Vitamin E (1 mg/100 g) | 0.74 ± 0.04 | 1.56 ± 0.213 | . 2.36 ± 0.267 |
Vitamin E (2 mg/100 g) | 0.79 ± 0.047 | 1. | 2.19 ± 0.224 |
44 ± 0.018
79 ± 0.069Significance of gender differences: °° – р < 0.01, °°° — р < 0.001.
Gonads. Sex differences in gonadal HGB permeability were observed in animals of all age groups. At the same time, the HGB of the ovaries had the highest permeability (Table 3).
Peculiarities were also observed in the response of gonadal HGB to the effect of different doses of the bioantioxidant (see Table 3).
In immature males, vitamin E reduced the permeability of the testicular barriers, and the administration of vitamin E at a dose of 1 mg per 100 g of body weight led to a decrease in permeability by 29% (/? < 0.01), and at a dose of 2 mg - by 19% compared with the control (p < 0.05).
Statistically significant changes in ovarian HGB permeability in response to the administration of vitamin E in immature females were not found. At the same time, there was a tendency to increase the permeability of the barrier, especially after exposure to vitamin E at a dose of 2 mg per 100 g of animal body weight.
The HGB permeability of the gonads of young sexually mature males and females did not change significantly after exposure to n-tocopherol.
Among old animals, a change in the gonadal HGB permeability in response to the administration of vitamin E was noted only in males and only under the influence of a dose of 2 mg per 100 g of body weight. In this case, a pronounced trend towards a decrease in the permeability of HGB was observed.
The obtained results testify to the weakening of the protective function of HGB in the process of aging.
Gender differences in HGB permeability were especially pronounced after puberty. They manifested themselves most intensively in the gonads, especially in mature and old animals. In addition, the permeability of the HGB of the gonads had characteristic features – in the ovaries, the protective function of the barriers was significantly lower than in the testicles.
The effect of vitamin E in immature animals increased the protective function of the HGB glands, especially under the influence of a dose of 1 mg per 100 g of body weight.
Only in the ovaries of immature females was there a tendency to weaken the barrier function, especially after the administration of vitamin E at a dose of 2 mg per 100 g of animal body weight. An increase in the dose of vitamin E led to a decrease in its protective effect.
In the glands of young mature animals, the change in barrier properties under the influence of vitamin E was less pronounced. The most intense changes were caused by the introduction of the bioantioxidant in the adrenal glands, and in males the protective function of HGB increased, while in females, on the contrary, its weakening was noted.
In old animals, vitamin E increased the protective function of HGB. At the same time, its protective effect was most pronounced in the thyroid gland and testes, and especially under the influence of a dose of 2 mg per 100 g of body weight.
Thus, the introduction of vitamin E is able to increase the protective properties of the barriers of the endocrine glands at different stages of ontogenesis.
At the same time, its effect is largely determined by the dose, type of tissue, sex and age of the animal. Such features must be taken into account in order to achieve the maximum positive effect when using antioxidants in biology and medicine.
Conclusions
- With age, the protective function of HGB of the endocrine glands weakens.
- Gender differences in barrier permeability in intact animals were found in the adrenal glands, where the protective properties of HGB in mature females are more pronounced than in males, and in the gonads, where, on the contrary, regardless of age, the protective properties of GGB are higher in males.
- Vitamin E is able to enhance the protective function of HGB endocrine glands. Its effect depends on the dose of antioxidant, sex and age of the animal. In young animals, vitamin E gives a more pronounced protective effect at a dose of 1 mg per 100 g of body weight, and in old animals at a dose of 2 mg per 100 g of body weight.
